Finding Center by Kylie Heald

Research + Design Accessory Dwelling Unit

Finding CENTER

Kylie M. Heald Thesis 2019-2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction (04-07)

VII. 78

II. Site Analysis (08-29) 10

Regional Demographic + Cultural Data

Site Photos

Common Species

24 Site Maps 26 Building Analysis

Concept Development (76-89)

Overview

80 Images 88 Definitions

VIII.

Drawings (90-105)

92 Plans 96 Section 100 Axon

III. Research (30-43) 32

Environmental Responsibility •

Well Building Standard

•

Living Building Challenge

•

Net Zero

•

Cradle to Cradle

Living Features •

Green Roofs

•

Greenhouses

42 Materials

IV. Interviews (44-49) 46 Quaker Space 48 Quaker Space

V. Case Studies (50-65) 52

Terrarium House

58 Hampton Home 60 Skyscape 62 Perlita Passive 64 Pollak Building

VI. Programming (66-75) 68 Criteria Matrix 70

Codes + Occupancy

List of Spaces

IX. Renderings (106-115) 108 Building Elevations 110 Perspectives

X. Process (116-119) 118 Sketches

XI. Sources (120-123)

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I. Introduction

Introduction

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Project StateMENT This project is a proposal for an accessory dwelling unit (ADU) attached to a woodworking shop. The property owners want this design to replace the existing 600 square foot barn visible from the main house. Located in Charlottesville, Virginia this residential unit will serve as a compact and elegant rural retreat on the outskirts of the city of Charlottesville intended predominantly for family members and guests visiting for an extended stay. The structure will capture and embrace the natural environment, inconspicuously integrating into the landscape in order to ensure that the main house is still a dominant focal point on the property. In an effort to address our global environmental crisis, the project applies Cradle to Cradle certified materials and systems to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of the structure.

Thesis Topic A built environment which serves to enhance human awareness and environmentally conscious behavior has the potential to wholistically improve its occupants quality of life and daily wellbeing.

Introduction

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II. Site Analysis

Site Analysis

R e g i o n al Demo g rap h i c + C u l t u ral d a t a : Location Charlottesville, Virginia 38.03 N, 78.49 W Size: 10.3 square miles Avg. Elevation: 594 ft. People Population: 46,487 Density: 4,679 people/ sq. mi. Average Age: 30.6 Political Orientation: 79.7% vote democratic Median Income: $52,234 Avg. Household Size: 2.3 people Family Households: 42.3% Unmarried Partner Households: 6.8%

HOUSING Median Property Value: $277,800 Median Condo Value: $297,691 Median Gross Rent: $1,051 Median Real Estate Property Taxes Paid for Houses w/ Mortgages: $2,626 Median Real Estate Property Taxes Paid for Houses w/o Mortgages: $2,642 New Single Family House Avg. Construction Cost: $298,200

Female: 24,765 ((51.6%) Male: 23,254 (48.4%)

TRANSPORTATION Driving: 59.8% Walking: 12.5% Carpool: 8.44% Bus: 4.3% Biking: 1.5% Avg. Number of Cars Per Family: 2

Asian 7.2%

Hispanic 5.2%

1.500 1.500 1,000 1,000

0 0

50 50

100 100

150 150

200 200

250 250

300 300

400 400

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500 500

750 750

1,000 1,000

1,000+ 1,000+

House Value ($1000) House Value ($1000)

14% 14%

Population Population

12% 12% 10% 10% 8% 8% 6% 6% 4% 4% 2% 2% 0% 0%

<$10k <$10k

$20k $20k

$40k $40k

$60k $60k

$80k $80k

$100k $120k $120k $140k $140k $160k $160k $100k

Wage Distribution Wage Distribution 10

Other 4.1%

500 500

Occupation Avg. Male Salary: $74,183 Avg. Female Salary: $51,180 Number of Employed: 24.4k 24.2% Education 12.7% Healthcare 9.2% Accommodation + Food 6.1% Professional, Scientific, Technical 4.5% Construction 3.2% Public Administration 2.9% Finance + Insurance 2.5% Unemployed

Black 8.5%

2,000 2,000

Houses Houses

Health Patient to Clinician Ratio: 358 to 1 Healthcare Uninsured: 9.21%

White 65.0%

$180k $200k+ $200k+ $180k

Snowfall

CLIMATE Average High Temperature in Summer: 87.5°F Average Low Temperature in Winter: 26.6°F Monthly Rain Accumulation High (July): 5.3” Monthly Rain Accumulation Low (January): 3.1” UV Index High (June-August): 9 UV Index Low (December- January): 2

10 in 9 in 8 in 7 in 6 in 5 in 4 in 3 in 2 in 1 in 0 in

USA

Charlottesville

Jan

Cloudy Days 90%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

30% Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20%

Jan

Sunshine 8 in

90%

7 in

80%

6 in

70%

5 in

60%

4 in

50%

3 in

40%

2 in

30%

1 in Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0 in

Jan

Average Temperature 13

80° F

70° F

60° F

50° F

40° F

30° F

20° F

06 Jul

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wind Speed (mph)

90° F

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Precipitation

Sunshine

Jan

Jul

Precipitation

100%

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Afternoon Humidity

Cloudiness

20%

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Humidity 100%

Jan

Jul

Snowfall

100%

20%

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Average Temperature

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wind Speed (mph) Site Analysis

S i te P h o t os :

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Main House Located in the quaint suburbs of Charlottesville, Virginia, this family house designed by Dawn M. Rowe in 2002 is equipped with three bedrooms and two and a half baths to serve a family of four.

Site Analysis

Existing Shop When the main house was constructed in 2002, an old barn on the site was converted into a woodworking shop. Although this building has sufficiently served itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function over the past eighteen years, there is room to improve the quality and functionality of the space.

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Site Analysis

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Poplar Tree (left) Measuring a circumference of approximately 15 feet, this tree is a significant landmark on the property which was likely planted by Meriwether Lewis on his 1804 expedition in the region. Rocky Outcropping This sculptural rock formation is a prominent landscape feature which indicates the presence of important geological artifacts on the site.

Site Analysis

commo n spec i es :

Tulip Poplar

Bamboo

Pecan

Liriodendron tulipifera

Species Unknown

Carya illinoinensis

Serviceberry

Black Walnut

Red Cedar

Amelanchier alnifolia

Juglans nigra

Juniperus virginiana

Crepe Myrtle

Spindle Tree

Hackberry

Lagerstroemia indica

Euonymus europaeus

Celtis occidentalis

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Rhododendron

Black Eyed Susan

Butterfly Bush

Rhododendron ferrugineum

Rudbeckia hirta

Buddleja davidii

Scarlet Beebalm

Japanese Spurge

Peppermint

Monarda didyma

Pachysandra terminalis

Mentha piperita

Lambâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ear

Common Periwinkle

Blackberry

Stachys byzantina

Vinca minor

Rubus ulmifolius Site Analysis

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird

Tufted Titmouse

Red Shouldered Hawk

Archilochus colubris

Baeolophus bicolor

Buteo lineatus

Downy Woodpecker

Eastern Towhee

Mourning Dove

Picoides pubescens

Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Zenaida macroura

Purple Finch

Cardinal

Carolina Chickadee

Haemorhous purpureus

Cardinalis cardinalis

Poecile carolinensis

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Goldfinch

Song Sparrow

American Robin

Spinus tristis

Melospiza melodia

Turdus migratorius

Scarlet Tanager

Barn Swallow

Yellow Bellied Sapsucker

Piranga olivacea

Hirundo rustica

Sphyrapicus varius

Great Blue Heron

Wood Thrush

Baltimore Oriole

Ardea herodias

Hylocichla mustelina

Icterus galbula Site Analysis

Red Fox

White-tailed Deer

Eastern Grey Squirrel

Vulpes vulpes

Odocoileus virginianus

Sciurus carolinensis

Striped Skunk

Eastern Cottontail

American Black Bear

Mephitis mephitis

Sylvilagus floridanus

Ursus americanus

Groundhog

Eastern Chipmonk

Virginia Opossum

Marmota monax

Tamias striatus

Didelphis virginiana

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Painted Turtle

Grey Tree frog

Blue-tailed Skink

Chrysemys picta

Hyla versicolor

Sciurus carolinensis

Deer Mouse

Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel

Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly

Peromyscus keeni

Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus

Papilio glaucus

Little Brown Bat

Raccoon

Black Swallowtail

Myotis lucifugus

Procyon lotor

Papilio polyxenes Site Analysis

SITE MAPS:

Existing House

EXISTING PROPERTY 1”= 40’-0”

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Existing Shop

Property Line

Key landmarks

04 03 06

The site’s existing conditions influenced and informed many of the design decisions. Several notable landmarks on the property seemed especially pertinent and their significance is recognized across the scope of the project. Most importantly, the window placement in the container walls pays tribute to these landmarks by framing idyllic exterior views. According to the Living Building Challenge, “the built environment must reconnect with the ecology of place and the unique characteristics... so that every story can be honored, protected and enhanced“ in order to “realign how people understand and relate to the natural environment that sustains us. “ 01. New Structure 02. Fish Pond 04. Rocky Outcropping 05. Little Ivy Creek

03. 200 y/o Poplar Tree 06. Bamboo Forest Site Analysis

B UI L DING A n al y s i s :

PLan ITERATIONS

These studies examine preliminary massing options using 20’ and 40’ shipping container units. The orientation of these units is critical in determining the building’s relationship to the site.

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work

public

live

MASSING studies

private

rotate

Using container blocks to differentiate between work space and living space, to establish boundaries between public and private living space, and to expand public living space while rotating the unit in response to site conditions.

Axon

Site Analysis

CONTAINER PLAN 1/8” = 1’-0”

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1. Axial Centers Points at the intersection of central axes become essential instances of pivotal rotation translated to design attributes which delineate the flow of the interior space. Key moments occur in the kitchen, stair well, woodworking shop, and front entry.

2. Air Flow Natural ventilation and air circulation are maximized through the strategically placed open container doors after examining wind speed and direction in relation to site. When the weather permits, air flow increases the structure’s energy efficiency.

3. Path of Travel A radial exterior staircase nestled into the grassy bank prefaces the sheltered avenue below the kitchen --revealing a moment of negative space structured between designated working and living spaces.

4. Critical Views The inhabitant’s perspective of the site is curated, captured, and framed within and surrounding the built environment. Each essential moment informed by the attributes of the landscape is acti-

Site Analysis

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III.

Research

E n v i ro n me n tal R espo n s i b i l i t y : Well Building Standard What is it?

Light

The WELL Building Standard is a performance-based system for

“Promotes exposure to light and aims to create lighting environments that are optimal for visual, mental and biological health.”

measuring, certifying, and monitoring features of the built environment that impact human health and wellbeing. Certified buildings span across 62 courntires. The task force behind the development

Movement

tof the current standards is composed of 600 public health ex-

“Promotes movement, physical activity and active living and discourages sedentary behaviors.”

perts, virologists, government officials, academics, business leaders, architects, designers, building scientists, and real estate professionals. The resulting evidence-based rating system serves all

Thermal Comfort

facility types as a tool/ framework for improving health and human experience through design of built environments.

“Aims to promote human productivity and ensure a maximum level of thermal comfort among all building users.”

How is it implemented?

Sound

The following concepts spell out the specific considerations evaluated by the WELL V2 Building Standard. A publicly accessible

“Address acoustics to bolster occupant health and well-being in the built environment.”

performance verification guidebook dictates the testing protocol for each feature that will be verified by a WELL Performance Testing Agent. Data collected on-site by the agent must be analyzed and reviewed by GBCI before compliance can be determined.

“Reduce human exposure to hazardous building material ingredients through the restriction or elimination of toxic products.”

Air “Ensure high levels of indoor air quality across a building’s lifetime.”

Mind “Support mental health to address the diverse factors that influence cognitive and emotional well-being.”

Water “Covers aspects of the quality, distribution and control of liquid water in a building related to availability, containment, and management.”

Community

Nourishment

Innovations “Innovation features pave the way for projects to develop unique strategies for creating healthy environments.”

“Requires the availability of fruits and vegetables and nutritional transparency. The easiest choice should be the healthy choice.” 32

Materials

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“Establish an inclusive, integrated community through social equity, civic engagement and accessible design.”

Living Building Challenge (4.0) What is it? The Living Building Challenge lays out a detailed design strategy sible time through spontaneous cooperation without ecological

Health

“to make the world work for 100% of humanity in the shortest pos-

Healthy Interior Environment Healthy Interior Performance Access to Nature

Net Positive Water

Urban Agriculture

every act of design and construction in order to facilitate greater Responsible Materials

should be used as tools to cultivate a world where resources are

Red List

provided fairly and equitably. Where humans have a deep understanding of climate, culture, and place. Where there is a symbiotic

Materials

biodiversity, social equity, and personal expression. Buildings

relationship between people, community, and nature. The Living

Responsible Sourcing Living Economy Sourcing

Beauty

broken down into”Petals” with underlying imperatives spelled out

Habitat Exchange Human Scaled Living Universal Access Inclusion

Net Positive Waste

Building Challenge imagines a more harmonious world stitched together by well designed spaces. The system for certification is

Place

Ecology of Place

Equity

around the world, transform how people collectively think about

Responsible Water Use

Beauty + Biophelia Education + Inspiration

Energy

set of twenty imperatives, applicable across projects of any scale

Water

offense or the disadvantage of anyone.” (Buckminster Fuller) A

Energy + Carbon Reduction Net Positive Energy

in each category. Levels of Certification

4. Zero Energy Certification (ZE)

The achievement attained by the building is based upon which set •

Projects focused on achieving net zero energy through the on-

requirements are met and evaluated.

site production of renewable energy

1. Living Certification

•

100% of the building’s energy needs on a net annual basis

•

Highest level of sustainability and regenerative design

must be supplied by on-site renewable energy, with no com-

•

Achieves all 20 imperatives

bustion

2. Petal Certification

5. Zero Carbon Certification (ZC)

•

Focus on a specific area of interest

•

Achieves all core imperatives in addition to either water, en- •

Requires that 100% of the operational energy use associated

ergy, or materials petal

with the project be offset by new renewable energy

3. Core Green Building Certification •

Must meet the requirements of the ten Core Imperatives (up to two Core Imperatives per Petal )

•

Focused on energy and materials

Targeted energy efficiency level and a reduction in the embodied carbon of the project’s primary

•

100% of the carbon emissions impacts associated with the

Verify performance for water and energy through a twelve

construction and materials of the project must be disclosed

month performance period

and offset to maintain balance Research

Net Zero What is it?

How is it implemented?

The Department of Energy definition states that a net zero energy Net zero energy buildings look to increase energy efficiency and building is “an energy-efficient building where, on a source energy to address remaining needs with on-site renewable energy genbasis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to

eration. Insulation is one of the most important factors impacting a

the on-site renewable exported energy.” This goal to create an

building’s efficiency so “super-sealing” the building envelope is the

equilibrium between energy consumed and energy produced is

first step to cutting back on energy consumption. Other features

much more productive and sustainable than the current design and and design elements that factor into a net zero energy building construction mentality that continues to dominate our global vision include energy efficient light fixtures and appliances, high perforfor architectural expansion. In other words, net zero promotes a

mance thermal windows and doors, gray- water recovery, low flow

thoughtful consideration of energy consumption in the lifetime of fixtures, energy control panels, high efficiency heat pump, thick a built structure which would drastically decrease environmental

exterior wall insulation, and sun shading to avoid overheating.

impact and safeguard our planet if it was adopted universally.

Designers might consider strategies for passive solar gain, landscaping to facilitate solar efficiency, constructing a long rectangular

Benefits

building (1.3 to 1.5 ratio) two story compact floor plan, and minimizing east-facing glass.

Cost-effective lower energy usage results in

Renewable Energy Sources

decreased cost of electricity bill payments.

Tax incentives supplied by governing

bodies supporting sustainable behavior.

Sustainable for the benefit and health of our

interior. Photo-voltaic panels are the most common technol-

local and global environment in the long term.

ogy used to convert the sun’s energy into electricity.

Higher resale value because the systems in

place support a durable and resilient structure.

2. Geothermal: heat pumps circulate water in a closed system

Stable temperatures are a benefit of carefully

of high-density polyethylene pipe, which is installed on the

insulated and sealed walls, and openings.

ground, beside, or vertically beneath the building to circulate

1. Solar: light from the sun can be used to heat, cool, and light the

heat pumps transfer the warm air into the interior. Challenges It’s crucial to pay attention to every aspect of a building’s design, 3. Wind: turbines mounted to towers capture the most energy. construction, and operation which can be tedious. The initial cost of

Propellers spin the blades connected to a generator.

the building also may be extremely high, especially if it is planned inefficiently. It is important to realize that there is a significant amount 4. Biomass: energy from plants and plant-derived materials or of energy required to make, transport, and install the systems/ in-

industrial waste is collected and repurposed. Products are

frastructure that save energy for the building in the long term.

burned for energy.

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Cradle to Cradle® Origins

What is it?

“Cradle to Cradle Certified™ is a globally recognized measure of The Industrial Revolution played a large part in shaping the unsafer, more sustainable products made for the circular economy.“ healthy production and consumption of materials which has conThis segment reviews version three of this initiative and product tributed to today’s sustainable crisis. At the time, the global interest certifiction standard. The aim of Cradle to Cradle®, a set of design

in expansion and development of advanced technologies drove

principals established by William McDonough and Dr. Michael rapid decisions in industry. Only a century later, we are dealing Braungart, is to transform the process and standards for consumer- with the consequences of industrialization and we must reexamine ism for the health and wellbeing of people and the planet. Many

the values behind our design decisions.

product designers, consumers, manufacturers , and brands around the world depend on this system designed to transform the life-cy- Certification cle of products in order to eliminate waste. Some of the most prom- “To receive certification, products are assessed for environmental inent establishments partnered with Cradle to Cradle include Am-

and social performance across five critical sustainability catego-

azon, LEED v4, Google, US EPA, and The Home Depot, RPN, ries: material health, material reutilization, renewable energy and Rabobank, Walgreens, Walmart, and WELL Building Standard. carbon management, water stewardship, and social fairness. A The most common product life cycle is frequently referred to as product is assigned an achievement level (Basic, Bronze, Silver, “Cradle to Grave” because components and manufacturing tech- Gold, Platinum) for each category. A product’s lowest category niques lead products straight to the landfill after use. Two new cycli- achievement also represents its overall certification level. The stancal systems describe a more sustainable system in which products

dard encourages continuous improvement over time by awarding

are returned to the earth or disassembled and reused (see figures certification on the basis of ascending levels of achievement and requiring certification renewal every two years.” (c2ccertified.org)

below).

Material Health

Ensures that chemicals used in production are safe for humans and the environment.

Water Focused on protecting the watersheds Stewardship and safeguarding clean water.

Biological

Technical

The Biological Cycle focuses on products for consumption (plant → production → product → use → bio-degradation → biological nutrients) while the Technical Cycle describes products for service (technical parts → production → product → use → disassembly).

Social Fairness

Business operations should be set up to support and honor people and cultures.

Renewable Energy

Also known as carbon management; reduces manufacturing emissions.

Products perpetually in rotation to elimiMaterial Reutilization nate waste between use cycles.

Research

L IVING F E A TU R E S : green rooF

1. Vegetation consists of plants which tend to grow in lightweight porous medium. 2. Substrate/Medium layer holds oxygen, absorbs and retains nutrients, and supports vertical plant growth. 75-90% is uncompacted PH neutral inorganic materials (including expanded slate, expanded shale, expanded clay, baked clay, volcanic pumice, scoria, sand, crush clay roofing tiles). The remaining material should be organic compost. It is important to note that material depth determines plant types and growth rate. Planting should be designed for a life of 40-50.

3. Filter barrier is commonly a semi-permeable polypropylene fabric which separates medium from the drainage layer to avoid clogging.

4. Drainage is especially important on flat roofs which are susceptible to standing water which can cause plant rot. On sloped roofs, the layer prevents excessive drainage or uneven watering. Using heavier materials such as stone chips, scoria, or expanded clay reduces the likelihood of material uplift or dislocation. It is important to box in the area surrounding the drain in order to keep vegetation from overgrowing the system and causing clogs/ blockages.

5. Root Barrier layer is made up of PVC or HDPE which prevents underground overgrowth.

6. Insulation is the determinate for energy savings. Layering on the outside helps prevent mildew and thermal shock caused by temperature variability/ fluctuation. 6.

7. Waterproofing Membrane must be 100% sealed because repairing leaks may mean removing the entire system. Options include built-up roof (multiple layers of organic or synthetic felts layered with hot asphalt or bitumen membrane sheets set in asphalt lasting 20-30 years), single-ply (consist of rolled sheets of inorganic materials including plastic, PVC, TPO, or synthetic rubber), or liquid application.

8. Decking layer is the supporting base of the entire system. It may be composed of concrete, wood, metal (such as corrugated metal deck), plastic, gypsum, or composite. Plywood is also common in residential North American projects but has less structural strength so it requires additional engineering.

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What is a green roof? A system of functional layers, resting on top of an existing structure, which serve as a unit supporting plant growth. Benefits •

Preserve green space

•

Reduce the impact of new development

•

Increase oxygen output

•

Absorb and filter water for reuse in the house

•

Mitigate or eliminate runoff problems and remediate runoff water acidity

•

Aesthetic (helps disguise and integrate the home into the natural environment)

•

Net positive impact on the surroundings

•

Potentially doubles/ extends the life of the roof by protecting the roof membrane

•

Extra layer of sound attenuation

•

Insulating properties lower temperature variability (aka. heating cooling needs in a fluctuating climate)

•

Absorbs and filters air impurities (sequesters Carbon

Design + Construction •

Extensive roofs=1-6” inorganic medium

•

Intensive roofs=12 “ soil

•

Load requirements variable

•

Baffling, grids, strips, and other structures used as stabilizing measures to keep plants in place

•

plant damage •

Planting in spring or fall

•

Seeds least, vegetated mats, modules, cuttings, plugs

•

Not usually from seed because it takes more time/equipment and maturation doesn’t occur until after spring or fall planting

•

Most installs use plugs or cuttings distributed across the roof

•

Cutting are less expensive but more difficult to design with

•

Plugs have an established root system and open the door for more plant diversity

•

Restore the habitat area for birds

•

Roof temperature remains equivalent to ambient outdoor temperature

•

Draw connections to site and allow the home to coexist with the existing ecosystem

Challenges •

Load bearing considerations (dirt and plants are heavy)

•

Roof access and material delivery

•

Selecting suitable plants (especially if the roof is composed of non-irrigated inorganic medium

•

High installation cost

•

Maintenance :check and move growths and fertilize

•

Roof pitch increases install and maintenance costs

•

Environmental factors (temp, humidity, wind, shade, sun...)

Vegetated rolls of pre grown plants in mesh (difficult to ship and transport)

•

Modules are usually 4-16 sf plastic planters that are easy to replace and install

Dioxide and other air pollutants) •

Wait until all structural construction is completed to prevent

Factors Impacting Plant Selection •

Design intent

•

Green roof life expectancy

•

Client’s needs

•

Budget

•

Maintenance parameters

•

Access and safety issues

•

Location

•

Micro and macro-environment

•

Exposure

•

Humidity or dryness

•

Max. and min. temperatures

•

Medium weight, depth, and composition

•

Hardiness zone Research

Selecting Vegetation : Considerations •

Successful plants are low-growing perennial plants

•

Select from heat, cold, sun, wind, drought, salt, insect, and

system when they die at the end of a season •

disease tolerant species •

Each plant should have a reasonably long life expectancy

•

Those that require minimal maintenance and nutrients are

•

Plan around other regional determinants such as wind speed, humidity, snowfall, and other demographic factors

•

Selections should be majority groundcover which is costeffective and rapidly spreading

preferable in most cases

•

Accents, not groundcover, provide visual interest

No climate is consistent so vegetation must be capable of

•

hardscaping and pavers support occasional roof mainte-

withstanding periods of heat and dryness •

Biennials avoided because they create gaps in the roof

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nance (such as cutting back and replanting) •

Native plants should be used for stable biodiversity

Perennials •

No regional species can survive in less than 4” of medium

•

Taller varieties need increased medium depth and adequate water for productive, healthy growth

•

Desirable aesthetic for extensive green roofs

•

Color, texture, seasonal variability

•

Few are evergreen so there is a brown dormant period

Grasses •

Require deeper medium and more maintenance

•

Relatively new to green roofs

•

Added motion and texture

•

Fire hazard during winter dormancy

•

Offer bird and insect habitats

Annuals

6b 7a 7b

•

Medium depth variable

•

Shouldn’t be the dominant plant selection

•

Lack longevity

•

Used as fillers for “quick color”

Hardy Succulents •

Require merely 4”or less of medium

•

Reduce water loss and store carbon dioxide

•

Diverse range of options

Regional Plants

•

Sedum is the most proliferous species

•

Charlottesville, VA falls into the USDA Hardiness zone 7a

•

Long-lived, self-propagating (re-rooting) plants but some

•

Groundcover species include Delosperma ‘Tiffendell Ma-

act as annuals under extreme stress

genta’, Hieracium lanatum, Sedum lineare, Sedum makinoi, •

and Sedum tetractinum

Herbs

Accent species include Allium acuminatum, Allium moly,

•

Require more than 4” of medium

Allium tuberosum, Anthyllis vulneria, Dianthus myrtinervius,

•

Irrigation needed to root and establish growth

Eriogonum flavum, Iris pumila, Marrubium incanum, Rosularia •

Prosperous on private residences for culinary and educa-

muratdaghensis, Santolina rosmarinifolia, Sedum apoleipon,

tional purposes

Sedum sediforme, Triteleia ixioides, Tulbaghia violacea

•

Necessary to design for frequent roof access Research

greenHOUSE What is it?

3. Polycarbonate $$

Greenhouses are structures with transparent walls used to cultivate Advantages channels hold air which insulates, naturally diffuses plants. Sunlight penetration and heat capturing contribute to ideal

sunlight, just as energy efficient as double-paned glass

growing conditions despite seasonal temperature fluctuations and

Disadvantages not as aesthetically pleasing, expensive replace-

other climate condition.

ment panels, efficiency decrease over time

Why are they important?

4. Plastic Bottles $

•

Internal food production

Advantages very low cost, up to 30% more energy efficient than

•

Cost effective/ long term money saving

glass if sealed properly, material reuse

•

Lower cost of harvesting

Disadvantages flammable, short life span, susceptible to pollution

•

Eliminate shipping and distribution

and degradation

•

Hands-on learning experience

•

Opportunity for occupant togetherness

Natural Ventilation

•

Supports nutrition if edible plants are harvested

Also referred to as curtain ventilation, the system facilitates environ-

•

Activity required to maintain the plants

mental control and air movement using a series of roof and sidewall

•

The result is a collection of diverse and healthy foods, packed

vents. As the temperature increases within the greenhouse, hot air

with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants

also rises and escapes through the roof vents. They are much more energy efficient than mechanical systems which require fans. This

Material Options

reduces operating costs and increases labor efficiency. There are

Transparency, durability, and clean-ability are imperative.

many consequences of inadequate greenhouse ventilation. Here are a few of the reasons that greenhouse ventilation is essential.

1. Single Pane Glass $$ Advantages clean aesthetic, lower cost, 92% light transmission

1. Temperature Control

keeps the greenhouse warmer in winter

Keeping the greenhouse at an optimal temperature is imperative

Disadvantages difficult to adequately seal contribute to inefficien- for crop success. Operating off the principal of thermal buoyancy, cies with heating and cooling and humidity/moisture problems, the system exhausts excess trapped infrared energy (in the form of least energy-efficient type of greenhouse, too much light transmis- heat) which could be detrimental to plant growth and health. sion creates “hot-spots”, glass is breakable 2. Improved Air Circulation 2. Double Pane Glass $$$

Breezes and regular air movement supports uniform greenhouse

Advantages most energy efficient system, half the heating cost of conditions (including humidity, temperature, CO2 levels, and single pane , can include a low-e reflective coating to reflect heat oxygen levels). Circulation also facilitates plant cell wall strengthand insulate Disadvantages initial cost, glass is breakable 40

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ening and pollination.

3. Humidity Control Humidity build-up in a greenhouse occurs naturally as water evaporates from plants (transpiration) and condensation gathers with temperature changes in a thermally dynamic structure. Although some humidity is good, an excess supports unwanted growth of pathogens, fungi, mold, and breeding pests. Automated ventilation prevents surplus humidity accumulation. 4. Carbon Dioxide/ Oxygen Replacement Photosynthesis is critically dependent on the carbon dioxide introduced through fresh air. Ventilation helps to release stale air and the surplus of oxygen produced by the plants. Daylighting Constraints + Solar Control To optimize plant growth, light conditions must be specifically tuned to the site and sun studies. Ideally, the greenhouse should be designed to maximum light on as many sides as possible (especially the southern-most face. By placing barrels of water or stones inside, heat is retained overnight. This is especially key in climates that drop below freezing in colder months or have extreme overnight temperature decreases. In these cases, solar heat systems may be useful. Areas exposed direct light should be shaded to prevent plant burns. Greenhouse Placement Diagrams

Research

ma t er i als :

Name: Snow Flurry Surface Manufacturer: Ice Stone Description: USA manufactured material composed of glass, Portland cement, and non-toxic pigment Application: Counter top Sustainability: Cradle to Cradle 75% recycled glass by weight No petrochemical & plastic resins

Name: Hardwood Plywood Manufacturer: GreenT™ Description: White Maple veneer ethically sourced raw, warm, and aesthetically seamless panels Application: Interior walls Sustainability: FSC® certification SFI Certification

Name: Gravel Fix® Pro Manufacturer: BERA Description: This system composed of recyclable hexagonal honeycomb polypropylene to stabilize durable gravel pathways Application: Landscaping Sustainability: Cradle to Cradle 100% recyclable

Name: Eelgrass Natural Fiber Manufacturer: Convert Description: Naturally fire retarded abundant organic seagrass Application: Insulation Sustainability: Cradle to Cradle

Name: Fishing Net Description: Repurposing wasted fishing nets commonly found strewn on beaches across the globe. These nets can be repaired and stretched into a permeable barrier. Application: Loft wall Sustainability: Recycled content

Name: Reclaimed Corten Steel Description: Naturally weathered cost-efficient, weldable, durable, low-maintenance material Application: Exterior planters Sustainability: Recycled content

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Name: Terra Tones Manufacturer: Mosa Description: Ceramic tiles available in a vast assortment of sizes + colors Application: Flooring Sustainability: Cradle to Cradle

Name: Wood Decking Manufacturer: Accoya Description: An eco-friendly low maintenance decking that withstands wear and tear in any climate Application: Exterior porches Sustainability: FSCÂŽ certification Cradle to Cradle, Green Star, Declare

Name: Concrete Description: durable material used to help facilitate sustainable building strategy execution Application: Foundation Sustainability: Recyclable after use

Name: Engineered Hardwood Manufacturer: Shaw Floors Description: Scratch resistant and waterproof; natural aesthetic Application: Interior flooring Sustainability: Cradle to Cradle Declare, Greenguard

Name: Shipping Container Description: After a life on the road used for transportation purposes, surplus containers can be arranged as the structural support of a house Application: Building shell Sustainability: Reused Material

Name: Solar Panels Manufacturer: Tesla Description: Sleek and low-profile system managed with 24/7 mobile monitoring; easily mounted to sloped or flat roofs Application: Rooftop Sustainability: Renewable Energy Source

Research

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IV. Interviews

Interviews

Q u aker S pace :

Are there ways that Quakerism has shaped your home? Judy: Sarah Suzanka, author of The Not So Big House, said “If you need locks on the doors inside your house, maybe you’re not living with the right people.” Our home is a space for the

people we trust and respect. So we have always been more concerned about openness than privacy.

What is Quakerism? Bill: Quakerism is a sect of Christianity. Quakers are very much centered on developing community (thus the label Friends). We care about each other’s well being and systems that foster community. Teaching and learning are key components of fostering community. Judy: One of our friends’ granddaughters was recently asked ‘What do Quakers believe?’ and she responded: ‘Which one?’ I think that was probably one of the most poignant responses I have ever heard. Every Quaker has a different perspective and set of beliefs. Bill: It’s important to understand that there is no written creed and there is no definition. One of the characteristics of Quakers is that they’re open. They’re teachable, they’re seeking. So they’re always trying to find a better understanding, a better way. Is nature important? Judy: We have a reverence for all living things. We know that it is a part of who we are. Bill: I’m probably most comfortable in the outdoors, in the woods, in the open fields. That’s my sanctuary when I need to regenerate, it’s where I go. Nature is peaceful and real and always offering some new stimulus, if I look for it. Judy: The light is there too. Natural light is crucial. 46

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Bill: Light and efficiency have also been important to us. The house we built in Newport was sited on about 16 acres of woodland and pasture land. The wind direction and solar orientation were just right. Serendipitously, we watched the first frost melt before we had built the house. As the sun came up over the hill, the melting started at the top and moved down the hill. We also noticed the direction of the wind that came over the hill was about two or three feet above the chimney of the house so the smoke would go up about three feet and just disappear laterally. Can you talk about how people organize and gather in meeting? Bill: In the typical old meeting house, there were two front rows of benches. The first one was not elevated, the second one was elevated and that was just so you could see who was speaking and for projection of the voice. But in the less formal settings, Quakers will typically make a circle of chairs to eliminate the front row. It’s very common for the meeting benches to be in a “U”-shape. Judy: In these spaces, even if it’s just somebody’s living room, there’s a phenomenal depth to the silence that is different from other silence. It comes out of a sense of togetherness. Why is light significant to Quakers? Bill: The focus is on what we call the inner light. Some people would interpret it as God. I do not. To me, it’s something bigger than anything, something we all share, regardless of denomination. An example of this is there’s something inside of me that wants to make me do good. And if I listen to that, I will do something uncharacteristic for me. So it’s something different than my conscience because if I’m in a stressful situation and I am looking for a way to move forward, I often do things that I would never

anticipate doing. I attribute that to some inner light in me that’s guiding and teaching me. The term goes back to George Fox, the founder of the Religious Society of Friends. He talked about a light within that spoke to him. Judy: Light also exemplifies the ability to see more clearly. Could you describe the relationship between woodworking and Quakerism? Bill: When Quakers left England, they were mostly middle income people. They had the wherewithal to pay for ship passage and come to the United States to escape persecution. And they came with all sorts of trades. There were weavers, silversmiths, woodworkers, and artisans of all kinds. Quaker craftsmen were in high demand because their work was high quality and they were extremely trustworthy. In that era, the pieces they produced were considered quite simple. Simple is dependent on place and time. The wood itself in its raw form is the ultimate expression of simplicity. If it’s been fashioned into a box that has a special push hinge and so on, it looks very simple but the process of putting that together was not necessarily simple. So there are layers and layers of processes that go into making a piece that has simple lines on it, following the grain of the wood. Is simplicity valuable to Quakers?

important. But you have to be careful how you apply it because if you over simplify, then that can be destructive too. How do Quakers Gather? Bill: We come together in a quiet meeting and if we come to what’s called unity, we’re all in the same dwelling place and all of the sudden people will start thinking and speaking about the same thing. And people will add to that with long periods of silence in between. It’s a way of corporate thinking. It’s not you alone. It’s the people in that setting, in that group. And this is a power that brought Quakers to be opposed to slavery, to value women’s leadership roles and education, and to advocate for universal equality. People may not be equal in abilities, but people are equal on the site of the meeting. Could you talk briefly about the design and other meaningful attributes of Quaker meeting houses [the space where friends worship]? Bill: It’s interesting, every meeting has its own smell. Each one of them is different, originating from the history of the space. Many of the buildings have burned and been rebuilt. And the sounds are different. They’re all designed to project sound. In the beginning, many of the spaces had balconies so the sound projected upwards. In meeting houses with facing benches, the sound projected to the center.

Judy: Yes, we seek to declutter spaces to highlight what is most important.

In terms of materials, the original meeting houses were designed with as much glass as they could afford. Light was important but glass was expensive and taxed so they would compromise on how much they put in.

Bill: It started very early on with the way Quakers dressed. They chose very simple clothing, almost severe. The textiles were durable but not expensive.

Ventilation holes under the floor to the outside bring fresh air into many meeting houses. In addition to this, operable windows and doors encourage air flow when the weather is good.

Judy: And they rejected dye like indigo because it was a product of slave labor. The idea was to be unified with everybody but eventually they decided to stop because dressing this way actually set them apart.

Judy: There’s something about the ancient Quaker meeting houses that are still in existence. When we walk into them, there’s a phenomenal depth, a sense of history, of the worship that has been there. That really permeates us. It is extremely meaningful. Almost all the spaces have high ceilings and high windows so you don’t see people or cars or anything walking past. You see the tree moving, a bird on a branch. Really are centered in on nature, which is extremely important to most Quakers.

Bill: I think simplicity comes from trying to learn from those important things within us, within our group, and within our home. It gets rid of the superfluous and allows us to focus on what’s

Interviews

T i n y S pace : Method First, we tracked down several tiny house groups on Facebook where we asked people to take a few minutes to help us with our research.

This portion of the thesis research project was conducted in collaboration with my classmate Sydney Grace Miller. We began by writing a set of non-leading questions specifically targeted at current tiny house occupants and owners (tiny homes can be defined in many ways -- for the intentions and purpose of our research, we focused on dwellings with fewer than 400 square feet of usable space). The questions we posed were intended to help us gather information and feedback about living in small spaces, a condition shared by both our thesis projects. After determining the technical aspects of the space and site, we were interested in the qualities and features that made the designed dwelling feel like home. We left the question fairly open-ended to allow for more personalized responses. Additionally, we sought out information about the undesirable conditions or problems with tiny living.

After a week and only one survey response, we decided to reach out to tiny house owners through the contact section of the blogs we found online. To solicit a few more survey responses, we sent several dozen direct messages on Instagram where we recognized a developing community of tiny house residents.

Questions

•

What is the square footage of your space?

Does your home include any space-saving solutions?

150 180 200 270 300 320 330

• • • • • • •

Which tasks are difficult to complete because of the space restriction? • • •

•

Climbing down a ladder to go to the bathroom at night Cleaning is more frequent but takes significantly less time Larger projects must be completed outside or completed and cleaned up in one day because there isn’t space to have a mess left out Indoor workouts are cramped Limited personal space if the tiny space is shared with another No space for a dishwasher

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• •

Changing the sheets in the lofted bedroom is difficult

A closet built into a staircase containing drawers Foot ottomans support the folded leaf of the table Hide-away ladder Modular/convertible furniture The floor below the kitchen area lifts to contain storage units Roll-out pantry below the stairs efficiently uses vertical area Design the home around your life and avoid unused space

What is the climate where your home is located? • • •

The ground freezes in the winter and there is high humidity in the summer Dry with dramatic temperature swings throughout the day Dry, dry but with all four seasons of the year

Tim + Sam

Kahla

Annie

Florida

Colorado

Virginia

A few people graciously agreed to have conversations over the phone about their experiences. Fortunately, these respondents were all from different regions which contributed to the diversity of the information we gathered. Although we asked similar questions, we found that the responses were much more specific compared to the six survey responses we collected. Upon later reflection, we were grateful for the responses that were produced in the interview method.

How does the climate impact the performance of your space and did you design to accommodate for predictable environmental factors? • • • • • •

Heat wrapping the pipes helps keep them from freezing Impacts landscaping decisions and the ability to spread out outdoors Insulate for energy efficiency across climates in case of relocation Account for elevation difference to choose appliances Position windows and doors to ventilate the space or invest in an air exchanger Moisture control in a humid climate is essential to prevent mold

How many hours do you spend in the space daily?

# # of of Residents Residents

Sunny Hot and frequently humid Edge of the high desert and the mountain region

44 33 22 11 00

0-5 0-5

6-10 6-10

11-15 11-15

16-20 16-20

# of Hours # #of ofHours Hours

How many years do you plan to live in the

# # of of Residents Residents

• • •

44 33 22 11 00

0-5 0-5

6-10 6-10

11-15 11-15

16-20 16-20

#ofofYears Years Years # Interviews

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V. Case Studies

Case Studies

T errar i u m Ho u se : TYPE: Residential

AREA: 1,292 ft²

LOCATION: Brisbane, AU

YEAR: 2017

Designer: John Ellway

FOCUS: Aesthetic

Description:

Photos: Toby Scott

Program Greenhouse 2 Small Bedrooms Master Bedroom Large Bathroom Laundry Closet ½ Bath Kitchen Dining Room Living Room Contained Backyard Design Features • Entrance concealed by a green facade • Landry closet access to kitchen sink • Northern exposure in bedroom • Sliding glass wall opens to extend kitchen and living space • Air flow circulates through the house into the yard • Living room extended ceiling space • Living room sightlines into greenhouse • Fireplace situated between living and dining • Plant retaining walls • Natural lighting in shower/ wet room • Solar panel energy sourcing • Built in bookcases and custom storage Response to Site The architect was cautious to maintain the cottage’s relationship with the neighborhood and streetscape while significantly expanding the program and scope of the project. In order to provide ample space for each programmatic requirement, the architect carved into the open under-croft to expand the building form and living space below the level of the street. Lighting Large windows on the northern and eastern faces of this building filter in a flood of natural light during the daytime which reduces the use of power for electric fixtures. As an accent piece visible from both levels, a Louis Poulsen PH 5 Lamp overhangs the dining room table. Materiality This project displays a warm palette celebrating authentic materials including wood, oxidized metal, and concrete. This collection harmoniously coexists and compliments the abundant vegetation woven into the building’s design. 52

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Case Studies

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Case Studies

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Case Studies

Hampto n Home : TYPE: Residential

AREA: 1,800 ft²

LOCATION: Amagansett, NY

YEAR: 2020

Designer: MB Architecture

FOCUS: Container Use

Description:

Photos: Matt Carbone

Program Outdoor Pool + Deck 3 Small Bedrooms Master Bedroom 2 Bathrooms ½ Bath Living Room Kitchen Dining Room Design Features • 8 ft wide staircase leads to master upper level • Cantilevered container (containing the master bedroom) overhang protects small outdoor patio • Glassed-in walkway connects the open-plan living areas to a separate bedroom wing • Double height living space Response to Site The containers that compose this dwelling are carefully nestled into the densely wooded area in order to preserve and protect the natural features of the landscape. A tall oak tree is encompassed at the center of the building to conceptually strengthen the relationship between the built environment and the site. In regards to the neighborhood, this house remains compact to match the relative size of adjacent dwellings. Lighting Expansive glass windows are inset into the framed shipping container ends to create a feeling of indoor/outdoor living. These allow natural light to penetrate into the space during the daytime. Additionally, track lights and subtle recessed fixtures warmly illuminate the interior. Materiality There is an elegant stark contrast between the sleek black shipping container and warm oak and mahogany wood (which extends out into the deck leading to the pool and parking are).

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Case Studies

S k y space : TYPE: Inhabitable Artwork

AREA: 520 ft²

LOCATION: Austin, TX

YEAR: 2013

Designer: James Turrell

FOCUS: Skylight

Description:

Photos: Florian Holzherr

Program Viewing Space Viewing Portal

Fernando Ortega

Design Features • LED cove lights change color at dawn and dusk • Ample intimate space for 25 viewers at a time • Incoming air temperature monitored to prevent condensation • Elastomeric coating applied to interior and exterior plaster surfaces to conceal cracks • All surfaces treated as roofs to manage water runoff Response to Site The reaction to place is capture quite simply through the portal in the roof which frames the sky. So in a sense, place is defined as the entire universe and is not specific to a state and address. Lighting As Turrell once said, “light is not so much something that reveals as it is the revelation.” He created this exhibit explicitly to highlight the importance of light and stillness in a space that activates and alters the veiwer’s perception of the sky (making it feel close and tangible) to shape a new reality of the world. Materiality Material is secondary, selected carefully to fade into the background and accentuate the focal point of the space. The white finish reflects light within the chamber and serves as a canvas for an exhibit which occurs in the space daily.

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Case Studies

P E R L I T A P ass i v e : TYPE: Residential

AREA: 2,120 ft²

LOCATION: Los Angeles, CA YEAR: 2018 Designer: Eve Reynolds

FOCUS: Sustainability

Description:

Photos: Lawrence

Anderson

Program Outdoor Pool + Deck 2 Small Bedrooms Master Bedroom Bathroom Laundry Room ½ Bath Kitchen Dining Room Living Room Design Features • Living Building Challenge Petal Certified (compliant with place, energy, health and happiness, and beauty petals) • Mix of native, drought tolerant plants and citrus trees to supply local fresh produce to the occupants • Construction of the house optimizes continuous insulation • 16 solar panels to achieve Net Positive Energy generation • Operable windows utilized for passive cooling • Wooden bridge travels over a rain garden (liminal space) • Entryway cubbies provide immediate space for shoes and other personal items that may have come in contact with exterior toxins or unwanted chemicals Response to Site This major two-story remodel project was constructed in a diverse North East Los Angeles neighborhood. Since the efficiency of the building is dependant on solar energy and passive cooling, careful site analysis was critical. Perlita is also within walking distance of multiple restaurants, bus lines, and recreational areas (including Griffith Park and the LA River). The neighborhood is very “bikefriendly”, encouraging non-motorized travel and active lifestyles. Lighting Dominant natural light by day and subtle LED ceiling fixtures. Materiality Earth-derived, natural materials free of chemicals and VOCs are very important in this design. The architect describes a moment crossing the threshold into the house in which the visitor looks down at their feet and the material that grounds them (so origin of this material is pertinent). A stone paver floor is consistent throughout the interior. Pink facade references native plants (bougainvillea). 62

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Case Studies

P ollack B u i l d i n g : TYPE: Higher Education

AREA: 4,000 ft²

LOCATION: Richmond, VA

YEAR: 2011

Designer: David Oakland

FOCUS: Greenroof

Description:

Photos:VMDO

Program Meadow Greenroof Conventional Greenroof Native Greenroof Resting Area Design Features • Low-energy LED exterior light fixtures • Integrated pest management plan that avoids chemical pesticide applications • Rooftop exposure: educational asset • Plant maintenance regime that relies on organic fertilizers and natural soil amendments • Stainless steel cable railing system that minimizes the amount of construction material • Underground moisture-sensing irrigation system (only necessary until plants have established themselves) • Universally accessible due to a new steel ramp Response to Site This space is integrated into the VCU School of Arts building as a gathering space and educational opportunity. The unique space isis a landmark on campus with clear views of the surrounding region, facilitating a deep visual connection to place. Perhaps most importantly, the greenroof serves it’s site by reducing heat island effect,absorbing storm water, and establishing a protected habitat for local wildlife. Lighting Successful plant growth is dependant on plentiful light supplied by the southeastern exposure on the fifth floor of the Pollack Building. Materiality The selections for this project, including Pennsylvania Bluestone, Black locust, and salvaged steel pipe planters (from S.B. Cox) , are all sourced within 500 miles of the site. This achievement contributes to the project’s sustainable goals. Regarding planting typologies, the green roof meadow of taller plants in 6 inches of medium encompasses the outer edge of the roof. A collection of hardy low-growing sedums occupy the center of the roof. The majority of the plants on this green roof, growing in 12 inches of medium, are native to Virginia. This project is noted as the first in the state with such a large percentage of native species. 64

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(illustrations by VCU School of Arts)

Case Studies

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VI.

Programming

A d j ace n c y C r i ter i a : distant not important somewhat important very important

Bathroom

Bedroom

Dining

Front Deck

Foyer

Greenhouse

Kitchen

Living Room

Laundry Closet

10. Office 11. Reading Nook 12. Screened Porch 13. Wardrobe 14. Wellness Area 15. Woodworking Shop 16. Woodworking Storage

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Area (f t 2)

Upper /Lower (U/L)

Adjacency (#)

Indoor/Outdoor (I/O)

Amt. of Privacy (H > M > L)

2,9

186

1,11,13,14

7,8,12

260

108

4,7,10

185

7,12

I,O

225

3,5,6,8

3,7,12

2,13

110

3,6,7,8

2,11

164

I,O

440

I,O

132

Programming

C o d es + O cc u pa n c y : Occupancy Classifications R-3 : Building with fewer than 2 dwelling units Occupant Load Factor= 200 gross R Class: A building or part of a building that acts as a dwelling and provides sleeping accommodations for normal residential purposes. (Codes Guidebook) Dwelling unit= A single unit providing complete, independent living facilities for one or more persons. Provisions for sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation must be included. F-1: Woodworking Occupant Load Factor= 100 gross F Class: This designation generally refers to a building in which a certain type of product is made...product materials must typically be considered low or moderate hazard (Codes Guidebook). Minimum Widths Access to mechanical, plumbing, or electrical = 24” Within a dwelling unit = 36” Doorway within a dwelling unit = 34” Maximum dead end corridor: 50’ Clear distance on PUSH side = 12” Clear distance on PULL side = 18” Plumbing Requirements F-1 = requires one lavatory, one water closet, one drinking fountain, one service sink R-3 = requires one lavatory, one water closet, one bathtub/shower, one kitchen sink, one automatic clothes washer connection

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Programming

L i st of spaces : 1.

Bathroom

Objectives: • Central function =cleaning • Completely seal the shower to reduce heat escape and energy waste while encouraging a lower water temperature • Filter shower steam through a ventilation system integrated into the light fixture which releases vapor in the greenhouse above to aid plant hydration • Apply translucent material such as fluted glass to large shower window to extend the connection to the outdoors without breaking the envelope of privacy • Select a composting toilet to drastically decrease water consumption and return human waste to the earth • Place bathroom around the core circulation stairwell for convenient access from the living space and proximity to the laundry closet • Establish a place intended for tranquility and reset Components: Enclosed shower Mirrored wall storage Shower mat

Floating vanity Composting toilet Area rug

Bedroom

Objectives: • Central function =rest • Power outlet adjacent to or integrated into night stand • Connect to nature through sightlines to the untamed mangy grass engulfing the dwelling serve as refuge for native species and preserving the surrounding local ecosystem • Maximize opportunities for natural light to filter through eastern-facing windows at sunrise, promoting healthy circadian rhythms and intuitive sleep patterns • Select light fixtures that play with orbit and spherical geometries which are derived from rotation about a central point • Play with balance and center of gravity in a rocking chair, which serves as a resting place within the bedroom, facing out the window overlooking the best views on the property. • Reduce spacial clutter and inherent disorder by providing sleek roll-out storage units stowed under the bed Components: Bedside table Globe pendant lights 72

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Queen bed with storage drawers Eames rocking chair

Dining

Objectives: • Central function = eating • Integrate into the core of the kitchen with adaptable barriers • Rotate the louver wall in order to filter light and manipulate the degree of privacy between the kitchen and banquette • Locate adjacent to operable container door for an indoor/ outdoor dining experience • Reveal remnants of the container at the center line of the space (inlaid in the bench) — gesturing to the structure of the original containers and accentuating the union of parts Components: Wood banquette 4.

Louver walls

FRONT DECK

Objectives: • Central function= threshold from natural to built environment • Encourage on-site food sourcing by creating a tiered edible garden which cascades down the staircase leading the user to the woodworking shop • Support vertical plant growth on the face of the dwelling to naturally camouflage the building • Nestle a bench into the green facade overlooking idyllic landmarks and natural features on the property • Construct a rippling Zen/ koi pond to rest above the 500 gallon rainwater harvesting tank on-site • Expose the untamed mangy grass engulfing the dwelling to serve as refuge for native species and preserve the surrounding local ecosystem Components: Stairway Observation bench Zen koi pond Planter boxes Trellis 5.

FOYER

Objectives: • Central function = arrival and departure • Expose the industrial shipping container ceiling overhead in order to provide a sense of clarity and reveal a deeper connection/ heightened awareness when the occupant is cognizant of the structure which supports and protects them • Create a moment of relief and spacial openness • Provide space for storing personal belongings and resting

• •

while fastening shoes adjacent to the door Extend the primary path of travel across the kitchen to culminate in the living space Establish an immediate visual connection to outdoor landmarks which have informed the interior design

Components: Coat closet Shoe bench 6.

Exit mirror Mud rug

Greenhouse

Objectives: • Central function = growing • Facilitate a deeper connection with daily food consumption and production • Support year-round on site food production • Determine optimal location for maximum growing productivity through site-specific solar studies and observation • Allocate space for plants of various heights Components: Potting bench Automatic ventilation 7.

Vertical growing shelves Organic edible garden

KITCHEN

Objectives: • Central function= cooking • Maximize usable work surface area • Support the user’s ability to switch between tasks seamlessly • Allow multiple occupants to navigate and circulate around the core island of the space comfortably • Reveal remnants of the container at the center line of the space (inlaid in the counter top) — gesturing to the structure of the original containers and accentuating the union of parts • Capitalize on natural light especially at peak hours • Frame sightlines to outdoor views from each workstation • Specify fixtures and appliances with reduced environmental impact (determined by evaluating energy efficiency and material sustainability) Components: Refrigerator Downdraft electric range Sink Revolving wine rack Induction cooktop Oven Pantry Storage cabinets

Living Room

Objectives: • Central function = indoor gathering • Design large communal soft surfaces for resting adjacent to windows to overlook the natural surroundings • Allocate space for storing games and telescopes (intended for nature observation) below seating benches • Place a dual-sided wood burning stove along the shared wall between the living room and porch to establish a hearth at the center of the main communal space • Establish a playful lofted space encompassed by nets above the living room (accessed by drop-down ladder) Components: Bench seating Side table 9.

Wood stove Lofted net enclosure

Laundry Closet

Objectives: • Central function = washing • Support the user’s capability and necessity to maintain cleanliness which facilitates mental clarity and human wellbeing • Specify washing machine with reduced environmental impact (determined by evaluating energy efficiency, water usage, and material sustainability) • Locate adjacent to bathroom to easily gather solid clothing Components: Washer Drying racks Folding station Cleaning storage

10. Office

Objectives: • Central function= working • Ensure sufficient acoustical insulation from kitchen space to maximize productivity when needed for focus tasks • Allow user to access outdoor views while mitigating screen glare through strategic window placement informed by solar studies Components: Open shelf storage Filing cabinets

Desk Ergonomic chair Programming

11. Reading Nook

15. Woodworking Shop

Objectives: Objectives: • Central function = reading • Central function = woodworking • Allocate space to rest and read with idyllic views of the Poplar • Support circulation around a central work bench equipped tree and rocky outcropping with essential tools and an innovative hardware organization • Provide ample shoe storage below the cushioned bench system to support cleanliness and efficiency • Facilitate indoor/outdoor working by allowing for shipping Components: container doors to open onto a finished solid surface patio Cushioned bench Shoe storage bins • Allow for air circulation to pass through the shop through operable pivoting windows • Establish acoustical barriers between living and shop spaces 12. Screened Porch to mitigate noises from tools and machinery Objectives: • Central function = outdoor gathering Components: • Conceal an exterior space sheltered from the rampant mos- Workbench Wood lathe quito population to maximize potential time spent outdoors in Drill press Pegboard tool wall a more comfortable environment Bandsaw Planer • Heat the porch in summer months via a wood stove shared with the interior living space 16. Woodworking Storage Components: Couch Side tables Lounge chair Indoor/outdoor wood stove 13. Wardrobe

Objectives: • Central function = clothing storage • Integrate inconspicuous floor-to-ceiling units into the edges of the space to store clothing and personal items Components: Hanging storage

Drawer storage

14. Wellness Area

Objectives: • Central function = fitness • Support accessible opportunities for activity, mindfulness, and outdoor engagement at the forefront of the living space • Provide open indoor and outdoor floor space to increase the surface area for independent or partner movement • Line walls with mirrors to support safe activity and reinforce good form in exercise to strengthen and prevent injuries Components: Swedish wall bars Mirrored wall 74

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Outdoor climbing area Battle ropes

Objectives: • Central function =tool and wood storage Components: Bike storage rack

Wood storage rack

Programming

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VII. Concept Development

Concept Development

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Origin + Meaning My concept for this project developed as a symbolic representation and means of uniting my interest in creating a space that responds to environmental and human conditions. Following a conversation with my grandparents on the topic of Quakerism, I was provoked by the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x153;centeringâ&#x20AC;? or achieving the highest level of mental balance in order to engage with people and space in a more intentional manner. This fascination prompted me to explore the many definitions of the word [center] and the impact of physical space on physiological balance.

Concept Development

IMAGERY:

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Concept Development

Fire is the center of light. In the home, the hearth has historically acted as an essential and revered space for gathering.

Arms of a clock revolve about the center wheels which facilitate rotation. Time itself is a central guiding force that dictates and coordinates all living existence on earth.

A ball of clay is centered when balance is established between centrifugal force, friction, and upwards movement perched on a wheel spinning as a result of centripetal acceleration.

Concentric circles ripple out from the core of a tree, indicating the progression of time and quantifying growth.

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Meditation and spiritual practices, commonly referred to as centering, guide humans to achieve a state of inner peace. This image depicts mudras, a non-verbal mode of communication and selfexpression consisting of hand gestures and fingerpostures, used to channel energy flow within the body.

The heart is a physical and representational entity which describes the center of life and love.

A vibrant yellow stream of parallel lines delineates the central divide on the asphalt road. This center line enables opposing directions of traffic to coexist on one passageway.

At center stage, the spotlight streams down on the focal figure who gathers the attention of a unified onlooking crowd.

Concept Development

Finding Center

Concept Development

Within a hurricane, the central eye of the storm offers a moment of relative calm amidst the chaos caused by the tumultuous tropical cyclone.

In reference to symmetry, the center reaches across the horizon line. At this axis, the form above is crisply reflected onto the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. This condition is simultaneously captured across the vertical axis of the architecture in this temple to reinforce order.

The bullâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-eye is the most central point and target in shooting and archery. Accuracy is highly dependant on balance and precision achieved in training and dedicated practice.

Many iconic buildings are allocated for a specific task or dedicated to a universal purpose. At the heart of the financial district in New York, the World Trade Center supports international trade services and economic stimulation.

Finding Center

Reproduction by means of pollination occurs at the center of the flower. The core is vibrant and exposed in order to attract the creatures who transfer pollen and enable vegetation proliferation.

The field is in one sense ceremoniously divided by a parting center line which informs the division between teams. There is beauty in the mingling and merging of two entities as they strategically breech this center.

At the centerfold of a book, the pages are bound together to secure the content within. In the progression of reading, this indicates the arrival at the halfway point.

A pit is the nucleus, or center of growth, in the core of a fruit which is revealed after cutting through the opaque peel and flesh.

Concept Development

d ef i n i t i o n s :

A point from which something proceeds, emanates, originates, or develops; a nucleus, a source.

The most significant place with regard to a particular activity, industry, etc.; a place or point around which things are situated or gathered.

A point, pivot, or axis about which something turns or revolves.

The innermost point of the earth.

With reference to an immaterial or abstract thing; the most essential part; the heart, the core.

Finding Center

The middle point or part of anything; the innermost portion, the midst; the zone or region which is equidistant or remote from all sides, ends, or surfaces.

A point towards which things move or tend; a focus of concentration or attraction.

The point within a body which must be supported in order to resist the force of gravity.

A point around which a circle or sphere is described; the point equidistant from all points on the circumference or surface of a circle or sphere.

To reach a state of inner peace or harmony, esp. by meditation; to engage in quiet reflection or contemplation.

Concept Development

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VIII. Drawings

Drawings

P la n S : 1. Bathroom

9. Landry Closet

2. Bedroom

10. Office

3. Dining

11. Reading Nook

4. Front Deck

12. Screened Porch

5. Foyer

13. Wardrobe

6. Greenhouse

14. Wellness Area

7. Kitchen

15. Woodworking Shop

8. Living Room

16. Woodworking Storage

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11 2

15 13

LOWER LEVEL

1/8” = 1’- 0”

Drawings

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UPPER LEVEL 1/8” = 1’- 0”

Drawings

S ect i o n s : BUILDING NORTH 1/4” = 1’- 0”

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Drawings

BUILDING EAST 1/4” = 1’- 0”

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Drawings

Axon:

100 Finding Center

Drawings 101

02 01

05 04

07 08

PRIMARY LIVING SPACES 3/32” = 1’- 0”

01 Shipping Container Roof

•

Book shelf

•

Floating shelves

07 Living Room

02 Greenroof System

•

Ergonomic desk chair

•

Pantry

•

Window seats

•

05 Kitchen

06 Foyer

•

Wood stove

03 Plywood Panel Ceiling

•

Island cooktop

•

Shoe bench

08 Dining Area

04 Office Workspace

•

Bar seating

•

Hanging storage

•

Louver wall

•

Refrigerator

•

Coat closet

•

Banquette

Native plants

Filing cabinets

102 Finding Center

02 01

CONTAINED OUTDOOR SPACES 3/32” = 1’- 0”

01 Greenhouse Roof

03 Stair Well

•

Double pane glass

•

Perforated metal spiral stair

•

Rainwater harvesting drain

•

Ergonomic handle

02 Solar Roof

04 Greenhouse

•

Tesla integrated panels

•

Potting bench

•

Circular skylight

•

Integrated metal shelves

05 Screened Porch •

Contained outdoor lounge

•

Indoor/outdoor wood stove

Drawings 103

WOODWORKING SHOP 3/32” = 1’- 0”

01 Shipping Container Roof

•

Gravel tread

•

Wood lathe

02 Shop Storage

•

Planter boxes

•

Drill press

•

Hanging bike rack

•

Rainwater harvesting tank

05 Shop Porch

•

Wood storage rack

04 Woodshop

06 Avenue Walkway

03 Staircase

•

Workbench

•

Pavers

•

Pegboard tool wall

•

Bench planter boxes

Corten steel barriers

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SECONDARY LIVING SPACES 01 Shipping Container Roof

•

Eames rocking chair

04 Laundry Closet

02 Bedroom

•

Globe pendant night lamps

•

Water efficient washer

•

Wardrobe

03 Bathroom

•

Folding station

•

Reading nook

•

Container floor shower

05 Wellness Space

•

Under bed storage

•

Composting toilet

•

Full mirrored wall

•

Night stands

•

Floating vanity

•

Swedish wall bars Drawings 105

106 Finding Center

IX.

Renderings

Renderings 107

E le v a t i o n s :

EAST 3/32” = 1’- 0”

SOUTHWEST 3/32” = 1’- 0”

108 Finding Center

SOUTHEAST 3/32” = 1’- 0”

NORTHWEST 3/32” = 1’- 0”

Renderings 109

P E R S P E C IV E s :

FRONT DECK Center of arrival and departure.

110 Finding Center

KITCHEN Center of cooking.

Renderings 111

LIVING ROOM Center of gathering.

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BEDROOM Center of rest.

Renderings 113

ACTIVE REGION Center of fitness.

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BATHROOM Center of cleanliness.

Renderings 115

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X. Process

Process 117

sketc h es :

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Process 119

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XI.

Sources

Sources 121

Aguilar, C. (2014, October 28). The Color Inside / Overland Partners James Turrell Skyspace. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/560974/thecolor-inside-overland-partners-james-turrell-skyspace Architectural Plywood. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.timberproducts.com/products/panels/architectural-plywood BERA Gravel Fix® Pro. (2020, June 10). Retrieved from https://www.bera-bv.com/gravel-stabilization-system/bera-gravel-fix-pro/ Caballero, P. (2019, May 16). Terrarium House / JOHN ELLWAY. ARCHITECT. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/917035/terrarium-housejohn-ellway-architect Charlottesville, VA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/charlottesville-va/#about Charlottesville, Virginia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/. Charron, R., & Athienitis, A. (2006). Design and Optimization of Net Zero Energy Solar Homes. ASHRAE transactions, 112(2). Cradle to Cradle Certified Products Registry. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://www.c2ccertified.org/get-certified/product-certification. Cradle to Cradle. (2017, August 18). Retrieved from https://mcdonough.com/cradle-to-cradle/ Crawley, D., Pless, S., & Torcellini, P. Getting to Net Zero. United States. Discover the story of EnglishMore than 600,000 words, over a thousand years. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.oed.com/ D.o.o., Y. M. (n.d.). Charlottesville, VA - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast. Retrieved from https://www.weather-us.com/en/virginiausa/charlottesville-climate#temperature EPEA Part of Drees & Sommer. The Cradle to Cradle® design concept. (2016, December 29). Retrieved from https://epea-hamburg.com/cradle-to-cradle/. Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1966) [First published .1860]. Howes, D H; Boring, E G (eds.). Elements of psychophysics [Elemente der Psychophysik]. volume 1. Translated by Adler, H E. United States of America: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Floor tiles. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mosa.com/en/products/terrace-tiles Getting Started With Greenhouse Ventilation. (2019, October 23). Retrieved from https://www.advancingalternatives.com/blog/getting-started-greenhouse-ventilation-systems/ Greenhouse Glazing Options – Glass or Polycarbonate. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://arcadiaglasshouse.com/greenhouse-tips/greenhouse-glazingoptions/ Green Roofs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sustainability.vcu.edu/gardens/green-roofs/ Greenroofs Projects Database. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/ Hardwoods Sample. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://shawfloors.com/flooring/hardwood/details/expressions-sw707/poetry IceStone Recycled Glass Countertops. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://icestoneusa.com/products/icestone/ John , Y. (2017, November 6). A Layout Kit for Small Shops. Retrieved from https://www.finewoodworking.com/2007/08/17/a-layout-kit-for-small-shops. Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2011). Biophilic design: the theory, science and practice of bringing buildings to life. John Wiley & Sons. Kopec, D. A. (2018). Environmental psychology for design. New York: Fairchild Books, An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Inc. Lang, J. (1987). Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioural sciences in environmental design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Living Building Challenge 4.0 Basics. (2020, February 20). Retrieved from https://living-future.org/lbc/basics4-0/

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McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart. Cradle to cradle: Remaking the way we make things. North point press, 2010. Miller, Mary C. Color for Interior Architecture. John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Natural Sustainable Fibers. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://convert.as/natural-fiber/ Perlita Passive House LA. (2020, January 30). Retrieved from https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/perlita-passive-house-la/ Raanaas, Ruth Kjærsti, Grete Grindal Patil, and Terry Hartig. “Effects of an indoor foliage plant intervention on patient well-being during a residential rehabilitation program.” HortScience 45.3 (2010): 387-392. Rusak, Benjamin, and Irving Zucker. “Neural regulation of circadian rhythms.” Physiological reviews 59.3 (1979): 449-526. Ryan, C. O., Browning, W. D., Clancy, J. O., Andrews, S. L., & Kallianpurkar, N. B. (2014). Biophilic design patterns: emerging nature-based parameters for health and well-being in the built environment. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 8(2), 62-76. Shutters, Vents & Louvers. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.growerssupply.com/farm/supplies/cat1a;gs_shutters_vents_louvers_1.html Snodgrass, E. C., & Snodgrass, L. L. (2010). Green roof plants: A resource and planting guide. Portland, Or.: Timber Press. Steinfeld, E., & Maisel, J. (2012). Universal design: Creating inclusive environments. John Wiley & Sons. Sustainable greenhouse systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285928780_Sustainable_greenhouse_systems Tsalikis, Georgios, and Georgios Martinopoulos. “Solar energy systems potential for nearly net zero energy residential buildings.” Solar Energy 115 (2015): 743-756. Virginia Commonwealth University Pollak Building Green Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.vmdo.com/vcu-pollak-building-green-roof.html Virginia Herpetological Society. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/amphibians/frogsandtoads/frogs_and_toads_of_virginia.htm Venhaus, Heather L. Designing the Sustainable Site: Integrated Design Strategies for Small Scale Sites and Residential Landscapes. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ nited States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ Wang, L. (2020, January 14). Amagansett Modular House by MB Architecture. Retrieved from https://www.dwell.com/article/amagansett-modular-housemb-architecture-a9a04e07 Well Certified. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wellcertified.com/certification/v2/ Wood Decking, low maintenance decking material, Outdoor Decking. (2020, June 25). Retrieved from https://www.accoya.com/products/decking/ Yost, William A. (2000). Fundamentals of hearing : an introduction (4. ed.). San Diego [u.a.]: Academic Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-12-775695-0.

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Ta ta for now

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Research + Design Accessory Dwelling Unit

Kylie M. Heald Thesis 2019-2020