NEGRO
SLAVERY
UNJUSTIFIABLE.
A DISCOURSE BT TBI LATB
REV.
ALEXANDER
PASTOR OF THE FIRST REFORMED
"Whosoever looketb
therein; this
man
he
being
shall
unto not
a
the
McLEOD, D.D.,
PRESBYTERIAN
perfect
forgetful
be blessed in his
law
of
NEW YORK.
liberty,
and
but
hearer,
deed."
CHURCH,
a
doer
of
contimieth
the work;
James i. 25.
1 8 O 2.
EDITION.
TENTH
NEW PUBLISHED
60 Bbqad
BT and
YORK:
ALEXANDRE
McLEOD,
48 South Wu.lxak Street.
I8 6 0.
Entered,
according to Act
of
Congress,
ALEXANDEE
In the Clerk's Office
of
in the
year
1SG0, by
McLEOD,
the District Court of the United States for the
District
of
Sew Tort.
Southerns
LI8R REF.
'
~T
PRESBYTERIAN SEMINAkt".
No.8 West Nortti Ave..
ALLEGHENY.
RJL.
PREFACE.
PUBLISHER'S
was printed in It has been often published since, both in this country and in Europe ; and as often it has received the commendation of the
The first
edition
of
this Discourse
this city just fifty-eight
and patriotic
philosopher, christian
diately
to
whom
statesman, as its demonstrations are
A copy
addressed.
to Thomas
sent
years ago.
correspondence
whole subject of
Jefferson,
of
and was
between him the
the
and
colored race
first the
well
as. the
more
imme
edition
was
occasion of a
its author,
in the United
on
the
States,
and the best means of doing it good. Another copy found its way into the hands of that celebrated philan thropist, Henry, Count Gregoire of France. He speaks of
it in
author with
of
" complimentary terms, and couples its Mr. Jefferson, as a defender of the rights
highly
humanity."
Dr. Alexander McLeod of
was well
New York for many years,
able
theologian, of
rights.
his
As
the
adopted
But he
encourage
a
true
patriot
country,
never wrote
the mere party
creed of
preacher, on
the
reproved
the
and clear and earnest writer
morals of politics.
faults
known in the city
as an eloquent
a
while
he
he defended her
line for
faction, or to Carrying out things by the Bi
politician.
his church, he tried all its supremacy as
well over social ble, over personal character. There were as institutions, but few, in the day when he wrote, to vindicate slave ry in America as right and beneficial in itself, much
and proclaimed
less
as
approved
in divine
revelation.
It
was
then.
rather
viewed, even by its apologists, a6 an admitted it was difficult to dispose, than a, good
evil of which
deserving claimed a
Bible
Now it is extensively
perpetuation.
to be
a political
necessity,
Against
appointment.
such
the Discourse brings to bear its
Scripture nomical of
logic,
deduction.
And it
buying, holding,
creatures as slaves ous
to the
exists.
by
sustained
or
is
Referring
error.
strong batteriep,
shows
fact,
that
"
,pf
and eco
the
practice
unoffending fellow danger the community in which it
selling and
pro
institution,
deceptive
historical our
immoral,"
individual,
a moral
and of course
to the remedy, the Discourse
advises
disruptions
of insurrection, violence, the bonds of society, but the influence of humanity and justice, pursuasions of the gospel, and the power of prayer
the
no
no
no
to Him who
rules
greatest good out of
which are
diah
Morse,
divines
and
the nations,
the greatest evil.
valuable, the
statesmen and
sudden
as
and can
bring
In the notes, known Dr. Jede-
opinions of such well
Thomas
Jefferson,
Dr. Samuel Miller
These deserve to be pondered now.
are
presented.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Author to
of
this Discourse had
him, in November, 1800,
in the county
of a congregation
New Tork.
He
a call presented
to take the of
pastoral charge
Orange, in the State
among the subscribers the names of 6ome whom he knew to be holders of Blaves. He doubted the consistency of enslaving the of
negroes with
perceived
the Christian system,
and was
unwilling
a
full
ecclesiastic communion with
who continued
the
practice.
to
enter
into
the call, but took the Elders of the
an
He hesitated to of
early opportunity
Church,
Presbytery
his
condemned
the practice,
and
of
against
it.
force
This of
self-interest
have erty
men
; and, in
their
judicially
connections
additional evidence of
an
It triumphed
principle.
several parts of
the
over
United States
sacrificed, on the altar of religion, the prop the civil law gave them in their fellow
which
There is
men.
munion of
A
and warned
produced
Christian
to the
slavery.
respecting The Reformed Presbyterian Church has
the
writing to
intimating
sentiments
those
accept
a slave-holder now
not
in the
sense of
duty
determined the
this Discourse to the
author
In the
press.
placed themselves under addresses all
may come. If the Redeemer render
it the
his
into
shall
means of
pastoral care.
whose
be
to
commit
publication
he has particularly in view the instruction lishment of those inhabitants of Orange them he
com
the Reformed Presbyterian Church.
and
who
of
it
estab
have
Through
hands the Discourse to bless
it, and bondage, or of miserable African, the
pleased
ameliorating the
procuring the liberty of any Author shall receive more than
a recompense.
ADVERTISEMENT. The Author to .of
of
of
this Discourse had
presented
a call
him, in November, 1800, to take the pastoral charge a congregation in the county of Orange, in the State New York.
the
He
among the subscribers he knew to be holders of He doubted the consistency of enslaving the perceived
names of some whom
slaves.
negroes with
the Christian system,
and was
unwilling
a
full
ecclesiastic communion with
who continued
the
practice.
to
into
enter
the call, but took the Elders of the
Presbytery his
an
He hesitated to
early opportunity
Church,
sentiments
the practice, and
against
the
it.
force
This of
6elf-interest
have erty
men
; and, in
sacrificed,
which
the
warned
several parts of
the
law
civil
judicially
connections
It triumphed
principle.
on
their
additional evidence
an
produced
Christian
to the
slavery.
respecting
The Reformed Presbyterian Church has condemned
writing to
intimating
of
and
of
the
of
over
United States
religion, the prop them in their fellow
altar of
gave
There is not a slave-holder now in the the Reformed Presbyterian Church.
men.
those
accept
com
munion of
A
sense of
duty
determined the
this Discourse to the
author
In the
press.
he has particularly in view the instruction lishment of those inhabitants of Orange placed themselves under
them
he
addresses all
his
into
pastoral
whose
to
commit
publication
care.
and
who
of
it
estab
have
Through
hands the Discourse
come.
may If the Redeemer render
it the
shall
means of
be
to bless
it, and bondage, or of miserable African, the
pleased
ameliorating the
procuring the liberty of any Author shall receive more than
a recompense.
PEACTICE
THE
07
HOLDING MEN IN PERPETUAL SLAVERY CONDEMNED.
"
He tht
steoleth a
man,
and sclleth
Burely be
God is and
cal
from
force
be
exerted
divine law out
tion of
exert
his
physi
man, is derived from his
by
his
which
power,
free
a
sphere
he
man
agent of
is
under
; but the and
action,
cannot pass with
natural powers under
law is right : to
shall
is necessary, He is the
Whatever
flows.
of natural
circumscribes
being.
other
He is indeed
boundaries
To
punity.
If he bo fonnd In his hand, he Exod. xxL 16.
omnipotence
every
In the exercise
law to God.
marks
or
which all power
can
Maker. a
of
him,
death."
His
omnipotent.
independent
eource
to
pnt
exercise
any
im
the direc
powers
derived
from God, contrary to his declared will, is wrong. Whatever is included in the grant God has made to the human
family,
is
of
one
the
rights
beyond this grant, contrary to God's claim a
right,
until
elevates
his
to that
which
attempts
former, of
own
shakes off until
authority
is
exercised
to deprive any
or put
treason
he
him in
against
by
of
his
law, dependency,
Jehovah.
the human
unless
the
and
man cannot
it become
possession of
Heaven,
of man ;
and
paramount
Whosoever
family
latter,
of
the
is guilty
he is expressly
com-
8 missioned, in this
instance, to contradict the law, by the same great authority law derives its binding force. He particular
general principles of
from
which
who,
without
of
law,
bor
of
man
the
liberty much
;
breaks
this authority,
with
and,
or
property, is
more
so
over
the barriers
force, deprives
physical
an
"he who
his
enemy to God
neigh
and
to
an unpro
^commences
any of his fellow men, and, with law less power, steals him from his connections, barters him for some other commodity, or forces him to labor for the benefit of another, and that other an enemy, who has committed, or countenanced the commission voked attack on
of
the theft.
The divine law declares this the
He
punishment.
him, put
or
a
rime,
who stealeth a
if lie ie found in his
hand,
and prescribes and selleth
mam,,
he
surely be
shall
to death.
This law politic
was
; but it
given
to the Hebrews
proceeds on a moral
sequently, obligatory
still
on
as
ground,
every
body is, con
a
and
subject of moral
government.
He
who
precept of
acknowledges
the
of the
morality of the
If lie
who
guilty robs
the morality
of
the
conduct recommended
in the text.
my purse, my coat, or my horse, be immorality, he cannot be innocent who
steals
of an
my father, my brother, my wife, Against this principle an inspired
me of
child.
eighth
decalogue, will not require another proof
directs his
argument,
1 Tim. i. 9.
in his Epistle
Knowing this,
to
that the law is
or
my
apostle
Timothy. not made
for a righteous man, butfor the lawless and disobedient and for man stealees if there be any other thing that is contrary to classed
with
sidered not
the
only
sound
most
doctrine.
detestable
reprehensible
Man stealing is It is con
crimes.
among the
ancient He-
9 but
brews,
a moral
in every age,
evil
and
in every
nation.
From the text, I before
consider myself authorised
the
following practice of buying, holding,
you
Tlie
lay
to the
un
selling our is immoral. or
offending fellow creatures as slopes The text will certainly support this
According
to
proposition :
common principles of
proposition.
law, the receiv
goods, if he know them to be such, is es teemed guilty as well as the thief. The slave-holder er of stolen
never
had
retain
him,
fore,
a right
is to tempt
for money, to
The
to force
a man
into his service, or to To sell him, there
without an equivalent. another
which
proposition
he
does
to sin,
never
and
had
a
to
dispose
of
that
right.
not militate against
slavery
un
der every form. By no means. A man, by the abuse of his powers, to the injury of society, may forfeit lib even
and
erty,
fullest
life
:
he may deserve slavery in the
the word, in order that his punishment sanction to the law may be an example to
sense of
may be
a
and may compensate, the injuries done to society. others
possible, for innocent fellow
as much as "
By
"
in the proposition, it is not designed to creatures, teach that any of the human race is so in relation to the divine law : it is not to be understood in a moral, but in
government,
We have
But,
As the
a political sense.
in
merited
relation
cent unless
suredly
we are
to
to
civil
proposition
and make some
society,
personal
subjects of
and
men are
its laws.
perish.
deemed inno
These
are as
freedom.
Discourse, -to
Jehovah's
deserve to
imprisonment from Him.
violated
It is intended, in this trine of the
guilty,
eternal
they have
entitled
all
to
confirm
answer objections
improvement of it.
the doc
to it
to '
1. >7b hold any 'of ourfellow
in perpetual slav
men
ery is sinful. 1. This appears from the inconsistency tice of
holding
This is
term
a
that
proper
ideas
in the
force,
of
the
natural rights
has been
which
accurate
its
otherwise
the
slaves with
pracs-
of man. It is
much abused.
be
should
present
to
annexed
argument,
i^
will not
be perceptible. If man were a being, owing his ex istence to accident, and not a creature of God, his rights would indeed be negative. If he stood in a state of independency of his Maker, and not a subject his
law,
of
could be determined only by the But he is neither the son of chance
rights
will of society.
the
nor
qf independency. His life and his God. From heaven he derives
possessor
faculties
are
positive
rights, defined by
sidering
man as a
*
The
are all
that
to
relation
tected
to God
by of God,
that
in
Before
must
be
nan
sentiments
same source.
be
considered
regulated.
from that Lord who has These
things.
are
the
rights
of
in
this error to be de
relation
to man, his
This is the primary
depending upon his bounty,
and
are, however, absurd, Man is considered in
of truth requires
is
na-
that the rights of man His reasoning is ingenious, and would introduce blasphemy and
understood.
which all others must
privileges
all
from the
The interest
man only.
and exposed.
relation
Both
of man.
proceeds
of
maintains
has no rights.
than that which
absurd
the absurdity
by the constitution
Justice"
Con
precepts.*
positive
free agent,
man
among the rights
vice
tain
gift of
"Political
author of
negative
is certainly less and
the
a
Consider
him receiving
and you see
necessary and
man.
They
one.
It is
man as a creature cer
absolute
are not
property inherent, but
derived. Consider
His
man as
possessions
All the
right.
a
are
rights
creature,
and you
him
see
completely
circumscribed.
of man
derived from
are
under a law to God. Beyond this he has no
Ood,
and agreeable
to Bit
law.
By
punctual attention
to this principle, the friends
of
truth may
con
successfully combat those who would rob man of his rights, From this double battery, by maintain or would unduly extend them.
sistently
and
ing a well-directed fire, they may ligious
in politics
and
defeat the
supporters. of civil and re
the one side, and the propagators of licentiousness religion on the other.
usurpation on
tnre he has
right to the
a
formity to the of nature
has
delegated
power
to
a right
he has from
the force of
is to
wage war
against
reduce
and, consequently,
a
and an
the
argument
before
erally, if stated at
not
and
exercise.
.To
op
or of a
to
denial
a mere
machine,
force ; his right to the person assumption of lawless au
by
regulated
external
of
an
Is it necessary to pursue this American audience? It is gen
universally admitted. The principle is in that instrument which lies
it
Lord
of
Hosts ;
and
in its
you
have
support
In de
existence.
of your national
have fought
you
appealed
He has led
to the
on your
victory.
an opposite principle of action were
admitted, it
would
one man
lead to
this
monstration of
If
and no creature
A has
maintained
of
to
actions.
society, to this^ the Supreme Ruler,; it is an
arrogant
the foundation
2. If
his
con
the Author
usurper.
fence
armies
God,
moral agent
a,
to be
thority by
regulate
individual,
an
whose motions are
enslaved,
by
freedom, in
which
him in its rightful
restrict
to
law
him to
ordered
pose
attempt
exercise of
precepts of that
have
will confirm
the
right to the
a
universally A de
absolute absurdity.
proposition.
services of
trary
another, equivalent, right stands opposite and con to right. This confounds the distinction between
right
and wrong.
without an
tween
have
man and
a
right to
equal right a
right to
British
to
enslave
and
You have an The British have and the French the
sell you.
enslave and sell me.
enslave
the
French, Africans, and
the Americans the
the Americans. the human
tice into
rights,
It destroys morality and justice be man, between nation and nation. I
This
family
cunning.
would
be to
to resolve law into
In the
violence would
struggle
be the only
the Africans
expel right
force, of
from
and
jus
contending The <ie-
arbiter.
12 cisions of reason would
morality Such absurdity will its
a
3. The
practice of
equally Scriptures.
enslaving
to the
The Bible is the
criterion of
American,
different
as
the different
family
and
fellow
our
tenor
general
the European
represents
great
of which would
necessarily
But,
opposed
the
few advocates to plead,
meet with
practice, the justification
and
sense of
16 it not, therefore, lamentable, indulge a principle, or countenance
should
any
lead to it ?
It
the
and
in theory.
cause
that
be perverted,
from the breast.
extirpated
doctrine the
the Sacred
and
children of
conduct.
the African
Asiatic,
the
of
members
God has
men stands
of
the same
same1
benign
blood
all of the nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the bounds of their habitation. and universal parent.
Acts
In
26.
xvii.
relation
equally bound to the respected as
Every
man
Our
is
you
Whatsoever
do
ye even so
the prophets.^
culcated
in the law
the inspired
these
!
reason
thus
They
:
and
of
are
himself.*
as
xii.
These
81.
that
them; for
Moses, How
and
should
the duties in
in the
opposite
consistent with
the
called
men
this is the law
sum of
doctrines to the
If he is "
ye would
to
writings of
the
spirit
of
practice of
the
he
will
himself,
slaves are not of one
are not entitled
Mark
to love him
This is the
prophets.
precepts
slave-holder
me.
commanded
in that direction commonly
golden rule :
do to
are
duties the divine Jesus summarily
reciprocal
comprehends
and
another, they benevolence, and
one
exercise of
naturally having no inequality of rights. is bound to respect his fellow man as his
and
neighbor,
to
one
made
to the love I t Matt.
blood
give
vii.
12.
with
to my
IS The
neighbor.
I
I
conduct which
should
pursue,
were
by another, I would not recommend to I shall feed and clothe them from the same
enslaved
them.
principle
Berve
my
I feed
that
my property
and
as much as
purpose
stable
cattle.
and wnen
They are they do not
agreeably to my wishes, I
pose of
them for money to
flesh.
I acknowledjge, if any
me, I
my
these ;
should endeavor
to
another
to
person was
embrace
the first
dis
shall
trafficker in
human enslave
opportuni
But if my negro offers to severely chastise him. He has no right to leave his master; the rule, What soever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye
ty
of
making my away, I shall
run
also
so
to
brethren,
them, that
principles of
4. The
If this
pursue
sentiments
one
divine
I
am
precepts of
be shown, it
the doctrine
tion informs us, that
that
are opposite
add,
to the
the Christian Religion.
can
guilty of all. because the
need not
-I
such
four
of
and
notwithstanding."
practice which
violation of
firmation
eseape.
will
of
a manifest
an additional con
Revela
proposition.
in
one point
And the
reason
sanction
to the
is
is added, authority is wantonly opposed in
point which
revelation.
the
be
whosoever offends
James ii. 10. same
opposing is
the decalogue.
gives
By inference, therefore,
whole of
the whole
decalogue is the
fifth,
violated ; but there is a direct breach of the sixth, the eighth and the tenth command
ments.
The fifth
requires
which respect
to
one
our
the
another;
natural
wretched
the performance
several relations
and
in
of
particularly enforces The Christian's
parents.
those duties
which we stand
obedience
duty
African, brought providentially
to
under
to
the
his
care, is to afford him the necessaries of life to bring him up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord
14 to instruct
him in
the knowledge
to habituate him to honest
him to
some
erty from his often
his
a
business for
He
destroys,
lationship.
He
diate
; and, in
parent
his
and set
him
at
lib
slave-holder exercises
illegitimate, authority over a great degree, natural re
an
always
cruel,
slave.
himself,
But the
control.
duty -and Ms industry to help
of
rights
to
sets aside
the authority of the imme to the divine, law,
opposition
honor his father and mother, is taught, from the cradlej that his duty oon-
which commands each-to
the
child
in implicit
sista
to the
obedience
command
of
his
master.
The
the lives
many hast thou among
the
captive,
ble
the
sixth requires
preserve
of
use
?
murdered
lawful
of all
But
men.
death,
who escaped
Thou hast kindled wars Thou hast carried the
into
a still more misera
Thou hast torn from the bosom
grieved mother
how
Africans.
miserable
state.
to
means
Slavery,
ah!
her beloved
of
the
daughter, and hast brought
down the gray hairs of an aged parent, with sorrow, to the grave. Thou hast hurried them on board thy
floating life. of
Hberty,
an
them in
chained
holds,
the remaining spark of have escaped thou hast deprived
who
dearer itself than life.
eighth
forbids the
The
neighbor's wealth.
is
hast
soon extinguished
The few
The
and
prisons,
have
which
infringement
upon
hindrance
unlawful
whole
it.
life
of
the
The labor
of our
slave-holder
of a
man
is
his food and clothing ; but the slave receives no more. His master robs him of the fruits of industry. He steals him from his relations. He robs him of his hberty of action. He steals him from worth more
himself. nate
the
than
The tenth
desires
after
slave-holder
commandment
property.
worldly is an evidence
of
forbids The his
all
inordi
practice of
avarice.
He
15
He
i employs servants without wages.
master, for money, the vere services <
compensation
had
subjected
out with
the
sells
to
hard
a
woman whose se
have already done more than make him for any trouble or expense to which they Not only the avaricious merchant of Africa with his ship fitted
him.
to the
who sails
man and
coast
the implements
cruelty, in
of
to import
order
brethren ; but the Amer ican slave-holder also, is convicted of a breach of the tenth precept of the moral law.
and expose
-l
5. The
to
sale our sable
cherished
In the
by
the
and
this
grace
all
God is with
a
eye
also
inim and
are represented
situation
of
is
produced
fallen from
a state of
that is
beholding
revealed as
an
is
grace.
men
as
into
happiness,
condition
free
one pair
and miserable.
contend
spirit which
gospel of
system of
proceeding from
tegrity
I
system against which
ical to that benevolent
as
in
sinful
man
in
benevolence
having
pity for the distressed, mercy for the miserable, and grace for the unworthy. Jesus, God in our nature, appointed as the Saviour of sinners, and without reBpect of
persons,
South, kindred, tongue, able
and
and
from the
people,
multitude, to be
the
which
the
soul
to
the
to
forgive
to
God
every innumer
His divine and un
gospel
has up
and perfect eve
suppress all
malevolence, from the
and
meekness and
self-denial,
injuries, and of prayer for Yes, the spirit of the gospel
real
good of our enemies.
is love
an
principles of sinful selfishness
produce a spirit of
of readiness
out of
purity
the
increase,
from the
and
through
grace of
heart,
extirpating the
West,
nation,
of unspotted
is to cultivate, ry benevolent affection, and on
and
introduced,
mediation, into a state speakable happiness.
The influence
from the North
gathers
from the East
to man,
evidencing its
existence
by
16 for the glory of our Creator, and the brethren, here and hereafter.
suitable exertions
happiness
of all our
How does this system, Christian, correspond with the slave trade ? You behold your African brethren in the
Do
Your Maker has His
in
same miserable state
nature.*
by
love,
nor
not
you
not
yourself
which you are
them from
excluded
them?
with
sympathize
a share
in
has the blessed Redeemer interdicted in His
them from claiming a share
How
salvation.
degrade them, therefore, from that rank which their Maker has assigned to them, and endeavor to can you
them to the beasts that
assimilate
grace you are
taught
to its
conformed
not
Rom.
sinful practices.
How
at your slave!
right to tear his father from the bosom in
order
to
enslave
him
to
you
wretched victim
fer yon to
How
died for
from His the
in
Him
rested
glad
tidings
to the
your
heavenly
death,
sins?
glory,
order
the Spirit the
unto
captive and
spirit rest on you
who
and
of
the
Look
his
of
a
friends,
and sell
this
will religion suf
meek.
you
He
from
of
prison
consider
You have
proclaimed
tive.
You have
even closed upon
in his
prison.
You have
liberty
doors to
Does the similar
it
heavy tidings in the
slave.
preached
proclaimed
a
On
slavery?
for He
the
produce
contrast:
example
voluntarily descended humbled Himself into
Isa. lxi. 1.
? does it
pronounced
imitate His
Lord,
the opening
Consider the
You have
you
to deliver
them who were bound.
tion?
to be
2.
him in bondage? For life? Ah! hard
retain
hearted Christian ! is it thus who
long
nor
Who had
his offspring,
and
?
xii.
him ?
by
came you
divine
By
perish?
to love this world,
same
disposi
attentively. ear of your
bondage for life to the cap him the door of hope
purposed
Eph. ii. 8.
to
enslave
his
off-
17 spring.
Merciful God! how
unmerciful
tures
towards one
?
act
6. The last
doctrine
of
another
argument
I
shall
the proposition,
fT confirming the be taken from the
use
shall
the
pernicious consequences of
4o Thy. crea
system of slavery.
reasoning there can be no valid within proper boundaries. if it kept be objection, That evil consequences follow a certain practice is not
To this
manner of
decisive evidence
always a
but it is
a sufficient reason
ine it in the light
divine the
law, to
of
truth.
pursue
consequences
for
us
to His
to pause,
is wrong ;
and exam
If we be required, in
this path,
If it be in itself
us.
that the practice
we must
obey,
the
leaving
management who commands
lawful,
but
not
requisite,
evil
presenting themselves would teach us But if it really be a forbidden path, to proceed.
consequences not
the pernicious effects warnings against
Ministers though it
are
of
travelling it
additional
are
continuing in it any longer. commanded
should prove
the
to
the
preach
occasion of
gospel.
submitting
ma
ny to tribulation in this life, and be to many a savor of death unto death in the next. It was lawful for the to the Gentiles to
apostle
eat
whatsoever
meat
wax
in the shambles; but if his using this liberty would have been productive of evil consequences, he
sold
would
Cor.
have
viii.
instantly
desisted from the
practice.
1
13.
If, then, from a lawful practice, it be expedient to desist, because, although to ourselves useful, it is de trimental to others, it is certainly quish a system which we
have
presumptive evidence
tally
wrong,
and,
as
that
evil consequences are
duty
nature.
we are
decisive
to
relin
When
fundamen against us
; before us, when other evidences the practice, its pernicious consequences
in the
condemn
our
is dubious in its
case
IS
oudly demand that from it desist.
we should
immediately
1. This practice has a tendency to destroy the finer feelings, and render the heart of man more obdurate. The butcher, long inured to slaughter, is not hurt at the lowing of the oxen, or the bleating of the lambs kill.*
which
he is
tioner
much agitated
victim
about
be innocent
der the lash least
race
against
Nor
them.
hard-hearted to tween most
the
catches
in the
his
of
"
men.
is
6lave
one
The
the
of
most
exercise of
the
and
puts on
looks on,
the
same airs
slaves, gives loose to the thus nursed, educated, and
;
in tyranny,
cannot
who can
retain
his
The
manners
such circumstances,
2. It debases
stamped
man must morals
worst
daily by it
be a prodigy undepraved
"f
a part of
the human race,
their intellectual
destroy
but be
and
the
submission on
child
circle of smaller passions
be
unremitting des
degrading
wrath,
steeled
to become
great
whole commerce
storms
with odious peculiarities.
to
blood, whether the 6lave
a perpetual
and
part,
parent
the lineaments
exercised
by
common execu
His heart is
serve.
passions
The
other.
The
is the transition
all
master and
boisterous
potism on
the
work of
or guilty.
born to
as
Nor is the
in his
may roar un his master, without commanding the The slave-holder views all the Ethi
of
sympathy.
opian
to
and
and
active powers.
tends
The
slave, from his infancy, is obliged implicitly to obey the will of another. There is no circumstance which can
*
stimulate
Frequent
him to
attendance
to blunt the feelings
is
of
cases of
life
and
his
slaughter-house
humanity.
not admitted to nit on a
in
in the
exercise
jury, lest
By he
death.
+ Jefferson's Notes, Query XVIII.
own
is
the laws
should not
intellectual
supposed calculated
of
England,
a
butcher
be sufficiently delicate
19 There is
powers.
much
If he think
to deter him
from
such exer
plan, his thoughts and plans must give to those of his master. He must have less way of heart than his white brethren, otherwise depravity cise.
he must,
or
The
ber.
attempt
not
Every
treatment, become
this
under
and sullen.
energies of
surprising that
is
his
mind are
to
made
smother
such creatures
should
thoughtless
left to
slum
them.
It is
appear
defi
in intellect.
cient
Their
moral principles
They
cultivated.
the little tyrants them
with
They
also suffer.
are
early
of
their
master's
family
No benevolent tie
rigor.
The slave, as observes laws to
tween them.
soon as
judgment,
protect
he
are never
While young,
suppressed.
rule
can
over
be his
exist
can exercise
the
life, the liberty
the property of his master ; but no law to procure these for him. He is private property. His master's and
will
is his
morality
We have
duty.
rule of
or virtue
from
such
an
right to
no
education
expect such
and
examples.
3. Another of
The
and
situation of
encouragement confined
to
shamefully The lust of the
by
prosecution character of
illicit
master
the
does
such as
themselves, but may be
and
support
of
The
mother.
connection with
spoken of as quite
a
frequently their
strength
without
situation of chastity.
negro
or
and
masters.
fear or
of
the
these wo
Their
In the Southern
it.
a common
every This is not
the offspring,
"few guards to their
not strengthen
afford
gratified and
the slave,
with
to
intercourse.
between them
for the
men admits of
ucation
the blacks is a criminal
intercourse
encouragement
debauchery.
to the blacks exists
ened
is the
evil consequence
licentiousness
ed
States,
mulatto woman
is
No reluctance, The the matter.
thing.
delicacy or shame appear about
nurn-
20 ber
the Northern States
of mulattoesin
evil
is
also prevalent
that this
prove
inhabitants.
among their
It is
a concomitant of slavery.
usually 4. This leads to the destruction of
fourth lamentable
a
An irregular intercourse
father to
is
mother
This is
marriage
is
It
thing.
a slender
Among The
tie.
from her infant must
destroy,
Nor is the
natural affection.
measure,
it difficult for 'the the
mas
distance from his wife,
a
separated
a common
renders
proper offspring.
husband to
ter sells the
the
his
ascertain
themselves
slaves
consequence
natural affection.
and
children;
in
evil
a
great
confined
Their master, in this instance, exceeds them in hardness of heart. He sees his slave nursing an infant resembling himself in color and in features.
to the
slaves.
is his child, his nephew, or his grand-child. He beholds such, however, not as relatives, but as slaves, ar^d rejoices in the same manner that he does
Probably it
in viewing the increase
of
5. Domestic tyranny, to domestic slavery, is
Powerful singular
render
*
"
the
which
horses.*
his
cows or
exists as
correlative
a
a nursery for civil tyrants. be the force of other principles, and
must
an
his
combination of
circumstances,
which can
for domestic slavery
advocate
a
sincere
It is far from being uncommon to see a Southern gentleman at ' I My and his reputed offspring, a slave, waiting at the table.
dinner,
'
saw two instances of this kind ; says a gentleman of observation, 1 the company would very facetiously trace the features of the father and mother in the child, and very accurately point out their more char The father?, neither of them, blushed, nor acteristic resemblances. self,'
an
seemed
disconcerted.
humanity.'
and
They
The Africans
feeling,
to white
people.
a small pittance to purchase
bogets his
likeness,
and,
said
to
and
blood."
Morse's Universal
and
be
inferior,
The African labors the freedom
with much
bondage
misery,
were called ::-.en of
are
makes
of
his
worth, politeness an 1 in point of sentiment
night and child.
indifference,
not
Geography,
one
p.
66.
effort
day to Collect
The
white man
his offspring in to redeem his own
sees
M i
friend of sell,
race, for
no
for
reason
to trust him
willing he it in his
most
would
arbitrary
6. This
of
God
The toleration the
Of
His
right,
as
they
present.
bay, Had
did, it impunity, or interest, gratifying to his and
.
become,
as
.really
a
despot
is
to
calculated
as
the
slavery is
of
down the
bring
individuals.
on societies and
It is It is trea the liberties evil.
national
a
by law.
a conspiracy against If the Judge of all the earth
cannot
Nations, state:
can
affairs of a nation.
Heaven
subjects.
He
he
'If
with
worst of robberies sanctioned
son against
?
monarch.
practice
judgments
the
with
to his
appear conducive
possible
life, any individual of the human but self-interest, I should be un
to do it
power
ambition, he
Is it
liberty.
civil
and enslave
but
punish
such, have expect
must
the
existence
no
national
Distributive justice
shall
do
guilty.
in
a
future
judgments in the
will measure
their
pun
ishment according to their criminality. O America, what hast thou to account for on the head of slavery 1
Thou alone,
of all
commission
thy delegates, in
the
from the over-awing
the earth, didst
nations now on
peace,
and
tyrant,
menaces of a
in security
or of
factions,
thy Constitution. Thou didst possess, in a pe sense, the light of reason, of science, of revela
to form culiar
tion,
of
past
Thou hadst
argumentation, and of past experience.
thyself
formerly
condemned
the principle,
and, in the most solemn manner, made an appeal to Heaven for the justice of thy cause. Heaven heard, Yet thou and answered agreeably to thy wishes.
didst
contradict
Thou hast ber
Thy
made
a
principle
provision
the
so
for
solemnly
increasing
bondage
and continuing judgments may tarry, but
they
of
asserted.
the
thy
will
num slaves.
assuredly
22
Individuals are also in danger. Those who God m the world " may have temporal
come.*
"
live
without
judgments inflicted in the
acted
upon
them for the part
of retribution
is in the
Christians,
guilt of whose sins
the of
heathen
far
so
right to
The Declaration
these
are
rights,
who
Even
come.
is
removed
real
through
have learned the way to the wicked prac
confirm
retaining slaves, have a Psalm lxxxix. 30
and
expect severe corrections.
of
Independence has these
truths to be self-evident endowed
to
as
buying, selling
tice of
to
world
Jesus, but
atonement of
the
*
the
they have
slavery ; but the time
encouragement of
that
by their Creator with certain unalienable life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
governments are
"
words :
We hold these that
are created equal
all men
instituted among
The
men."
they
are
that among that to secure these
rights
negroes are crea
the whites according to this instrument. Their liberty is an unalienable right. But this nation has taken away this unalienable right from them. And although the nation declares that government i
ted
equal with
instituted to prive
them
this right, the government still continues to de The United States, according to the late census, taken
preserve
of
it.
ia 1801, hnld 875,626 of the human race in Blavery. the Constitution of the general government, twelve claration of
Independence, made provision "
Art. I. Sect. U.
for the increase
importation
by
migration or
of
her
What language
free
?
be
gible to a seat
acres of
the
a seat
If
in his
land,
no small magnitude
own
of
in the
give
this impious
of
Bepresentatives
of a settled
negboes."
it
he
district, unless
following
No
person
unless
shall not
he be
freehold
the "
Art. i. Sect. 6.
election
ex
practice^
-nsistency of a people who
Representatives
right,
and ten
; to
Jina,
in the House
a resident
inc-
for the
provision
South Carolina has
perpetuate
political
South Car
of
of
worst of robber
constitution of government
a republican
to
to
endeavors
in the House
possessed,
dred
States in
Constitution eligible
But the State
slaves.
can express
white man.
and
their
sister
have inserted in
shall
the number.
now
emancipation
section
of
in
De
of such persons as
ently, constitutionally authorized a continuance of the ies. Very few of the StateB have male any adequate ceeded
even
any of existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohib 1808." the Congress prior to the year They have thus, inconsist
the States
ited
The
They have,
years after the
legally
estate of
he is be
a
eli
seized
five hun
To tolerate slavery is an evil of is still more
a national recommendation
inexcusable ; but to render it a condition without which no man can re in which he lives, exceeds anything present, in the legislature, the district on
record
late
as
the
in the year
annals
1790.
of nations.
This Constitution
was adopted as
23 In
32.
they have
proportion as
duty,
ascertaining
an
their danger
will
opportunity
increase,
of
unless
they cheerfully sacrifice interest to it. He who knows his master's will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes. Luke xii. 47. I speak to yon who
parley
ance
of
this temptation
with
of
meet
correction.
There is the
6elf-interest.
a
God ;
promise
which
the
is to
Watch them and
Hebrews the
and while godliness continues
of the life come*
of
system
lance,
go on in the In this very path you may Your treasures are not secure.
conviction,
paths
those
close :
were
their
your
You may property
If not, God has it in his
blasting among than
your
you
your
herds
would
I
your slaves.
until
have
should
have
to
from
in bondage. mildew
and a
of
manner
withheld
send
sustain
on
loss.
enslaved
a similar
murrain
you
suffer
The
you retain
power
crops
and
pestilence
greater
loss
by
giving liberty to favorable evidence, argument, that God has a re
suffered
think it
though not a conclusive gard
you
that
the jewels
with
in
as
elude your vigi
treasure.
earnings whom
upon
day
one
to have
to practise
to
expect
lose, as
as well
continue
to escape
allowed
is,
now
who
they may
escape with
as much of your of
which
slavery may
Egyptians.
them
who, in defi
you
determined to
are
a
for you, if you are thus chastised for your op brethren. But if ye be without chas
pression of your
tisement, whereof tards
and not
I have
now
all are
are ye
bas
I designed to say in
con
partakers, then
sons.j;
finished
firmation
of
proceed, n. To
refute
the
what
doctrine
of
objections
the proposition,
offered
to the
and shall
principle
have been defending. *
1 Tim. iv. 8.
+ Hebrews
rii.
8.
I
It is
to be
not
heard
recollection.
my
made
any that has the appearance of argument. each in order to ascertain its. full
evade
edly I shall
shall
probably I never I have heard may have, es I shall not, however, design
that are
and some which
;
caped
that every objection
expected
Some
uow occur.
examine
value.
Objection I. "Nature has made a distinction- be man and man. One has stronger intellectual
tween
than
powers
in the
As
another.
physical
strength
prevails
creation, let superiority, of intellect preside among intelligent creatures. The Europeans and their descendants are superior in this subordinate ranks of
to the Africans.
respect
in their
own
country,
rendered worse more
to
by being
intelligent to
rule
their
make use of
These latter are, moreover, Their state is not
miserable.
those
man which
and
owe
the more
ignorant,
and
services."
Answer. The distinctions tween
It is ju6t for the
enslaved.
over
man
are
their
which
to
existence
be
nature makes not
probably
so
great
adventitious
as cir
cumstances.
The
inferiority
of
the blacks to the
Let the
exaggerated.*
greatly *
In in
There is
some
no reason
settlements
Scoharie,
suppose
the negroes, their
of consultation with
labor.
to
in this
They live,
edu'i.
t nn,
The after
and
the
the manner of
ease
farm,
and
and
in
associating
be his
grant"
Mohawk, the
and
privilege
conducting their
plenty.
They
con-;
frequently
convey the pro as intelligent and
The negroes, in these places, are unless the latter have had signal
courage and skill of
must
at
has been
of mental powers.
are admitted to
masters,
their transactions in
great
slaves,
masters about
comparatively,
markets.
active as their
blacks destitute
particularly along the
although
suit about the management of
duce to the
the
State,
whites
fact, however, be
advantages
from
with superior company.
the
negroes
in
war will no
longer be
St. Domingo and Guadaloupe
prejudice
who
can
deny
are
disputed,
known.
And
to the black Toussaint the
qualifications of a warrior and a statesman.
The
writings
of
PhUlis
Wkeitly
evince
that negroes are not destitute
25 the inference
and yet
ed,
objection will
It is founded in false
ny.
ture
tellect
But
gives
It is the notions
You say, "a
of man. a
tyran
the na
concerning
proportion of
in
intelligent."
the less
over
the
principle of
essence of
greater
to rule
right
is the
which
follow.
not
to observe that man is not only a creature intellectual exertion, but also one who pos sesses moral sentiments, and a free agent. He has a right, from the constiution given him by the Author of Nature, to dispose of himself, and be his own mas you are
capable of
ter in
all
presented
He
them.
him,
to
who
endowments
standing moral
to
in violating the
except
respects,
He naturally
ven.
acts
argues
a
have
must
He
show.
agreeably
liberty
with a
more
an
excellence, he can have
choice
to
than
to
respecting
a superior under
investiture
no right
Hea
motives
from natural
rule
must evidence a
and
otherwise
of
right
will of
the
to
superiority
with
set aside
of
authority ; the
princi
self-government, and act in opposition to that freedom which is necessarily implied in personal re ple
of
sponsibility to the Supreme Moral Governor. the
er
consequences which
involve.
would
reduce
vance, under
and
He
his power,
would
his offspring for
of genius without
of poetic genius session of
;
who
his innocent
and
talents for
be justifiable in enslaving him All the usurpation of men
letters
of
on
school
Miller, of New York, Anthony Benezet on the person
refer
him
to
of
desires the
more
Clarkson's Essay,
Pharaoh to
observations
in
of
that city,
Philadelphia,
documents to
and
African
The
negro sohool of
negroes are not
assertions with respect to
tion.
the
of
Ignatius Sancho discover their
prose composition.
Samuel
But if any
contri
cunning
simple neighbor
ever.
of
that the talents
by
could,
and more
virtue, from the days
the
Consid
the objection, if granted,
confirm
corroborate
inferior to those
of
There he
will
and
thoFe
this truth.
the position
the whites, I
to Dr. Beattie's refutation capacity.
pos
the Rev.
of
find
Hume's satisfac
26 those ,
Bonaparte,
of
would
be justifiable
on
thiB
prin-
ciple.
As for the circumstance of the Africans ed while at
for it. slave
their
own
being wretch
disposal, you are not accountable
for them is not well shown in "the Your wicked traffic has already rendered
Friendship trade.
them
in Africa,
more wicked and wretched even
have
ameliorated
the
condition of
one,
rendered more painful
the
condition of
thousands.
you
you
flf
have
Objection H. " The negroes are a different race of people from us. Their capacities, their shape, their and their color, smell, indicate their procedure ori ginally from to the *
different
a
white people
in
pair.
these
all
to
superior race
They them
rule over
are
This
respects.
as
inferior to the gives
a
right
really as nature
The
nations called civilized, npon accurate calculation, are found to annually from Africa one hundred thousand slaves. Fifty thou of there are obtained by kidnapping. In order to supply- the other
export sand
half,
whole
under of
villages
European
making
the
slaves of
and render
rels,
are
at
influence, the
once
depopulated, by
and wars entered
These
prisoners.
country
miserable.
order
of
the
Princes
into expressly for the purpose
causes produce constant quar
It is
supposed
that 60,000 lives
Of the number shipped from Africa, annually in these wars. 25,000 perish on the passage, by pestilence, insurrection, shipwreck, perish
25,000 more perish in seasoning to the climate of the West The remaining 50.000 linger out a life of wretched existence. fact will ascertain the havoc which famine, fatigue and cruelty among those who are seasoned to the climate. Ten thousand peo
despair, &c. Indies.
.Another
make
ple,
fair advantages,
under
one of
the
colonies
these,
650,000 at
the
offspring
of
140,oo0.
According to this
portion of seventy-four produced
ten
millions
should slaves
produce, in a century, 1M),000. In imported in one century. The
were
expiration
of a
hundred years,
amounted to
estimate, population was impeded in the pro to one. In their own country they would have
in that time.
Thus it
appears
that upwards of
100, W0 lives are annually sacrificed. This estimate is founded upon the testimony of witnesses by no means partial to the Africans the testi
Smyth, Bosman, and Moore, agentB to the factories estab lished in A-frica and the records of Jamaica and St. Domingo. In Part III. of Clarkson's Essay, a history of the slave trade is given, and many tale* of wee related. If the accuracy of this estimate is doubted, that monies of
excellent work
may be
consulted.
87 gives a
right to the
of animated
Answer. This
Scripture
use of
the other
subordinate rank;
being."
Christians I
the
goes upon
In
authority. might
footing of discrediting
discourse to
a
it
reject
without
professed
consideration
There may, however, be in my hearing a who is an unbeliever of revelation. I would
.slave-holder
reasor
him, that, if possible, I may serve the cans* justice, of liberty, and of man. The use of sound
even with
of
reason
and
Christianity by no
philosophy
dis
means
.cards.
The principle
of your argument is inadmissible ; and, it would not serve your purpose. not, 1. It is inadmissible. Among the individuals of every
if it
were
species
there is to
sufficient
by
the rules
ments of
on
a
for any
in the
organization of
dency freely,
to
and
to
the inhabitants
when
the diet
mingle
African
with a
negro
so
change
them
ten
a
perspire more
their
is
peculiar
forcible distinction be A
and manners are similar.
distinction in the
prove
that
twenty
same
or
thir
bodily
him
adheres
to
A few
years of a
exchange
appearance
when
for
translated
hot a
did
to the
could not give
that peculiarity of
cannot, for years,
to
descendants.
produce a 6warthiness of complexion which est climate
ele
northern and a southern
a
foreign race,
clime.
for that
to
the
which successive generations
stubbornly
another
light,
and
can make a
ty centuries, during
are
the manners
which gives
make a of
and
shape which
It is impossible to
latitude.
into
that
than
action of
account
Guinea
of
difference in these
which
to
bodies
century will the inhabitants
climate,
not
body,
put on
single
rween
The
the diet
the rays of
absorb
more causes
phenomenon are required
of philosophising.
the human
are causes sufficient
men,
A
No
difference.
account
sun
the
rosy
may
mild
cheek.
28
According to the laws for offspring ed that a
the
apparent change should
very
complexion
this
country.
passed over
tions
on
the
have
from
It is
highly
makes
steps
of
I have
by
bodily
stated are
they
which
only
recourse
Enmity
conjectural.
think himself
one
variety in the known to ex
to have
unphilosophical
many
successive genera
may be necessary, be
the
causes
which
others which are
tion
wrought on
fair countenance to their present
a
The
the
of
Guinea,
of
negroes can retrace
shining black. human species ist.*
the heads
coast
proceeded
be
of the offspring of negroes already in Ten times the number of years which
have
fore the
propagating the species, the It is not to be expect
resembles the parent.
to
to
revela
philosopher.
a
But, 2. If the would
not
hypothesis whom
the
where
to
Asia,
of
principle were
just it
answer
purpose.
of several
original
earth
peopled,
would
If
and yon
of
be invalid: it you adopt
of
Europe
America,
of
parents, all upon the footing of If the principle of] to the other, f
one
Variety
"
opportunity of recommending An inquiry in the Human Complexions," by Dr. Smith,
President of the College of New-Jersey. His admirable Lord Eaimes, by far the most able advocate of the doctrine of
distinct
T
original
an
contend
may inferior race
justice, this
pairs, deserve the
Mr. Miller eloquently
indeed,
to
a
of
expresses
himself
beings ;
consist?
and
criticisms on of a
plurality
the philosophic inquirer.
perusal of
that these unhappy
depressed
inferiority
and
may have
original
author embraces this
into the Causes
the
distinct pairs, by cannot determine
nations
the different tribes
and
subordination
The
was
The different
stop.
had different
*
your
on
this
subject :
subjects of our
"
Pride,
oppression are
are, therefore, assigned, by the strictest in society. But in what dots
and servile station
In a difference of complexion
and
ftgvret Let the
illiberal mind, who cun advance such an argumant, recollect it will carry him. In traversing the \ arious regions of the earth,
narrow and
whither
from the
equator
c>mplexion
of
to the pole, we
find
an
infinite
diversity
of shades
men, from the darkest to the fairest hues.
in the
If, then,
the
29 your
objection
admissible, it
were
would
too
prove
much, lead to absurdity, and is therefore capable of proving nothing. Each nation might claim a superi of
ority
the
rank over
to right,
ed
cunning Involve not
umpires.
Right
other.
and
would
be
and violence would yourself
only ble difficulties in advocating
in
such
a practice
oppos
be the
inextrica
truly indefen
sible. "
Objection HI. the families
of
I firmly believe the Scriptures.
the
brethren.
earth are
They
All
are
ori
ginally descended from Adam, and secondarily from Noah. But the blacks are the descendants of Ham.
They
are under
brethren to
a
in Gen. ix. 25
Answer. all
and a right
curse,
rule over
27,
to
is
We have
them.
enslave
the
a
given
to their
divine grant,
negroes."
This threatening may have extended to of Ham. It is, however, to be no
the descendants
ticed, that it is directed to Canaan, the son of Ham. In order to justify negro slavery from this prophecy, it
will
be necessary to prove four things. 1. That all of Canaan were devoted to suffer slavery.
the posterity
2. That. African
negroes are
3. That
the descendants
has
each of
a moral right
4. That every
Shem
or
to
will
proper station of the also contend
reduce
slave-holder
Japheth.
particulars
really descended of Canaan. of Shem and Japheth
Want
any of them to servitude. is really descended from
of proof
invalidate the
African is that
in any
of servitude and
that every Portuguese
one of
these
In
whole objection.
and
Spaniard
depression, is,
though
a
we must
in
a
less
degree, inferior to us, and should be subject to a measure of the same degradation, Nay, if the tints of colour be considered the test of human dignity, we may justly assume a haughty superiority over our southern brethren
of
this continent,
this principle, what grade must we
th;m
where Bhall
and
deviBe
liberty
is it that the ties
of
end
blood
their subjugation.
?
are
or where shall
to
oease
?
and
In
short upon
slavery begin ? at how many shades
lower in the Bcale, before mercy is to vanish with Discourse to the Manumission Society of Kew-Torlc, p. 12, 13.
descend
still
M practice
divine
contrary to the
so
law,
a
very
is the only
thority
four facts
ticular personal
sanction
degradation.
every individual of that in a state of slavery. the
possible
habitation
territory
are
of
Jt does
negroes are
Gen.
descended from Ham. that
they
The boundaries x.
19.
is generally known from
3. The supposition,
inferior
imply. that
right be kept
almost certain
Canaan.
defined.
not
race should of
But is
even probable.
the offspring
not
It does not imply par
servitude as much as political
and national
2- It is
supreme au
to us. But not one df'the necessary can be supported with documents. On each of them, how
unquestionable
It is
from the
specified as
ever, we may spend a thought. 1. The threatening is general.
ity
the
general principles of
express grant
however,
of
are
fjieir
The Canaanitish
subsequent
that the
history.
curse
fell
on
the negroes, may be granted with safety to the cause of those who are opposed to the system by which they are
It
enslaved.
will
practice.
It is
but
prediction
as
the
his providence,
hardships,
and
not 6erve as a warrant
to be
not
of a
given
to death.
for this
duty, has, in
considered as a rule of
future
event.
God
many men over to slavery, to But this does not justify the
Had it been predicted, in and the murderer. many words, that the Americans should, in the be ginning of the nineteenth century, be in possession of tyrant 60
African slaves, of
we might argue
from the fact the truth
the prophecy, but not the
holder's
It
conduct.
was
propriety of the slave foretold that Israel should
be in bondage in Egypt. Gen. xv. 13. This did not jnstify the cruelty of Pharaoh. He was a vessel of
Jesus,
wrath.
j
ect of
cy,
many
and
God
Redeemer, was the According to ancient prophe divine justice, he was put to death.
our
predictions.
to satisfy
and
sub-
UBftAftY REF. PRES*YTERIAN
SEMINARY,
No. West Nnb Ave.,
ALLEQHENV,
81
Die
characters
to
wicked
fulfilled this
who
prediction
were
Acts ii. 23.
an extreme.
Slave-holders
4.
Japheth,
are probably the descendants of it cannot be legally ascertained. And
although
they may be fulfilling the threatening on Canaan, al though they are not innocent. Be not afraid, my
friends; should
its
prophecy shall be fulfilled, although you liberate your slaves. This prediction has had three thousand
accomplishment
descendants the
Shem
of
they'
Canaan,
The
ago.
direction, did, by Joshua, subjugate the offspring
of
conduct
years
divine
took possession
when
under of
the promised
of
land. This naturally leads to the most plausible
in defence fellow
men
argument
the
of
in
"
God
to hold their fellow women were servant
is
that
can
possibly be offered
unhallowed practice of
perpetual
Objection IV.
consider another objection
called
permitted
creatures
bought
in
onr
master's
Israelites
the ancient
Men
servitude.
among them.
and sold
his
holding
bondage.
money.
and
The bond
Exod.
xxi.
21.
Had it been wrong in its nature to enslave any human being, God could not have granted the Hebrews a per Negro slavery, stripped of some ac mission to do it. cidental
cruelties, it is
This
Answer.
The fact is to
The
general
granted.
fellow
some
Heaven did of
the
principle
It is, in
creatures.
necessarily
objection requires minute attention.
granted.
purchase
wicked."
not
law,
Hebrews
the
for
servitude.
deduced from this fact is
also
cases, lawful to enslave our The application of it to jnstify the
God is the Lord Governor, he does
his
race
certain
practice of modern nations
violated
permit
human
of
the
what
abused
is
by
no means admissible.
universe.
is
right.
their
As the Supreme His
liberty,
subjects and
have
rebelled
PA.
82 against
to
the
These they
must
by
pointed
sovereign
the
has
ment
he
may
choose
liberty
Judge, in the beasts
Again
Civil society has
will, at the time ap in the grave. The
enclosed
to the use of whatever
execution of
the famine
wild
ecutioners
They
be
have forfeited life he gave them.
They
the
and
yield.
also a right
chooses
the waves,
Heaven.
of
majesty
his justice the
instru
the sentence.
He
the pestilence, the winds or human beings, to be the ex
or or
:
laws, to which its members, its voluntarily claiming privileges, have assented. A violation of these is a violation of a contract, and the penalty
When, by or
certain
stipulated
must
be
paid
licentiousness,
a person's
by
the offender.
justice is violated,
society endangered, it is just and necessary to enslave and make his services, if possible, useful
the criminal,
to
society.
now
This
much
to
show
proceed
ply to the doctrine to
I cheerfully grant; and shall objection does not ap
that the
I have been endeavouring
which
establish.
You
conclusively, in defence
cannot argue
of negro
slavery, from the practice of the ancient Hebrews, un less you can prove, 1st. That the slavery into which were
they was
to that in
and, 2dly. That
you
they had.
extended
the
objection
these,
that both
I. The mitted
to
to
permitted
similar
reduce
have,
to
is
the
you.
invalid,
servitude reduce
creatures
are
held
:
same permission which
If proof fails in and
I
undertake
either of
to
show
into
their
which
fellow
the Hebrews
men
were per
was attended with
it essentially different from It may be considered, 1. With to their brethren ; 2. As it respected strangers
negro slave
reference
negroes
are without proof.
such restrictions as rendered
the
their fellow
the
which
trade.
83 1. A
natural
cases, be
sold
descendant
by
insolvency.
were
theft
gard
for freedom
that
and
which
the thief
even
Abraham might, in tv o into servitude. The; ^
of
the magistrates
And
their
could not
so great was
code of
be
laws
the
re
discovered,
enslaved while
property sufficient to answer the demands for the theft, Exod. xxii. 1 i. If a man
of
he had
the law
shall steal
sheep, and kill it, or sell it, he shall restore five oxen for the ox, and four sheep for the sheep. If an ox or a
a
thief have nothing,
The
servitude
benefit 43.
of
the
into
then he
shall
be
sold for
the debtor
which
Lev.
creditor was not severe.
If thy brother that dwelleth
with
his theft.
was sold
the be
for the 39
xxv.
waxen
poor,
be sold unto thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve a bond servant, but as an hired servant and as a
and as
sojourner over
cases
to
lie
On the
Exod.
nothing.
of
for the
xxi.
debtor,
the
Thou
thee.
support, of
sendest
his
him
he
seventh
And it
2.
that his
on which
stock
some
tftou
with
shalt not rule
with
6ix years.
case
be
shall
In both rigour, but shalt fear thy God. the duration of this species of slavery was limited
him
he
was
master
free,
Deut.
free for
required, in the
should
might again
tamily.
out
shalt go out
give
him
begin business
xv.
thou shalt
12
15. When
furnish him
of thy fiock, thy flour, and thy winepress. Both these laws evidence the greatest care of the liberties of individuals which is consistent with the real
liberally
interest
of
industry, the
the
and
nation.
They
guard against
are strong motives to burdensome taxation for
support of prisons.
2. There which
were
two
classes of
the Israelitish law
gave
aliens with respect
directions
those
to
who
belonged to any of the neighboring Camaanitish tribes in particular, and such as belonged to other nations in With respect to the latter, the law was exgeneral.
84
actly the the
same as
to the Hebrews themselves.
Ye
have
22.
xxi v.
shall
stranger as for one
If thy
next chapter. shalt
him
relieve
journer.
law, liberty,
general
life,
the
living Of
as
and.
strangers
that
of the
permission
ham
were
divine
which
appointed
expressly was
the
they
subjection
Exod.
harshly.
the
the tribes
command
;
xxv.
children
were
God
was
on
into
he did at an
not
a state of servi
forbidden
to
early
part
his
of
them
use
the Gebeon-
26.
that
avenge
the
their voluntary
cruelty
2 Sam.
reign.
with
the house
on
their
of
servants.
cruelty,
David because
and even punished
offended,
Abra
Exter
Canaan.
of
When Saul treated them
Joshua ix.
buy
of the
of
Accordingly, ites, when they craftily obtained the safety lives, were reduced into the situation of bond xxi.
44,45.
executioners of
but
were only reduced
The Israelites
tude.
the
Of
tribes
nations
shall ye
The descendants
merciful.
sentence against
mination
Lev. you,
the
among you, shall ye buy, and they begat in your land. This
sojowrn
was
such of
are round about
bondmaids.
families
to
These
aliens.
conquered
them.
around
were
of
the
remains of
Israelites, or
the heathen tliM
bondmen
the property
and
from
from invasion the
which guaranteed
among the
Canaan
of
a stranger or a so
particular exceptions
are
to the
exceptions refer
Lev. for Verse 35,
as well
of your own country. brother be waxen poor, then thou
yea, though he
But there
this
of law
one manner
xxi.
of
Saul,
1,
I
our
imita
pro
ceed,
II. To tion. their
prove
that this
The Israelites ships with
to steal,
nations,
example
themselves
is
had
their implements
not
no
of
for
right to fit
cruelty, in
out
order
buy, stow away, and chain men of other living, without injury to them, at a distance
from their
shores.
Had they
c'one
so,
no
future traffic
85
have
Could were
employed
officially the
of
quity
were ordered
nations
they were The
is
tition
foreign
to the
sion
descend the land cove
can
the slavery the blacks
nations could
All
in
us
holding
exactly the same
reduced, the
therefore, be wall of
mankind
par;
are
our
circumstances
no
justify
are
not,
people,
should come.
The
similarity of the ancient Hebrews
were
the
a peculiar
rights of citizenship.
There is
us and
that
As
broken down.
now
brethren. tween
possession of
Abraham.
Thy
vanquished.
or enslave
to be kept distinct until Messiah
remains of
admitted
destroy
take
and
nanted to their father
they
They
to punish the ini
by Heaven
which
to subdue,
Canaan,
of
ants
their prizes legitimate-
rendered
-no
divine
Although
slaves.
tliat
with
be
permis
into which
practice of modern nations
would remain unjustifiable.
The decendauts of Shem have, in the Hebrew nation, Canaan into a state of servitude ; and the off of Japheth have surplanted those of Shem in spring
reduced
both
spiritual and
temporal
privileges.
tolerated, in primitive Slavery laws. It is not Roman the Christianity, by Apostles. They have or his Christ condemned by Objection V.
"
was
ages of
given
directions for the
1 Tim.
vi.
They
1.
in slavery tice of keeping have you What Answer.
principles
does
for
asserted
be
been,
would
which
I
contend.
the
no
is
the
be
glorious
made
gospel.
free,
use
it
doctrine
1 Cor. rather.
the slave, if he is able, to
correct,
1 Tim. i. 10.
reprobated, together with sound
not
objection
to the
The New Testament
slave-trade.
stealing is here which is contrary to
prac
sinful."
was
it
condemn
and slave.
intimated that the
not
men
and, if it had
master
conduct of
have
vii.
21.
If
It is
procure
every
and
the
Man
practice spirit of
thou
mayest
recommended
his liberty.
to
If he
86 has
ly
no
fair
obtaining it, it is his duty patient The gospel hope comforts The New Testament says (Col. iv. 1.), Masters, means of
to continue in
him. *
bondage.*
Commerce in the human
forms such
that Joseph
us
by
the
in the time
purchasers.
the Trojan
of
AntinouB threatens to
XVII.
Mr;
as a
is
of a
slave,
very early date. Moses in disposed of in Egypt as
and
Gen. xxxvii. 30, 36. Homer informs us, that Egypt and Cyprus were markets for slaves. TJlysses to one of those places. Odys. lib.
war
send
world
the European
were notorious
over
and
;
was
all
Asia ;
Kutjov
xai
for prosecuting the spread
io~rj<xi. slave
This
trade.
through the Grecian and Bo-
among the barbarious nations which The abolition of the slave-trade among has been falsely attributed to the feudal system. practised
Roman Empire.
the
overturned
Aiyvirrov
<ra.ya. *ixi]v
Sidon
and
custom travelled man
species
sold
448.
v.
Tyre
was
nations
Christianity was the real cause of it. The charters days, for the freedom of slaves, were ex " that they might procure pressly, pro anwre Dei, pro mercede animo ; the favour of the Deity, which they conceived themselves to have forfeit ed by the subjugation of those whom they found to be the objects of di The
prevalence
which
vine
of
granted, in those
were
benevolence."
and
close of the
twelfth
had
person
diately No.
of
not yet
(Henry's
foreign trade
St.
at
all
could
Wherever this
advocates of
religion
nations were
this century slaves
of
England.
maintain, he
sold
When them to
Peters, Westminster, A. D. 1102, Council of Armagh, A. D. 1171,
great
the English
England,
vol.
slaves should
vi. p.
been discovered that the New Testament
law of liberty.'" The instance
the
Europe before the
through
commencement of and
In the
Ireland decreed that
emancipated.
produced as
liberty
than he
held
practice was prohibited.
the clergy
had
more children council
were
In the
in the domestic
In the
a merchant.
this
effects general
a
century.
were a capital article
any
These
procured
converted,
prevails, it
will
267,
be imme
8vo. edit.)
It
authorised slavery.
be found to be the ^perfect *
Onesimus has been very unhappily It does n Jt slavery to support their system. of
selected
by
the
appear certain
ly that he had been a slave to Philemon. He had been, indeed, a servant. But, if a slave, he was to be so no longer. Phil. 16. Paul had a right to He knows, however, that to request it demand his liberty. Phil. 8. would
be
ed
him
sufficient.
Phil. 18.
master.
without
integrity,
Onesimus. Phil. 15.
He
and colleague
wards pastor at
matter
It
to
appears
Onesimus had might
his
retain
But, confiding in Philemon's option, and becomes security for that this Onesimus was no loner slave own
probably afterwards a Tychicus in Collosse. He is
Ephesus.
wronged
lawfully have
Phil. 13. his
appears
was more
with
It
9.
a recompence.
leaves the
or servant.
Phil.
Notwithstanding, Paul
minister said
to
of
the gospel,
have been
after
87 give unto your servants
Treat them justly ; ful-
wages;
them
give
But, supposing subject, the
justify
objector could not
the
of
have
that you
man
and
fine
your
your
to
a right
kidnap
to
slaves*
your
worst of
too
tyranny,
need
proceed
Testament,
The
whole system of
spirit of
that
religion which
religion cheers
tyrant
and
duty as
the
men,
the heart both
as social
it reprobates the
ance,
and condemns
It does
authority.
the
believer,
are
in
affords
him
tive in the
The
the tenor
of
the
practised
numerous
and
usage of the Grecians and
New Testament.
to the
subject of a
as citizens of
until of
external
It
;
condition of of
to
those
and
God, in his being more
in the Boman
aggravated.
world
he holds his
upon which
the
the
holds them in dur
restoration of moral order
providence,
usefully
ac
society.
Empire, under tho would
who
sobriety,
be
an
sanction
unreasonable
of ethics, to sustain as moral every ancient Eomans whicn are not expressly condemned
mode of compiling a system
the
opposite
it teaches the heart
opportunity
immoralities
were
beings,
resignation,
an
from
strongest
It teaches them their
character who
not alter
in the
It teaches him faithfulness
power.
patience and
law
nnless
the principles
righteousness and peace.
slave of a master.
while
race.
mentioned and con
slavery is
is
con
But
own children.
are reprobated
terms.
True
country
therefore,
not,
human flesh to the African
traffic in
they
which
your
neighbor,
You
friend.
demned in the New
in
slavery
prove
sell your own children
You may extend it even to your if such practices are not formally
*
this
dreadful cruelty, because Nero is not specified infamous tyrant in the New Testament It will
as an
of
negro
anything it will
prove
services.
silent on
most
prove as
for their
an epuivalent
If it
and equal.
mercifully ; pay them law
It will prove the j ustice
much.
is just
which
Scriptures had been
the
from that silence.
the
that
them
use
8S
Objection VI. "I abhor the principle. of
importing
they
are.
ged,
at
The
praelfae
selling men is detestable. "But here We found them slaves. We are not obli and
the expense
of our
property, to
set
them at
liberty.
The community in general will not consent They will therefore be slaves. I want a servant.
to it.
I may
purcliase and
be
hold
His
a slave.
condition will
by serving me. I am bound to treat him mercifully : but, as matters are now situa ted, there can be no evil jn my keeping him in bond not
rendered
worse
age."
Answep.
If
men
were
interested motives, they their
not
could
own understandings as
principle contained
in this
to
Btrongly influenced by not impose so far on give
indulgence to the A.
objection.
the
long
continu
doing of wrong If so, there is an end to the distinction between virtue and vice. Your fathers left the negroes
ance
into
of
evil
will
change
nature
right.
in bondage, as an inheritance to you. Does this justify you in retaining them ? No. If the first stealer and the first buyer
acted
retainer cannot
be
ciple,
but
justify
beseech
you.
unclean
thing.
fact.
contrary to justice, the constant You condemn the prin
guiltless.
the
You have He
possession.
a slave of was
thirty
born in
has,
and
upon
him,
has been deprived
Lay their
not
the blame
stolen
born in
of
his
on
The
example.
You have man
the
committed
your
in
By
your
natural
principles of civil with your son.
robbery
natural
text
house.
by
parents, for to
lib
Who
which
he
Yourself.
rights?
applies
the
not
another
years of age
your
according to the first erty, he was born equally free
laws,
Act consistently, I
practice.
Touch not, taste not, handle Let me call your attention to
you
you
imitate
directly.
from his connections, from himself, a house. Have you purchased him ?
your
89
You have best
contenanced
reparation
liberty.
You
you
cannot
make
to
afford
benevolence.
extensive
impious commerce; the is to set your slave at
an
can
Do
perform acts of such
justice, however.
Deal
mercifully with your servant. When the wages which he might have annually earned shall have amounted to the purchase money, and lawful interest, set him
immediately
ly
serve
to be
unless
you,
you give
your
from
liberty
at
worthy character, he
are a
him due to
ungrateful
indeed,
After confessing
it is to be hoped
indefensible, suffrages
he be
wages.
render
If
controul.
your
you
shall afterwards voluntari
it
provided
the
system
you will not give
I
permanent..
shall pro
ceed,
LTI. To In his
make some walk of
bound to the test
of
practice of
obedience, the
his
inclines
improvement
had
of
proved for
1. We of
our
God,
of
that
evils
of
a practical
view we
slave-trade
have
may be im
several uses.
should
lament
over
the
distressing
sufferings
True piety does not benevolence. Commiseration
brethren in bondage.
the
of
is strongly inculcated. Weep with Evangelic principle forms the soul to
wretched
those that
weep.
For these things I weep : The neth down with tears.f miserable.
He has
This dis
grievous*
And the
the
it. is
keep his commandments,
ye
are not
just theory.
blunt the feelings with
himself
every known duty. By the his love to God is tried.
fits him for making
and
the
considers
nature of
commandments
position
now
the Christian
faith,
This is the love of and
improvement.
no
In his
vision, *
Bom.
native
mine
eye,
situation
15.
eye,
run
African
country he is in darkness.
no well grounded
xii.
mine
of the
hope
t Lament, i. 16.
the inhabi-
40 tant
of a waste
He becomes Christian the
wards
with
breathes
which
peace
He knows them
men.
foreigners
has been bestowed.
education
religion
God in the
without
wilderness,
acquainted
"to
on
world.
whom a
They
profess
to
and good will
his
New
sorrow.
for war are afforded, and new and terrible instruments for prosecuting war provided, for the al ready ferocious tribes of the wilderness. He is taken
occasions
is
and
captive,
for
sold
brought into ed over
In
gospel
His
genius
is
There is
wretchedness.
of the oppressor, but cramped
; his
his
on
;
moral
side
knowledge
of
"
We
recommend you
Father.
We
We
come
of thy power, to
to the
consign
God
Redeemer. prisoner
no
his
of
on
the
power.*
mind are
eradicated
his
;
perish without
the
Oh, slavery, thou art a bitter African, we lament over your
sensible of
are
sympathise with you.
We
in
He is
"
Jesus.
Miserable
condition.
power
there is
the energy feelings are
soul, his immortal soul, is left to
draught !
chained
floating prison.
The whip is brandish With its lash his back is furrowed.
side
suppressed
He is
boasting of civilization, and enlightened by luminary, he is doomed to ignorance, to
and
rudeness
of a
a strange country.
his head.
land
a
the
bauble.
a
the suffocating dungeon
of
protection of our
you
mercy !
before thee preserve
your sufferings.
recognise you as a
:
to the
arms
We
brother.
Heavenly
of
our
dear
Let the sighing of the according to the
thou those that
greatness
are appointed
die.i
2. We may improve the view we have taken of the negro slave-trade, in order to stimulate us to present
duty.
The benevolence of the Christian is *
Eccles. iv. i.
not
like the
+ Psalm Ixrix, U.
sen-
41 of romance, ready to be exercised objects, but blind to objects of reality.
sibilitv of a writer on
imaginary we drop
While let
us
his
alleviate
the
to
ample
I
of
slaves, to
others
desirable
of
compassion over
or
not we can
Cannot
sorrows.
number
6ame
the tear
enquire whether
and
the slave,
do anything to agency diminish
your
behavior be
your
an
ex
their influence to the
contribute
end?
demand
you, my brethren, to sacrifice property imprudently in purchasing the liberty
cannot
your
of
of your neighbour's slaves
requires
that you should
selves.
With respect to
be made, to their
defray, by
support
To this
The
more.
justice,
to be
your
religion,
slave-holders your
the young, arrangements may their services, the expense of
their
and
emancipated.
; but
cease
education, before
have
yon
right,
a
they
and
are
to no
has already repaid your ex If he has been purchased, charity would it to you, nevertheless, to set him at lib
middle-aged
penditures.
recommend
erty : and justice demands that you should retain him in bondage no longer than is sufficient to recompence you
for
your
trouble
the old, the inactive
direct the best you
the
conscientious
calculated
to
and expense.
and
to
secure
an
maintain
to
infirm, Godly such
honourable
Be
abominable
tivate their
understandings.
has
to be
men.
assigned
gospel.
them.
reference
measures
testimony
merciful
to
wisdom will
their advantage,
usurpation.
selves
With
as
may be
and enable
against -this
Cul
to them.
Make them feel them
Raise them to the
rank which
Teach them the doctrines
Give them habits of industry.
God
of
the
Pray for them.
Sacrifice the property which the civil law gives you in Seek for a recompense on the altar of religion.
them, from
on
high.
Heaven
can
reward
you.
Godliness
is
puofitable unto all
the life
is,
which now
things. and
11 nas
of that
the
which
promtse
is to
qf
come*
3. The preceding discussion may be improved for
discovering
the
duty
These occupy God. They are
of gospel ministers.
important
an
to
are commissioned not so much
The volume of In negociating
they
much
prudence, the divine
fallible God.
This is
ised,
and able
head
at
and
have
if
you
is it
well
a right
lament
to
and
earth,
contains no
Much
communications of
the
constitute
manifold grace of
he is faithful
who prom
Mankind have
for
directing
no right
them on the
I have
text is in the Bible.
to discuss it.
undoubted right
men
ministers
My
large of
and
;
to perform.^
of slavery.
ural,
and
steward
promised
offended
It
indeed necessary to
are
a wise
to teach,.
expunged or neglected.
prayer,
spirit,
man
as
Is the discussion
timed?
the only
are
of
They
their instructions.
its directions.
neglect
to be
articles
useless
please
contains
treaty between heaven
a
to
are not
to be
revelation
in the house
office
for Jesus Christ.
embassadors
an
script
questions
My brethren in the ministry, this evil, let your voice be raised
ask.
over
The subj ect is important. To handle Offence may be unde dangerous. be it rashly may and unjustly taken, which may mar the signedly given, it.
aloud against
the church,
peace of
of
the
whom
gospel.
they
their
as
far
6ome
not
as
an
duty
influence in
characters,
which
1 Tim. iv. 8.
the
Woe to him
by
This
make ^pu
should
Some, indeed, have
political
directed.
propagation of
must come.
silent.
to
opposition
have had
hinder the
introduced.
are
vigilant, but
and
Offences
evils
too far.
deterring
There is detains
a
others
timidity
tbem
t Heb.
x.
2,
pushed
This may from going natural
to
from prosecuting
3.
ion. iv. 21.
43
Some,
public subjects.
ter's cause,
who are
neglect some articles
their Mas
traitors to
in their
instructions,
negociating in his name ; and there is a meek diffidence cherished by true piety, which render
while
ness and
ministers more
to inveigh
disposed to
against public
evangelic
discussions than
immoralities.
But
remem
neglect
in preaching the gospel you are the law. It is to be used as a School
master
to lead
men
law for
righteousness
ber, brethren, to
not
You may selves
but to
duty an
with
Jesus,
that the
and
preach
the
all
things
the
guilt
holding
do
right of
our
express
his
to
all
he
ambassadors
giving
the
Considering
our
legislators
maintenance
cause of
20.
thi6
of
your
of
will
be
exercise
Let
us
to God.
subject also affords
and statesmen.
justice
authority,
righteousness.
and order
your
to the nation, if
this speedily in rectifying
19,
practice of
slavery, it
consequences
Your influence,
xxviiL
to teach them
prudently to warning against it.
have taken
lesson to
in the
perpetual
public
of signal service
Matt.
also
only to
not
your generation
be
self
precept of our arisen
commanded*
brethren in
belongs the
exerted
writer with a view
nations, but
society.
can
while neglect
the danger accompaning the
view we
a practical you
the
duty, leaving
4. The
that inspired
whatsoever
serving God in the
to obey its dictates.
subjects, by classing your in apostle, desiring to know nothing him crucified. Be assured, however,
gospel
our
men
such
commanded
and
is the
end of the believeth. Arid the gospel is designed to
who
one who
yourselves, probably,
against
He
that
dispose
upon
resolution of
militate
Lord.
and
comfort
your
Christ,
to
to every
teach,
law,
the
establish
ing
to
also
are
you
that
in
wisdom,
they
are all
Engage
evil practice of
To
your
holding
44
brethren in
your
tures ; it is
it
at war
it leaves easy to
you
pride
the
*
the is
To
them
a
maintaining than that
rather
of
of
by
industry.
than of
which
It
immoral ;
and
a separ
them their would
treated
will
in
some
sla
it
all
social
Geography',
as
hap
political
and
65.
p.
slavery is impolitic as in cases in which the
appears that
hold true
except
men,
in
and
and even where
:
this necessity, and
precludes
root of
degree
freedom
Besides,
labor among the whites not Industry is the offspring of ne
Morse's
just,
they
considerable portion of
of
is
renders
the
at
consequence."
is
give
the whites,
with
Slavery
choice.
strikes
piness, is the If these observations be
negroes are
them in
To
point
plan
calculations, it has been found that slave, if we include the purchase-money, maintaining u free man ; and the labor of the powerful motive of gain, is at least
only unfashionable, but disreputable.
Well as
safety
them to
to the employer as that of the slave.
as profitable
very is the bane cessity
Every
export
establish
be dangerous.
free man, influenced
indolence,
To
and
to the
repeated and accurate
expense of
twice
It is
indolence
the evil.
difficulties.
incorporate
aad
From
redressing
cruel.
would
much greater
the
be
would
colony
"
heaven.
supports
It may be difficult to
commonwealth.*
liberty,
institutions ;
families, it is truly detrimental industry, the population, and the
with
Scrip
thousands ; arid
of
wrath of
it
the
with
the
of
accompanied
ate
to the
although
out a safe mode of
Africa
by
with your republican
exposed
that,
see
wealth, the of
condemned
the minds and the morals
ruins
the
It is inconsistent
slavery.
man; it is
natural rights of
which
they enjoy
a
this is the case, there
disadvantage accompanying negro slavery. It renders service All the white people cannot be masters, and any kind disreputable.
a great
over
When they do engage poor are very unwilling to serve. it is difficult to deal with them. If you assume an authority them they resent it ; if you have work to do which is disagreeable,
your
hired
yet even
in
the
service
employed
would
man or woman
spurn
than yourself; nay,
be reducing them to
a
at
the thought
they
will not
level
with
throughout the country, except
faithfulness in the of remark to
white servants
Europeans.
in
places
The
being
of
in
more meanly servants, for this This is prevalent
which
different
cus
want of subordination and
America,
In the slavery
of
called
the blacks.
in those
toms have introduced different ideas.
be
the
has
long been
blacks
we see J"
even mistaken notions of ita cause more powerful than
a subject
the
cause
liberty.
45 be to
The
more so.
he
will
adopt
By
any
one of
a national
to
a right
the
mitigate
dispose
can
eviL
may find
things in
that He
will
our
ward
consequences, if the
threatening
His kindness to do their
upon
nation would venture
safe
the
we
of all
expect
feared,
more
continue
forsaking,
and
repenting
We have
favor.
than
plans
to be
But it is
children.
those
Providence
mercy.
off or
their
visited on
fathers, it is
the
sins of
duty.
It
American
rations
ishing be
whip friends to
and
liberty
sincere
with
the
other
brand
Can
slave."
affrighted
an
-over
with one
signing
independency,
of a
patriot
Europeans "to hear hand desla-
to
appear rediculous
must
of an
you
order, an4 tolerate
and
this dreadful traffic.
From
repeated
and
calculations, it has to the wealth
accurate
been found that slavery is
unfavorable
of nations.
Listen to the
statesman
the
be
citizens
remarks
"With
eminence.
and
loaded,
destroys the their
the
industry
also
small
!
the liberties
viction arc
but
try
the
in the gift of
with when
cannot
his
I
minds of
the
wrath?
reflect
Indeed, I
that God
ever
possible
of
Of the be
amor
the people, proprietors
seen
ever
enemies
the
to labor.
thought secure,
con only firm basis, a that their liberties
public
God ? that they
sleep for
is among
is
then-
and
part,
of a nation
removed
half
these into
morals of
is destroyed.
And
have
and
one
proportion
a
can
the
the
should one
the rights of the other,
on
With the
of slaves
when we
execration
despots,
morals of
other
of observation
writer
a
who, permitting
thus to trample
transforms those into
patriw of
of
what
that
is an
are
to be
justthat exchange
that it
events
not
violated
tremble for my
may
coun
his justice of situation
become
pro-
46 bable
by
supernatural
interference."*
it true, that righteousness exalteth sin is a reproach to any people.^
In concluding ers
to
consider
system
of
this
the
a
You
nation,
will
find
and
that
discourse, let me warn my hear hand they may have in the and especially that they are by
evil
slavery,
worst of slavery themselves. Come for deliverance from the bondage of sin onto the Son
in the
nature
of
God:
indeed.
for,
Standing
service of own
your
God
ye are
;
bodies
*
the Son
whom
and of man.
bought
with
free, shall be free liberty, use it in the
makes
fast in this
T~ou
and spirits which are
Jefferson's Notes.
are no more your
a price.
Glorify
his. t Piov.
Amen. xiv.
84.
God in