STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF SWEDISH MASS HOUSING Erik Stenberg & Frida Rosenberg, eds.
KTH SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Muddy and Motley Mass Housing for the Millions of Homes
PRODUCER
4M2H: Muddy and Motley Mass Housing for Millions of Homes Studio KTH School of Architecture SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden ISBN: 978-91-7873-739-0 TRITA-ABE-RPT-2032
EDITORS
Erik Stenberg, Associate Professor Frida Rosenberg, Adjunct Teacher Natalie Hase, Student Editor
COVER
Mathilda Kinde Erik Sjöberg Natalie Hase
PRINTED BY
Universitetsservice US-AB KTH Campus Drottning Kristinas väg 53B 114 28 Stockholm First printing 300 copies December 2020
Photo from workshop with hopefully most of us present.
TUTORS
Erik Stenberg Frida Rosenberg
ES FR
STUDENTS
Alva Karasalo Dahlbäck Amalia Fors Ana Martinez Vasquez Andy Ireifej Rodriguez Anna Melander Bingrong Huo Bolun Liu Ellinor Karlander Erik Sjöberg Katherine Bluff Lelja Rizvani Mathilda Kinde Mattia Furler Patrik Vikberg Sherin Roth Sigrun Mestvedt Borgen Tobias Lundgren
AKD AF AMV AIR AM BH BL EK ES KB LR MK MF PV SR SMB TL
i
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF SWEDISH MASS HOUSING
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Acknowledgements Map of Projects and Factories
WALL AND SLAB SYSTEMS System Location Map General Information Elements and System Variation Details and Joints
8 10
12 13 14 15 16 17
CASE STUDIES
A-Betong Skandinaviska Byggelement Skandinaviska Byggelement VeidekkeMax Skonto Prefab VST Folkhem + Martinsons UBAB
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Student Conclusions
33
VOLUMETRIC ELEMENT SYSTEMS System Location Map General Information Process Construction Principles
36 37 38 39 40 41
CASE STUDIES
iii
7
Lindbäcks Moelven Byggmodul AB Junior Living Space M2 Sizes Works
41 43 45 47 49
Student Conclusions
51
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HYBRID SYSTEMS System Location Map General Information JM System Light Frame System Trä8 System CASE STUDIES
54 56 57 58 59 60 61
JM JM Derome Moelven Töreboda
61 63 65 67
Student Conclusions
69
CONCEPTS Location Map What is a Concept? CASE STUDIES
72 73 74 75
Stockholmshusen ETC Bygg Bo Klok Kombohus by SABO
75 79 85 89
Student Conclusions
93
APPENDICES Preliminary Research Course Lectures Bibliography
95 95 107 109
iv
INTRODUCTION By Frida Rosenberg and Erik Stenberg
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF SWEDISH MASS HOUSING Industrial building in 2020 is far muddier and more complex than expected. This catalogue is a study and mapping of contemporary structural systems in Sweden right now. Mapping actors in the building industry, including developers, factories, architects, organizations and companies, displays a motley array of methods and processes for building millions of homes for Sweden’s growing population. But do they provide good housing for the masses? Studying the material compositions of structural systems as well as recent building permits in the Stockholm region over the past couple of years reveals a taxonomy of how the mass housing industry has implemented industrial building methods, but not always as expected. Is it time again to collaborate more and share the knowledge of structural building systems in order to have a more efficient production apparatus? Former KTH researcher and engineer Peter Adler speculated on the fourth generation
of industrialized building, a conceptual understanding of efficient building production in which sharing of platforms, concepts and processes would advance. This, in turn, would encourage and support an adaptability to diversity in terms of living conditions as well as changes in local and regional conditions for development. We wanted to grasp this potential in industrialized building by continuing the trajectory of understanding tectonics with regards to materials (concrete, wood, steel, and composites) and scales of elements (from small-scale such as beam and lintel construction to a middle-scale of prefabricated elements and large-scale in prefabricated volume elements). Therefore, we developed a categorization loosely based on Constructing Architecture, Material Processes Structures: A Handbook (Andrea Deplazes, Ed.) and the writings of Kenneth Frampton, although the historical tracing of this study has a deeper and more explicit ambition to map structural systems.
PRECEDENT STUDY During the month of March 1969 an exhibit of nine Swedish and three international structural systems of prefabricated concrete for multifamily housing was displayed in Gothenburg. The exhibit Elementbyggda flerfamiljshus had taken more than a year to produce by Chalmers’ students of architecture, housing companies, and representatives from the local chapters of architects and engineers. Furthermore, the exhibit content was built upon years of research financed by the Swedish Institute of Building Research (Statens institut för byggnadsforskning). Prefabrication of room sized concrete panels for housing had been introduced and developed in Sweden during the post-war period starting with Ernst Sundh’s experimental work in 1948. By the mid 1950’s a slew of companies of all sizes had begun implementing the new technology and techniques as a response to the increasing demand for housing. The research conducted continuously followed the development of the processes (industrialization and prefabrication), cranes (reach and speed), and systems (types, factories and capacities). Reports such as such as “Monteringsbyggeriets utveckling” (Byggforskningens informationsblad 33:1962) and “Elementbyggda flerfamiljshus – utvecklingstendenser” (Byggforskningens informationsblad 31:1963) were also (and not wholly in an innocent or impartial way) laying the foundation for the consolidation of the construction sector into a fewer number of larger actors concerned with prefabricated concrete structural systems. The report “Inventering av stomsystem för elementbyggda flerbostadshus” (Byggforskningen rapport 42:1967) presented fifteen different structural systems. These companies were 7
the ones able to meet the government’s demands of both quality (God Bostad) and quantity (projects with 1000 or more uniform dwelling units). They were also the ones asked to participate in the exhibit in 1969. The accompanying exhibit catalogue Utställningen Elementbyggda Flerfamiljshus has been the inspiration for this publication.
Cover and map from the exhibit catalogue Utställningen Elementbyggda Flerfamiljshus
Diagram describing the development of structural systems from traditional craft based construction to open industrialized building systems from the exhibit catalogue Utställningen Elementbyggda Flerfamiljshus
COURSE STRUCTURE Fifty years later, seventeen masters level students in the KTH based Muddy and Motley Mass Housing for Millions of Homes Studio has again attempted to give an overview of the process of designing mass housing as it relates to structural and material methods. This eight-week course has been organized in a group work effort with the ambition to understand both a historical perspective and the general conditions of each structural system, which is then supported by a few examples in each chapter. Throughout the course, a few of the current actors in regards to prefabricated building systems in Sweden today have been invited to give lectures. These lectures have provided a deeper understanding of a particular method of construction when it comes to company presentations: Helena Lindelöv from Lindbäcks; and Jerker
Lessing from BoKlok. The students have also been exposed to the current research on building systems through Satu Huuhka, Associate Professor at Tampere University, Finland and structural engineer Tomas Alsmarker. A historical tracing of Moelven was given by Maryia Rusak who is a PhD student at AHO in Oslo, Norway. As teachers, we think that designing through knowledge of material and architectural technology implicates the understanding of tectonics and space. Our ambition has been to provide for a thorough knowledge of the processes and mechanics of housing, in order to upgrade and improve the architects’ role in current building production. We also want to support an empathetic attitude for the complementary roles of the architect and engineer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the people who have contributed with knowledge and insight to the project, we want to thank you for your participation. Your contribution has been invaluable.
HELENA LIDELÖW, Head of Construction, Lindbäcks JERKER LESSING, Head of Research and Development, Boklok MARYIA RUSAK, PhD Fellow, AHO SATU HUUHKA, Senior Research, Fellow Tampere University TOMAS ALSMARKER, Wood Innovation Manager, T Alsmarker AB 8
9
MAP
PROJECTS 1. Brf Fiolen, Skandinaviska byggelement, Åkersberga 2. Brf Skimret, Skandinaviska byggelement, Sollentuna 3. Anisen 3, Abetong, Stockholm 4. Hammarby Gård 7, Skonto Prefab, Stockholm 5. Teaterkvarteret, VeidekkeMax, Stockholm 6. Påsen 13-14, VST, Stockholm 7.
Strandparken, Folkhem + Martinsons, Sundbyberg
8. O2 Orminge, Lindbäcks, Nybackakvarteret, Nacka 9. Cederhusen, Moelven Byggmodul AB, Haninge 10. Snabba Hus Västberga, Junior Living, Stockholm 11. Kajen 4, JM, Stockholm 12. Rosenlundshöjden, JM, Stockholm 13. Ledinge 1, Stockholmshusen + NCC, Tensta
1 2
14. Säterhöjden, Stockholmshusen + Lindbäcks Bygg AB, Rågsved 15. ETC Standard House, ETC Bygg AB, Västerås 16. Solhöjden Visätra, Boklok, Huddinge 17. Elins Gård, UBAB, Göteborg 18. Gibraltar Guest House, Space M2, Göteborg 19. Granlängtan, Derome, Göteborg 20. Vallen, Moelven Töreboda Växjö
22
21. KV Barret, Sizes Work, Kalmar 22. Rullstenen, Kombohus by SABO, Umeå
3
4
FACTORIES 1. Lindbäcks, Piteå 2. Martinsons, Bygdsiljum 3. Skandinaviska byggelement, Bjästa 4. Storsjöhus, Östersund 5. Moelven Byggmodul, Torsby 6. Betongindustrier, Sollentuna 7.
Abetong, Hallstahammar
8. Skandinaviska byggelement, Hallstahammar 9. Junior Living, Kungsör 10. Abetong, Kvicksund 11. Moelven Byggmodul, Kil
5
12. Moelven Byggmodul, Säffle 13. Flens byggelement, Flen
6 7-8
11 12
9 15
10 14
18
17
15. Moelven Töreboda, Töreboda 16. Space m2, Kvänum 17. UBAB, Ulricehamn 18. Derome, Anneberg 19. Nässjö Takstolsfabrik, Nässjö
21. Boklok, Vimmerby
21
22. I Am Home, Oskarshamn
19 20
23 24
13
16
14. Skandinaviska byggelement, Katrineholm
1-14
20. Moelven Byggmodul, Sandsjöfors
16 17-19
15
25
23. Abetong, Varberg
22
20 21
24. Abetong, Falkenberg 25. Abetong, Vislanda 26. Abetong, Dalby INTERNATIONAL FACTORIES 27. Skonto Group, Riga, Latvia 28. VST Nordic, Nitra, Slovakia
26
29. Veidekke, Poland 30. Prefa, Wasungen, Germany 31. Binderholtz, Austria
10
BLANK
11
SLAB WALL ANDWALL SLABAND SYSTEMS
12
WALL WALL ANDAND SLABSLAB
LOCATION OF PROJECTS AND THEIR FACTORIES
1. ANISEN 3, ABETONG, STOCKHOLM factory: 7. Abetong, Hallstahammar, 10. Abetong, Kvicksund
2. BRF SKIMRET, SKANDINAVISKA BYGGELEMENT, ÅKERSBERGA factory: 8. Skandinaviska Byggelement, Hallstahammar
1. Bygdsiljum 2. Bygdsiljum 3. BRF FIOLEN, SKANDINAVISKA BYGGELEMENT, SOLLENTUNA factory: 8. Skandinaviska Byggelement, Hallstahammar
4. TEATERKVARTERET, VEIDEKKEMAX, STOCKHOLM factory: 17. Veidekke, Poland
2. Bjästa
5. HAMMARBY GÅRD 7, SKONTO PREFAB, STOCKHOLM factory: 27. Skonto Group, Riga, Latvia
7-8 Hallstahammar 7.-8. Hallstahammar 1.-7. Stockholm 10. Kvicksund 10. Kvicksund 14. Katrineholm
6. PÅSEN 13-14, VST, STOCKHOLM factory: 28. VST Nordic, Nitra, Slovakia
17. Ulricehamn
17. Ulricehamn 23. Varberg17. Göteborg 25. Vislanda
7. STRANDPARKEN, FOLKHEM + MARTINSONS, SUNDBYBERG factory: 2. Martinsons, Bygdsiljum
24. Falkenberg
26. Dalby 17. ELINS GÅRD, UBAB, GÖTEBORG factory: 17. UBAB, Ulricehamn
13
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE SYSTEM
The definition of the wall and slab system is that the loads are carried by prefabricated or semi-prefabricated walls and slab elements assembled at the building site. The wall and slab elements are flat; planar elements distributing forces primarily along their surface or length depending on the orientation. At the construction site each level is assembled from the ground up, usually starting with the exterior walls. Later, the internal load bearing walls are put in place, as well as any other prefabricated elements.
assembly
The construction industry today uses different levels of prefabrication. There are completely prefabricated as well as semi prefabricated elements and panels, sometimes combined with in-situ casting. The system is based on pre-decided maximum dimensions and a set of rules within which the architect and engineer can design “freely�. The dimensions of the panels/elements are based on three factors: the restrictions of the factory, the load carrying capacity of the material and the dimensions of the truck transporting the panels to the site.
BENEFITS
transport
One of the advantages of using prefabricated wall and slab elements is the shortened construction time. The sooner the roof structure can be mounted, the earlier the construction will be covered and made airtight exposing it to less humidity. Another benefit is the financial circumstances of the production of the building elements. The standardization allows for a more efficient production, lowering the price per unit.
packing
LIMITATIONS
Since the construction elements are preplanned the adjustments made after installment slows down the process and generate higher expenses. Adaptability is therefore not a strength for the system, however, it is more flexible than building with volumetric elements. There are strict rules regarding to the openings in the load bearing walls, meaning that sometimes the facade design and openings have to adapt to the direction of the structure.
production
14
WALL AND SLAB
ELEMENTS / VARIATIONS WITHIN THE SYSTEM Sandwich panel
LEVEL OF PREFAB
ELEMENTS
The construction industry today uses different levels of prefabrication. There are completely prefabricated elements and semi-prefabricated elements. Most systems are also complemented with insitu casting at the building site. None of the systems we have looked into have 100% pre-designed elements or panels. The systems are instead based on pre-decided maximum dimensions and a set of rules within which the architect and engineer can design “freely�. One of these rules are for example that there needs to be at least a 300 mm margin to the roof above all doors and windows.
Insulation Max 3000 mm
Load bearing concrete
200 - 500 mm
1200 mm
375 - 425 mm
Cross Laminated Timber wall
Cross Laminated Timber slab
Vertical layer of planks Horizontal layer of planks
The maximum dimensions of the elements and panels are based on three factors - the load bearing capacity of the material, the restrictions of the factory and the dimensions and weight limits of the truck transporting the panels to the site. SANDWICH WALL: A load bearing prefabricated element where the inner concrete element is load bearing and the exterior serves as weather protection.
Hollow core slab
Concrete exterior
Max 3000 mm
60 - 320 mm
Max 3000 mm
60 - 320 mm
LK slab
Infill wall
Concrete with reinforcement
Facade sheet Steel frame
Max 3000 mm
240 mm
HOLLOW CORE SLAB: A material efficient floor slab with a long span. It is pre-stressed, with longitudinal cavities, and load bearing in one direction. CLT ELEMENTS: Constructed with 3, 5 or 7 layers. The direction of the outer layer defines the load bearing direction.
600 mm
180 mm
Massive concrete panel
Massive concrete slab
Concrete with reinforcement
Concrete with reinforcement
INFILL WALL: Constructed with a steel frame and clad with a weather protective sheet. It is not load bearing in itself, but connected to load bearing steel columns.
Max 3000 mm
LK SLAB: Reinforced with steel and fully prefabricated in the factory. MASSIVE CONCRETE ELEMENTS: Reinforced with steel and fully prefabricated in the factory. DOUBLE WALL: Semi-prefabricated element. Delivered to the site as a shell wall and filled with in-situ concrete. FILIGREE SLAB: Semi-prefabricated element. Delivered to the site with reinforcement, completed with in-situ concrete. Load bearing in two directions. 15
230 mm
Max 3200 mm 180 - 250 mm
Double wall
Filigree slab
Reinforcement In-situ concrete core Concrete sheet
Max 3000 mm
In-situ cast Reinforcement Concrete sheet
2 400 mm
160-400 mm
40-75 mm
4.6
≥15
WALL AND SLAB
4.6
≥15
≥15
1.385
4.6
DETAILS AND JOINTS 1:30
1.385
5 5 1.381.38 1.385
≥15
4.6
B)
6.00
6 2.50
2.50 ≥15
4.6
A)
≥15
≥15
Joint of filigree slab and loadbearing sandwich panel in two directions A) and B). und ≥15
FILIGREE SLAB / SANDWICH PANEL
4.6
4.6
≥15
≥15 ≥15≥15
1.385
1.385 6.00
6.00
≥15
2.50
≥15 ≥15≥15
6.006.00 6.00
6 6 6
≥15
2.50 2.50 2.50
B)
2.50 2.50 2.50
A)
2.50
6
≥15
2.50
6
Joint of hollow core slab with loadbearing sandwich panel A). Joint/connection of hollow core panels in non loadbearing direction an non loadbearing inner walls B).
2.50
HOLLOW CORE / SANDWICH PANEL
6.00
8.00 42.00 66.00
8.00
Joint of CLT slab and loadbearing facad CLT panel A). Possible connection of CLT slab with inner CLT walls B). Possible corner-condition of two CLT facad panels C).
42.00
B) 66.00
8.008.00 8.00
42.00 42.00 42.00
66.00 66.00 66.00
42.00
10.00 10.00 10.00 8.00
10.00 42.00
66.00
Details of possible closure/ window connection of sandwich panels A)/B). Possible corner-condition with sandwich panels C).
10.00
66.00
A)
10.00
CLT PANELS / CLT SLABS
C)
8.00 10.00
SANDWICH PANEL DETAILS
2.50
2.50
6
66.00
Joint of solid slab und and loadbearing sandwich panel in loadbearing direction bearing A) and in non load loadbering direction B). Joint/connection of two solid slabs and inner solid walls C). 66.00
SOLID SLAB / SANDWICH PANEL
A)
10.00
C)
B)
A)
B)
GSEducationalVersion
C)
rsion
163
10.00
ABETONG
ANISEN 3, 3, STOCKHOLM 1. ANISEN STOCKHOLM
Year: 2018-2019 Material: concrete Architect: DinellJohansson Client/developer: Primula Contractor: Primula byggnad AB Typology: rental housing
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): Number of buildings: 5 in total Number of storeys: 5 storeys in slab-building, 9 storeys in point-buildings Number of apartments: 176 Apartment distribution: - 27% 1 BR, 64 m2 - 26% 2 BR, 78 m2 - 42% 3 BR, 94 m2 - 5% 4 BR, 102 m2
FACTORY
Number of factories: 6 Number of employees: ca. 525 Production capacity: Transportation distance: -
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The residential development consists of four point houses and one slabhouse. slab house. The point houses consist of an acess core, which provides access to four apartments on each storey. The garage is located on the ground floor and partly on the first floor. The apartment sizes per floor are two 3 bedroom apartments, one 2 bedroom apartment and one 1 bedroom apartments.
30.00 18.00 5 1.38 6.006 10.00 8.00 26.50 66.00 ≥15 ≥15 2.50 42.00 4.6 4.6 2.50
INFORMATION
Site plan 1:20’000
Image of built example
BB
AA
floor plan 1:500
17
floor plan 1:100 Author: MF
sandwich panel AA plaster concrete insulation concrete
20mm 60mm 150mm 150mm
sandwich panel BB plaster concrete insulation concrete
20mm 130mm 140mm 150mm
roof slab in-situ cast concrete
roof panels prefabricated, loadbearing
inner walls prefabricated, non loadbearing
inner walls/core in-situ cast concrete, loabearing slab in-situ cast concrete, loadbearing
facade sandwich panels prefabricated, loadbearing
balcony prefabricated
Axonometry 1:500
18
SKANDINAVISKA BYGGELEMENT (PEAB AB)
2. BRF SKIMRET, SOLLENTUNA
INFORMATION
Year: 2018 Material: Concrete Architect: Pontvik Arkitekter Client/developer: Peab Bostad Contractor: Skandinaviska byggelement Typology: Co-op apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 12 500 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 5 Number of apartments: 110 Apartment distribution: - 27% 1 rok 30 m2 - 40 m2 - 51% 2 rok 42 m2 - 75 m2 - 18% 3 rok 68 m2 - 91m2 - 4% 4 rok 93 m2 - 101 m2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Image of built example
Number of factories: 3 Number of employees: 230 Production capacity: 540 000 m2 molded surface per year in the factory in Katrineholm Transportation distance: 114 km
Skandinaviska byggelement is part of the Peab conglomerate since 2006, as one of three suppliers having joined the Peab group. However, this does not mean they only supply elements to projects developed by Peab. Brf Skimret is a big project with over 100 apartments. It sits in an area where a lot of housing development has taken place over the last years. It is an irrational project with more than 36 different apartment layouts, where some differ no more than 1 m2. In the fall of 2019 the project Brf Skimret was stopped by Peab. The decision to put the project on hold was based on the slow housing market at the time. Peab is still waiting to continue with the project.
19
Site plan 1:5000
NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA YB DECUDORP
FACTORY
NOISREV TNEDUTS KSEDOTUA NA
Filigree slab being assambled
Apartment plan 1:100
Author: AKD
ASSEMBLY
Roof: Built on site when the load bearing structure has been assembled. Internal walls: Apartments are separetaed by load bearing prefabricated solid concrete walls. Other interior walls are stud frame. Slabs: Filigree slabs that are covered with in-situ cast concrete. Facade: Load bearing sandwich walls on which the filigree slabs are resting.
Floor plan 1:1000
Balconies: Prefabricated concrete balcony-slabs. Foundation: In-situ cast concrete foundation and garage.
Solid concrete panel In-situ concrete
Filigree slab
Balcony
Sandwich wall
Garage
Foundation Cut away isometric
20
SKANDINAVISKA BYGGELEMENT (PEAB AB)
3. BRF FIOLEN, Ă…KERSBERGA
INFORMATION
Year: 2018 Material: Concrete Architect: Total Arkitektur och Urbanism Client/developer: Peab Bostad Contractor: Skandinaviska byggelement Typology: Co-op apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 5700 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 5 Number of apartments: 75 Apartment distribution: - 17% 1 rok, 35 m2 - 35% 2 rok, 42-62 m2 - 35% 3 rok, 62-73 m2 - 13% 4 rok, 81 m2
FACTORY
Number of factories: 3 Number of employees: 230 Production capacity: 540 000 m2 molded surface per year at the factory in Katrineholm Transportation distance: 136 km
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Skandinaviska byggelement is part of the Peab conglomerate since 2006, as one of three suppliers having joined the Peab group. However, this does not mean they only supply elements to projects developed by Peab.
Site plan 1:5000
Image of built example
7
Brf Fiolen has a very rational plan, where every floor except the ground floor is exactly the same. This is compatible with prefabricated elements since the level of repetition is beneficial to production. The architectural idea for the project is to give every apartment either a balcony or a terrace, in order to let the residents feel the closeness to the surrounding nature. Looking at the apartment plans, an attribute which is quite unusual is the U-shaped kitchen without a window. Apartment plan 1:100
21
Author: AKD
ASSEMBLY
Roof: Built on site when the load bearing structure has been assembled. Internal walls: Apartments are separated by load bearing prefabricated solid concrete walls. Other interior walls are stud frame. Slabs: Filigree slabs that are covered with in-situ cast concrete. Facade: Load bearing sandwich walls on which the filigree slabs are resting.
Floor plan 1:500
Balconies: Prefabricated concrete balcony-slabs. Foundation: In-situ cast concrete foundation and part of first floor that are under ground.
In-situ concrete
Solid concrete panel
Filigree slab
Sandwich wall
Balcony Foundation
Cut away isometric
22
VEIDEKKEMAX
4. TEATERKVARTERET, HÖGDALEN
INFORMATION
Year: 2016-2019 Material: Concrete Architect: White Arkitekter Client/developer: Veidekke Eindom Contractor: Veidekke Entreprenad Typology: Rental, primarily studios
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 9000m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 4.5 Number of apartments: 100 Apartment distribution: - 70% 1 rok, 25-40 m2 - 23% 2 rok, 45-50 m2 - 7% 3 rok, 66 m2 14 apartments/level 10 one-room units/level 4 two-room units/level 2 three-room units ground floor only
Site plan 1:3000
Photo: Bo Svensson
2 EXTERNAL WALLS
1 SLABS
3 INTERNAL WALLS
4 VOLUMES
Mounting diagram
Number of factories: 4 Number of employees: 2000 Production capacity: 140 000m3 /year Transportation distance: 600km by ferry
SK1
F14V
FD10V
F14V
F14V
35,0 m² 1 RoK Vardagsrum
G
G
G
G Badrum
Project completion was postponed in 2018 as the building expenses outweighed the market’s purchasing power - even though user demand was high. A year later, in 2019, the construction of parts of the project were continued, however, the adjacent construction remains to be completed.
ST DM
DM
K/F
K/F 1-1002 1 RoK 35,0 m²
TP 140
TD10-BH
F12sV
TP 40-V1-A F10AsV
F10AsV POSTBOX
1 TYP
Typical plan 1:500
,765
UMP7-B
TRH 1 UMP7-A
23
2400
Kök
ök 4
F14V
The project gained some notoriety in the local press due to the choice of the site, where an old school used to be situated. The police had to evacuate the building as it was squatted by activists protesting against the project.
Vardagsrum
Badrum
FD10V
F14V
The project Teaterkvarteret is marketed as a neighborhood amongst creatives, with proximity to the local square Högdalen and the metro station. The whole neighborhood is planned to house 338 apartments.
FD10V
B4
1500
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
SK1
FACTORY
Apartment plan 1:100 Author: AIR
ASSEMBLY
skontor - 2017-12-05, Dnr 2015-21605
WALL/SANDWICH WALL WALL SIDE VIEW SANDWICH SANDWICH WALL/SANDWICH CONNECTION Detail 1:30
TOP VIEW SANDWICH WALL/SANDWICH WALL Detail 1:20 SANDWICH WALL/SANDWICH WALL CONNECTION
24
SKONTO PREFAB
5. HAMMARBY GÅRD 7-HUS 2, STOCKHOLM
INFORMATION
Year: 2013-2015 Material: Concrete Architect: Arrhov Frick Developer: Oscar Properties Contractor: Skonto Group Typology: tenant owned
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 4000 m2 Number of buildings: 1 Number of stories: 5 Number of apartments: 35 Apartment distribution: - 25.7%,9 apts, 2 rok, 53.3-77.8kvm - 22.8%,8 apts, 3rok, 79.8/89.4kvm - 48.6%,17 apts, 4rok, 94.5/83.4kvm - 2.9%,1 apts, 5rok, 108.7kvm
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Image of Hus 2 (SKONTO PREFAB)
Number of factories: 1, 7600m2 Number of employees: 1500 Transportation distance: 20 km from the Riga port.
GSPublisherVersion 0.66.100.100
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Hus 2 was one out of seven residential buildings built in Hammarby Gård 7. The building is placed on the west side of the housing block, with its long facade facing the street on the west side and balconies facing the courtyard to the east. In this way, the building meets the environment differently on each side. The main idea of the floor plan is closely related to the wall and slab system. A large ”living room” connecting the street and the courtyard has been created as the central room, letting both sunlight and wind flow through the apartment. The exterior facade is constructed of sandwich panels. Skonto Prefab provides the option of an outer layer, called “Architectonic concrete”, which has the many options for surface treatment such as plastering, relief surfaces, colors and textures.
Apartment plan 1:100
25
Author: BL
ASSEMBLY
Prefabricated elements are assembled onsite and are shipped from Riga.
4th floor plan 1:500
Steel frame balcony with glass facade
Step 1: Prefabricated hollow slab with width of 1200mm
GSPublisherVersion 0.40.100.100
Step 2: Load bearing wall with prefabricated concrete panels.
Step 3: Non-load bearing walls
Step 4: Prefabricated �Architectonic Concrete� facade with three layers
in-situ cast concrete basement built on site
26
4.
Story
1:484.37
VST
6. PÅSEN 13-14, STOCKHOLM
INFORMATION
Year: 2017-2020 Material: Concrete Architect: NYRÉNS Client/developer: SKANSKA Contractor: VST Nordic AB Typology: Rent/Tenant owned
NUMBERS
Number of buildings: 1 Number of stories: 5-8 Number of apartments: 168 Apartment distribution: - 14% 1 room, 44.5 m2 - 30% 2 rooms, 55.5 m2 - 17% 3 rooms, 80 m2 - 8% 3.5 rooms, 88 m2 - 25% 4 rooms, 97.5 m2 - 6% 5 rooms, 120.5 m2
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Image of a built example
FOUNDATION
VST PANELS
Number of factories: 1 Production capacity: 180,000m² VST walls per year 130,000m² VST ceilings per year Transportation distance: 1849 km
PUT FLOOR BOARD
CONCRETE CAST
Process of building
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
PÅSEN 13-14 is one of Heliosparken apartment buildings. Heliosparken is located in the heart of Västra Hammarby Sjöstad, where the industrial environment is mixed with innovative design and vibrant neighborhoods. The building PÅSEN 13-14 brings a great deal of focus on vegetation and light, both in the open courtyards and on the shared street spaces between the blocks.
15mmm Parquet 200mm Site-cast concrete 50mmmVST-panel board
10mmn Render 250mm Insulation 24mmn VST-panel board
The importance of light is also visible inside the apartments. Most apartments have two-way views, and it is important to be able to see the light directly as entering the apartment.
152mm Site-cast concrete 24mmn VST-panel board
Detail
Apartment plan 1:100
Floor plan 1:500
27
Author: BH
ASSEMBLY
Load bearing structure: VST panels are frames into which concrete is poured. After VST panels on the same floor are fixed and connected, VST slab boards are laid on top. Concrete is poured in situ into the the VST panels and onto the slabs, connecting the panel and slab elements. Internal walls: Prefabricated panels of wood.
Foundation: In-situ casted concrete columns
28
För att förebygga fuktskador under produktions väderskydd. Uppförandet av stommen i kvartere väderskydd, se Figur 6.
FOLKHEM + MARTINSONS
45/6708%(%&!9%:%!%9;;%0*<1-2
7. STRANDPARKEN, SUNDBYBERG Figur 4 Relationshandling våningsplan 3-6.
INFORMATION
Year: 2011-2014 Material: CLT (cross-laminated timber), glulam, concrete, cedar wood shingles. Architect: Wingårdh Arkitektkontor AB Client/developer: Folkhem Trä AB Contractor: Martinsons Byggsystem AB (CLT structure), Moelven (facade) Typology: Tenant owned
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 8674 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 8 Number of apartments: 62 Apartment distribution: 35 % 2 rok 39 % 3 rok 26 % 4 rok
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Martinsons, Bygdsiljum Number of factories: one CLT factory Number of employees: 460 in Martinsons Group AB Production capacity: 410 000 m3 Transportation distance: 700 km
Building floor plan
The buildings in March 2020, photo: EK
1:500
Strandparken - rapport
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Strandparken is located north-west of Stockholm, by the water of Bällstaån in Sundbyberg. The project consists of two multiapartment buildings, which are Stockholm´s first eight-story buildings built with a wooden load bearing structure. Wingårdh Arkitekter designed the buildings and the developer was Folkhem. The strategy for the project was to use wood as far as possible in the project. This is present in the load bearing structure above the first floor, which is made out of cross laminated timber (CLT) as well as the facade which is made out of cedar wood shingles. The ground floor and garage are the exception, these are constructed with prefabricated concrete elements.
Apartment plan, 3 rok, 86 m2
1:200
Missing or invalid reference File: /Users/ellinorkarlander/Desktop/planritning strandparken.pdf Cedar wood shingles Sheet: 1
29
Author: EK
ASSEMBLY
Roof: self-load bearing CLT roof. Internal walls: CLT Core: stair and elevator shafts in CLT Load bearing structure, floor 3-8: shafts, inner and outer walls and slabs made of CLT Garage and first floor: prefabricated concrete Foundation: Concrete
OUTER WALL PANEL
From inside to outside: 15 mm plaster board 120 mm CLT wall slab 210 mm rock wool insulation 20 mm wood board Western Red Cedar wood shingles
30
UBAB
17. ELINS GÅRD, GÖTEBORG
INFORMATION
Year: 2014-2016 Material: Concrete Architect: ABAKO Arkitektkontor Client/developer: Bostads AB Poseidon(Gothenburg municipality) Contractor: UBAB Ulricehamns Betong AB Typology: Rental apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 10800m2 Number of buildings: 4 Number of stories: 6-8 Number of apartments: 117 Apartment distribution: - 25% 2 rok, 61,0 m2 - 50% 3 rok, 70,1 m2 - 50% 4 rok, 86,1 m2
FACTORY
Number of factories: 1 Number of employees: ~240 Production capacity: ~120 kt/y (concrete elements mass) Transportation distance: 114 km
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site plan 1:5000
Elins Gård facade photograph
Placing the first prefabricated facade element
Type floor plan 1:100
Elins Gård is a housing project first initiated by Gothenburg city’s municipal housing company, Bostads AB Poseidon. Looking to develop new rental housing properties produced as cheaply as possible, it was decided early on that the housing should be made with prefabricated, room sized elements and that the buildings should be optimized for maximum size with minimum budget. The project consists of four almost identical buildings, with minimum in-situ cast foundations. It was highly rationalized to optimize prefabricated production and assembly. Structural elements were done as follows: separate in-situ cast foundation plates (also functioning as the entrance floor of the building) were laid out first. Prefabricated concrete inner-wall panels, sandwich facade panels, concrete floor slabs and concrete stairs were then assembled on-site. Prefabricated facade elements created the pitch of the roof, on which a saddle shaped wooden roof truss was built on top. Apartment plan, 3 rok 70,1 m2, 1:100
31
Author: TL
ASSEMBLY Roof Built on site. Wood truss construction: 2x45x220 mm structural members
Irregular top floors Top two floors are made up of irregular prefabricated structural elements Attic space, just below the roof ridge, is used for additional storage
Interior structural walls Prefabricated reinforced concrete wall panels: 200mm concrete Interior non-structural walls Built on-site steel stud walls of various thicknesses Floors Prefabricated reinforced concrete floor panels: 230mm concrete
Highlighted floor legend Structural wall prefab panels in red, floor prefab panels in pink, non-structural walls in light grey Facade Prefabricated sandwich facade panels 140mm structural concrete 170mm insulation 70mm facade cladding Prefabricated reinforced element: 200mm concrete
Balconies concrete
Type floors From the second floor up to two floors below the roof the floor type is identical. A total of 21 floor types in the project Ground floor Entrance floor with irregular floor plan, including different prefabricated interior and facade wall panels Foundation In-situ cast concrete foundation, including concrete base plate as ground floor slab
32
STUDENT CONCLUSIONS
LIVING CONDITIONS
The most common apartment size is a two-bedroom apartment. The apartment sizes vary in square meter and do not seem to be connected to the standard measurement regulations, with the exception of the one-room apartments in Brf Fiolen where all the apartments are under 35 square meters.
Bookshelf structure: The load bearing walls are always placed parallel with the short edge walls of the building, especially present in the buildings with a long volume completing a neighborhood. This kind of floor plan gives the opportunity of having a large living room in the apartment, connecting the two facades. The living room often consist of an entrance hall, a dining room, living room, kitchen and all the shared activities in the home. Suitable for todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s everyday life, compared to the well-divided floor plan decades ago.
THE ROLE OF ARCHITECT
The filigree floor slab seem to be an attempt of separating the floor slab span from the layout of the plan. It is the in-situ concrete poured on top of the filigree slabs that carries the loads. Hence, the filigree slabs in themselves can be placed like a puzzle without much concern for the dimensions. Unlike the hollow core, the CLT and the solid slabs, which have to be coordinated with the interior load bearing walls, the filigree slabs generates a free relation to the floor plan. This makes it a suitable option for system building, since it is easy to apply to different types of typologies and plan layouts.
Comparing prefabricated wall and slab constructions in concrete and in wood shows some difference in the influence the architect has on the prefabricated structural elements. Not necessarily because of the difference in building technology, but rather on how the technology relates to the industry. As concrete and prefabricated concrete elements are used as more widespread building industry standards, they tend to be forced on the architect from contemporary design and building contractors.
This way of building also affects the role of the architect. As the slabs only carry loads in one direction, it requires closer collaboration between the engineer and the architect. At what time in the process the system is being introduced also seem to effect the architects role a lot. If the architect knows from the outset that a certain system will be used, he or she is able to work with the system and make informed decisions, even project specific details as in the case with Anisen. However, often the project is first drawn by an architect and then adjusted by the engineers to fit the system which has been decided by the developer and introduced later in the process. This makes for a lot of emergency solutions and few or none project specific details.
From a business point of view, the construction system is irrelevant for the design of the buildings. As the architect is not in charge of coordinating the design of the building and its structural system with the engineers, there also tends to be a disconnection between the architectural design and the structural design of the prefabricated concrete elements for housing projects. This seems to be less the case in prefabricated wood construction. It could be explained as the technology and implementation of prefabricated wood elements still have a novel non-standardized aspect to them, so that they are not thought of in the same way as concrete elements. Thus, enabling the architects to position themselves and to push the development of the structure in favor of the architectural design.
VARIATIONS
The same building system is used both when the plan of the project is very rational with a simple form and when the plan is less rational, filled with small bends and where each floor layout changes. This would indicate that the system with filigree slabs and sandwich walls is a very flexible system.
When it comes to the bookshelf structure, the floor plans are usually rationally organized. The variation of the apartments is limited and informed by the distance between the two load bearing walls.
CHOICES
We have chosen these projects as an attempt to cover a broad range of elements, typologies, construction companies and levels of architectural influence. However, the choices
are based on our subjective knowledge and does not cover everything in the field of the wall and slab systems.
33
AKD, AR, BH, BL, EK, MF, TL
CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER
CLT can be seen as wood acting as concrete panels. Wood is a material that moves and changes in size depending on the weather conditions. When the CLT is produced, the typical wood characteristics are taken away - by gluing the lumber in different directions the wood is not able to move anymore. This creates a panel with high strength in relation to its self weight compared to concrete, but which can be used in the same way as concrete panels. The benefits of using CLT panels instead of concrete panels is the lower transportation and assembly costs due to the lower weight. Furthermore, wood as a construction material is considered more eco-friendly and is also recyclable.
On the other hand, CLT is a far less produced building material than concrete. In Sweden there are only four CLT factories. This leads to a higher production cost and less developers wanting to use CLT. All CLT buildings in Sweden so far could be seen as prototypes, which could mean it offers the architect more flexibility in the design process than working with a more standardized material. However, there is still more to learn about CLT construction and how to use wood in a smart way when building larger, multi-apartment houses. CLT contains much wood in relation to its volume, and it could, for example, be an option to use member frame walls instead for the non-load bearing walls.
34
BLANK
WALL AND VOLUME SLAB VOLUMETRIC ELEMENT SYSTEMS
VOLUMETRIC ELEMENTS
LOCATION OF PROJECTS AND THEIR FACTORIES
8. O2 ORMINGE, LINDBÄCKS, NYBACKAKVARTERET, NACKA factory: 1. Lindbäcks, Piteå
1. Piteå
9. CEDERHUSEN, MOELVEN, HANINGE factory: Moelven Byggmodul i 5. Säffle, 11. Kil, 12. Torsby, 20. Sandsjöfors.
10. SNABBA HUS VÄSTBERGA, JUNIOR LIVING, STOCKHOLM factory: 9. Junior Living, Kungsör
5. Säffle
11. Kil
9. Kungsör
12. Torsby
8.-10. Stockholm
18. GIBRALTAR GUEST HOUSE, SPACE M2, GÖTEBORG factory: 16. Space m2, Kvänum 16. Kvänum
18. Göteborg
20. Sandsjöfors
22. Oskarshamn
21. Kalmar
21. KV BARRET, SIZES WORK, KALMAR factory: 22. I Am Home, Oskarshamn
37
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE SYSTEM
Volumetric building systems consist of factory made prefabricated volumes or modules which are stacked together on site to form a substantially completed building. The percentage of off-site construction is a key metric of this process, with up to 96% of the building process completed before being delivered to site for installation. The degree of factory completion varies across the industry, with different manufacturers choosing to industrialize the process to different levels. A volumetric element may form one small studio apartment, it can be stacked vertically or connected horizontally to others in order to form a larger apartment. Some manufacturers have standard plan layouts and fittings that they encourage the client to work with, whilst others know the structural limitations of the module but are flexible with layouts, openings and client fittings. This variation is apparent in finish of the projects and advertised catalogue designs.
Volume construction diagram
KR KR
BENEFITS
LIMITATIONS
The repetitive process of creating volumetric elements in factory keeps lead times short and at fixed costs, as material usage and work hours can be strictly monitored. The process is kept short because ground work can be commenced on site whilst the elements are being built in the factory. Temporality of the structure is also a benefit, with the opportunity for it to be disassembled into parts. The controlled climatic conditions of a factory allow each element to have guaranteed material qualities, with moisture content kept to a minimum, allowing timber to work at its best.
The finished volumetric elements are transported to site by truck, which limits the overall size and design of each module. The maximum width is 4,15m which is determined by the width of Swedish roads, and the maximum height is also limited to the free height on Swedish roads which is 4,5m, which also has to include the transport platform. As services such as water, sewage and electricity are installed in each module in the factory, considerations have to be taken when designing the placement of the service shaft. It needs to be accessible when assembled on-site as well as in the finished building. Therefore it should, for example, not be placed behind a lift, staircase, kitchen or bathroom pod.
Controlled climate
Short lead times
Reduced construction cost
4150
4500
24000
Limitations of volume size and openings
Appropriate placement of service shaft
Inappropriate placement of services shaft
38
VOLUMETRIC ELEMENTS
PROCESS
PRODUCTION
ASSEMBLY
The LEAN style production in factory is particularly unique to this area of the building industry, but has been criticized for its value of efficiency over craft. However, the production line allows the quality to be carefully monitored throughout the process, much like a car production line. The regulatory procedures of the factory allow the companies to track the exact amount of materials and man hours used per module and project. Lindbäcks is a leader in this system and has fully optimized their factory to deliver efficient and quality controlled products. Stating that each module takes 105 man hours, and sits on the factory floor for only 8 days, with 37 minutes allowed at each station. No raw material is handled in the factory, with prefabricated walls and floors being fitted at each station. Later in the process kitchens, bathrooms and services are installed, ready to be connected on site.
Lindbäcks AB factory
1. Parts for the volumes arrive at the factory pre-cut and measured, taking all measurements including windows, openings and doors into consideration, then walls and floors are individually constructed 2. Walls, floor and ceiling are assembled to create a volume
2.
1.
3. Finishes for walls, floors and ceilings are installed 4. Windows, doors and frames are put in place 5. Bathrooms are produced of fiberglass in factory, and installed as a waterproof pod within the volume, along with the kitchen and other fittings
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. Individual volumes can have external cladding fitted in factory, depending on the project
39
ASSEMBLY Insulation
STUD FRAME Load bearing
CLT Load bearing
STUD FRAME NON Load bearing
Stud frame volumes are built in the same way as most contemporary wood buildings are constructed on site. The electrical wiring is done within the walls and insulation primarily goes between the load bearing studs and joists. Walls and floors between apartments are insulated and volumes are assembled with a small gap between them for soundproofing. The full outer perimeter of the volume is load bearing and all volumes in a building are placed directly on top of the one below it - creating a “tower”, with the load carrying uninterrupted down the volume walls until the ground. The stud frame volume is light weight making it easy to transport, handle, and lift.
More wood goes into the production of CLT-volumes than the stud frame counterpart, which can have both positive and negative effects. On one hand the construction is more rigid and better at resisting wind forces, it stores more carbon which is good for the environment, it improves indoor climate because of its heat and moisture buffering effect, and it is easier to incorporate in an industrialized process. On the other hand, the cost of materials increases and it is harder to run installations in the walls. Installations and electrical wiring are therefore done under a raised installation floor. Load bearing walls don’t have to run the full perimeter but can be restricted to either the long or short sides of the volume. The later with the support of an inner wall. The volumetric elements of this type of system are in many ways similar to the elements of a stud frame volume. The volumes in this system do however need an external structural system, i.e. glulam column and beam, concrete column and slab or concrete wall and slab. The structural system is assembled before volumetric elements are slotted into it. As the frame is needed to stabilize the construction, the walls are thicker than in a normal building. The main benefit of such a system is that the volumes themselves are completely independent of one another as well as the load bearing structure. This allows for easy disassembly and reassembly, as a whole building or in parts.
Stud frame with wiring 2x Gypsum boards Stud frame with wiring
Insulation Stud frame 2x Gypsum boards Floor (parquet, laminate, etc.) Gypsum board
Insulation Sheathing board Mineral wool Render
Chipboard Stud frame with installations Insulation Plywood
Sylodyn strip CLT-slab with wiring Finishing layer (paint/gypsum/nothing) CLT-wall element Insulation Lath Facade
Insulation CLT-wall element Floor (parquet, laminate, etc.) Underfloor heating chipboard Raised subfloor system Insulation CLT-slab with installations
stud frame volume
load bearing structure
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LINDBÄCKS
8. O2 ORMINGE, Nybackakvarteret, Nacka
INFORMATION
Year: 2019 Construction: Stud frame volumetric elements. Architect: DinellJohansson Client/developer: Aros Bostad Contractor: Lindbäcks Typology: Tenant owned apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 3468 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 5-7 Number of apartments: 58 Apartment distribution: - 28% 1 rok, 29 m2 -34% 2 rok, 42-63 m2 -14% 3 rok, 66 m2 -24% 4 rok, 84-100 m2
FACTORY
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Number of factories: 2 Number of employees: 550 Production capacity: 2000 apts/year Transportation distance: 868 km Lindbäcks’ latest factory at Haraholmen opened in 2017, becoming the most modern housing manufacturer in Europe. The production is highly industrialized and automated, cutting down the amount of man hours spent constructing each module to 105 hours.
Site plan 1:5000
Eastern building
N
Building plan 1:500, Red line is volume boundary
The volumetric elements are being built in Lindbäcks factory in Piteå and taken by truck to the building site where Lindbäcks local construction team prepares the foundation and completes the building with roof, facade and balconies. O2 Orminge will include a total of 260 apartments to the finished construction. Up to date, two buildings and 58 apartments have been built and are included in this description. The new living quarters of O2 Orminge is rooted in the idea of community, quality and of well being. The buildings are well constructed and space-efficient with living spaces that can be recognized by their generous balconies and airy green courtyards. The area is constructed with solid natural materials, with both structure and facade made out of Swedish timber.
N Apartment plan 1:100, 2rok, 44 m2
41
Author: PV
ASSEMBLY
2*15mm Fire resistant gypsum board 45*220mm C24 C600 Wood frame 220mm Stone wool 9mm Sheathing board 50mm Mineral wool 34mm Nailing board 22mm Wood panel Floor (parquet, laminate, etc.) 13mm Gypsum board 22mm Chipboard 42*225 Glulam beam 220mm/95mm Stone wool 13mm Plywood 45*120mm C400 Joists 2*15mm Fire resistant gypsum board The roof is constructed directly on the foundation slab, as a complete structure. It is then lifted to the side while volumes are being stacked and then mounted on the completed building Internal walls within the volumes are non-load bearing.
In-situ cast concrete Stud frame volumetric elements with load bearing outer perimeter walls In-situ built wood panel facade
42
MOELVEN BYGGMODUL AB
9. CEDERHUSEN, HANINGE
INFORMATION
Year: 2019 Material: timber frame volumes Architect: BAU Client/developer: Bolite Bostäder AB Contractor: Moelven Byggmodul AB Typology: tenant owned
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): unknown Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 5 Number of apartments: 76 Apartment distribution: -26% 1 rok, 26-31 m2 -68% 2 rok, 34-57 m2 -5% 3 rok, 62-66 m2
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Image of built example
Number of factories: 4 Number of employees: 600 Production capacity: 6000 volumes/ year Transportation distance: 271km, 276km, 297km, 304km
Second floor plan 1:500
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project has been developed in Vega Park in Haninge as part of a greater residential masterplan for the area. Moelven Byggmodul AB has worked alongside the architects BAU and used their timber stud module system to stack a variety of apartment layouts, with some over two stories. The volumes are fully finished in the Moelven factory with all fixings and finishes already installed. One apartment consists of one or more volumes. Cladding and balconies are produced as separate elements and are fixed to the structure on site.
Connection between volumes 1:20
43
Apartment plan 1:100
Author: SMB
ASSEMBLY
External corridor as an independent timber structure, built on-site Volumetric elements produced in Moelven Byggmodul AB factory are transported and stacked on site
The cladding is made from a fire protected Thermowood, a product by Moelven, which is fixed on site
Balconies are produced as a standardized element along with volumetric elements, and are attached to the structure on-site
44
JUNIOR LIVING
10. SNABBA HUS VÄSTBERGA, STOCKHOLM
INFORMATION
Year: 2016 Material: Timber frame volume within a concrete structure Architect: Andreas Martion-Löf Client/developer: Snabba Hus Contractor: Junior Living Typology: Temporary
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 15 000 m2 Number of buildings: 6 Number of stories: 8 Number of apartments: 280 Apartment distribution: - 100% 1,5 rok, 33 m2
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Image of Snabba Hus Västberga
Number of factories: 1 Number of employees: 35 Production capacity: max 11 volumes/ week Transportation distance: 110 km
second floor plan 1:500
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Snabba Hus Västberga was built as a response to the growing issue of firsttime buyers not being able to enter the housing market. The aim was to produce high-quality and sophisticated design at a very low cost. The structure is built by using prefabricated concrete panels. The panels are produced by a sub-contractor, and are later transported and assembled on-site. The apartment volumes are fully finished with balconies and external cladding in Junior Living’s own factory, and are then slotted into the frame, floor by floor on-site. As Snabba Hus Västberga is built on a temporary building permit, the building needed to be provided with the ability to be moved one day. And this is a benefit of the structural system.
balcony detail 1:50
45
Apartment plan 1:100 Author: SMB
ASSEMBLY
Semi-external corridor as an independent concrete structure, produced as panels in the factory by a sub-contractor Corridors are enclosed with a facade of alternating polycarbonate and vertical aluminum slats
Standardized volumetric elements designed and produced by Junior Living in the factory, then slotted into the load bearing concrete structure. Volumes are mounted using screws and bolts in order to easily disassemble and reassemble the building in the future
Load bearing structure assembled on-site from prefabricated concrete panels produced by a sub-contractor
Ground floor with communal spaces such as bike storage, bin storage and laundry room, constructed from prefabricated concrete panels
46
SPACE M2
18. GIBRALTAR GUEST HOUSE, GĂ&#x2013;TEBORG
INFORMATION
Year: 2019 Material: Timber, glulam and CLT Architect: Bornstein Lyckefors Client/developer: Chalmers University Contractor: Space m2 Typology: Student housing
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 4600m2 Number of buildings: 1 Number of stories: 6 Number of apartments: 100 Apartment distribution: - 100% 1 rok, 28 m2
FACTORY
Number of factories: 1 Number of employees: 50 Production capacity: 500 apts/year Transportation distance: 110km
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Gibraltar Guest House is efficiently planned student housing, constructed on a temporary building permit on the Chalmers University site. It is built in response to an urgent need for more student housing in the city. The building is a hybrid construction between prefabricated timber modules combined with a glulam structural frame. The modules are arranged along an internal corridor that ends in a sixstory glazed common area.
Site plan 1:5000
Facade detail 1:50
Exterior image of Gibraltar Guest House
Apartment plan 1:100
The module facade is designed as threedimensional facets and are attached to the module in the factory. This accents the modular concept whilst providing a more developed facade design. The financial viability of the architecture is due to the low production costs of industrialized housing design, as well as dealing with only a few subcontractors.
Typical floor plan 1:500
47
Author: KB
ASSEMBLY Separate prefabricated roof structure mounted on site
Wooden three-dimensional faceted cladding mounted to the volume in the factory Load bearing timber volume elements
Temporary pillar and beam foundations above ground
CLT around elevator shaft and stairwell
Glulam structure
Primary facade curtain wall glazing
Axonometric showing assembly
48
SIZES WORKS
21. KV BARRET, KALMAR
INFORMATION
Year: 2019 Construction: CLT-volumetric elements. Architect: I Am Home Client/developer: I Am Home Contractor: I Am Home Typology: Rental apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 2356 m2 Number of buildings: 3 Number of stories: 4 Number of apartments: 32 Apartment distribution: - 41% 2 rok, 46-54 m2 -59% 3 rok, 57-83 m2
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
View from north east
Number of factories: 1 Number of employees: 128 Production capacity: 1200 apts/year Transportation distance: 75 km
N Building plan 1:500 The red line is the boundary of the volume
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Sizes Works was formed as a sister company to â&#x20AC;?I Am Home ABâ&#x20AC;? and has quickly grown in production capacity since the factory was opened in march 2019. The first finished project was KV Barret in Kalmar. The focus of the company is to produce multi-family housing of up to 8 stories, where the strength of the CL-wood construction is well suited for the higher constructions. A CL-wood construction was partly chosen by the company because it was easy to incorporate in an industrialized factory setting, reducing the need for carpentry skills in the workforce. The timber elements are delivered to the factory pre-cut from an external company, this also counts for complete bathroom modules. Completed modules are then shipped to the building site where foundation, facade, and roof is constructed to complete the building.
N Apartment plan 1:100, 2rok, 54 m2
49
Author: PV
ASSEMBLY
22mm Wood panel 28mm Nailing board 200mm Mineral wool 120mm CLT-element 18mm Gypsum board 15mm parquet 38mm Chipboard with heating 179mm insulation and installations with Granab subfloor system (ventilation Ă&#x2DC;125mm, drain Ă&#x2DC;110mm) 160mm CLT-element 25mm air gap with electrical wiring created by elastomer strips along volume perimeter. 60mm CLT-element 13mm gypsum board 18mm Gypsum board 100mm CLT-element 56mm mineral wool 100mm CLT-element 18mm Gypsum board
In-situ built roof cladding.
External wall Section 1:20
Floor and cieling Section 1:20
Apartment dividing wall Section 1:20
Structural volumetric elements creating pitch of the roof
In-situ cast concrete. CLT volumetric elements. In-situ built wood panel facade
50
STUDENT CONCLUSIONS
CONTEXT
Volumetric wood elements is a result of trying to maximize the industrialization and prefabrication building construction process. This building method has therefore gained a lot of traction lately in both the industry and national politics. On the 19th of February 2020 the Prime Minister and the Minister of Housing in Sweden met with the leaders of the building industry. As a result of the meeting, industrial housing construction in wood emerged as the only method able to live up to all ambitions set out by the government. It is thereby likely that we will see volumetric wood elements taking an even larger share of the Swedish housing market in the future or even becoming the new norm in construction.
The cases that are included in this chapter are all built with volumes produced in Swedish factories. The volumetric element industry is on the rise and undergoing changes in production and construction methods. The chosen case studies prominent projects that are recently finished, to be sure that current building methods are covered. Lindbäcks and Moelven were chosen because they are the biggest producers on the market, Space M2 to show what is possible to accomplish with this method on temporary building permits, Sizes Works were chosen because they are market leading in CLT-volumetric elements and Junior living for their unique structural system.
There is already a lot of housing being constructed with volumetric elements in Sweden today, so naturally there was a process of narrowing the selection down for the catalogue.
LIVING CONDITIONS
The volumetric elements act as a useful building block for housing to provide varied apartment sizes across a floor plate. The volumes can be singular or arranged in a configuration to deliver larger apartments, offering flexibility to the client and their market. However the major limitation is the size of each volume, which is determined by the transportation to site by truck. The limitations of the width and length could appear to be overcome by arranging volumes together to form larger apartments, however, the height will always be limited to 4,15m; the height of the truck bed plus the volume. This limits the story height of the building and the internal height of the volume, making loft, dormer and mezzanine spaces difficult to include in the design. With other actors now constructing in factories outside of Sweden in places such as Estonia and as far afield as China, the volume sizes are further reduced to comply with shipping container storage for their transportation.
ANALYSIS
The volumetric elements process of industrialization is not driven from an architectural point of view, it is driven from that of an engineer. The optimization of the product is pushed to reduce cost and increase efficiency. These can be seen as very positive drivers for the consumer, but the result is often aesthetically uninspiring, and not architecturally innovative. It can also be noted that some essential areas of the construction process are not industrialized, such as roof production, and that fittings have to be connected on site. The industry believe this is an area for further improvement and suggest efforts should be made on site to reduce the time frame from the current six month period for site construction. The system providers encourage the architects and designers to contact them early in the design process, in order to guide the design process to fit the system. The volumetric system
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The main advantages of this method of construction are the controlled climatic conditions, with the timber stored indoors in dry conditions before assembly, letting it maximize its material performance and minimize moisture content. The reduced opening sizes within the volumes for windows and doors due to the retention of structural integrity, make some curtain wall style facades and floor to ceiling design openings impossible. The affordable apartments produced by this system are particularly attractive. With short lead times and predictable construction periods, the system providers can give fixed prices for the construction, meaning the client can reduce rental and sale prices.
is made out of sub-elements, and there is an awareness from the system providers that they should increase the number of sub-elements which work with their system, as it would provide greater variety when used as a design toolkit for architects. Currently, it can be said that the guidance can limit the architectural vision of the project. There are a number of other actors working in the Swedish market who are producing volumetric products abroad, according to European standards, and which are then being shipped for assembly in Sweden. With an emerging system like this, the outlook is that more companies will be entering the market in the next few years, allowing for production capacity. It is predicted that more and more contractors will be using timber stud and CLT volumes to construct housing in the coming years.
Author: KB, SMB, PV
CONCLUSION
The system pushes the industry to build housing with shorter lead times, driving forward a more economical and efficient production of housing. The predominant use of wood as material for the production of volumetric systems, shows that the system providers are focusing on more sustainable construction, also designed around quick assembly, disassembly and reassembly elsewhere. It suggests that it is also a solution that can be temporary or permanent in response to market changes. It seems particularly important that the industrialization process begins to strive to produce architecturally innovative projects, acting as advertisement for the system within the industry. Many other projects already use elements or parts that are produced using an industrial process, so it appears be a natural progression for larger elements to be produced
this way too, giving controlled climatic conditions and shorter lead times. Volumetric elements are part an interesting field within the industrialization of mass housing, but the market is only just emerging. It seems likely that this system will begin to take over a larger percentage of the housing production, as capacity and demand is likely to increase in the coming years. This study has only documented the first of predictably many more volumetric systems that will enter the construction industry in the near future.
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HYBRID SYSTEMS HYBRID
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HYBRID SYSTEMS
LOCATION OF PROJECTS AND THEIR FACTORIES
11. KAJEN 4, JM, STOCKHOLM factory: Abetong i 7. Hallstahammar, 10. Kvicksund, 23. Varberg, 24. Falkenberg, 25. Vislanda
12. ROSENLUNDSHÖJDEN, JM, STOCKHOLM factory: Abetong i 24. Falkenberg, 7. Hallstahammar, 10. Kvicksund, 23. Varberg, 25. Vislanda, 30. Prefa, Wasungen, Germany och 13. Flens byggelement, Flen
19. GRANGLÄNTAN, DEROME, GÖTEBORG factory: 18. Anneberg 7.Hallstahammar 11-12 Stockholm 13. Flen 15. Töreboda
19. Göteborg 18. Anneberg 23. Varberg 24. Falkenberg
20. Växjö 25. Vislanda
20.VALLEN, MOELVEN TÖREBODA, VÄXJÖ factory: 15. Moelven Töreboda, Töreboda
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HYBRID SYSTEMS
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE SYSTEM
A hybrid system is when a building system consists of more than one component, for instance when it is a combination of many materials or ways of building. We are presenting three factors for how to recognize a hybrid system; the load bearing elements, the materials being used and the degree of prefabrication. All of these criteria do not have to be fulfilled in order for a system to be defined as a hybrid, as long as at least one is.
Prefabricated roof elements
The structure in a hybrid system can combine different load bearing components such as columns, beams and wall elements. Hybrid systems often mix materials like wood, concrete and steel in order to utilize the best qualities of each material. A building constructed of both prefabricated and non-prefabricated elements is also built using a hybrid system.
BENEFITS
LIMITATIONS
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Most of the hybrid systems in this study have been built using mainly non-prefabricated elements. Even elements made with materials often being used for prefabrication, such as concrete, are in these cases only partly prefabricated or not prefabricated at all. One exception is a wood-based system from Derome, where the wall, slab and roof elements are prefabricated to be assembled on site.
One of the most prominent benefits with the hybrid systems is that these systems take advantage of the best qualities of the materials and load bearing structures in use. This makes hybrid systems adaptable and easy to customize after the needs of the client or contractor. Since hybrid systems are adaptable and flexible there are many different systems. Each one has its own benefits, but also limitations.
The use of different materials and load bearing elements can make the hybrid systems more complex and therefore take longer to build. Depending on how much of the building is prefabricated and how much of it is non-prefabricated will also affect the time it takes to build it. When it comes to hybrid systems, many of the limitations are connected with the materials that are used and therefore specific to each system, and not to hybrid systems in general.
Structural core Load bearing pillars Load bearing pilars
Non Load bearing walls
Load bearing walls
In-site cast concrete Cast in situ foundation Assembly of components
Decoupling point
Codes and standards
Hybrid systems
PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY
Detailed design
Open building systems
Closed building systems
Standard products
0%
Combination of existing parts
ConďŹ guration
Select variant
level of preengineering
Levels of pre-engineering (diagram from Johnsson et. al. 2013)
100%
JM
THE SYSTEM
PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY
JM’s system is a column and wall system, where the load bearing elements consist of concrete walls and steel columns in the facade. The concrete walls are so called shell walls. Between the steel columns in the facade there are infill walls of timber stud frames. The timber infill walls can be completely prefabricated elements with plasterboards, with the stud frame and the insulation already added. In Sweden this is currently not the most common way of building with timber infill frames. This is due to issues with moisture having accumulated when handling and installing these walls. Only the stud frame and plasterboard are prefabricated. The components are then assembled on site. Shell walls consist of two 50-70 mm thick concrete boards which are connected with embedded reinforcement ladders. On site you fill the shell wall with concrete. Shell walls can come complete with electric boxes, VP pipes, power plants, handrails, anchor rails and roofing strips. There is also the opportunity to make holes and recesses in round or square design. Shell walls can be used in most places where in-situ casted walls are planned, however, limitations apply for instance to heavily used wall boards.
BENEFITS
The steel columns in JM’s system enables a more flexible facade. Since the exterior walls are not load bearing, it is for instance possible with larger windows. The shell walls used in JM’s system combines the best qualities of in-situ casted concrete and prefabricated concrete elements. You get the speed of prefabricated construction and the constructive advantages of the on site casted alternative.
Axonometry of the load bearing elements in JM’s system
Axonometry of a timber stud frame as an infill wall
Another advantage with this system is the steel columns in the facade making it possible to use infill walls. The insulations in an infill wall mainly goes between the studs, enabling a thinner wall than if all insulation was on the inside or outside of the wall elements.
LIMITATIONS
One of the disadvantages mentioned before concerns the timber infill walls. When these walls are prefabricated as one element there has been issues with moisture damaging the structure. The majority of components in this system are non-prefabricated which leads to a longer construction time.
Corner seam
Seam along the wall
T - Seam
Plan of internal shell wall seams
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HYBRID SYSTEMS
LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
THE SYSTEM
Light-frame construction consists of lightweight wood or steel beams connected in a framework. Panels such as plywood sheathing are connected to the load bearing structure to provide stability to the construction. Exterior cladding is added to protect against weathering and the voids between the studs are filled with insulation.
PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY
The light-frame construction system made by Derome consists of prefabricated elements for load bearing walls, slabs and trusses which are costume made in the factory for each project and transported by truck to be assembled on site. It is still a process dependent on handcraft, where each building needs some adjusted details.
BENEFITS
A light frame construction is easy to prefabricate and can quickly be assembled on site which shortens the time at the construction site. The system is suitable when the ground on site has poor bearing capacity as it is lightweight. Compared to solid wall and slab elements the stud frame construction consists of less material which makes the building cheaper and more environmentally friendly. It also allows for more open and flexible floor solutions due to the structural advantages of the single elements.
LIMITATIONS
The frame system in wood can only stabilize a maximum of 6 floors, which makes it a less attractive alternative in larger cities. For example, the system used by Derome, which includes steel beams and other materials in the design, the building can be up to 8 floors, however, shrinkage may also become a problem.
Structural system.
Facade 30 Air space 50 Insulation Wind protection 11 OSB-sheat 170 Loadbearing frame Water resistant barrier 11 OSB-sheat Air space 70 Frame/installations 2*15 Plasterboard
Prefabricated wall element, Derome system
Floor layer 2*13 Plasterboard 22 Sheat 65*360 LVL-beam c 600 220 insulation 25 Acoustic profile 15*2 plasterboard
Prefabricated slab element, Derome system
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TRÄ8
’CATEGORY’ THE SYSTEM
Trä8/Timber8 is a glulam based system produced by Moelven Töreboda. Trä8 was created in 2007 and is by Moelven in collaboration with Luleå Tekniska Universitet. The motive behind the project is to build high-rise timber constructions. From being an all-timber construction with stabilizing elements of glulam and LVL-timber, concrete is now also being used as stabilizing elements since the timber is limited in terms of how high it is possible to build with. The name Trä8 originates from the ability of creating spans up to eight meters, as columns and beams form the load bearing structure. The system consists of different elements varying from project to project, but the efficiency of the system lays in the interfaces of the elements being the same, and therefore the construction can work as a puzzle.
PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY
BENEFITS
LIMITATIONS
The most common way of using the system is to have concrete as load bearing elements for the lower floors, the elevator and staircase shafts as timber is lightweight and a heavier core is needed to stabilize the building. However, this depends on the number of floors - lower buildings do not need concrete as timber can manage the forces to a limited height. The concrete is put in place first, then the column and beam structure in glulam and LVL-timber is assembled. The roof is then constructed as soon as possible to have a waterproof site of construction. After the assembly of the roof, the prefabricated slabs and the walls are being put to place. The outer walls are infill walls that can be prefabricated or built in-situ.
1. Concrete foundation
2. Concrete stabilizing elements
3. Timber load bearing structure
4. Roof
5. Floor slabs
6. Facade
Trä8 is a system mainly based on glulam which is beneficial in environmental and economic aspects, as the distinguishing feature is that the pillar/beam concept allows for an airy and light construction that utilizes the material efficiently. As the system can handle long spans, it gives the freedom of creating open interiors and facades. The glulam timber is not stable enough to create a structure of its own, therefore the use of concrete becomes necessary in most Trä8 projects. This creates limitations as concrete is a material which in the future needs to be phased out for environmental reasons, but also because the mixture of different materials could be hard to handle.
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JM
11. KAJEN 4, STOCKHOLM
INFORMATION
NUMBERS
FACTORY
Year: 2011-2014 Material: Concrete & steel Architect: Wingårdh Architects, Gert Wingårdh Client/developer: JM Contractor: JM Typology: Tenant owned Project size (BTA): 16 100 sqm 15 500 sqm apartments 600 sqm facilities Number of buildings: 1 Number of stories: Low part. 8 High part. 24 Number of apartments: 183 Apartment distribution: - 27% st 2 rok, 53 - 76 m2 - 46% st 3 rok, 78 - 98 m2 - 23% st 4 rok, 99 - 126 m2 - 4% st 5 rok, 126 - 148 m2 Abetong Number of factories: 6 Number of employees: 525 Transportation distance: 120 - 490 Abetong’s commitment: shell walls, balconies and pillars, delivery and assembly of socket elements.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site plan 1:5000
Volume diagram of the buildning
Image of built example
Kajen 4 is a building designed by Gert Wingårdh, and Wingårdh architects on behalf of the property owner and turnkey contractor JM. It is located by the water in Liljeholmen and consists of a high part with 24 stories, and a low part, with 8 stories. The building is arranged around a courtyard and have allocated space for public functions, such as a restaurant, on the ground floor. Black aluminum sheets cover the façades facing the surrounding buildings while the inner core of the block, the courtyard, is held together by its warm color and plaster facade. In order to make the most of water side location, the balconies of the high rise are placed in the four corners of the building, allowing a view over Årstadalshamnen from the balconies. The length of the balconies gradually increases from the first floor to the top floor, which contributes to the building being experienced as wider at the top than at the bottom. In 2015, Kajen 4 was awarded with being The Stockholm Building of the Year. Buildning floor plan 1:500
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Author: SR
ASSEMBLY
Load bearing structure: Steel columns in the facade, concrete shell walls. Slab: Prefabricated concrete slabs with a casting of in situ concrete. Non-load bearnig interior walls: Plaster on a steel or wood frame. Exterior walls: Infill walls of timber stud frames. Facade: Aluminium sheets. Courtyard facade of plaster. Foundation: Floor slab of insitu cast concrete, pĂĽlar till berg
Apartment floor plan 1:100
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JM
12. ROSENLUNDSHÖJDEN, STOCKHOLM
INFORMATION
Year: 2016-18 Material: Concrete, steel Architect: ÅWL Arkitekter Client/developer: JM Contractor: JM Typology: Tenant owned apartments
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 11000 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 9 Number of apartments: 90 Apartment distribution: - 1% 1 rok 42 m2 - 35% 2 rok 39-60 m2 - 43% 3 rok 75-90 m2 - 18% 4 rok 90-100 m2 - 3% 5 rok 113-135 m2
FACTORY
Abetong (distance: 120-490 km) Flens byggelement AB (distance: 110 km) Prefa (distance 1370 km)
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Rosenlundshöjden is the name of the project, situated in a real estate called Verktummen 4. The project is located on Södermalm in Stockholm and is a part of a new developed area in an already dense neighborhood. JM is the developer and contractor, and there are several factories who manufactured the elements for the project. The concrete is from Abetong, the infill-walls are from Flens byggelement and the shell walls are from Prefa.
Site plan 1:5000
Photo: Felix Gerlach ÅWL Arkitekter
Rosenlundshöjden consists of two buildings with tenant owned apartments sharing a garage on the ground floor. The right building has a kinder garden on the first floor. Next to this project, Stockholmshem is developing rental apartments. These apartments are coherent with Rosenlundshöjden as they also have a brick facade.
Apartment plan 1:100
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Author: AF
ASSEMBLY
Roof: Sheet metal Load bearing elements: Steel columns in facade, interior shell walls Facade: Brick, plaster, wood panel, sheet metal Infill wall: Timber studs Slab: Prefabricated oncrete+in-situ cast Non-load bearing interior walls: Plaster panels on studs (non bearing)
Elevator, staircase, balconies: Prefabricated concrete Foundation: In-situ concrete plate, piles in bedrock
Floor plan 1:500
Section 1:500
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DEROME
19. GRANGLÄNTAN, GÖTEBORG
INFORMATION
Year: 2015 Material: wood and brick Architect: Fredblad Architects Client/developer: Derome Mark & Bostad Contractor: Derome Mark & Bostad Typology: Tenant owned
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 6559 sqm Number of buildings: 4 Number of stories: 5-8 Number of apartments: 28 Apartment distribution: - 29% 1 rok, 29-39 sqm - 66 % 2 rok, 43-54 sqm - 5 % 3 rok, 75 sqm
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Exterior rendering
Number of factories: 4 (Anneberg, Värö, Kristinehamn, Renholmen) Number of employees: 2300 Production capacity: 400 apartments/ year Transportation distance: 29 km
Floor plan 1:500
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
In the former industrial area Kvillebäcken in Gothenburg, Fredblad Architects have designed Grangläntan which consists of four residential houses; two in brick and two in green plaster. The focus has been on one of the brick buildings which was completed at the most recent stage. Kvillebäcken is the first area to be built according to Gothenburg City’s new and tougher environmental requirements. The aim is to make it easier for the tenants in the area to live environmentally smart. Each floor of the building has four apartments, with different configurations and sizes, arranged around the stairwell. The apartments in this house unit overlook the corners of the building and all apartments have access to either a balcony or the patio.
Apartment plan 1:100
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Author: AM
ASSEMBLY
1. Prefabricated wall element manufactured by Derome (see Light Frame Construction System page)
1. 2.
2. Prefabricated slab element from Derome. (see Light Frame Construction System page) The slab is hung on to the wall element. 3. Prefabricated roof trusses are assembled on site. 4. The stairwell and elevator shaft act as a structural core. 5. Wooden stud frame layer where installations are drawn.
Detail: 1:20
6. The wall and slab elements are prefabricated in the factory and built with a stud frame system with wooden beams as the load bearing material. The elements are transported from the factory and connected on site. 3.
7. Brick facade element prefabricated in the factory and assembled on site. 8. The foundation consists of castin-situ piles with a concrete top and wooden base.
4. 5.
8.
6.
7.
Axonometric, structural elements highlighted
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MOELVEN TÖREBODA
20. VALLEN, VÄXJÖ
INFORMATION
Year: 2015-2018 Material: Glulam, concrete Architect: Arkitektbolaget Client/developer: Växjöbostäder, Midroc Contractor: GBJ Byggg AB, Värends entreprenad Typology: rental, tenant owned
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): ca 18500 m2 Number of buildings: 8 Number of stories: 6-8 Number of apartments: ca 180 Apartment distribution: - 2% 1 rok, 38 m2 - 41% rok, 63 m2 - 45% rok, 79 m2 - 12 rok, 95 m2
FACTORY MOELVEN
Number of factories: 1 Number of employees: 130 Production capacity: 500 apts/ year(2017) Transportation distance: 200 km
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Vallen Norra is a housing project in Växjö between two lakes, with rental apartments, tenant owned apartments and low rise town houses. The project is a collaboration between two different developers with different contractors, but with the same architect and construction system, Trä8.
Site plan 1:5000
Photo: Jonas Ljungdahl 2019 Arkitekturbolaget
This example explains the multi-family part of the project. The buildings are between 6-8 floors high and constructed mainly by glulam timber and concrete. The columns, beams and floor slabs are prefabricated elements, but the groundwork and the infill walls are built in-situ. This gives them a rate of prefabrication of approximately 20%. In 2019, Vallen won the building of the year-prize of Växjö municipality. The motivation behind the prize was that the project was a good mixture of differently scaled typologies and the nice placing in the setting between the two lakes. The shape of the buildings creates a new city silhouette and the materials are well considered and create a unity of variety and coherence.
Apartment plan 1:100
Floor plan 1:500
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Author: AF
ASSEMBLY
Roof: sheet metal Slab: Pre-fab with LVL-studs
Column, beam: Glulam, LVL-timber Facade: Wood panels, plaster Infill wall: Timber studs, isolation Interior walls: Plaster
Elevator, staircase shaft: Prefabricated concrete Walls and slab level 1-2: Prefabricated concrete Foundation: Concrete
14 parquet 40 screed 17 paroc board 360 glulam beam 375 lvl-wood 25 plaster board 13 plaster 15 protect board
Detail of prefabricated floor slab and beam 1:20
timber facade timber stud 9 plaster on column 215 glulam, isolation 45 isolation 13 plaster 15 protect f.
Detail of column with in-situ built infill wall 1:20
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STUDENT CONCLUSIONS
CONTEXT
Hybrid systems are more complex to categorize compared to the other systems presented in this catalogue. The projects that we have studied are different from each other, but they intersect in terms of combining different components and materials and by using both prefabricated and nonprefabricated production techniques. Today, the building industry must meet society’s demands on sustainability, and this forces a focus on how to minimize the waste of materials and how to create housing that can be renewable and durable. The construction industry is responsible for up to 50% of climate change and is therefore in need of changes. Some hybrid systems are acting as an innovative effort on how to develop housing that is using economically efficient and environmentally friendly ways of building.
LIVING CONDITIONS
We believe that the most striking aspect of the hybrid system is the possibility of designing freely. As there are no specific rules to adapt to you can create facades and interiors of your choice. Instead of adapting the building to a system you can adjust the building for the people who will be living in them. The system itself does not put up any limitations, however, the materials do. In the example of Trä8, the system has a limit of an eight meter span, as it is the limit of the glulam beams being used. Trä8 is also limited in terms of how many floors you can build, but the system is adapting to the demands of the developers, and therefore you can build higher with Trä8 today in comparison with just a few years ago. Taking this in consideration, the eight meter-span limit is in most cases not an obstacle as rooms of this dimension are rare. Also, most buildings that are constructed today are no higher than the number of levels the Trä8 system can stabilize.
ANALYSIS
The process of the hybrid system is not as predetermined in comparison to the volumetric system for example, therefore the architect can have a greater impact on the design process of the building. To investigate this point we have chosen to work with different types of projects where the facades, the demography of the area (looking at both a small-town context like Växjö compared to Stockholm and Gothenburg) and the overall aesthetics vary. Although by just studying the interior of each project we also find that the buildings look very similar in terms of the floor plan layout, which is contradictory.
In order to show the flexibility of the hybrid systems, we have done four case-studies (Vallen, Kajen 4, Verktummen and Grangläntan), which are using three different building systems. Vallen and Grangläntan are examples of residential buildings using timber as their main material. In this project we wanted to show that this can be done in different ways; by using elements composed of a light frame timber structure (Grangläntan), with a glulam column and a beam system (Vallen). Both Kajen 4 and Rosenlundshöjden are built using a hybrid system developed by JM. While one of them is an awardwinning building created by a well-known Swedish architect, the other one is an ordinary apartment building. We find this interesting since it shows just how adaptable hybrid systems can be, and that a prominent building still has similarities with more common buildings.
The choice of different materials and systems will have an impact on the configuration of the apartments. With the beam and column system, both in wood and in steel, the facade is more flexible in terms of openings and windows. Furthermore, the systems that uses timber as the load bearing material will have an impact on the living conditions in the apartments since research shows that wooden buildings provide a favorable indoor climate.
(in need of a more varied tool-kit to design quality housing) and by the building industry (wanting to progress in their field). On the other hand, a less prefabricated building process is more traditional and would also be less productive, hence, waste more energy than the more prefabricated solutions.
Speculatively, it might be the case that these hybrid systems are driven both by the demands from society (to use a more environmentally friendly building process, where other materials than concrete is used for housing), by the architects
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Author: AM, SR, AF
CONCLUSION
By using different materials and structural systems, it is possible to take advantage of the best qualities of the materials and load bearing elements. In a society slowly shifting towards building with wood, we believe this can be an advantage. With a hybrid system it is possible to use wood where it works well and other materials where they are more suitable. In this way it is possible to use more timber in housing buildings. However, all the technical details in order to build all kinds of buildings using only wood are yet to be solved, high rise buildings are an example.
concrete is an initiative in the right direction. Moreover, it is beneficial for both the wood and the concrete industry to collaborate. The timber industry needs to develop in terms of industrialization, where there is a lot to learn from the concrete developers, while the concrete industry needs to live up to the environmental requirements.
Nowadays, most housing in Sweden is built in concrete and the wood industry struggles to compete economically, as well as to fulfill the acoustic requirements and the moisture regulations. For the production of timber houses to evolve, we believe that the hybrid systems focusing on both wood and
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CONCEPT
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CONCEPT
LOCATION OF PROJECTS AND THEIR FACTORIES 13. LEDINGE 1, STOCKHOLMSHUSEN + NCC, TENSTA factory: 7. Abetong, Hallstahammar, 6. Betongindustrier, Sollentuna, 4. Storsjöhus, Östersund, 19. Nässjö Takstolsfabrik, Nässjö
1. Piteå 14. SÄTERHÖJDEN, STOCKHOLMSHUSEN + LINDBÄCKS BYGG AB, RÅGSVED factory: 1. Lindbäcks, Piteå
22. Umeå
4. Östersund
15. ETC STANDARD HOUSE, ETC BYGG AB, VÄSTERÅS factory: 31. Binderholtz, Austria
15. Västerås 7. Hallstahammar
6. Sollentuna 13.-15. Stockholm 16. Huddinge
16. SOLHÖJDEN VISÄTRA, BOKLOK, HUDDINGE factory: 21. Boklok, Vimmerby
21. Vimmerby
19. Nässjö
22. RULLSTENEN, KOMBOHUS BY SABO, UMEÅ factory: In-situ
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DEFINITION OF A HOUSING CONCEPT
Background
WHY?
HOW?
Contemporary housing companies, architects, municipalities and organizations are developing different housing concepts in order to make the production and process of building housing more efficient. The developed concepts cover the process - from idea to turnkey home and management of the property. Repetition in terms of framework and construction is the overall purpose of a housing concept. A concept is based on the vision of a housing typology and how to get there. It develops from one or more questions to be answered. It’s in line with the ideology and position of the company and can be used as an expression for the company’s standpoint in different issues. The strategy and framework is to be established to solve these questions and issues, and are based on the ideology and vision of the company or organization. Common problems to be solved are often related to how to build more efficiently in terms of costs and timespan. Applying repetition to a great extent during all stages is often key to an efficient building process.
WHY?
Vision Questions Issues Ideology
HOW? y Strateg rk o Framew Roules
The framework for a concept can include a design program, the strategy of the entrepreneur and the process of construction, materials, method of financing, transportation and living conditions of the residents.
WHAT?
The completed housing buildings are a result of the concept, but the concept can also continue to live as part of the completed housing. How the property management will work, form of tenure, the life-cycle of the building and the resident’s living conditions are a few examples of what could be the concept within the completed building.
Construction
WHAT? Typology Life cycel Management Living conditions
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STOCKHOLMSHUSEN
HOW
The three municipal housing companies are Stockholmshem, Familjebostäder and Svenska Bostäder. These three companies collaborate with the administrative units in urban planning, development, environment and traffic. The goal of the collaboration is to involve all the actors at an early stage in order to increase the speed of the planning process. The four private contractors who won the procurement are NCC, Skanska, Einar Mattsson and Lindbäcks Bygg AB. The contract is “design to build”, so the contractor handles the whole process from design to execution. The contractors chooses the partnering architects and which building system to use. A design concept has been developed by a group of architects and the housing companies. There are no specific type-buildings or general plan layouts, instead the concept consists of a set of rules and guidelines.
WHAT
The hope of the politicians was for the rents to be as low as between 750010500 kr/month for a 3 room and kitchen apartment. In Säterhöjden, the first Stockholmhusen project to be built, the rent for a 3 room and kitchen ended up being around 11000 kr/month. Newspaper articles raised criticism that the project had failed its main goal of creating affordable apartments. The politicians answered by claiming that economic benefits will be seen once the buildings get repeated at a larger scale. Currently (March 2020), 70 Stockholmshusen apartments are finished, 274 apartments are in the process of being built, and approximately 3500 are in the planning stage.
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ENVIRONMENT
TRAFFIC
1. CLOSE COLLABORATION
HOUSING COMPANIES
The aim of the initiative is to produce a large amount of affordable rental apartments in order to counter the acute housing shortage in the municipality of Stockholm. The project consists of a close collaboration between the planning departments of the city, a unified and public procurement process and a concept of design.
URBAN PLANNING
2. UNIFIED PROCUREMENT
CONTRACTORS
WHY
DEVELOPMENT
BUILDING METHODS
Stockholmshusen is a project initiated by the municipality of Stockholm in 2014. It involves the municipal housing companies, the technical and planning departments of the city and four private contractors.
ARCHITECTS
BACKGROUND
PLANNING DEPARTMENTS OF THE CITY
GENERAL INFORMATION
ARCHITECTS XX
ARCHITECTS YY
ARCHITECTS ZZ
ARCHITECTS QQ
3. DESIGN CONCEPT
Author: ES
DESIGN CONCEPT
A SET OF RULES
Smart and likable are the lead words for the Stockholmshusen design concept. The architects who developed the project are Per Kallstenius, Morten Johansson and Bibbi Leine. The information below is taken directly from the manual of the architects working with Stockholmshusen. The concept is presented as a set of rules and recommendations on how to work on the design.
PROPORTIONS
Goal: a neat form. The facades should have a harmonic and balanced composition. If possible, windows should be placed regularly and types of windows should be minimized.
FACADE
Goal: a building that fits in. Facade material shall be plaster, with a color chosen from the Stockholmshusen palette. Ground floor color shall be the same as the facade, or in a darker shade. No exceptions are allowed. Roof, windows and metalworks have its own palette with three colors to choose from.
ROOF
Goal: A neat form. Roofs shall either be gable or hip. The angle of the roof should be determined by the surrounding buildings. Eaves should be overhanging.
WINDOWS
Goal: the expression of providing a generous light flow. Window frames and sashes should be as slim as possible. Around the windows there shall be window trims made out of plaster.
BALCONIES
Goal: a light expression. Balcony slabs and railings should be made as slim as possible. Railings can either be made with sticks or perforated plate. Covering of balconies should be avoided.
ENTRANCE
Goal: a welcoming expression. The entrance shall have a glass door and be withdrawn from the facade as well as the closed sections made out of timber. There shall also be a lit sign displaying the street number.
GROUND FLOOR
Regularly positioned windows and a raised ground floor
Facade colors
Metalworks and windows colors
Hip
Gable
Windows trims
Goal: an urban and public expression. The ground floor should be raised with a room height of 3,2 m. Slim railings
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STOCKHOLMSHUSEN + NCC
13. LEDINGE 1, TENSTA
INFORMATION
Year: Under construction (March 2020) Material: concrete, steel Architect: HMXW Arkitekter Client/developer: Svenska Bostäder Contractor: NCC Typology: Rental
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 14260 m2 Number of buildings: 7 Number of stories: 6-7 Number of apartments: 172 Apartment distribution: - 2% 1 rok, 51 m2 - 49 % 2 rok, 44-55 m2 - 22% 3 rok, 70 m2 - 27% 4 rok, 87 m2
FACTORIES
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DETAIL
Site plan 1:5000
Exterior rendering
Filigree slabs: Abetong, Hallstahammar Concrete (for in-situ work): Betongindustrier, Sollentuna Infill walls: Storsjöhus, Östersund Truss frames: Nässjö Takstolsfabrik, Nässjö
2 rok 44 m2
Ledinge 1 in Tensta is the second Stockholmshusen project to be built. It’s estimated that the first residents can move in during the summer of 2020. The contractor is NCC who use their own technical platform. The platform consists of standardized solutions, components and methods that can be customized to handle the specific project.
Apartment plan 1:100
1. Outer wall: gypsum boards, steel studs 45 x 45, insulation between studs, vapor barrier, steel columns 100 x 150 (load bearing), steel studs 170 x 45 cc 600, insulations between studs, gypsum board, mineral insulation sheets, mesh and plaster. Total thickness: 307 mm
2.
3.
2. Floor: unspecified floor 20, in-situ cast concrete 250, filigree slab 50. Total thickness: 270 mm
4.
1.
3. Concrete shutter, form work for insitu casting. Part of infill wall panel. 4. Steel column connector. Detail 1:20
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Author: ES
ASSEMBLY
1. Foundation: in-situ cast concrete. 2. Ground floor: In-situ cast load bearing walls, steel columns. 3. Story 1-6: in-situ cast inner walls, filigree slabs, steel columns in facade (part of infill wall panel). 4. Prefab infill wall panels with load bearing steel columns. 5. Non-load bearing inner walls 6. Roof structure: wooden truss frame. 7. Roof cladding: sheet metal 8. Facade: mineral sheet insulation, mesh, plaster.
Floor plan 1:500
7.
6.
5.
3.
2.
4. 8. 1. Axonometric, structural elements highlighted
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STOCKHOLMSHUSEN + LINDBÄCKS BYGG AB
14. SÄTERHÖJDEN, RÅGSVED
INFORMATION
Year: 2019 Material: Timber volumes Architect: Nyréns Arkitektkontor Client/developer: Familjebostäder Contractor: Lindbäcks Bygg AB Typology: Rental
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 6200 Number of buildings: 6 Number of stories: 4 Number of apartments: 70 Apartment distribution: - 37% 1 rok 33-36 m2 - 35% 3 rok 75-79 m2 - 28% 4 rok 93-101 m2
FACTORY
Site plan 1:5000
Exterior rendering
Lindbäcks Bygg AB Number of factories: 2 Number of employees: 500 Production capacity: 2500 (estimation for year 2021) Transportation distance: 863 km
1 rok 33 m
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Säterjöjden is the first of the Stockholmshusen to be realized. In March 2019 the first residents moved in. The project is characteristic of our time; densification in a suburban setting. Six lamella buildings line themselves up along Bjursätragatan, as well as with the existing “smalhus” typology of Rågsved. The contractor is Lindbäcks Bygg AB, who handled the whole process, from manufacturing of the modules at their factory, to assembly of the buildings on site.
DETAIL
Apartment plan 1:100, dash-dotted: module distribution
2.
1. Outer wall: plaster and mesh 20, mineral insulation sheets 50, gypsum board 9 mm, studs 220 x 45 (load bearing), insulation between studs, vapor barrier, double fireproof gypsum board 2x 15. Total thickness: 328 mm 2. Floor: Parquet 14, gypsum board 13, board 22, glulam beams 42x224 cc600, insulation between beams, plywood 12, air gap 82, joists 45x120 cc400, insulation between joists, fireproof gypsum board 15, gypsum board 13. Total thickness: 516 mm 3. Vibration isolation between modules (soundproofing).
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2
3.
1. Detail 1:20
Author: ES
ASSEMBLY
1. Foundation: in-situ cast concrete. 2. Ground floor: In-situ cast load bearing walls, steel columns and beams. 3. Infill walls by Lindbäcks. 4. Slabs over ground floor: prefab hollow core and solid slabs. 5. Prefab modules by Lindbäcks: includes floor, inner cladding, shafts, windows, kitchen- and bathroom equipment. 6. Non-load bearing inner walls: part of prefab module. 7. Non-load bearing inner roof: part of prefab module. 8. Roof truss frame modules by Lindbäcks. 9. Roof cladding 10. Facade: mineral wool sheets, mesh and plaster. Assembled on site.
first floor plan
9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
2. 3.
10. 1. Axonometric, structural elements highlighted
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ETC STANDARD HOUSE
PROCESS
BACKGROUND
ETC is a left-wing publisher focusing on investigative journalism, reporting and interviews. ETC has later developed into a feminist, anti-racist and climate activist trademark. One of the companies in the ETC Group is ETC Bygg AB, which was founded by the founder and owner of ETC publishers Johan Ehrenberg, and the architect Hans Eek. The concept is developed and designed together with Kjellgren Kaminsky Architects.
INFORMATION
Initiated: 2017 Number of projects: 1 (2020) Number of apartments: 30 (2020) System: CLT SLAB Factory: Binderholtz (Austria) Model of the Towerblocks
WHY?
The idea is to make a climate-positive building with low energy consumption and low costs for the residents in the most sustainable way, both during the construction phase as well as through the whole life-cycle of the building. ETC Bygg AB want to show the housing industry a new way of building, where innovation, crowd funding and a high level of commitment for sustainability are the crucial points. The goal is to create active social living, with cooperative activities and associations which will be a part of the climate positive housing. The vision for the process is to be including and transparent, while involving the residents during all stages of the process - from the idea to moving in and living.
CO2 Positive
COOPERATIVE USE
CO2 Neutral USE
CO2 BINDING MATERIALS
MATERIALS RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSPORTATION CO2 EMISSION
CO2 BALANCING
Climate positive
HOW?
In order to construct sustainable housing during all stages of the process, a lot needs to be taken in consideration. ETC Bygg AB will build in massive wood with wood fiber insulation, while using the most environmentally friendly material in every detail. Energy will come from solar panels and factories will be chosen based on short transportation distances, or accessibility by train. They build to be certified according to FEBY Guld, meeting international passive house standards. By building in prefabricated CLT, and by standardizing measurements and design, the costs and construction time may be decreased.
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Active and including living
Author: MK
RESULT
HOW?
ETC Bygg AB is the entrepreneur during the whole process, from idea to finished apartments and management of the building. They have their own contractors and strive for long term relationships with the contractors.
Solar panel elc
tricy
The process is transparent - from idea to drawings and construction - and every document and step in the process is published on their website, free for everybody to read, learn and use. In this way residents are invited to be a part of the building process. By using solar panels as the main energy source during construction as well as for the final housing, the climate footprint will decrease and the costs for the residents will be lowered. By selling excess solar-energy, money can be re-invested in the housing and in the development of the ETC group. The houses are financed with crowdfunding, which gives an interest rate of 2 - 3%. Therefore, people not only the residents can invest directly in the houses. The ETC group as a whole is a non-profit enterprise, all profits are re-invested in new solar panel projects, new buildings and new local media.
WHAT?
New buildings and manigment
Solarpanel development
Resident Crowfounding investment
Crowfunding investment
Local media
The result is a climate-positive tower-block that can be built throughout the whole country, where the apartment distribution and common areas can be customized to each individual project.
Bying electricity from solar panels
The block varies in height from 4 to 9 floors. Wood is used as far as possible, both in the frame, insulation as well as for the interior and exterior cladding. Whereas the paneling of the facade can be customized in color. The roofing of the house is made out of solar panels, serving the house with the needed electricity all year around. The cooperative activities and assets include: cooperative cultivation on the yard and on the private, partly glazed balconies, compost for food waste as well as a car and bike pool. The property manager ETC will be a part of and organize the cooperative housing, for example by helping to sell the cultivated harvest and by developing climate friendly solutions in the building. One of the residents will also live and work in the house as a caretaker of the yard and other services.
Entrance floor
Standard plan
Attic
3-rok 2-rok 1-rok Communication Store Common use Common room Bike store Equipment
Alternative Entrance floor
Alternative Standard plan
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ETC BYGG AB
15. ETC STANDARD HOUSE, VÄSTERÅS
INFORMATION
Year: 2019-2020 Material: Wood, CLT and glulam Architect: Hans Eek, Kjellgren Kaminsky Client/developer: ETC Bygg AB Contractor: ETC Bygg AB Typology: Rental
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 1890 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of stories: 5 Number of apartments: 30 Apartment distribution: - 27% 1 rok, 34 m2 - 43% 2 rok, 46 m2 - 3% 2 rok duplex, 96 m2 - 13% 3 rok, 62 m2 - 13% 4 rok duplex, 106-117 m2
FACTORY
Binderholtz: Number of factories: 13 in Austria, Germany and Finland Number of employees: 2750 Production capacity: 320,000 m3 CLT BBS/year Transportation distance: 1760 km,
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project in Västerås is the first ETC Standard House to be built. There will be two low-rise tower blocks on the site with a yard in between. It is placed in a new district in Västerås and other contractors are also building in the same area.
Site plan 1:5000
Visualisation of built example
During the projecting and construction phase a number of problems have been solved to improve the concept and to match the conditions at the site. This is possible to follow on ETC’s website. The interior CLT load bearing walls shift position on the floors to give different apartment sizes. The shafts and placing of bathrooms is the same on all the floors.
Apartment plan 1:100
Floor plan
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1:500
Author: MK
Roofing Solar panels
ASSEMBLY
Load bearing interior wall CLT CLT floor slab
Load bearing exterior wall Glulam Load bearing exterior wall CLT and glulam
Cladding Wood panels
Insulation Wood fiber boards Balcony Glulam studs and CLT slabs Axonometric 1:500
Glulam column Wood flooring Wood fiber insulation board Gravel Wood fiber insulation board CLT slab
Wall againts a balcony, vertical detail 1:20
CLT Glulam beam Wood fiber insulation and studs Wood fiber insulation board Horizontal battens Wood paneling heat treated
CLT Wood fiber insulation and studs Wood fiber insulation board Horizontal battens Wood paneling heat treated
Gabel wall, horizontal detail 1:20
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BOKLOK
GENERAL INFORMATION
BACKGROUND
Boklok is developed by Skanska and IKEA. Builds sustainable homes at a low price, for everyone. Together they build pre-built modules indoors, apartments and townhouses. Responsible for the entire value chain: product, project development, factory production, construction, sales and customer relations after moving in.
DESCRIPTION
Year: 1996 - now Material: Wood Architect: Anders Larsson, Client/developer: Boklok & Skanska Contractor: Boklok & Skanska Typology: Pre-built modules. Multi-family houses, apartments, townhouses and singel family houses.
WHY?
During the planning, a survey was made to see what ordinary people desired of what ordinary people wanted, what what theythe could afford and they had opportunity tohow pay they and want to live. The costumer survey that live. The customer survey showed showed that they in want to live in wellthey want to live well-planned and planned homes withfrom natural light and bright homes built solid natural natural materials, preferably close to materials. They should preferably nature, to transportation and with be closeclose to nature, close to good room for the kids to play. communications. With room for the Starting from the single preschool kids to play. teacher with asingle child,preschool the concept is for Started from teacher those want live who in anwant affordable with awho child. Fortothose to live and theown most accommodation welloffers in their home, but still havefor the bestleft price. money over for something else. Adapted to regular wallets. Offer the most accommodation for the least money. Pressed costs and good quality.
Drawing of one of the modules. 1:250
A
WHAT?
Description of elements: pre-built modules. Completed modules that are built indoors, then transported to the construction site, where they are assembled in about a week. Maximum dimensions: length 9695 mm, width 4040 mm, height 3500 mm. Sizes of the pre-built modules are from 31 sqm to 85 sqm.
HOW?
Constructed: in the factory of Boklok in Gullvingen, Vimmerby. Number of factories: One Number of employees: ca 180 Production capacity: 1200 apts/year Total built around 11000 apartments. Built 1200/year in Scandinavia. Sizes of the pre-built modules are from 31 sqm to 85 sqm. Transportation distance: Right now the longest transport route is 1450 km (building in Gällivare). Transports everywhere in Sweden.
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B
C
D
E
F
G
E
F
G
Isometric drawing of all of the existing pre-builts modules.
A
B
C
D
The pre-build modules plan
Author: AM
PROCESS
PRINCIPLES
MATERIALS
Sustainability: Everything they build should be socially, economically, environmentally and technically sustainable. Organic sustainability: minimize their negative impact on the environment. This is reflected in the fact that they build in wood which is the most climate-neutral building material of all. Technical sustainability is a reflection of their build quality. They chooses materials that last over time.
Roof: Concrete roof tiles, saddle roof. Load-bearing structure: Wall, erected with an insulated, supporting wooden frame, on the inside provided with cladding boards and on the outside a windscreen with a wooden surface. Internal walls: wooden railing and plasterboard. Outdoor doors: Wood Windows: wood/aluminum, insulating glass. Facade: Wood panels Foundation: Insulated beam base of concrete. Water: Cold and piping systems. Hot water system is mainly hidden in the floor structure. Sewer: Municipal sewer. Heating: District heating exchangers Cooling: FTX unit with mechanical supply and exhaust air ventilation Electricity: preinstalled in fabric. Colors: neutral colors indoor. Stairwells: in wood/aluminium Outdoor environment: 6-7 sqm balcony
Installation drawing roof 1:300
Installation drawings modules 1:400
Installation drawings foundation
ASSEMBLY
Consists of several modules that are assembled into an entire building. The modules have been manufactured according to the installation drawings. The modules are adapted to make it possible to use the same module, mirrored. They are delivered ready to be mounted on each other.
Modules assembled into a buildning
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BOKLOK
16. SOLHÖJDEN VISÄTRA, HUDDINGE SOLHÖJDEN VISÄTTRA, HUDDINGE.
INFORMATION
Year: 2015 Material: Wood Architect: Anders Larsson, Aloco Construction ground:Boklok Construction frame: BoKok VS and Heating: Boklok Typology: Multi-family house Construction Site Mark: Skanska Väg Ground: Skanska Väg Electricity Ambes Elservice VS and Heating: JKM Rör
NUMBERS
Number of buildings: Numbers of apartments: 94 Number of rooms: 2 - 4 Living area: 55 - 85 sqm 2 rooms: 55 sqm 3 rooms: 72 sqm 4 rooms: 85 sqm Apartment distribution: - 53 % 2 rok, 55 m2 - 30 % 3 rok, 72 m2 - 12 % 4 rok, 85 m2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Built: 2015 Municipally: Huddinge
Site plan 1:5000
Image of built example
The project consists of constructing free standing apartment buildings in 2-4 floors, built by BoKlok with volume element system. The house has roof cases with external roof drainage and is carried out with pulpwood or saddle roofs as well as balconies and attics carried by pillars in the front. In some of the residential buildings there is a stairwell with a lift that serves one or more house bodies. Multi-family house: one, two, three and four rooms. In all apartments except you also get a balcony or terrace to enjoy. Divided into two areas, flex and classic. Flex: consists of 3 houses on 4 floors, with a total of 48 apartments, as well as complementary buildings. Classic: consists of 8 houses on 2 floors, with a total of 46 apartments, as well as complementary buildings.
2 room apartment plan 1:100
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Author: AM
ASSEMBLY
Building plan 1:500
Floor plan/building isometric
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KOMBOHUS BY SABO
GENERAL INFORMATION AND PROECSS
BACKGROUND
Kombohus is a concept founded by SABO - Sveriges allmännytta. The vision with this concept is to build effective and cost friendly apartments both for the people living in these apartment and for those building them. The goal is to keep the costs down as much as possible throughout the building process, without losing any quality in living conditions or restrict the diversity of apartments.
SABO FLEX RAMUPPHANDLING BAS PLUS
INFORMATION
WHY?
HOW?
Number or projects: 15 Number of apartments: 1727 Initiated: 2010 System: Cast concrete, found with both mixed prefabricated columns and slabs with both column and slabs.
Kombohus is all based on a procurement called Flex. It is a procurement contractors are a part of that consists of different frameworks. The main goal with this procurement and what it aims for is to keep the costs down as much as possible, and build as effective as possible.
The contractors that are a part of the flex-procurement can sign a contract with different types of frameworks within the procurement. SABO and a contractor agrees together, and makes that contractor the head of that specific type of Kombohus. It can happen that one type of Kombohus is signed up to multiple contractors that builds it. These contractors thats signed to their specific types of Kombohus follow the vision of that specific type. For instance, Kombohus Trygg is a senior living that is specifically designed for older people. The contractor must then build after its standards, but they also choose framework after what suits them. For Kombohus Mini it is two contractors, JSB and Lindbäcks.They Theyre are both signed on that framework because it suits them and they can fulfill the desired requirements. Mini thats built by wood are pre built modules that gives a fast assembly. These different contractors signed up to these different frameworks gives Kombohus a big versitality and a broad audience to target, that fulfills most needs.
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MINI
CITY
KVARTER
JSB
JSB
3-6 FLOORS
3-6 FLOORS
JSB
JSB Type 6356
2-4 FLOORS
TRYGG
LIND BÄCKS
NCC
JSB
5-8 FLOORS
2-6 FLOORS
2-6 FLOORS
3-4 FLOORS
Diagram showing the set-up and process of SABO and the frameworks. Diagram shows, top to bottom; procurement, Kombohus type, contractor, material and volume.
APARTMENTS FROM 2 FLOORS AND UP
MAKE INTERNATIONAL ACTORS TAKE PART
PROMOTE LOCAL COMPETITION
LOWER THE PRICES
CUT DOWN HALF THE COST TO LEAVE AN OFFER
INVOLVE MORE ACTORS IN THE PROCESS
Author: LR LR Author:
ELEMENTS/VARIATIONS
MATERIALS
PROPORTIONS
FACADE
RESULTS
Kombohus are built in several different types of materials depending on what type of kombohus it is. The smaller Kombohus with less floors are made in wood and made out of modules while the bigger Kombohus with more floors are made out of concrete. The material is something that the concratctor stands for and determines. The contractors for the smaller Kombohus, like Kombohus Mini, are wooden factories. As in this case, the greatest Kombohus Plus contractor only deals with concrete.
The proportions differs a lot depending on the type of Kombohus. There are seven types of Kombohus; SmĂĽhus, Mini, Bas, Plus, Kvarter, City and Trygg. They have all varieties from 2 floors up to 8. Other varieties found are the size of apartments. The smaller Kombohus dont exceed apartments bigger than 2 bedrooms, while the bigger Kombohus usually dont have apartments smaller than 2 bedrooms, but can be found in a greater variety than the smaller ones. The big range of proprtions proportionsand and varieties makes the audience for these apartments broad, since something can be found to fit most people.
The most common facade is the plaster facade. This facade is found throughout every type of Kombohus. The exception is Kombohus Plus that comes in a variety of brick cladded facades, and the Mini that has a whole or partially wooden facade, but it can also be cladded with plaster no matter the wooden structure.
All this results in quality living and easy fast process for all parts involved. All these six different types contribute to big versitality versatility within within Kombohus frameworks. This is a close collaboration with the contractor, that has a great understanding for the needs and goals with the specific framework. result are is a living with good The results conditions, that can target any audience with a friendly price. The price is the most important factor that allows these well built Kombohus to be inhabited by middle or even low class families and individuals.
Kombohus Bas
Kombohus Plus
Kombohus Mini
Kombohus City
Kombohus Kvarter
Kombohus Trygg
Illustration of of the the ranging scale range from 2 to 8 levels. Illustration scale
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KOMBOHUS BY SABO
RULLSTENEN, UMEÅ 22. RULLSTENEN, UMEÅ
INFORMATION
Year: 2013 Material: Concrete Architect: Arkinova Client: KRK Fastigheter Contractor: NCC Typology: Rental
NUMBERS
Project size (BTA): 2901 m2 Number of buildings: 2 Number of storeys: 8 Number of apartments: 54 Apartment distribution: - 33% 1 rok, 35,5 m2 - 33,5% 2 rok, 51,3 m2 - 33,5% 2 rok, 53,5 m2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Site plan 1:5000
Image of built example
Diagram
Detail reinforced cast concrete
Rullstenen in Umeå is a part of the NCC Folkboende, which is the contractor building this concept Kombohus founded by SABO. Kombohus are found in several different types, and this built example is of the type Kombohus Plus. NCC Folkboende only consists of the Kombohus Plus typology. Plus has five different types of predesigned apartments the contractor can choose from, The types are called; 6435, 6374, 6356, 5337 and 4300. Rullstenen is of the type 6356.
apartment plan 1:xxx
Rullstenen consists of two buildings with 8 floors each. The total amount of apartments are 54, where 18 is one bedroom and 36 are two bedroom apartments. The total living space (BOA) is 2542m2. Kombohus isisknown for being an known for being an efficient a high density of effective concept with high exploitation. development. In this built In this built example type, type 6356,6356, for there are sixapartments apartments are six example out of six possible per floor by one vertical axes found on served one floor. core.
Apartment plan 1:100
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Author: LR LR Author:
ASSEMBLY
Foundation: Concrete slab Load-bearing structure: Mixed structure with both columns and slabs. Everything is out of concrete. Core: Free standing core, cast concrete stairs. Facade: Cladding out of brick. Internal walls: Steel structure frame covered with gypsum. Everything is made out of cast concrete on site by NCC workers. Floor plan 1:500
AXONOMETRY
This axonometry shows the whole building with an open floor. The open floor showed, shows the load bearing structure in black and grey, while the inner non load bearing walls are represented in white.
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STUDENT CONCLUSIONS
BOKLOK
The production of modular houses as a collaboration between IKEA and Skanska started in 1996, and was named BoKlok. In Swedish, this is the composition of two words: Bo Klok = Clever Nest. These words represent the concept very well. IKEA and Skanska use system and module thinking together with standardized solutions. The purpose is to enable the construction of housing at a better price, as well as providing more people with the opportunity to buy newly built, good quality housing. The modules constituting the apartments are designed with smart solutions in order to use each square meter most efficiently. Open floor plan, high ceilings, large windows and natural materials characterize the housing. The area designated for the housing is planned well in order to accommodate as many homes as possible, without sacrificing the common outdoor environment. There is always proximity to greenery and lushness, and the same time there is also close proximity to services and communication. The high level of repetition during construction allows Boklok to
KOMBOHUSEN
Kombohus by Sveriges allmännytta, SABO, is concept based on very specific and clear values and goals. It all started with multiple framework agreements between SABO and different contractors, who in the end managed to agree on several agreements. The main goal with Kombohus is to keep rents as low as possible, without compromising with the efficiency and quality of the building process. The frameworks have pre-designed apartment plans for every type of Kombohus. For example, the Kombohus Plus has five different type-plans for the contractor to choose from. This can seem rather monotonous and not contributing much to a variety, but in fact we found that it does. Every pre-designed plan offers a unique set of apartment sizes combined. However, these pre-designed templates leave very little room for the
ETC
The process and construction of the ETC Standard House in Västerås is the first to be erected and is working like a trial and error case, where adjustments of and deviations from the concept framework have been done. In conventional construction, the process and construction are always unique (just some steps are repeated in future projects) and therefore the building always becomes a prototype. Instead, the concept-developed housing in a way becomes a finished product to be repeated. As in the ETC projects, all steps will be repeated in future projects. Buildings erected with conventional methods include products but aren’t products in themselves. Long lasting relationships and repetition creates good conditions for further development of the concept.
keep the price of the apartments low. As the modules are built in Boklok’s own factory it enables the use of both a desired conveyor belt principle. material and a Fordian conveyor. From our perspective, Bokloks is a winning concept, the true essence and values of why and for whom the home is made is present as a clear concept in every project. They give our high housing shortage and normal income earners a chance to have their own home for a reasonable price. BoKlok makes our society more human. Furthermore, BoKlok is responsible for the entire value chain: from product and project development to manufacturing and construction, as well as to sales and customer relations after moving in. The consequences of this industrialized and conceptual building method can lead to monotonous architecture. However, we believe this is only the beginning of being able to contribute to a more equal society in terms of affordable housing. And that it is only a matter of time before these modules have a more appealing architecture.
presence of the architect and instead they put more focus on, and power to, the contractor. This does not necessarily need to mean that the design and living conditions suffer, but the pre-set templates do not really take in consideration who will actually live and use the designed spaces. Researching about Kombohus made us realize how many agreements and actors there actually is during a process like this, especially in a concept-built housing like Kombohus. Some materials were very difficult to acquire, especially technical drawings. We believe the involvement of different actors and contractors made certain information and material hard to access.
way of approaching a housing project seems unique. From an architect’s perspective it could be a good idea to work from this point of view, as the market today is developed to comply with everyone, being both flexible and efficient at the same time, while it is impossible to fulfill everyone’s request in every housing project.
When reading on the website of ETC, they seem to aim for certain kinds of people to live in their housing. The architecture and planning of the housing is designed based on a more strict idea of the target group, not only age and family constellation, but also social life and ideology. This
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AMV, ES, LR, MK
STOCKHOLMSHUSEN
Due to the rather strict set of rules, the two Stockholmshusen projects are at a first glance very similar. On the outside, plastered facades with pre-determined colors, similar proportions and design elements. On the inside, painted or papered walls and ceilings, standard kitchen and bathroom equipment. Unless you knock on a wall you wouldn’t know the difference in materiality between the two projects. Presumably, in near future, the buildings perform very similar too. For instance, Lindbäcks have well-functioning techniques to deal with noise transmission, which otherwise can be a problem in timber buildings.
Säterhöjden, load bearing walls, 7% of internalfloor area
However, under the plaster and gypsum, in the structure, the two projects differ a great deal. In-situ cast concrete and steel columns on one hand; factory built, timber studframe volumes on the other. If not showing on the surface, what difference in performance does these two methods of construction lead to? The fact that the Lindbäcks modules are each built as a small, standalone structure of its own, results in a high ratio of load bearing walls to floor area. In Säterhöjden the internal floor area taken up by load bearing walls is 7%, in Ledinge 1 the equivalent number is 3%. In terms of flexibility this is quite an important difference. In Säterhöjden, no big changes of the plan layout will be possible in the future. In Ledinge, on the other hand, the buildings have very few load bearing walls which allows for a higher degree of flexibility.
Ledinge 1, load bearing walls, 3% of internal floor area
The design concept gives a regular and homogeneous layout of the windows. The result brings to mind the settings of classical facades, where regularity was part of the technical function of the structure. Before steel beams and concrete entered the stage, vertical loads had to take a straight path down through the wall. In the case of Stockholmshusen, the regular window setting derives solely from the aesthetic standpoint of the architects. This creates an interesting divergence between structural and aesthetic requirements of the facade. In Säterhöjden, with the stud frame wall of Lindbäcks, there is also a regular window setting. The goal of the modules is to carry loads as evenly as possible. The studs transmit the forces, and the gypsum boards act as stabilizing elements. Hence, the stud frame wall needs vertical, unbroken, load bearing lines in order to perform efficiently. Also, a certain amount of wall area has to be solid in order for the structure to acquire sufficient stabilization. In Ledinge 1, only a few, sparsely positioned steel columns, carry the loads in the line of the facade. This kind of structure allows for a much more free window setting where ribbons, and windows over corners, would be technically possible. You wouldn’t have to argue for outmoded notions about structural honesty to state that there is a loss here. There is a potential in the structure which is not utilized to its full extend with the regular window layout. To conclude; the design concept has the potential of prohibiting the structural part of the building to rhyme with the aesthetic part of the same. Or, to look at it from another view - the structural system was not chosen to correspond efficiently with the aesthetic requirements of the design concept.
The window setting at Säterhöjden corresponds well with the technical limit of the stud frame structure.
The structure a of Ledinge 1 allows for a much more free window setting than prescribed by the design concept. For example ribbon windows.
94
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
ORGANIZATIONS A MAPPING OF ORGANISATIONS
SVENSKT NÄRINGSLIV
BYGGMATERIAL INDUSTRIERNA
BYGGFÖRETAGEN
Cementa AB, Svensk Betong, Sveriges Byggmaterialindustri Moelven Wood AB, Skogsindustrierna, TMF, Svenskt Trä
The board consists of representatives from SKANSKA, NCC, JM, PEAB, BESQAB
SVENSK BETONG
BETONGINITIATIVET Bygg Vesta, Cementa, Svensk Betong Hökerum bygg, Contiga, Betongindustri, ABetong, Anthesis, Viedekke, Swerock, Strangbetong, Thomas Betong, Chalmers, NCC, JM, Trafikverket, Fosilfritt Sverige, Riksbyggen
FOSILFRITT SVERIGE FOSSILFRITT SVERIGE Organizations Organisations and associations: Betonginitiativet, Naturskyddsföreningen, Skogsindustrierna, Svensk Betong Companies: BESQAB, Cementa AB, JM, NSS, PEAB, Riksbyggen, SCA, SKANSKA AB, Stora Enso, SWECO, White, Sveaskog Education and research: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, IVL Svenska miljöinstitutet, Väg- och transportforskningsinstitutet
ORGANIZATION EU- ORGANISATION ORGANIZATION INDUSTRY ORGANISATION
ORGANISATION ORGANIZATION INITIATIVE 95
Author: SR
CEI- BOIS Anders EkChairman and chairs the board President of SCA Timber
CEPI Karl-Henrik Sundström CEPI chariman and CEO of Stora Enso
IV
TMF
TRÄ- MÖBELFÖTRETAGEN BoKlokt byggsystem AB Moelven ByggModul AB Nock Massiva Trähus AB Lindbäcks Bygg AB PEAB Bostad AB Flexator AB
SKOGSINDUSTRIERNA SVENSKA SKOGEN
SVENSKT TRÄ Moelven - lumber mills Stora Enso Timber AB SCA Timber supply Skandinavien AB /SCA Wood AB
SVERIGES TRÄBYGGNADS KANSLI
Skogsindustrierna, LRF Skogsägarna, Bergvik skog, Sveaskog
TRÄSTAD Boardmembers of Trästad Magdalena Andersson, landshövding, Västerbotten Susanne Rudenstam, Sverigesträbyggnadskansli Chatarina Winberg (M), ordf. Växjö Kommunföretag AB Evelina Fahlesson (S), ordf. byggnadsnämnden Skellefteå Mats Dahlström (C), ledarmot Kommunstyrelsen Falun Martin Carling (C,) ordf. Fyrbodal Tobias Erkisson (S), Sunne kommun Petter Hallenberg, Svenska Vårdbostäder Sandra Frank, Folkhem Petter Jurdell, SABO Tomas Nord, Linköpings Universitet Emma Jonsteg, Utopia P-O Sjöö, GS- Facket
Timber on Top Collaboration between researchers, architects, building systems suppliers, contractors, municipalities and consultants
Wood First Trästad, WSP, Linköpings universitet, RISE*, SKL* *RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden Owned by the swedish state *Sweden's municipalities and regions
96
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
A MAPPING OF ACTORS
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In order to get a sense of which actors are the biggest in developing multi-family housing and the building methods they use, we looked at a selection of projects around Stockholm and mapped them. We were interested in revealing the relationships between architects, developers, contractors and building systems. The 36 projects all had building permits in the year of 2017 and are sorted by total quantity of square meters applied for, decreasing from left to right.
PROJECT
ARCHITECT
ALESSANDRO RIPELLIONO
DEVELOPER
JM
CONTRACTOR
JM
SUPPLIER
ABETONG
LINDBERG STENBERG
VEIDEKKE
VEIDEKKE
WAMA
ERSÉUS
ÅWL
BONAVA
ALM EQUITY
STRÄNGBETONG
PEKABEX
AMNEBY FORSLUND
HSB
STOCKHOLMSHEM
NCC
ANDERSSON COMPANY
WÄSTBYGG
CONVEA
KIRSH DEREKA
BRUNNBERG FORSHED
WHITE
FRANSROY
BMGS
BAU
EQUATOR
WALLENSTAM
SKANSKA
MECON BYGG
BETONMAST
LÄTTELEMENT
BERGKRANTZ
VST
HSB
TMB ELEMENTS
FACTORY MATERIAL
97
CONCRETE
CONCRETE STEEL
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
WOOD
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Authors: AKD, AM, ES
SKANSKA
BENDERS BYGGSYSTEM
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
CONCRETE STEEL
CONCRETE
KROOK TJÄDER
ARKITEMA
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TITANIA
STARKA
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HÖKERUM BYGG
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ENGSTRAND SPEEK
TITANIA
PEAB
Sk at
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FINJA PREFAB
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PONTVIK
SSM BYGG
IKANO
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ARKITEKTHUSET JÖNKÖPING
SANDELL SANDBERG
PEAB
IKANO
ng
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13 en På s
NYRENS
VARG
SKANDIA FASTIGHETER
HÖKERUM BYGG
LÄTTKLINKERBETONG
CONCRETE
SÖDERGRUPPEN
KROOK TJÄDER
SVENSKA BOSTÄDER
H2 ENTREPENAD
SKANDINAVISKA BYGGELEMENT
CONCRETE
VERA
EINAR MATTSSON
SERNEKE BYGG
EINAR MATTSSON
UBAB
CONCRETE
DINELL JOHANSSON
TOBIN PROPERTIES
GÄRAHOVS BYGG
CONFORM
CONCRETE
The situation turned out to be more complex than we thought. The developers are not tied to a specific contractor, and in turn the contractors are not tied to a specific supplier. The image we see is that of the liberalized market, where each actor employs the best suited contractor for each individual project. This is, for example, indicated by the high amounts of concrete elements being imported from the foreign market in order to cut costs. Secondly, the mapping shows that a big proportion of the multi-family housing is built out of concrete. Many thanks to the architecture office SECRETARY and Svensk Standard who assembled the list of building permits from 2014 and shared it with us. 98
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
A MAPPING OF CONCEPTS (both English and Swedish terminology is used in this diagram)
AKTÖRER/ PROJEKT Beställare/Uppdragsgi Fastighetsutvecklare vare
byggherre/ byggare
Arkitekt
Leverantör/Fab
Namn
privat/kommunal/statligNamn
Namn
Namn
Namn
Ramavtal 2016
Boklok
SKL
IKEA / Skanska
IKEA / Skanska
Aloco Arkitektbyrån / Anders Larsson
Own factory, Gu
Ramavtal 2016
Växa/ Addera
SKL
NCC
DEROME/NCC
Arkas arkitekter
DEROME, fabri
Ramavtal 2016
Ullvide och Daggkåpa
SKL
Lindbäcks bygg
Lindbäcks bygg
Engstrand och Speek AB
Linbäcks Bygg o
Ramavtal 2016
modulhus
SKL
Vida Building
Vida Building
Vida Building
NCC Komplett
NCC
NCC
NCC
NCC fabrik hals
Folkboende
NCC, other (SABO KOMBOHUS)
NCC
NCC
NCC
Lamell & Växa
NCC, other (SKL RAMAVATAL 2016)
NCC
NCC/ DEROME
NCC / DEROME
ETC typhus
ETC bygg
ETC bygg
ETC bygg
Hans Eek, Kjellgren Kaminsky RIKO trästomm
RIKI- HUSET
Amarant
Riki-huset (Amarant)
Riki-huset (Amarant)
Argo Arkitekter
Stockholmshusen
SB Svenska Bostäder
SB Svenska Bostäder, Familjebostäder, Stockholmshem
Fyre entreprenörer upphandlade att bygga: Einar Mattsson Byggnads AB, Lindbäcks Bygg AB, NCC, Skanska
working lokal: Fastighets AB E Per Kallstenius, Morten Togo Danielsso Johansson- Dinell Johansson, SISAB Bibbi Leine -Landskapslaget AEVS Smörkniv
Snabba Hus
SB Svenska Bostäder
SB, Jagvillhabostad.nu
SB
Andreas Martin-Löf Arkitekter (Junior Living)
Junior Living->
OBOS (obos sverige)
OBOS( OBOS Sverige)
OBOS
Foure own fabri
Projekt
Bild
OBOS Start Living
99
olika/ utländska
Det ljuva livet
SABO
NCC
NCC
Linbäcks Bygg o
Ramavtal 2013-2017
Kombohus PLUS
SABO
NCC
NCC
NCC SKANSKA Lindbäcks bygg
Ramavtal 2012-2015
Kombohus BAS
SABO
JSB
JSB
Lindbäcks bygg
Ramavtal 2013-2017
Kombohus PLUS
SABO
SKANSKA
SKANSKA
NCC SKANSKA Lindbäcks bygg
Ramavtal 2015-2019
Kombohus MINI
SABO
PEAB
PEAB
Lars Burlin Peter Lingstrand Henrik Munde
Authors: AMV, LR, MK
Lättklinkerbeton
Leverantör/Fabrik
Material
Ekonomi
ÅR
Målgrupp
Namn
yrån / Anders
Förvaltning
Wood
r
DEROME, fabriker i Kristinehamn, Skelefteå och Värö
volume wood elements SEB fastighetsfond
pågående
Speek AB
Linbäcks Bygg own fabric
wood
SEB fastighetsfond
pågående
Vida Building
wood
16 000–20 000 kronor per BOA SEB fastighetsfond
NCC fabrik halstahammar
wood
NCC
In-situ concrete
NCC / DEROME
wood / Concrete
pågående
wood CLT
pågående
different
pågående
concrete
pågånde
Junior Living-> My first home bygg AB, Prefament fabric in Kungsör
concrete och steel,l movable modules by Preframent
2016- pågående
Foure own fabrics in Myresjö, Vrigstad, Sävsjö och Sundsval
wood, fler än 90st leverantörer av material till deras fabriker
in progress
Linbäcks Bygg own fabric
trä
NCC SKANSKA Lindbäcks byggnad
prefab betong
Lindbäcks byggnad
olika/ utländska bla Fabrik i Shanghai
working lokal: Svenska Hem i Bromma Fastighets AB Erik Dahl , Morten Togo Danielsson Byggnads AB nell Johansson, SISAB ndskapslaget AEVS Smörkniven AB mfl.
n-Löf Arkitekter
nd
SEB fastighetsfond
Multi-family, Single-family, 55+. Condominium
Own factory, Gullvingen in Vimmerby
lgren Kaminsky RIKO trästommar Fredrik Fagerberg
Upplåtelseform
1990 - today
2002-2008
Hyres och koperativt ägande?
hyres- och bostadsrätt. SB/ Förvaltas av lokala fastighetsägare
unga adults 18-30 year
hyresrätt, SB
pågående
flerfamilj
hyres och bostadsrätt
prefab betong
pågående
flerfamilj
hyres och bostadsrätt
NCC SKANSKA Lindbäcks byggnad
prefab betong
pågående
flerfamilj
hyres och bostadsrätt
Lättklinkerbetong AB
prefab betong eller stål
pågående
flerfamilj
hyres
2004
100
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
CONCRETE DISTRIBUTORS IN SWEDEN
FACTORY
1 Benders byggsystem 2 UBAB 3 Lättklinkerbetong 4 Abetong AB 5 Alfa rör AB 6 Attacus Betonghus(Stomsystem) 7 Byggmontage Forsell AB 8 Byggnadsfirman PME AB 9 CarlGustav Solutions AB 10 Contiga AB 11 Frense Living Bygg AB 12 Huskvarna Cementgjuteri AB 13 Kynningsrud Prefab AB 14 Liljeholmens Cementvarufabrik 15 Nybro Cementgjuteri, AB 16 Peab Grundläggning AB 17 Prefabmästarna Sverige AB 18 Prefabsystem Montage Stockholm 19 Starka Betongelement AB 20 Stomkonsult Entreprenad AB 21 Strängbetong AB 22 Timrå Betongindustri AB 23 TJ Montage AB 24 Tranemo Prefab AB 25 Veidekke Prefab 26 Enstaberga Cementgjuteri AB 27 Kilanda Betong AB
DISTRIBUTOR
28 Lujabetong AB 29 Thomas Betong 30 ABT Betong AB 31 Alwex Transport AB 32 Betongindustri AB 33 Byggbetong John Dahlgren AB 34 EA Betong AB 35 Ejlertslunds Grus & Betong AB 36 GEBA Betong i Vimmerby AB 37 Gidmarks Grus & Betong 38 Högsby Grus & Betong AB 39 LKAB Berg och Betong AB 40 Lujabetong AB 41 OP-Betong AB 42 Pilgrimstad Cementvarufabrik AB 43 Rabo Produkter AB 44 Skanska Industrial Solutions 45 Strömstadsbetong & Co KB, AB 46 Swerock AB 47 Sydsten AB 48 Våxtorps Betong AB 49 Veinge Betong AB 50 Gröna Pumpar 51 Cementa AB 52 Mapei AB 53 Modern Betong 54 Schwenk Sverige AB 55 SSAB Merox AB
101
Authors: BL, ES, MF, TL
A MAPPING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
INNER WALL
OUTER WALL
IN-SITU
SLAB
SEMI-PREFAB
In-situ cast
Filigree slab
FULL PREFAB
In order to find out which techniques and elements are most common in concrete structures today, we have looked at technical drawings of 34 apartments buildings in the Stockholm municipality between the year 2010-2020. We chose projects from the biggest actors: NCC, JM, PEAB, SKANSKA, BONAVA, Riksbyggen, Veidekke, Einar Mattsson, Erlandsson, MVB, Serneke and HSB. Here, we used the category semi-prefabricated to define elements which are pre-cast at factory and then used as a permanent formwork at the building site. We found that there is a wide mix of different elements and techniques being used. Worth to note is that only 1/4 of the structures were fully prefabricated and that filigree slabs were used in 3/4 of the cases. Furthermore, the companies doing in-situ work are the biggest contractors in the business. According to a manager at NCC (Eriksson, J 2020, interview, 26 February), this is probably due to the individual resources; NCC, JM and PEAB do big infrastructural projects and have their own concrete workforces.
Solid slab
Hollow core slab
Double wall element
Steel columns (part of infill wall)
Solid wall element
Double wall
Sandwich
Steel columns in outer load bearing
NCC, JM, PEAB
Filigree slabs
26% Structures with fully prefabricated elements: Hollow core slabs, solid slabs, solid inner walls and sandwich facade panels.
74% Structures with a mix of fully prefabricated elements, semi-prefabricated elements and in-situ cast walls
102
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
TIMBER VOLUME DISTRIBUTORS IN SWEDEN
Moelven Byggmodul AB
Moelven Säffle Factory Moelven Torsby Factory Moelven Sandsjöfors Factory Moelven Kil Factory Skagershuset Vega Park Cedarhusen Visättra Studentboande Grönpepparn & Kamomillen Hägerneholm Terrasshusen
Lindbäcks Bygg Ab
Lindbäcks Factory Fjällvyn Plejadgatan Nybackakvarteret Tallen
Space m2
Gibraltar Guesthouse Lifetime Ekerö Space m2 Factory
Nock Massiva Hus
Nock Massiva Trähus Algutstorp KV Pumpan
Flexator
Flexator AB Flexator AB Flexator AB Loftgångshus Åsa 1 Studentboende Brunnsbo Typhus Sannebo 1 Typhus Sannebo 1 Typhus Sannebo 1 Typhus Sannebo 1
Derome Plusshus
Derome Husproduktion AB Derome Plusshus Husprodukion AB Derome Plusshus Husproduktion Lodge Staddskogan
Astel Modular
Factory Appartements Appartements Appartements Temporary appartements Row houses Duplex houses
Junior Living
Factory Snabba Hus Västberga
Sizes
Sizes Works Barret 1
More information
https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?fbclid=IwAR1W7UzcWhEC4cG-z4MpmCOIz8QCmbERfxYlb3igsvlkiXFlTCQkHnnyiaE&mid=1qY4k0x-B_ COsNR-CvJJeh1EWjoormXUb&ll=63.0271109082377 6%2C18.141974300000015&z=5
103
Authors: KB, PV, SMB
x
international market
x
permanent structures
x
temporary structures
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
open system
Trälyftet
x
Hjaltevandshus
Nock Massiva Hus
x
Astel Moduar
Space M2
x
Flexator
Lindbäcks Bygg AB
active 2020
Derome Plusshus
Moelven Byggmodul AB
TIMBER VOLUME DISTRIBUTORS - COMPARATIVE TABLE
x
x
x x
closed system
x
x
x
x
x
customisable volume
x
x
x
x
housing
x
x
x
x
offices schools
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
C O M PA R AT I V E TA B L E TIMBER VOLUME FABRICATORS
104
APPENDIX - PRELIMINARY RESEARCH
CLT AND GLULAM DISTRIBUTORS IN SWEDEN
GLULAM
GLULAM
1. Martinsson, Bygdsiljum, Västerbot-
ten Factories in Sweden 1960 - Glued wood began to be manufactured
1987 - New glulam factory Västerbot Bygdsiljum, 1. Martinsson, 1995 - another glulam factory is ten opened 1960 - 2000 Glued wood began be manu - expanded factoryto to produce factured glulam for the Japanese market 1987 - New glulam factory 2. Setra, Långshyttan, Dalarna is opened 1995 - another glulam factory 1965 - Långhyttan, small scale 2000 -laminated expanded factory to produce timber production glulam1996 for -the marketproducnewJapanese factory - increased tion of glulam by 50%
2. Setra, Långshyttan, Dalarna 3. Moelven
1
1919 - Töreboda Glulam factory opens.
1965 - Långhyttan Small-scale laminated 1982 - Töreboda Limträ was taken over by its competitor Moelven, which was timber production then named Moelven Töreboda Limträ 1996 - new factory - increased produc AB. tion of glulam by 50%
3. Moelven
CLT
1919 - Töreboda Glulam factory opens. 1982 - Töreboda Limträ was taken over by its competitor Moelven, which was then named Moelven Töreboda Limträ 1. Martinsson, Bygdsiljum, Västerbotten AB. 2003 - Manufacture of CLT begins 2017 - New factory for CLT opens 2. Setra, Långshyttan, Dalarna 2020 - starts to produce CLT
2
4. Södra, Varö 5. Stora Enso, gruvön
5 3
4
105
Authors: AF, EK, AM
CLT AND GLULAM - FACTS
(glulam) is an engineered timber product, Glued laminated timber (also called glulam) is an engineered timmade from layers timber glued together withtogether durable,with moisber product, madeoffrom layers of timber glued durable, ture-resistant structural adhesive. The most moisture-resistant structural adhesive. Most commonly commonly used used wood species manufacturing glulam softwoods such spruce, pine and for glulam manufacture areare softwoods such asas spruce, fir,fir, pine and Glulam used for elements such such as vertical posts,posts, horizontal larch. Used forismanufacturing elements as vertical hobeams and unusually shaped forms such as curves arches. It is rizontal beams and unusually shaped forms such asand curves. Used in applied insuch largeasbuildings like manufacturing halls, multi-apartbuildings large manufacturing halls, multi-apartment houmentlibraies, houses, galleries, libraries, galleries, sport and facilities and other public ses, sport facilities other public buildings buildings BENEFITS BENEFITS- In relation to its weight, glulam is one of the strongest STRONG STRONG - materials. In relation to its weight, glulam is one of the strongest structural structural materials. RENEWABLE - The raw material is renewable. The glulam can be RENEWABLE - As the raw material is renewable. Glulam can be reused or recycled. reused or recycled. LESS WASTE - Glulam can be produced from smaller trees with LESS WASTE -less Glulam can be solid produced from smaller trees with considerably waste than timber products. considerablyGlulam less waste solidwith timber products. BEAUTIFULis a than material character and is therefore APPEARANCEIt is a material with character and is therefore often often used by architects. used by architects. - The energy consumption in glulam production ENERGY-EFFICIENT ENERGY-EFFICIENT The energy consumption during is very low compared- to other materials. production of glulam is verycan lowwithstand comparedharsh to other materials. DURABLE – Laminated wood weather conditions DURABLE – Laminated can withstand harsh weather conditions better than many otherwood construction materials. better than-many otherwood construction materials. MOLDABLE Adhesive can be formed in principle anyway. Form MODIFIABLE - Adhesive can be stable - Glued wood doeswood not twist orformed curl. in almost any way. It is also stable in its-final form - glued wood does twistthan or curl. FIRE RESISTANT laminated wood resists a firenot better many FIRE RESISTANT other materials. - Structural laminated wood resists fire better than many other materials. AFFORDABLE - The total cost of a glulam construction is often lower AFFORDABLE The totaloptions. cost of a glulam construction is often lower than for other-material than for other material options. EASY MACHINED – Glues wood can be machined with simple hand EASILY – Glued wood can be machined with simple hand tools asMACHINED well as with machine tools. tools, as well as with larger machine tools. DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES CHARACTER - If the unpredictable character of wood with knots, CHARACTER - If the unpredictable character wood withgreen knots,oak splits and natural cracks are your thing, thenof traditional splits and may natural crackssuitable are preferred, buildings be more for you.traditional green oak timber may be more suitable to use.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a wood panel product made from gluing layers of layers solid-sawn lumber. Each layer of board together of solid-sawn lumber. Each layer is of usually boards oriented to adjacenttolayers and layers glued and together is usuallyperpendicular oriented perpendicular adjacent gluedononthe wide faces of each board in a symmetric so that the layers the wide faces of each board, usually in away symmetric wayouter so that the are given thehave same orientation. Therefore, number of layers outer layers the same orientation. An an oddodd number of layers is is most common. It is large surface forwalls. outerinner walls, most common. Used inused largeinsurface panels panels for outer inner and roofs. Often applied in buildings such as walls,walls, floorsfloors and roofs. Used in buildings such as single-family single-family houses, multi-apartment houses, schools and sport houses, multi-apartment houses, schools and sport facilities. facilities. BENEFITS BENEFITS STRONG - High strength in relation to the self-weight of the mateSTRONG - High strength in relation to the self-weight of the material. rial. LARGE SIZE - The characteristic feature of structural components in LARGE SIZE - The feature of structural components in CLT – for walls andcharacteristic floor structures – is their size. CLT (for walls- and floor structures) is their RENEWABLE Wood is an eco-friendly andsize. recyclable construction RENEWABLE Woodcorrectly, is an eco-friendly recyclable material that,- used has a longand service life. construction material which, when correctly,from has smaller a long service life.consideLESS WASTE - CLT canused be produced trees with LESS - CLT cansolid be produced from smaller trees with considrably WASTE less waste than timber products. erably less waste than solid timber products. LOW SELF-WEIGHT - Low self-weight, which means lower transport LOW SELF-WEIGHT Low self-weight, which means lower transport and assembly costs,- as well as lower foundation costs and assembly costs, as well lower foundation DURABLE – Good capacity toas tolerate chemicallycosts. aggressive enDURABLE – Good capacity to tolerate chemically aggressive envivironments. ronments. FLEXIBLE - Flexible production that even allows the manufacture of FLEXIBLE - Flexible production that even allows the manufacturing curved surfaces. of curved surfaces. FIRE SAFETY - Good load-bearing capacity in fire. The solid FIRE SAFETY Good load bearing capacity fire. The solid structure and -the cladding material usuallyduring used provide good fire structure safety. and the cladding material usually used provide good fire safety. INSULATION - Good thermal insulation capacity. INSULATION - Good thermal insulation capacity. DISADVNATAGES DISADVANTAGES NOISE/VIBRATION - Several measures to obtain a good sound enNOISE/VIBRATION - Several measures to such obtain good vironment are required than for heavier required structures, asaconcrete. sound environment -compared to heaviertostructures, e.g. concrete. FIRE PROTECTION Several measures achieve effective fire FIRE PROTECTION - Several measures required by law to achieve protection are required than in buildings with non-combustible effective protection compared to buildings with non-combustimaterials,fire such as concrete. ble materials, e.g. concrete. 106
COURSE LECTURES
SATU HUUHKA
Images 2-6: Jokiniemi & Davies 2012: Illustrated building dictionary Finnish-English-Finnish
Adjunct Professor Satu Huuhka from Tampere University lectured on the topics of Tectonics and Systems, Adaptability, and Climate and Circularity. She provided the conceptual clarity and framework for organizing the Swedish structural systems. Huukha generously shared her experience with prefabricated building research, renovation, and re-use from Finland, Sweden, and Germany. Here are a few references to her excellent work: Satu Huuhka & Sini Saarimaa (2018): Adaptability of mass housing: Size modifications of flats as a response to segregation. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36(4): 408-426. Open access: http://urn. fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201809122278
Structural systems’ logic •
Member construction (1) – –
•
Timber Steel (hybrid)
1
Wall and slab construction (2,3) – –
Concrete Timber (hybrid)
•
Column and slab construction (4)
•
Column and beam construction (5,6)
–
– – –
Concrete
Concrete Timber (hybrid) Steel (hybrid)
Cross-wall frame/
Partially prefab (non-load-bearing exterior walls)
Huuhka, S., Naber, N., Asam, C. and Caldenby, C. (2019). Architectural potential of deconstruction and reuse in declining mass housing estates. Nordic Journal of Architectural Research, 31: 139–179. Huuhka, S., Kaasalainen, T., Hakanen, J. H. and Lahdensivu, J. (2015). Reusing concrete panels from building for buildings: potential in Finnish 1970s mass housing. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 101: 105–121.
JERKER LESSING OCH TOMAS ALSMARKER Adjunct Professor at Stanford University and Director of Research and Development at BoKlok Jerker Lessing and structural engineer Tomas Alsmarker presented and questioned a wider perspective on the role of the architect and the role of the engineer in industrialized mass housing. Lessing gave us the conceptual understanding of industrialized building from the technological forefront and how BoKlok has spent decades trying to find a more rationalized, efficient and optimized model. Alsmarker challenged us to not see industrialization as merely a model for repetitive housing but as a means of gaining freedom of design. Both Lessing and Alsmarker shared their long experience in working to close the gap between architecture and engineering.
In-situ cast
degree of prefabrication
Partially prefab (all exterior walls)
Partially prefab (all exterior walls and slabs) Partially prefab (all exterior and interior walls) Source: Mäkiö et al. (1994): Kerrostalot 1960-1975
18 variants
Fully prefabricated
Coverage 80% of the era’s flats
Tapio Kaasalainen & Satu Huuhka: Homogenous homes of Finland: ’Standard’ flats in non-standardized blocks
Accessibility: 3rd level improvements internal structures 1) Floor tiled to ease cleaning 2) Wall relocated to provide space for wheelchair storage 3) Replacing the wall with a folding door 4) Slope to the bathroom, enlargening the door opening 5) Relocation of the door opening
Four slides from Satu Huuhka’s lecture
107
Kaasalainen 2015: Ikääntyvät asukkaat ja asunnot – Vaiheittaiset esteettömyysparannukset lähiökerrostaloissa.
Rationellt byggande. Sunt boende.
HELENA LIDELÖW Associate Professor at Luleå University of Technology and Head of Engineering at Lindbäcks Helena Lidelöw gave us deep insights into the business, production, and technology of prefabricated volume elements for housing construction. She helped us understand the connection between the architectural detail, the logistics of a factory and the on-site construction process. Lidelöw also generously shared her experience of industrialized construction in general, working with the Swedish housing market, and how a sustainable “from the floor” and worker perspective, for example, can break gender roles. Bara text från Jerker och Tomas eftersom de inte delade deras bilder, eller hur.
Industrialized production of multi-family housing
Sales / project development
Walls- floor- ceiling
Transport 0-800 miles
Production ≈ 4 weeks
Design < 32 weeks
Elements assembled
Assembly of modules
Client order decoupling point
Completion ≈ 6 months
Assembly ≈ 4 weeks
Completion of modules
Client entrance in construction
Concept-to-order Design-to-order Adapt-to-order Engineer-to-stock
Engineer-to-order
CLIENT
SUPPLIER
Make-to-order
Assemble-to-order
Make-to-stock
Ship-to-stock
Concept
Two slides from Helena Lidelöw’s lecture
Engineering
Production based on forecast
Manufacturing
Assembly
Shipping
Production based on client order
MARIYA RUSAK PhD student Mariya Rusak from AHO in Oslo provided an insight into her ongoing research on the prefabrication of wood construction and specifically the Moelven company. Her insights guided us towards a better understanding the historical and material dimensions of prefabricated structural systems. Rusak’s visually impressive presentation also gave us the opportunity to talk about the many examples of prefabricated buildings that exist outside of the traditional large scale multi-housing developments.
Two slides from Mariya Rusak’s lecture
Moelven prefabricated element system, Moelven Industrier.
Wachsmann & Gropius, “Packaged House” System, 1942-1952 Harvard Art Museums/Busch-Reisinger Museum, Gift of Ise Gropius.
108
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CREDITS 2020. Gibraltar Guest House Apartment Plan. [image] Available at: <https://www.bornsteinlyckefors.se/> [Accessed 17 February 2020]. 2020. Gibraltar Guest House Isometric Diagram. [image] Available at: <https://www.bornsteinlyckefors.se/> [Accessed 17 February 2020]. 2020.Gibraltar Guest House Typical Floor Plan. [image] Available at: <https://www.bornsteinlyckefors.se/> [Accessed 17 February 2020]. 2020. Exterior Image Of Gibraltar Guest House. [image] Available at: <https://www.chalmersstudentbostader.se/ en/hus-campus-johanneberg/gibraltar-guesthouse/> [Accessed 12 March 2020]. 2020. Rendering. [image] Available at: <https://www. iamhome.se/blog/intresseanmalan-till-hyresratternapa-karlssons-ang> [Accessed 12 March 2020]. 2020. Rendering. [image] Available at: <http://lindbacks.se/ referenser/nybackakvarteret/> [Accessed 12 March 2020]. 2020. Facade Detail Gibraltar Guest House. [image] Available at: <https://www.svenskttra.se/publikationerstart/tidningen-tra/2019-4/hoga-ambitioner-medmoduler-och-fackverk/> [Accessed 5 March 2020].
Bibliography - Concept
REFERENCES Boklok, Material for Boklok bostäder, viewed February 2020 <https://www.boklok.se/> ETC, Material för ETC Hyreshus , viewed February 2020, <https://www.etc.se/etc-hyreshus/material-etchyreshus>. H Eek 2020, Per. comm, 17 February Fürst Melin, Y & Olsson, L 2016. En fallstudie av projektet Stockholmshusen, Examensarbete, Lunds Tekniska Universitet, viewed 18 february 2020, <https://docplayer. se/108681787-Examensarbete-en-fallstudie-avprojektet-stockholmshusen-ylva-melin-furst-linneaolsson-civilingenjorsexamen-arkitektur.html> Haglund, F 2010. Tekniska bostadsplattformar – erfarenheter av användning och tillämpning i projekteringen, Examensarbete, Lunds Tekniska Universitet, viewed 18 february 2020, <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record. jsf?pid=diva2%3A1028868&dswid=-7810> Huddinge Kommun, Bygglovshandlingar, viewed February 2020.<https://www.huddinge.se/bostad-och-miljo/ bygglov/sok-bygglovsritningar>bygglov@huddinge.se Mathias Elthammar, Registrator, 08-535 300 00 Höglund, S (ed.) 2016, Genomförandebeslut gällande AB Svenska Bostäders nyproduktion av bostäder i kv. Ledinge 1, Tensta, Stadsledningekontoret, Stockholms stadshus AB, viewed 11 february 2020, <https://insynsverige.se/ documentHandler.ashx?did=1868244> Högset Jonas, 2018, SABOs Kombohus plus, Sveriges allmännytta. Accessed 8 February 2020 <https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/sabo.se/ protected/Kombohus_Plus_180523.pdf?X-Amz-ContentSha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAJUSUSBBBJXN MHVUQ%2F20200301%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_ request&X-Amz-Date=20200301T113438Z&X-AmzSignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=3900&X-Amz-Sign ature=882bfd67599d22e8356e286d9177367f7bd6edf42f8e b25cd6d694a0844d8737> Jennische, A 2018, Klart: Så hög blir hyran i Stockholms ”billiga” hus., Östermalmsnytt, 12 December, viewed 11 february 2020, <https://www.stockholmdirekt.se/nyheter/ klart-sa-hog-blir-hyran-i-stockholms-billiga-hus/ reprll!HAhQ9ufTZ28rrRJlKQeo3A/> Kallstenius, P, Johansson, M & Leine, B 2018, Gestaltningsprogram för Stockholmshusen, viewed 18 february 2020, <https://etjanster.stockholm. se/Byggochplantjansten/PresentPlan/GetFile?fil eRecordNumber=7021652&journalNumber=201704553&fileName=Gestaltningsprogram%20 f%C3%B6r%20Stockholmshusen> Lawsson, E (ed.) 2015, Projekt Stockholmshusen – genomförandebeslut upphandling, Familjebostäder, viewed 11 february 2020, <https://insynsverige.se/ documentHandler.ashx?did=1806269> NCC, NCC Folkboende, Rullstenen, Umeå. Accessed 9 February 2020<https://www.ncc.se/vara-projekt/ rullstenen-umea/> Nygren, T 2013. Montage- och hanteringsinstruktioner. Flens byggelement ab, viewed 18 february 2020, <http://www. fbelement.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Montagehantering_fbe.pdf> Stockholmshem 2020, Stockholmshem bygger: 102 hyreslägenheter i Rågsved, viewed 11 february 2020, <https://www.stockholmshem.se/om-oss/nyhetsarkiv/102hyreslagenheter-i-ragsved/>
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CREDITS 2020. Diagram and photo of Visättra Boklok. [image] Available at<https://aloco.se/boklok-main.php> 2020. Diagram and photo of ETC bygg. [image] Available at: <https://www.etc.se/sites/all/files/atoms/ files/2018/02/180219_etc_presentation.pdf>[Accessed 10 February 2020]. 2020. Render of ETC bygg. [image] Available at: <https://www.etc.se/sites/all/files/atoms/ files/2019/02/2019-01-31_bygglovshandlingar.pdf> [Accessed 10 February 2020]. 2020. Rendering of Säterhöjden. [image] Available at <https://www.familjebostader.com/globalassets/ nyproduktion/saterhojden-ragsved-hrs/saterhojdengatuvy-1024.jpg> 2020. Rendering of Ledinge 1. [image] Available at <https:// www.svenskabostader.se/siteassets/nyproduktion/ ledinge/stockholmshusen-alt-3.jpg>
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KTH ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL Industrial building is far more complex than expected. This catalogue is a study and mapping of contemporary structural systems in Sweden right now! Mapping actors in the building industry including developers, factories, architects, organizations and companies displays an array of methods and processes towards building the everyday home for a large part of Sweden. But does it provide good housing for the masses? Studying the material compositions of structural systems, as well as recent building permits in the Stockholm region over the past couple of years, express a taxonomy of how mass housing has implemented industrial building methods - but not as expected.