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gful/stf, !* jif]{sf] lhDd]jf/L / dtbfg
White House Photo by Pete Souza
s] tkfO{+n] dtbftfsf ¿kdf gfd btf{ ug{'eof] <
o; c+sdf s] s] < (What is inside ?) à dtbfg jif{ @)!^ ====================! à à à
/fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf ;g\ @)!@ cS6f]a/ @% sf lbg Olngf]o /fHosf] l;sfuf]l:yt dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\u h'lgo/ ;]G6/df dtbfg ub}{ . tl:a/M lk6 ;'hf ÷ ⋲jfO6 xfp; kmf]6f]
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfPsf]
JolQmsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿df Pp6f (Companies with most employees) dxÎjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L xf], cfd gful/s k/LIffsf] c+u|]hL ^=======# -/fli6«o÷;+3Lo ;/sf/sf]_ (English section of Civic Test 6) r'gfjdf dtbfg ug{' . sfg'gn] u|lGy k|0ffnL===============================$ dtbfg ug{ clgjfo{ ub}{g, (Gland system) rNtLsf c+u|]hL zAb $*==========$ t/ k|To]s k|hftGqsf nflu dtbfg lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . (Most common Eng. words 48)
dtbfg u/]/ gful/sn] cfkm"nfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fpF5g\ . gful/sn] dtbfg u/]/ cfˆgf k|ltlglw rog u5{g\ / k|ltlglwn] cfˆgf dtbftfsf] rf;f]÷cfjZostf a'‰5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf–k|fKt
JolQmdf lglxt Pp6f clwsf/ klg ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{ kfpg] xf] . gful/sn] ;+3Lo kbsf nflu pDd]b\jf/L lbg kfpF5g\ . cd]l/sL gful/sn] ;+3Lo lgjf{rgdf dt xfNg ;S5g\ eg] j}wflgs afl;Gbf, lu|gsf8{,
@
gful/stf kfpg] cfwf/ oxLF hGd]sf] JolStn] :jtM oxfFsf] gful/stf kfpF5 . oxfF ghGd]sf], t/ cfk|jf;L xf] eg] sfg'gL ¿kdf oxfF cfPsf] kfFr jif{df gful/stfsf nflu cfj]bg lbg kfOG5, / JolQmsf af/]df hfFrLa'emL k/LIff lbP/ pQL0f{ eP, gful/stf kfOG5 . afa'–cfdfn] gful/stf kfPkl5 !* jif{d'lgsf gfgLn] gful/stf :jtM kfpF5g\ .
!* jif]{ k'?ifsf] lhDd]jf/L c7f/ jif{sf] ePkl5 5f]/fdfG5] -k'?if_ n] cfkm"nfO{ ;]n]lS6e ;le{;df btf{ u/fpg'k5{ . of] btf{ u/fpg] pd]/ vf;u/L c7f/ / 5AaL; jif{sf] aLr eg]/ tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;df cfkm"nfO{ btf{ u/fpFbfsf w]/} kmfObf 5g\ .
!* jif{sf ;a}sf] clwsf/ c7f/ jif{sf] gful/ssf] csf]{ lhDd]jf/L /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf ug{' xf] . dtbfg ug]{ pd]/ vf;u/L c7f/ -!*_ jif{ / Tof]eGbf a9L pd]/ xf] . Oltxf; x]bf{ w]/} jif{;Dd /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{sf] pd]/ @! jif{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(^)–&) df leotgfd o'4sf bf}/fg Pp6f hfoh ljifo s] p7\of] eg] o'4df hfg ;Sg]n] lsg dtbfgdf efu lng ;Sb}g < clg ;g\ !(&! df ;+ljwfgsf] @^ cf}+ ;+zf]wg eof] / ;+zf]wgn] dtbfg ug]{ pd]/ @!
af6 36fP/ !* agfof] . pQm ;+zf]wgn] /fli6«o -;+3Lo_, /fHo:t/, / :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{ gful/ssf] pd]/ !* eP k'Ug] sfod u¥of] . /fli6«o dtbftf btf{ P]g -g];gn ef]6/ /lhi6«];g ofS6_ !((#, n] dtbfgsf nflu gfd btf{ ;lhnf] agfof] .
dlxnfsf] dtflwsf/ cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] !% cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;a} hfltsf k'?ifnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;+zf]wg u[xo'4 / bf;k|yfsf] cGTo ePkl5 ul/Psf] xf] . !( cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;a} dlxnfnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ lbof] . of] dlxnf cfGbf]ngsf] pknAwL lyof] . !% cf}+ ;+zf]wgdf ljjfb eof] . dtbfg ug{ z'Ns nufpg] s'/f p7]kl5 @$ cf}+ ;+zf]wgn] dtbfgdf z'Ns gnfUg] u¥of] . cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg ;g\ !&*& df aGof] . clxn];Dd @& k6s ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 . tL ;+zf]wgdWo] rf/ ;+zf]wgdf dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/;DaGwL 5g\ .
dtbftfdf gfd btf{ dtbftfdf gfd btf{ ug]{ ;do /fHolkR5] km/s 5 . dtbftfdf gfd btf{ ug]{ ;do;Ldfsf] hfgsf/L /fHo:t/sf] r'gfj sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6df kfpg ;lsG5 . pd]/ k'u]sf] gful/sn] x'nfs, ;fj{hlgs ;xfotf sfof{nox? -klAns cl;:6]G; clkm;];_ jf nfO;]G; hf/L jf gjLs/0f ug]{ sfof{no, l;6L÷6fpg clkm;df uP/ cfˆgf] gfd dtbftf ;"rLdf btf{ ug{ ;S5 . tkfO{+n] dtbftf btf{sf nflu ;jf/Lrfns cg'dlt–kq
-nfO;]G;_, cd]l/sL /fxbfgL -kf;kf]6{_, jf tl:a/;lxtsf] cGo kl/ro–kq nfg'k5{ . olb tkfO{+ o; b]zdf a;fOF ;/]kl5 gful/s aGg'ePsf] xf] eg] gful/s ag]sf a]nf kfPsf k|df0fkqx¿ nfg'k5{ . tkfO{+ sxfF a:g'x'G5 eg]/ v'nfpg] To:tf] s]xL, h:tf] tkfO{+sf] 7]ufgf ePsf] 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu lt/]sf] lan klg nfg'k5{ . olb tkfO{+;Fu To:tf s]xL sfuhft 5}gg\ eg] tkfO{+nfO{ tkfO{+sf] kl/ro, pd]/, gful/– stf, / tkfO{+ sxfF a:g'x'G5 eg]/ 6'Ëf] ug]{ s'g} lnvtdf x:tfIf/ ug{ cg'dlt kfpg' x'g]5 . btf{ kmf/d ebf{ tkfO{+nfO{ tkfO{+sf] gfd, pd]/, hGd:yfg, / clxn] sxfF a:g'x'G5 eg]/ ;f]lwG5 . olb tkfO{+ cGo s'g} 7fpFdf klxn] btf{ eO;Sg'ePsf] 5 eg] tkfO{+n] klxn]sf] dtbftf btf{sf] 7]ufgf lbg'k5{ . pQm kmf/dn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;jf/Lrfns cg'dlt–kqsf] kl/ro–;+Vof jf ;f];n ;]So'l/6L gDa/sf clGtd rf/ c+s klg dfUg ;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] Pp6f /fhgLlts bn 5fGg ;Sg'x'G5, t/ Tof] 5fGg' tkfO{+nfO{ clgjfo{ x'Fb}g . tkfO{+nfO{ dtbfgdf 5nsk6 ug{' ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/f tkfO{+n] a'em]sf] hgfpg] ljj/0fsf] sfuhft k9\g / x:tfIf/ ug{'xf];\ eGg ;lsG5 . tkfO{+ a:b} u/]sf] gu/ / ufpFdf Psk6s btf{ ePkl5 tkfO{+n] cfkm"nfO{ km]l/ btf{ u/fpg' kb}{g .
;|f]tM www.whitehouse.gov, www.
usa.gov, Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the New Naturalization Test, and www.lwvnh.org
@)!^ km]a'c | /L, jif{ ^ c+s *)
ePsf] JolQmn] :yfgLo / /fHo:t/sf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{ kfpg ;S5g\ . /fHolkR5] o;sf km/s sfg'g x'g ;S5g\ . o;af/] a'‰g ;lsG5 . cd]l/sL gful/sn] ;+3Lo kbdf pDd]b\jf/L lbg kfpF5 . t/ pDd]b\jf/ x'g s]xL of]Uotf k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
@)!^ km]a'c | /L, jif{ ^ c+s *)
#
c+u|]hL–efêfsf] k/LIff,
gful/stf k/LIff
(Civic
efu ^ -clGtd_
▪ klxnf]
(first) df ;xefuL x'Fbf tkfO{+;Fu c+u|]hL–efiffsf] ▪ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] (largest) 1fg s] slt 5 eg]/ ▪ w] /}h;f] hfFlrG5 . c+u|]hL– (most) efiff1fgsf nflu cIfl/sfn] gful/stf ▪ pQ/ (north) lng]] k/LIffsf] k':tsaf6 c+u|]hL hfFr (English Test) sf] c+z cg'jfb ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; c+sdf xfd|f] 5}6f}+ tyf clGtd c+z M Test)
••
cGo -ljj/0f_ [Other (content)]
▪ gLnf]
(blue)
▪ 8n/ lan, 8n/sf] gf]6 (dollar bill)
(Second)
▪ blIf0f
(south)
▪ s/x¿
(taxes)
▪ ;]tf]
(white) ••
:yfoL afl;Gbf (permanent nflu yk z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf nflu s[kof lgDg j]a;fO6df hfg'xf];\M resident) sf
www.uscis.gov/citizenship
c+u|]hL–efiff k/LIffdf tLg c+zdWo] n]vgsf] efu (writing portion) sf] afFsL -clGtd_ c+zM
▪ bf];|f]
▪ Ps
(one)
cd]l/sfsf] gful/stf kfpg] k/LIff (U.S. naturalization test) af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu s[kof lgDg j]a;fO6df hfg'xf];\M
▪ Ps ;o÷!))
www.uscis.gov/citizenshiptest. ••
▪ hgtf, dflg;
l6Kk0fLM o; lstfadf ePsf hfgsf/Lx¿ r'gfj tyf kb axfnLx?sf sf/0f km]l/g ;S5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo gful/– stf tyf cWofudg ljefu
(one hundred/100) (People)
(U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; USCIS)
n] ;do–;dodf o; 5fkfnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ x/k|of; ul//xg]5 . ••
8n/sf] gf]6nfO{ 8n/ lan elgG5, h:tf]M Ps 8n/ lan, ;o 8n/ lan===
▪ krf;÷%) (fifty/50)
▪ /ftf]
(Red)
cIfl/sfn] klg pSt ljefu n] ub}{ hfg] hfgsf/LnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{5 . ;dfKt (USCIS)
$
u|lGy k|0ffnL d'VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M à gnLo'St u|lGy (Exocrine Gland) à gnLljxLg u|lGy (Endocrine Gland) s]xL u|lGydf gnL x'G5g\ . u|lGyn] pTkfbg u/]sf /; oxL gnLaf6 cfjZos 7fp“df hfg] u5{g\ . oL gnL ePsf u|lGynfO{ gnLo'St u|lGy elgG5 . h:tf]M ¥ofn u|lGyaf6 lg:s]sf] ¥ofn gnLsf dfWodaf6 d'vdf lg:sG5 . o;} lsl;dn] c>' u|lGyaf6 lg:s]sf] cf“;' gnLsf dfWodaf6 cf“vfdf cfp“5 .
xfd|f] z/L/
dfgj z/L/df kfOg] u|lGyx¿
kl;gf u|lGyaf6 lg:s]sf] kl;gf gnLsf dfWodåf/f aflx/ lg:sG5 . o;} lsl;dn] cfdfzodf lg:sg] /; gnLsf dfWodaf6 cfdfzodf cfp“5 . gnL gePsf u|lGynfO{
gnLljxLg u|lGy elgG5 . gnLljxLg u|lGyn] d'VotM z/L/nfO{ rflxg] xfdf]{g pTkfbg u5{g\ . gnLljxLg u|lGyaf6 lg:sg] xfdf]{gx¿ ;Lw} /utdf ldl;P/ ljleGg cª\udf k'U5g\ . s]xL u|lGy o; k|sf/ 5g\ M à lk6\o'6/L u|lGy (Pituitary Gland) à yfO/fO8 u|lGy (Thyroid Gland) à kf/fyfO/fO8 u|lGy (Parathyroid Gland) à Pl8«gn u|lGy (Adrenal Gland) à of}g u|lGy (Gonads) à Snf]d (Pancreas)
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL 48 c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ rflxg] sl/a # xhf/ zAbdWo]af6 c7rfnL;f}+ ;"rL -efu $*_ • confine :
• confront :
• connect :
gfd– ;Ldf, ;LdfGt, ;Ldf If]q, xb, bfo/f, 3]/f, kl/lw . lqmof– ;Ldfleq /fVg' jf /xg', y'Gg', hfSg', ;d]6\g', sf]Rg', yR5fpg', vfldg', ;Lldt ug'{, aGb u/]/ /fVg' .
lqmof– d'v kg{', ;Dd'v kg{', cled'v x'g', ;fdgf ug'{, d'sfanf ug'{, cfdg] ;fdg] x'g', 6Ss/ lng', ;fd'Gg] x'g', cl3 pleg', v8f x'g' .
lqmof– hf]g{', ldnfpg', hf]l/g', hf]l8g', ufF:g', ;+of]hg ug{', ;+a4 ug{', ;DaGw /fVg' .
• confined :
• confuse :
lqmof– cndn kfg{', cndlng', ljz]if0f– ;Lldt, kl/lwleq cndNofpg', /NNofpg', uf] /fv]sf], aGb u/]/ /fv]sf], a4 . ndfn kfg{', c:tJo:t kfg{', • confirm : cJojl:yt kfg'{, ;De|ldt kfg'{, lqmof– clwsf/ :yfoL agfpg', ljXjn kfg'{, Jofs'n kfg'{, zlQm :yfoL agfpg', b[9 kfg'{, qmdeª\u kfg'{, Pp6f rLhnfO{ l:y/ kfg'{, kSsf ug'{, k'li6 csf]{ 7fGg' . ug'{, k|dfl0ft ug'{, :yfoL ug'{ . • congratulate : • conflict : lqmof– awfO lbg', clegGbg gfd– emu8f, lj/f]w, åGå, ug{', sNof0f xf];\ eGg', le8Gt, cGtå{Gå, dtleGgtf, dª\un;"rs zAb eGg' . 6Ss/ . • Congress : lqmof– aflemg', a]d]n x'g', gfd– s+u|];, cd]l/sfsf b'O{ ;ª\3if{ x'g', lj/f]w x'g', k|lts"n ;bgM k|ltlglw–;ef / l;g]6sf] x'g', c;ª\ut x'g' . ;+o'St gfd, ;Dd]ng, ;ef .
• connection / connexion :
gfd– ;/f]sf/, l;nl;nf, ;Gbe{, tf/Do, l6kg6fkg, ;DaGw, nufp, dtna, hf]8, hf]gL{, hf]8fO, s'n3/fg, k|;ª\u . • conscious :
ljz]if0f– ;r]t, yfxf kfpg], hfgsf/, k|a'4, hfu|t, r]tgfo'St, cle1, xf]z . • consequence :
gfd– kl/df0f, xsLst, dxÎj, kmn:j?k, glthf, k|lti7f . • conservative :
gfd– k'/ftgjfbL bnsf] ;b:o. ljz]if0f– ?9LjfbL, k/Dk/f– g'ofoL, l:yltkfns, ;gftgL, gjljå]ifL, ;fwf/0f, kl/ldt . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{] jif{ ;g\ @)!^ r'gfjL jif{ k/]sf] 5 . o; jif{ /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«klt, #$ hgf÷Ps ltxfO{ l;g]6 ;b:o -l;g]6/_ / k"/} k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:o 5fGgsf nflu gf]e]Da/ * df lgjf{rg x'Fb}5 . cd]l/sf b'O{ ;bg x'g] k|hftflGqs d'n's xf] . oxfFsf ;bgM dflyNnf] ;bg …l;g]6Ú / tNnf] ;bg …k|ltlglw–;efÚ -xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]l6e_ x'g\ . l;g]6df !)) ;b:o / xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]l6edf $#% ;b:o /xG5g\ . l;g]6sf Ps ;o ;b:o Ps /fHoaf6 b'O{ hgfsf b/n] / k|ltlglw–;efsf $#% rflxF hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df 5flgg] xf] . l;g]6/ ^ jif{sf nflu / xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]– l6esf ;b:o k|To]s b'O{ jif{df 5flgG5g\ . /fi6«klt rf/ jif{sf nflu 5flgG5g\ . Ps JolSt nuftf/ b'O{ sfo{sfn -* jif{_ eGbf a9L /fi6«klt x'g kfpFb}gg\ . ;+3Lo lgjf{rg @–@ jif{df x'G5 . k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] gf]e]Da/ dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]daf/sf] ef]lnkN6 d+unaf/ r'gfj k5{ . @ jif{df l;g]6sf Ps ltxfO{ / k"/} k|ltlglw–;ef ;b:o tyf $ jif{ k'Ubf /fi6«klt 5fGg] sfd x'G5 . ;g\ @)!# b]lv gful/s aGg yfn]sf] g]kfnL–efifL e"6fgL ;d'bfo klxnf]k6s oxfFsf] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'Fb}5 . k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf efu lnFb}5 . dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug]{sf nflu of] gofF cg'e"lt xf] . of] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ r'sfpg' e"n kf] x'g] xf] ls Û< wGojfb
Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Advisors : Doug Hall, Sattan Acharya, Tara Acharya, Tika Acharya, and Bhagirath Khatiwada Bhutanese Community of New Hampshire, 510 Chestnut Street, Manchester, NH 03101, Email: aksharica.communication@gmail.com
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