Experience-based cartography: lessons about the ecology of mental health by Kornelia Dimitrova

Experience-based cartography: lessons about the ecology of mental health

Kornelia Dimitrova, MSc Tallahassee, FL, 16 January, 2020

Place and Occasion

Main building, GGzE Landgoed De Grote Beek, 1918

Aerial view of De Grote Beek, 1920s

Aerial view of De Grote Beek, 2010s

The Project: Sustainable, future, speculative scenarios for Landgoed De Grote Beek

Staff: 2.248 Clients: 12.737 Departments:10 Estate: 289.113 acres / 117 hectares Imagery ÂŠ2020 TerraMetrics, Map data ÂŠ2020, retrieved from Google Maps at: https://www.google.com/maps/@51.4374654,5.4627413,26986m/data=!3m1!1e3

m 5

3 8

65 6m

45 15

m 15 17

Imagery ÂŠ2020 Aerodata International Surveys, CNES / Airbus, GeoContent, Landsat / Copernicus, Maxar Technnologies, Map data ÂŠ2020, retrieved from Google Maps at: https://www.google.com/maps/@51.4656505,5.4444948,2976m/data=!3m1!1e3

Ambitions and Conditions of Change

Paris Agreement Planetree principles The Central Park of Eindhoven Destigmatisation of mental illness Self-sufficient enclave Example of sustainability

How can Landgoed De Grote Beek transform as an sustainable, healing environment?

What is Landgoed De Grote Beek? How does it ‘work‘?

Experience-based cartography

Atlas of the material, institutional, perceived and interpreted. A look at De Grote Beek through the lenses of sustainability, healing and architecture. ir. Kornelia Dimitrova

Contents Colophon

Environmental

Description

Geomorphology Soil types

8 9

Topography

Land use Water in context

11 12

Forest in context

Water in context Forest in context

14 16

Water movement Ground Water - 1:8451.22

18 19

Ground permeability

Ground Nutrients Forest character

21 22

Bird nesting habitats

Mass Footprint

24 25

Profiles Landscape structure (1905)

26 28

Landscape structure (2018)

Ecosystems (1905) Ecosystems (2018)

30 31

Extinct qualities

Institutional

Description Perceived

Psychological conditions

Territories of healing Territories of first freedom

55 56

Ecology of Purpose

Landscape types The terrain of De Grote Beek is essentially located at edge of the Kempen area. As such its geomorphoogy was defined at the end of the ice age, where the eponymous stream formed as a creek with the melting of the ice cover. The creek was part of a larger network which was draining the sand drifts. The fine sediment which now still characterises this landscape was moved and shifted continuously until the melting of the ice cover ended and the water had drained. 1

Ecology of Disturbance Ecology of Fear

58 59

Interpretative

Description

Degrees of structure over people Degrees of structure over landscape

64 65

Landscape making practices: therapeutic

Landscape making practices: technical Landscape making practices: recreational visitors Practices in the valley of freedom

Natures of the site Cultures of the site

70 71

Endemic vulnerabilities

Historic Trade-offs Programmatic gaps

73 74

Rule of Law

Maximum photo voltaic Water buffer

76 77

Sustainability

Soil types

Environmental

68 69

This chapter, reveals the ground conditions of the terrain. As such it acts as an introduction presenting a set of spaces through which the site manifests - a historic, geomorphologic, hydrologic, and botanic, among others. add air quality

Requirements

GGzE Units

Building function Client population

39 40

Client migration

Building stock development Building stock value

42 43

Building stock flat roofs

Objectives

Carbon footprint Energy consumption

45 46

Use of medication Barriers and Gates

47 48

Planetree Challenges 90 The Central Park of Eindhoven: Ambitions vs Facts 92 Landgoed De Grote Beek, Eindhoven, NL 94

Visibility

Central Park, New York, NY

Security Personnel Security Risks

50 51

Endnotes

Environmental Challenges Economic Challenges

80 82

Social Challenges

Healing environment

Historic structure and ecosystems The extent of the terrain was roughly defined by roads, which existed when the site was still a healthland. Two of these corridors a of imoprtance. Firstly, Boschdijk (1810s) - an elevated road, which crossed the heathlands and connected Eindhoven with Den Bosch, was constructed on commission of Napoleon and as part of his infrastructural development program, which can facilitate trade between the Netherlands and France, via Liege. Secondly, the railroad (1860s) connecting Eindhoven and Den Bosch. At the end of the 19th century the heathlands were transformed into a pine tree plantation which provided timber for the reinforcements of mining tunnels in Limburg. This new purpose required that the wetness of the lanscape be drastically reduced. To achieve this a rabatten landscape was constructed. It is characterised by a grid of lanes flanked by ditches, which drain the fields within the grid. The fields have a corrugated topography which allowed for pine trees to be planted at the higher areas, while excess ground water would be drained in the lower areas, and eventually to the ditches. This history resembles the common practices in the Netherlands, where the majority of forests were planted as coniferous forest on heathland and sand drifts. 2

Challenge Clusters

As a result, the dominant content of the soils in the area of de grote beek is sand and clay. Due to the continuous movement of the water and the shifting topography, the concentration of sand and clay varies. This map illustrates this variety, which seems to be consistent with the historic route of the stream.

88 89

Apart from the pine plantation there are two ecosystems, which characterise the historic state of the De Grote Beek - in the north area a field of heather was left out of the plantation were as it was too low and therefore too wet to be reclaimed. The second, was an array of farming fields of more or less identical size, located within the pine

Forest in context

Water movement

Ground Water - 1:8451.22

Ground permeability

Geomorphology

Soil types

Topography

Land use

Water in context

Forest in context

Water in context

plantation. Current structure and ecosystems In 1914, the landscape would be restructured again, as the Rijksbouwmeester and the Heidemaatschappij drew plans to construct a new psychiatric institution that would operate at regional level, and would not be managed by a monstaic community, but by the state.

This new program and purpose of the landscape meant that the structure of lanes and rabats was not necessary. On the side of the 3 Pavement types: soils; asphalt / paved / soils / ... According to GGZE’s data, as available in greenpoint, the asphalt coverage of the terrain is 58,450m2. This is equal to about 5% of the total terrain surface. The combined area of the permeable hard surfaces is equal to 75,000 m2, or about 6% of the sites area.

Water route of the brook, channel system Forest

The first forest in the area was the coniferous plantation from the late 19th century. At the turn of the century, the vast majority of these trees were harvested. Currently, almost all tree on the terrain were planted in 1930s, when the therapeutic activities of the Rijkspsychiatrische Inrichting De Grote Beek extended in the landscape in the form of ‘‘being in nature’’ and ‘‘working on the land’’. The strong presence of natural elements is a key quality from the inception of the institution. one characteristic image of De Grote Beek

of the types, fauna, age, ... Energy energy use of buildings, roads and use of cars, CO2 Morphology mass / void; grid / organic, Profiles The geomorphology of the estate, has been shaped by the presence of the brook, which was formed by the melting of the ice cover from the last ice age. This has resulted in a distinct difference in the sediment make-up of the brook valley, and the area it has drained.

Medicinal waste: The function and program of the buildigs

Ground Nutrients

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Mass

The soil make-up of De Grote Beek and its surroundings, is similar, where a distinction is made in the physical structure and stratification of clay and sand. On the terrain, the brook valley is characterised by a homogeneous mixture of particles, while the rest is clearly stratified with sand cover above a clay bed. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Typically for Noord Brabant, De Grote Beek is characterised by two types of relief: the natural, with smooth and indiscernible height changes, effecte by the regions location at a delta; and the man-made, with sharp and visible changes in altitude, resulting from infrastructral interventions. 9

Footprint

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In effect, De Grote Beek is fragment of the Groene Woud, and extends this regional natural network far into the city of Eindhoven. As such De Grote Beek shares common history and features with other parts of the Groene Woud, yet a range of highways, roads, and railroads isolate it, and prevent free movement. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

De Grote Beek and its neighbouring parks present a large forest cluster. Originally the landscape was planted with pine trees, as it transitioned to recreation, the forest became increasingly more dominated by diciduous trees. 12

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Profiles

Landscape structure (1905)

In 1905, the terrain was characterised by four distinct landscape elements – rabatten, lanes and farmland, and brook valley.

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Landscape structure (2018)

Currently, De Grote Beek acts as the drainage basin of the Herdgang and Wielawaal. This causes severe issues on the site. The area nearby ‘A’ acts as the first point of entry for and the increased levels of ground water has made this area unlivable for oaks. While the areas marked with ‘B’ 14

experience severe droughts. In effect, the changing water conditions are currently the strongest driver of transformation for the forest.

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Ecosystems (1905)

Ecosystems (2018)

Asphalt, 59233m2; Brick roads, 40658m2; Tiles, 24195m2; Semipaved, 2513m2

The forest of Landgoed De Grote Beek in context, reveals that its historic relationships, with the Herdgang and Wielewaal, are still legible in the morphology. Further on, its build-up in terms of tree species and landscape structure very much the same. The main differences, arise from the difference in purpose and 16

management practices. Nonetheless, the forest of Landgoed De Grote Beek, should be understood as a part in a larger ecosystem. Where the sole significant barrier is the railway line from Eindhoven to Den Bosch, flanking the western edge of the estate.

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All ground and surface water which passes through the site comes from the west vis Wielawaal and Herdgang. In the northern part water moves predominantly on the surface via ditches, canals and the brook. In the southern part it moves mostly along the edge through the city’s sewer system. 18

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The movement of water on the terrain is distinctly uneven, resulting in local susceptibility to floods or droughts. The north experiences floods, especially since 2007, when the when the Philips pump was taken out of operation. The south is severely dry as the water from PSV’s training camp is drain into the sewers. Due to its higher ground, the middle section of the terrain is naturally dryer, making it difficult to DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 19 maintain the ponds.

Roughly 10% of the terrain is impermeable to rainwater. Depending on the pavement and drainage system, some areas offer opportunities for local water collection. The diversity is vegetation also definnes the capacity ground water storage, where richer root systems and dense canopies play a crucial role. 20

Due to its historic use as pastures, similar the most areas in North Brabant, the soil is rich in Nitrogen, but poor in Potassium and Phosphorus. This results in abundance and overgrowth of plant species that rely on Nitrogen, such as blackberries, ..., ..., and ... .

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The masses that characterise the terrain are that of the forest and of the three building ensembles. This makes evident, the pre-existence of the forest and the creation of forest clearings in order to make space for the programmatic, spatial and security needs of the terrain as a psychiatric facility. 21

Extinct qualities

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GGzE Units

At the ground level, these masses are characterised by two types of foot print – solid and sporadic. This map illustrates the quality of direct ground cover, such as forest density, building footprint, and gives a clearer understanding of the practical voids throughout the estate. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Building function

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Client population

Client migration

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Building stock development

In 2018, as a consequence of several layers of transformation, each of these elements, is visible in isolated instances. The reason is that it was not the focus of transformation or was neglected, or was intentionally retained and incorporated in the current programming of the site. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Building stock value

Foiling the structural elements in 1905, three practices acted at an ecological scale: the soil quality and the presence of sheep maintained the dominance of heather; the demand for pine wood defined the extent of the plantation, and the need to produce food has produced and maintained the farmlands. 30

Security and visibility require extensive grass fields that are cut regularly, outdoor therapeutic animal care resulted in graze lands, and outdoor productive therapy creates and maintains gardens, flowerbeds and meadows. Finally the need for biodiversity, required the intensive grass fields that are cut once a year.

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Buildingconsumption Energy stock flat roofs

Use Carbon of medication footprint

GGzE Units ... Building function ... Client population ... Client migration ...

HEATHLANDS

Institutional Throughout the following pages the atlas shift attention to the conditions, which have been institutionally imposed on the terrain. It is important to note, that the level of visibility, security, and the pavement are seen as ecological factors on the site of De Grote Beek.

high density forest surrounding buildings This existed since the beginning of the psychiatric institution, in 1918. It was made by first establishing forest clearing in the area which was formerly used as a productive pine forest for the mining industry in Limburg. Rode Dorp (doctors’ accommodation), De Grote Beek, 1930s

De Grote Beek fair, 1950s

Building stock development & Building stock value In 2018, GGzE conducted a research on the development of its building stock, as a result it defined three scenarios – shrink, consolidate and grow. Carbon footprint ... Use of medication ... There are two dimensions in which the control exacted by GGzE results in a landscape management practice – control over movement, control by observation.

Barriers and Gates The presence of barriers, fences and hedges, delimits the movement through the terrain, making it possible to isolate certain areas by exacting strict control on who how and why can enter and exits the area. Visibility ... Security Personnel ... Security Risks ...

Sources: Security and Crime Eric Irausquin

Eendenvijver, De Grote Beek, 1970s

De Grote Beek can be read as a palimpsest of histories and conditions, as the landscape was restructured for its changing purposes. Most notably, there are several extinct qualities, which have had profound influence in how the landscape is experienced and seen today. 32

Zwembad, De Grote Beek, 1950-80s

Woenselse Heide,

GGzE provides care to a wide range of clients. The departments are rarely focused on a specific mental condition, but rather the goal is to provide appropriate conditions and periods of stay to groups of patients with similar social needs and restrictions.

Majority until 1890s Last part until 1980s

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Barriers and Gates

Visibility

Security Personnel

Security Risks

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Psychological conditions

Landgoed De Grote Beek has a total capacity of 707 beds, the scheme above allocates these based on beds available in each of the wards, as well as with consideration of the length of the stay within the ward.

The operations of GGzE require a range of facilities, predominantly residential. In total, there is accommodation for 707 clients, spread over 50,907 m2. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Territories of healing

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Territories of first freedom

GGzE accommodates four steps of the healing process - crisis, stabilization, socialisation and integration. The scheme above visualises the migration patterns of GGzE’s clients through the terrain and through the process of becoming well. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Ecology of Purpose

Three focuses define the treatment of buildings with regard to their economic development – refurbishment for a new program; refurbishment for sustainability improvement, and re-purposing to be occupied by strategic partners of GGzE. 42

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Ecology of Disturbance

The wide range of programs, which GGzE maintains on its estate vary widely in the economic performance. While the TBS, and juridical healthcare acts as the highest net-profit landscapes, the leisure and therapy activities perform as net-loss landscapes. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

<caption> In total the site has 49,500m2 of flat roofs which have the possibility to be developed in a functional and practical manner. 44 46

Each zone of the site operates under a distinct configuration of control and freedom. In particular this chapter looks at these zones from the point of view of the landscape and the clients and visitors of De Grote Beek. Essentially, control and freedom are a function of power. Those who have the power can decide where and how much freedom will be available on site.

Degrees of structure over landscape Healing environments This map visualises the notion of healing environment as it is perceived by a variety of clients of De Grote Beek. This will be shaped, either by the department and its limitations or by the area where they participate in activities, or simply the areas they prefer to spend time in. Psychological dimensions

Perceived

An ecology of disturbance becomes evident, when one looks at how specific client groups avoid. The reason for this can be either because other groups of clients spend time there to light fireworks and thus cause nuisance, or simply because there is a physical element, such as the power line, which causes fear.

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45 47

Ecology of Fear

Degrees of structure over people

This section looks into the notion of perception, focusing on how the clients of GGzE De Grote Beek see and experience their environment. This part of the analysis focuses on unpacking the concept of healing environment, from the point of view of the variety of clients and psychological conditions, which can be found on the terrain.

<caption> This map visualises the location and intensity of the sources of medicinal waste on the Terrain. This information has been extrapolated from the number residents of De Grote Beek’s inpatient wards, and the quantity and concentration of medication that receive.

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Sources of Disturbance

Interpretative

Sources of Fear

This chapter reconciles the environmental and mental aspects described thus far. This focuses on a more personal reading of all previous maps in overlap or in juxtaposition. In the first part this chapter problematises the idea of control over people, and confronts it with the practices of control over the landscape.

Sources of Pleasure Sources of Healing

Following this, the chapter visualises both mainstream and marginalised landscape-making practices. In response to the chapter of perceived landscape, this sections re-constructs the invisible structures that hold the site together, as well as those fragment it.

Things that are missing Things to keep

Finally, This chapter extrapolates on some of the economic and technical data to speculate on what might be possible futures for the site, if its development focused on topics such as water buffers, photovoltaic energy, minimum requirement, and local drug filters.

Still to add: zones of comfort Sources: Degrees of structure over people and landscape. Rob Lammers and Rien Castelijns a walk through de grote beek with Rob Lammers Peter Gielen and client groups.

How to make the invisible visible? Sources: [for each map]

One of the instruments of power for the institution of GGZE is its security staff and infrastructure. From the point of view of the infrastructure it becomes evident that the institution is practically ‘blind’ in the forests, leaving a power gap which can be exploited on-demand by both the site’s visitors and the site’s inhabitants. The idea behind this section is to extrapolate the existing qualities and potentials of the site. For instance: What would the site look like if its development focused exclusively on its potential to act as a water buffer/reservoir for the city? a relevant example is central park as well as kralingse bos, which both have a large man-made lake that acts as both a reservoir and a water network which helps with buffering excess water. What would the site look like if its development focused on its potential to acts as Eindhoven’s ‘lung’? How much more forest does the site need? What would the site look like if its development focused on expanding on activities and programs which target exclusively the clients of the terrain? What would the site look like if its development focused on the production of energy to satisfy local need? How much energy can be produced if all roofs were equipped with solar panels? What would the site look like if What would the site look like if it would focus on What bad qualities need to be remedied? How?

Accessibility and movement play crucial role in establishing an appropriate level of security on the site. A total of 2km of fences have been introduced to delimit and control the movement of people and animals. In the case of Woenselse Poort, this is accomplished by two layers of fences. 48

Visibility is the second factor defining the quality and extent of security measures on the site of De Grote Beek. This map illustrates the areas where the security cameras and street lights are located on and around the edges of De Grote Beek. The areas in gray are practically invisible to the institution.

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Degrees of structure over people

The control, which GGz Eindhoven currently enacts upon the communities that inhabit the terrain variates throughout the area. This map visualises this in a topographic way, making evident the areas where more and less freedom can be experienced. 64 - DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 Degrees of structure/control: activities, authorities and actors (people)

Degrees of structure over landscape

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Landscape making practices: therapeutic

Most therapeutic outdoor activities leave a lasting footprint on the landscape. For example, the upkeep of the animal farm results in higher nitrate levels in the soil. Activities such as bird feeding in front of the Trefhove is changing their behavior at an ecosystem level.

Degrees of structure/control: activities, authorities and actors (landscape) source: Rob Lammers Peter Gielen

The third aspect of establishing security on the site is the personnel specifically charged with this task. Since 2012, the team was drastically reduced to a few well-trained people that serve for the entire terrain. Some of these are permenently in office, while others are patrolling.

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A range of activities which are either illegal or pose risk for the well-being of the communities of the terrain have been observed on the terrain. The activities committed by outsiders are found close to the peripheries of the site, or in the areas invisible to the security. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Following the DSM-5 spectrum, this map indicates the distribution of psychological conditions throughout the terrain, focusing exclusively on the location of residence and departments for clients within these conditions. 51

Landscape making practices: technical

A range of maintenance and technical processes have a lasting impact on the landscape of De Grote Beek. For instance, the regular lawn mowing limits significantly the biodiversity of the site. The pavement in some parts of the terrain has negative the way trees grow. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Landscape making practices: recreational visitors

The visitors of the site leave several traces of their presence - maintenance of jogging paths, nitrates in case they do not clean up after their dogs, or trash as is the case of illegal camping and prostitution. 68

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Practices in the valley of freedom

Natures of the site

The terrain is defined by four types of nature. The scheme above is draw with the considerations intensity and technique of maintenances.

Looking at the degrees of structure over people (page 60) that define the characters of the site, a topography of freedoms becomes evident, which can be visualised in the valley-shaped diagrams above. Each of these valleys will be looked at in the next two pages. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

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In the process of healing, the clients tend to choose specific locations to spend their leisure. This map indicates the territories they prefer, based on their condition and based on avoiding conflict and disturbance with clients who have different psychological conditions. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

In the process of healing, one of the first indicators is the degree of autonomy and freedom the clients have in choosing how to spend their free time. The activities/locations that indicate improved mental health are gardening, sports areas, birds feeding in front of cafeteria, animals and horses area. 55

Cultures of the site

The communities on the site are driven by different configurations of values and priorities. The scheme above visualizes each of these communities based on their driving principle, such as trust, care, productivity, representation and necessities. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

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Endemic vulnerabilities

This scheme visualises the environmental and social vulnerabilities endemic to De Grote Beek. Some of these is based on a conflict between the needs of the users of the area, such as noise disturbance in the Mannenbos, or the need for accessibility set against the physical conditions trees require to grow well. 71

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On the terrain of De Grote Beek, the clients and patients can derive purpose and meaning through several activities, some of them are in exchange for a wage, while others are framed within the therapeutic program. Both types of activities offer the clients a degree of independence and self-expression. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Historic Trade-offs

De Grote Beek’s fragmented history, is also explained in its historic trade-offs, most visible the construction of Dr Poletlaan 62, 64 and 66, on an area which was previously part of the forest. As a compensation part of the Doctorbos was extended in 1990. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

The ecology of disturbance can explain why some clients might avoid specific areas on the site. This map indicates the locations, extent and sources of disturbance, as well who is the disturbed. This is of significance, as it affects the way the clients choose to use and inhabit the site. 58

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Programmatic gaps

The vast majority of programmed activities take place along the archipelago of De Grote Beek. Leaving the forests without specific guidance for social use. 73

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In the social ecology of De Grote Beek, the notion of fear plays a crucial part. The most significant sources of fear are infrastructural of a relatively large scale, namely the !50kV power lines and the railroad from Eindhoven to Den Bosch. Sometimes these act as barriers or inhibitors of movement through the site. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

Rule of Law

Several legislations are active on the terrain, this scheme visualizes the consequences of not complying with these in the forest, the track of the power line, the TBS facility, and the original buildings, now graded as monuments. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

How to improve the qualities of the water network / forest / activities / ... on the terrain?

Maximum photo voltaic

De Grote Beek has a total amount of 49680 m2 of flat roofs. In practice, if a solar plane set up can generate energy at the rate of 500MWh/ha, then the terrain would gain a 2484 MWh annual yield. 76

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Water buffer

The central and southern parts of the terrain suffer especially high droughts. A possible remedy for the southern area is to make better use from the new housing development, where instead of releasing the rainwater into the sewers, it can be stored within the existing canal network on the site. DRAFT VERSION, 01.07.2019 -

The ecology of mental health

env per ins

int

Material

Immaterial

Landscaping

Behavior

A matter of control.

ins

Surveillance

Unwanted behavior

ins

Landscape maintenance

int

Control over behavior

Control over landscape

Landmarks

Healing

The evolution of a hierarchy.

per ins

Client migration

Territories of First freedom

Outdoor pool with a spring board, 1950-80, Landgoed De Grote Beek

per

Ecology of purpose

Fragmentation

Fear

The materialization of borders.

env per

Fences and Gates

Ecology of fear

indicates the distribution of psychological conditions throughout ocation of residence and departments for clients within these

Territories of Healing

Conservation

Disturbance

Unexpected consequences of regulation.

env int

Law and Regulations

Landscape practices: clients

per int

Ecology of disturbance

Drainage

Pleasure

The agency of aesthetics.

env int

Ground Water

Landscape practices: outsiders

int

Endemic vulnerabilities

Treating perception as explicit & topographic. Revealing the ecologic performance of perception. Rethinking behaviour as the product of the aesthetics of a place. Rethinking the aesthetics of a place as the product of behaviour.

Kornelia Dimitrova, MSc PDeng at Eindhoven University of Technology

Prof. Ir. Juliette Bekkering, Dr. Torsten Schrรถder Chair of Architectural Design and Engineering, Faculty of Built Environment

k.dimitrova@tue.nl @kodimitrova www.kodimitrova.com