C U LT IV AT I N G R E S I L I E N C E
C O NV E NT O D A G R A C A A S N E I G H B O U R H O O D L A R D E R Alexandra Kuklinski
Full bleed across pages Big overall image of project. Axo or model.
Full bleed across pages Big overall image of project. Axo or model.
View up towards Convento da Graca Bell Tower
S U M M A RY The City of Unsure Ground meta-narrative prompted a series of investigations into the urban fields of Edinburgh and Lisbon. The first architectural tests took place in the context of Edinburgh and focussed on water, both as valuable resource and as a material with certain physical properties. The theme of water was carried to Lisbon and used to divine a site within the historical quarter of the Alfama (hot springs). At the highest point of the selected neighbourhood stands an ambiguous and composite building: Convento da Graca, once an active convent, now military owned.This convent became the testing ground for a series of programs (food, investigated by myself, medicine, by Sophia Humphries and knowledge, by Xixi Xu). These three key components were drawn from historical convent life and the timeless city life of Lisbon. These programs are also vital in the event of drought, which featured heavily in early imaginings of Lisbon as a dried up city. The techniques of mapping and casting were employed throughout the process. Mapping involved unearthing lost information from archival material and assembling semi-fictional readings of the cities, to find new ways of interpreting the urban fields. Casting, in contrast, was central to the practical act of making, understanding fluid movements, the level of detail that could be transferred, and stresses upon the formwork. This led to certain architectural qualities of ‘cast’ spaces to be drawn into the architectural forms in the design tests. Within the group narrative lies my own micro narrative, that of food. Cultivation, storage, cooking and dining. At each stage there is a tie to the land; the geological, the aqueous and the atmospheric. The act of cultivation relies on the ground for nutrients and water; storage conditions may be adjusted by using the thermal properties of the ground; cooking requires certain levels of ventilation and temperature control; lastly, the act of dining is an activity of comfort, where view and atmosphere play a role. The Neighbourhood Larder embodies a place of holding and safekeeping, as well as a place of community gathering.This ties back to the historical role of the convent at the centre of the Parish as the storage/distribution point of grain.1 This proposal aims to aggregate the sense of community: a shared larder for the neighbourhood. The topographical landscape was a central concern within the project. The viewing terraces of Lisbon (Miradouros) inspired a reworking of the landscape. The land is sculpted and reshaped by the new structure, and the new structure responded to the existing morphologies. The building cascades across the hillside, creating new view points once unavailable to all but the inhabitants of the convent. At its core, the project works between the material and the immaterial- the physical nature of the land, and the ethereal nature of community. The impartial movement and flow of water juxtaposed with the control and power that water and resources grant. New architectures attempt to reconcile the real, the tangible- structure, environment- with the intangible, the personal- the life force of Lisbon. 1 Currently, smaller Parishes are being combined into larger ones as a way of streamlining of the power distribution of Lisbon.
LANDSCAPE OF THE CONVENT
ALFAMA : CITY QUARTER
CASTING
MAPPING
WATER CONTEXT
INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES
CONVENTO DA GRACA AS LARDER
CULTIVATION
STORAGE
COOKING
DINING
ARCHITECTURAL MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE AND LAW
WAT E R C O NT E XT An exploration of water as precious resource in the context of Edinburgh and Lisbon. Water movement (aqueduct/water network/drainage) and places of static containment (well/reservoir/cistern).
WAT E R MA P P I N G : E D I N B U R G H
Topography Water Flow
Historic Drainage 1867
City Centre[s] City Walls
Well Locations
Water Supply
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MAIN WATER SUPPLY FOR LISBON, CONTROLLED BY EPAL.
DAM BUILT NEAR THE BORDER OF PORTUGAL. DROUGHTS HAVE BECOME MORE COMMON SINCE ITS CONSTRUCTION.
MA D R I D WAT E R
P O L IT I C S
On the national level, Spain and Portugal share the Tagus River Basin, which terminates in Lisbon’s Estuary. Control of water and control of power often go hand in hand, as Francisco Franco (Spanish dictator) demonstrated in the construction of large scale engineering works during his rule.
F R E S H W AT E R C ITY
WAT E R I N D E X I N G : M ET R O P O L ITA N S CA L E
Aqueduct Aquas Livres Mae D’Agua Reservatorio Patriarcha
Water Fountain
Water Feature
Water Fountain
Chafariz d’el Rei
Carmo Fountain
Sao Paulo Fountain Water Fountain
Barbadinhos Station de Pompage
Alfama / Hot Springs
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F I E L D W O R K I N T H E A L FA MA D I ST R I CT O F H OT S P R I N G S
WAT E R I N D E X I N G : H U MA N S CA L E
Convento da Graça Fountain
Convento da Graça Drinking Fountain
São Vicente de Fora Fountain
São Vicente de Fora Well
São Vicente de Fora Cistern
Igreja de San Estêvão Fount
nto tain
Balneariio Publico (Public Spa)
Public Washing Facility
Chafariz de Dentro
Museu do Fado Pumping Station
Museu do Fado Cistern
Aqueduct
Pump Stations
Cisterns
Celebratory Fountains
WAT E R I N D E X
Courtyard Water Instruments
Historic Chafariz
Public Drinking Fountains
Water infrastructure was recorded photographically throughout the field trip.
Water Facilities
1:100 SECTION THROUGH RESERVOIR ALONG LINE OF AQUEDUCT
Castlehill Reservoir, Edinburgh
1:50 EXCURSUS PROPOSAL STABILISER, POTENTIALLY INTERMINABLE SET PIECE, NOSTALGIA PRODUCING INSTRUMENT A series of dark rooms, storage spaces and sound studios which require either protection from background noise or sunlight. An Edinburgh water museum could possibly cut along the line of the aqueduct and dig down to reveal it as an artefact embedded in the building, like the piece of Flodden Wall in the Museum of Scotland. This museum could be more open and make use of the full height and proportions of the space, whilst the pockets of protected activities would be of a more functional size.
Sao Vicente de Fora Constructed 1147 - 1629 Institition: Church
Patriarchal Reservoir Constructed 1860-1864 Institution: EPAL
WAT E R I N D E X I N G : C I ST E R N S C E L E B R AT O RY W AT E R M O N U M E NT S
Mae de Agua Constructed 1835 Institution: EPAL
Fado Museum Cistern Constructed 1868 Institution: Unknown
A L F A M A : C ITY Q U A RT E R Field work was largely concentrated within a the dense, historic Arab Quarter of the Alfama. The chosen route spanned three Parishes, the Graca Parish, the Sao Vicente de Fora Parish and the Santa Estevao Parish.
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During the field trip a walk was taken through the city, from the highest point we could reach down to the tagus, roughly following the flow water would take through the streets.
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This route was analysed in terms of centres of the community/power within the Parish, water distribution, drainage, program along the walk and spacial quality.
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SaoE Vicente de Fora Parish Sao Vicente de Fora Monastery
Da Graca Parish Convento da Graca
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Santa Estervao Parish Santa Estevao Church
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BUSINESS/OFFICE GARAGE LADIES CLOTHES SHOP
DERELICT RESIDENTIAL HAIRDRESSERS
Average Street Slope: 7 Steepest Street Slope: 8 Gentlest Slope: 6 Average Street Width to Facade Height: 8.2m to 9.6m Maximum: 8.7m to 6.9m Minimum: 6m to 10.5m
RESIDENTIAL BLANK WALL (GARDEN)
RECORDING STUDIO
RESIDENTIAL
G RA CA PA R I S H
CHURCH
BOY SCOUT ACTIVITIES
MILITARY USE
CONFECTIONARY SHOP DISUSED CAFE RESIDENTIAL RESTAURANT
CERAMIC SHOP CERAMIC SCULPTURE SHOP CAFE/GALLERY
DERELICT
CAFE
ELECTRONICS SHOP RESTAURANT
STATIONARY SHOP RESIDENTIAL
DIY SHOP RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL
Average Street Slope: 4 Steepest Street Slope: 7 Gentlest Slope: 1 Average Street Width to Facade Height: 7.4m to 10.5m Maximum: 8.3m to 5.8m Minimum: 4m to 12m
KITCHEN APPLIANCE SHOP
SAO VICENTE DE FORA MONASTERY
SA O V I C E NT E D E F O RA PA R I S H
CARPENTERS WORKSHOP
DERELICT CAFE
BARBERS WOOD WORKSHOP
SCULPTURE/CERAMIC SHOP RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
HAIRDRESSERS BISTRO CAFE
CERAMIC SHOP
BAKERY
FUNERAL DIRECTOR CRAFT SHOP WALL (GARDEN)
ART GALLERY CAFE
CORNER SHOP
GROCERS PUBLIC LAUNDRY RESIDENTIAL
Average Street Slope: 5 Steepest Street Slope: 39 (steps) Gentlest Slope: 1 Average Street Width to Facade Height: 3.2m to 10.8m Maximum: 4.7m to 5.9m Minimum: 1.9m to 16.3m
RESIDENTIAL
PUBLIC BATHING SPA
S A NT O E ST EV A O P A R I S H
ESTEVAO CHURCH
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
Year I Semester II Distilled Convent Model suspended in relation to the datum of the Tagus
Change in cardboard direction differentiates Graca Parish from Sao Viecnte de Fora Parish
T H R E E D I M E N S I O NA L R O UT E
The model explores the relationship of buildings with the ground in addition to establishing Convento da Graca as an anchor point at the highest point of the neighbourhood. Hard, imperveous ground was modelled in brown card, built material was cast in plaster, and wax signifies the aqueous- both soft, permeable ground and places of water storage.
T H R E E D I M E N S I O NA L R O UT E
Cast Facades
Alfama hinge point
L A N D S C A P E O F T H E C O NV E NT Landscapes of Lisbon and subtle topographical shifts on Mount da Graca work in tandem, large scale and small scale.
T E R R A C E C ITY
MIRADOURO DA GRAÇA
SÃO VICENTE DE FORA MONASTERY
ST. GEORGE’S CASTLE
MIRADOURO DAS PORTAS DO SOL
MIRADOURO DE SANTA LUZIA
C O N V E NT A S LA N D S CA P E
Western Wall’s Relationship with Slope
Layered Lisbon Convent
Installation
Lisbon
H I ST O R I CA L LA N D S CA P E
Convents once acted as agricultural centres, as these places were permitted to store grain, and often had associated land which could be cultivated. Convents tend to run small shops out of which to sell their produce.
Castronomica:The Journal of Food and Culture, Nuns at Work
1844 Courtyards / Open Fields Windmills to the West
1812 ensity ield D /F Tree
700’s Mid-1
ensity ield D /F Tree
Soil:
Companion planting:
Environment: Soil: pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation:
Arid Well drained, lime based N/A Lowest average greater than -7 Picked unripe, pressed or preserved ripe. Oaks detrimental
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Environment: Soil:
O RA N G E
pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation: Companion planting:
Warm, Spaced 15-20ft apart. Rich, moist soil, well aerated, never badly drained. N/A Above -9. Marmalade. Peels used for liqueurs/flavourings. Aloes, rubber, oak, guava.
“the sweet sort was... planted in 1548 in Lisbon and became the ‘mother’ of most European sweet orange trees and was still living in 1823”
Cool growing conditions, open, sunny site. Light, moisture rich. Requires Soil: constant supply of moisture Neutral pH: 10-20 Temperature: Storage & Preservation: May be stored for 6 days, refridgerated. Cucumbers, onions, radishes, Companion planting: carrots, dill and chervil. Environment:
L ETT U C E
Companion planting:
Warm, sheltered position against wall Moisture retentive, well drained 5.5-7 pH: 13 degrees C to 32 degrees C Temperature: Storage & Preservation: 15.5 degrees C Sun/oven dry, Cook and bottle, Skinned, simmered and frozen Companion planting: French marigolds, basil, parsley, alliums, nasturtiums, asparagus Environment: Soil:
The people of Lisbon are the nicknamed “alfacinhas” meaning little heads of lettuce.
Sheltered from wind, sunny position Moderate nitrogen levels, well Soil: drained N/A pH: Can survive between -15 and Temperature: high summer temperatures Storage & Preservation: N/A Companions: corn and peas. Companion planting: Environment:
KA L E
T O MAT O
pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation:
Sheltered, sunny site Light, free draining, fertile. Keep well watered. Sensitive to drought. 6.5-7 N/A Airtight containment, they freeze well. Last 4 days in cool environment. Celery, corn, cucurbits, melons.
G R E E N B EA N
Environment:
Protected from wind. Well drained, poor soil in full sun. N/A N/A Drying N/A
Environment: Soil: pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation:
Open, sunny position Well drained N/A N/A Dried and stored in cool, dry conditions, hung. Companions: Rose bushes, lettuce, beet, summer savory, swiss chard, strawberries. Should not be planted near peas and beans
A G R I C U LT U R E O F P O RT U GA L
DILL
Environment: Soil: pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation: Companion planting:
C O R IA N D E R
Environment: Soil: pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation: Companion planting:
TURNIP
Environment: Soil: pH: Temperature: Storage & Preservation: Companion planting:
Sunny position, dry atmosphere. Light well drained soil. N/A N/A N/A N/A
W I N E G RA P E S
GA R L I C
Companion planting:
Sheltered open site Light, fertile, welldrained, moisture retentive soil. Constant supply of water. 5.5-7 pH: 20. Temperature: Storage & Preservation: Cool storage for a few days Peas to deter aphids. Useful for Companion planting: intercropping between taller crops for catch cropping. Environment: Soil:
Warmer and sunnier the better. Rich soils to be avoided. N/A N/A Pressed to become wine. Asparagus
MA P P I N G Mapping was a key technique employed to reveal areas of interest that could become sites for testing propositions.
EDINBURGH MAPPING
Crawley Aqueduct
Water has both a social value and a geological impact upon the city. Wells and walls were mapped to examine this relation.
Transect through the city Following archival investigation, a pipeline which cuts through the ground of the city was discovered and taken as a key slice of Edinburgh to work with.
LA N D F O R M A N D LA N D VA L U E :
Abstracted map
EDINBURGH
FINAL GENERATION OF EDINBURGH MAP SUN PATH
Field [work] Map Reading
LISBON
LISBON LAYERED CONVENT MAP
CA ST I N G This technique was used at first as a way of experimenting with material, and then as a method of representation within the Alfama Site Model.
1 Ink/Plaster
2 Plaster/Wax
3 Plaster/Ink
4 Plaster/Wax/Ink
5 Wax/Plaster/Ink
6 Plaster
Mixed before casting
Layered
Ink introduced while plaster was wet
Layered
Layered
Layered
r/Wax/Ink
MAT E R IA L C O M B I NAT I O N C U B E S E X P E R I M E NT S I N CA ST I N G
7 Ink/Plaster
8 Wax/Ink
9 Plaster/Ink
10 Plaster/Ink
Ink introduced to formwork before casting
Layered
Partially Mixed
Ink introduced to set plaster
11 Plaster/Ink
Edinburgh Site Fragment Wax as ground
W O R K I N G W IT H WA X E X P E R I M E NT S I N CA ST I N G
ENCASE
EMBED
FUSE
SLOT
Formwork and stair Plaster of Paris.
Casting is the world of inversion, creating a mirror image to hold a liquid temporarily. Inverting domes and vaults to become cisterns was an initial way of combining the convent and water in a meaningful way.
C O N V E N T O DA G R A C A A S L A R D E R This proposal offers an urban strategy for cultivating a food source within the city, as opposed to importing food. In the current setting, it provides an alternative to foods that have travelled far, and in the future, it may provide sustenance in the event that the fragile food networks are broken, whether by oil or water shortages. A set of terraces hold agricultural produce, both fresh upon the ground, and stored within the vaults. The produce may be purchased in the small neighbourhood stall, or eaten on site with a privileged view of Lisbon.
C U LT IV AT I O N A variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits used in Portuguese cooking are harvested upon a series of terraces to unlock the ground’s latent productive potential.
S H A D OW ST U DY [ E D I N B U R G H ]
S U M M E R S O L ST I C E S H A D OW ST U DY [ L I S B O N ]
W I NT E R S O L ST I C E S H A D OW ST U DY [ L I S B O N ]
E Q U I N O X S H A D OW ST U DY [ L I S B O N ]
Warmest, sunniest terrace on the site.
Wall catches morning sun, making it a good micro climate for tomatoes which require a warm wall. Thermal mass would ensure it stays warm.
Planted on existing slope to help prevent soil erosion whist producing food
v In iti ng pu bl ic sp ac e
S U M M E R S O L ST I C E M O R N I N G L I G HT
Sunny evening terrace. Grape trellises provide shade for visitors.
Companion plants.
Beans kept separate from Garlic. Companion plants.
Orange trees provide additional shelter garden against NW wind
ith w n es o d i t ca la re t fa n w e Ne nv co
S U M M E R S O L ST I C E EV E N I N G L I G HT
Drip irrigation targets plant roots allowing for constant supply of water, without wasting water due to evoration, as with wasteful sprinklers.
1:200 Vegetation Section A-A A
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Grape vines provide shade, using sunlight in photosynethesis.
Gutter guides rain runoff from the roof into tank Water tank for irrigation Held within retaining wall.
Tell Tale Detail 1:10 Layering / sloping Water Collection
HOOK
ST O RA G E Storage conditions vary for different produce. Fish is generally frozen, vegetables generally cool and baked goods and grains kept dry.
Temporary storage in neighbourhood shop
Year I Semester II Bell tower food stall design Containing fruit and bread
Free standing fruit trough
Hooked detachable fruit trough
Wall mounted bread baskets
I NT E R N A L L AY O UT
A B
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500
E D
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MINUS 1 FLOOR PLAN 1:500
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Coffee shop and bakery. Produce from terraces sold.
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Cafe kitchen
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Cafe Dining Space / Secondary Restaurant Eating Space
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Kitchen
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Services / WCs
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Splendid Public Terrace
Frozen, Cool and Dry Stores
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Wine Cellar
Year II Semester I Ice House Research Ice houses function by shovelling snow into the house, which preserves the cold temperature. Unfortunately Lisbon does not tend to receive snow fall, however, ulitising thermal mass is still a good way to preserve cool temperatures.
I NT E R N A L L AY O UT
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MINUS 2 FLOOR PLAN 1:500
MINUS 3 FLOOR PLAN 1:500
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Primary Restaurant Eating Space
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Primary Restaurant Kitchen
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Food Storage
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Chef’s Herb and Vegetable Garden
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Cellar Bar
PREVIOUS DESIGN TEST Storage types associated with certain kitchens Frozen store with seafood kitchen Cool store with vegetable kitchen Wine cellar with bar Dry storage with bakery
Dry
Cool
Frozen
T O ST O R E
ENCASE
COOKING The cooking process is centred around a series of kitchens at different levels associated with the different qualities of eating space. The centrepiece that links cooking with dining is the dramatic chimney.
P R EV I O U S D E S I G N - K IT C H E N S W IT H I N T H E C H A P E L
Roof Plan
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Coffee shop and bakery. Produce from terraces sold.
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Cafe kitchen
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Kitchen
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Primary Restaurant Kitchen
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Services / WCs
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Food Storage
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Chef’s Herb and Vegetable Garden
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Cellar Bar
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Access from Convent Terrace (to Cafe/Stall)
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Access from Steps (to Cellar Bar)
Sectional Overview
VESSEL
Air Flow Low Opening and High Opening encourages hot air to rise, driving system Lower opening faces prevailing NW wind, allowing for wind driven ventilation, useful for night purge when kitchens are not in use, as strong gusts of wind may not make for a comfortable working environment.
Dumb Waiter
U P P E R K IT C H E N
R O O F L I G HT
D I N I NG The dining space enjoys the views from the newly created terrace landscape, given the prime location facing the city. Meandering circulation parallel to the view allows for a gentle descent through the building, mimicing the angles and proportions of the Alfama slopes.
SUPPORT
‘City within a City’
P R I M A RY P U B L I C C I R C U L AT I O N
Average slope of the three parishes embedded into the three stairs. Proportions of street width to facade height replicated in stair. Using these dimensions marks within the building the origins of the project. Perhaps walking down these stairs will generate a familiar feeling of walking through the Parishes, perhaps it is too distilled, and it purely a measure of remembering that only becomes obvious when pointed out. At the least, these top lit stairs will share some of the light qualities as walking through the narrow streets below.
Wine Cellar Bar Cured sausage, cheeses and wines served at tasting sessions
Chimney acts as core piece within building. Remnant of design process acting as a bridge between cooking and dining, and as a marker which matches the height of the bell tower. Displaces ground Removed and placed ground roughly same volume, meaning that minimal infill material would need to be brought to site. Cut and fill technique.
Main Dining Space
D IA G RA MAT I C C R O S S S E CT I O N S Informal Dining Space for cafe use
STA G I N G O F C O N ST R U CT I O N
Construction Sequence 1 Landscaping Earth reshaped into terraces. Retaining walls cast in situ. 2 Primary Structure Concrete precast elements lifted into place. 3 Secondary Structure Steel structures inserted 4 Lightest elements Windows and trellis elements fitted
A R C H IT E CT U RA L MA NA G E M E NT P RA CT I C E A N D LAW
SUMMARY The project resides on a historically sifnificant site, where no buildings have been before, so the project is considered sensitive. It may be justified with the backing of the community for whom it was designed.The building is in a prominent position in the city, however, it does not block the convent from view. Public consultations would be required. These public consultations may open up a fruitful conversation about architecture and the city, so whether it would be approved of or not would still mean it has contributed in some way to the city, if only to augment a certain attitude. It could be likened to the Scandinavian island of Samso and its wind turbines. The Convent Larder would benefit the community as a food resource, and if profits and ownership were fed back into the community it would potentially justify its position. ACCESS The building may be accessed by pedestrians at either the level of Convento da Graca or via the stairway to the right of the site. FIRE STRATEGY There is egress on each level to a terrace, and the two access points described.The circulation is simple and memorable, so newcomers will be able to find their way easily without becoming lost in the building. The public eating spaces all have a visual connection to the egress terrace associated, so in the event that they cannot make it to the designated entrances, they can get into an open space (smoke inhalation is the main cause of death in fire, meaning that having a large outdoor space, and having adequate fire proofing should ensure the safety of individuals). Additional exit percautions from the terraces may be required.
HEALTH AND SAFETY During construction relevant measures would be taken to ensure that those on site were safe. Toilets are provided on floor -1, a universally accessible toilet, a female and a male WC facility. ECONOMY The project could be privately funded as a business or subsidised by the Council. It is most likely that it would be subsidised as it is the intention to work with the community to provide gardening space and social space within the building. The project is able to generate revenue through its services as a restaurant, bar and food shop, so over time it may be able to pay for its construction. Creating the terraces and the retention structures would be a costly procedure, however, by doing so it frees up once unused land to create the potential for new revenues. The larger scale effect on the community might seed more projects and have a knock on effect on local business. PROCUREMENT Quality and cost would be at the forefront of considerations, as there is not a rush to have the project open for a specific date.The only reason that time would be an issue would be that it is in a prominent part of the city and may be considered an ‘eyesore’ if construction was extended for too long. Quality is important because the building would be expected to last in order to generate enough revenue to cover its costs and eventually become profitable. Cost would also be important if the tax payer were to foot the bill, so that the building does not create a sense of resentment within the community. By foregrounding cost and quality, a traditional building contract would be preferred, in order that the design can meet the required standards.
2080 Rainfall reduction of up to 30% in Southern Europe Minimum stream flow reduction predicted to be up to 40% Temperature is predicted to rise as much as 4 Degrees Celcius
JRC study, “Ensemble Projections of Future Stream Flow Droughts in Europe,” published in the January 2014 issue of Hydrology and Earth Systems Science. Readings: Pearce, Fred (2006). When the rivers run dry: what happens when our water runs out? London: Eden Project. Carolyn Steel (2008). Hungry City: How Food Shapes our lives. Croyden: CPI Group.