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Editorial The past decade has brought both ups and downs for the black citizens of America. Blacks face extreme hardships in the South. African Americans are discriminated against and are often physically harmed. This is unacceptable! This goes against all human morals, what ever happened to “We the People,” and “All Men are Created Equal!” Are we, the black citizens of America, not people? However, despite this treacherous behavior, black Americans are managing to achieve successes. The Harlem Renaissance brought an outburst of black culture, including Jazz. Harlem is a city flourishing with black culture and expression, and for many is considered a “Heaven on Earth.” Fellow citizens of America, we must all wake up and confront this behavior aimed at colored Americans. Life in the South for African Americans has become more difficult after the war. The KKK is increasing in numbers, and violence against blacks is rising with it. Blacks face segregation almost everywhere they go, in almost all public areas. Many separate “Colored facilities” are underfunded and inferior to white buildings. Discrimination is also an issue that blacks experience everyday. Blacks are seen as lesser and not as entitled as whites, and racism pollutes the South. Following up on the topic of discrimination, the Back to Africa Movement was sparked in response to the mistreatment of blacks. Marcus Garvey developed the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica to help fight for equality. He then moved his association to Harlem, where he found many followers who did not have the same economic and social opportunities after WWI. He believed that African Americans would never be treated equally and started The “Back-To-Africa Movement.” Harvey developed a line of ships, called the Black Star Fleet that would take his followers back to their homeland, Africa, where they would not be discriminated against and would achieve success. Unfortunately, the shipline never made it to Africa and ended up going bankrupt. Despite this failure, many still believe in Garvey and his fight for equality.
Editorial However, Blacks also achieved many successes. The Harlem Renaissance is a coming of age where we, African Americans, are able to express our social thought through paintings, music, dance, theater, and literature. In Harlem, people can become what they want without being judged, and racial slurs thrown at them. African American achievers influence American society with their creativity and words. They are finally recognized through America. It’s a dream come true! A major success that came from the Harlem Renaissance is a type of music called Jazz. Jazz is the new popular music, a huge part of american culture and american music, and it is found everywhere. Jazz is a form of music created by African Americans. It originates in New orleans and it is a huge success. It is played with many different instruments and many more come along as the amazing talents continue to make things work. It is based off of improvisation and forceful and creative rhythm. Jazz has changed american music, culture, and still continues to do so. All in all, in the past 10 years, African Americans have experienced both successes and failures when it comes to equality. Blacks face violence, segregation, and discrimination in the South and are not treated equally as whites. However, Harlem has become a place of dreams where blacks can express themselves and their cultures through all sorts of art and literature. Despite the hardships that blacks face, we are also achieving many great successes and our fight for equality rages on.
Louis Armstrong
The Cotton Club, the most famous club in Harlem.
Dangers of the South Taejune Yoon Squirming around, kicking and fighting the air as they hang by their neck from the branch of an oak tree. This could be you, your family members, and any of your close friends. Despite our contributions to the war, the treatment of the black citizens of America has not improved one bit. The South is becoming more dangerous as the members of the KKK increase in numbers, and life in the South is becoming worse. Segregation, discrimination, and violence against African Americans in the South are all still becoming more and more apparent.
Blacks in America face segregation in almost all areas of life, and everywhere we go, we can clearly see it. Blacks and whites are placed in separate schools, and a majority of public buildings. The “Separate but Equal� doctrine states that segregation is legal as long as equal facilities are provided for both races. However, this is not the case in many places. For example, blacks are put in underfunded, inferior, colored schools. Another problem that African Americans face in the South is mob violence.
The Dangers of the South Blacks are often accused of crimes that they have not committed. Black deaths are being caused by white lies, and this is being accepted by Americans. Lynchings are becoming widespread to the point where they are on the headlines of newspapers. “Man Being Lynched at 5 O’clock!” The Ku Klux Klan continues to grow in numbers and poses a greater threat on black Americans. This is unacceptable, and the lives of our families should not be at risk to these savages. African Americans participated in the war in hopes of winning equality. Now as they return home, their lives in the South have become worse and more dangerous than before. At the beginning of the war, it looked as if life for black Americans was improving. Many blacks migrated North and found jobs that were open due to the amount of soldiers leaving.
A group of Klansmen at a meeting.
However, black soldiers are struggling to find jobs and are falling into debt. Many farmers are struggling due to the fall in cotton prices and are falling victim to sharecropping. This system is trapping farmers and causing them to go deeper and deeper into debt. To add to the list of our difficulties, discrimination and treatment of blacks has not improved since the war. Newspaper headlines are constantly telling us to “Know our place” and to “Live like a negro.” Black households are being burnt to the ground and race riots rage on. In conclusion, life in the South is continuing to become more and more difficult and dangerous for black Americans. Segregation, violence, discrimination, and debt are all challenges that the South brings to blacks. Despite our contributions to the war and our country, we have not benefitted in the slightest.
“Back-To-Africa Movement” Kate Cannon
A new movement has been created in response to the terrible problems of discrimination for Negroes in America. The “Back-To-Africa Movement” was started by a Negro named Marcus Garvey in 1914-1925. He started to establish the Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA) in Jamaica to “draw peoples of race together,” in 1914, after This movement finished contributing to urban culture through flourishing in the Harlem Renaissance. Before he created the “Back-To-Africa Movement,” he’s an increasingly military figure of the 20th century. This delivered his message of pride, and started to attract Urban Blacks in the United States. In 1919, The Back-To-Africa Movement appealed to many African American Blacks who were facing discrimination that services didn’t reduced racial prejudice, after WWI, and to blacks who given up hope for equality in the U.S. which increased its attraction up to two million followers. Garvey started to collect money for starting businesses, and steamship lines of transport for his followers to Africa.
Marcus Garvey’s Back to Africa Movement, showed a message of pride to attract Urban Blacks in the United States.
In the 1920s, Garvey hoped to establish at Africa a strong black nation that offered protections, or opportunities to blacks everywhere. However, the “Back-To-Africa Movement,” isn’t going to stop Negroes from acquiring Pride, in 1921. Whereas in old days, white blood was admired, and a quadroon: a person who is one-quarter black by descent, was given front pew at Church, now colored opinions turned against a girl who’s commercially. Because business knows no colors. Meanwhile just today, they Kowtow: act in an excessively subservient manner, other white people, when they overlook their(Ethnic/Family) extractions if they happen to become rich.
1920s “Back-To-Africa Movement” (Part II) In 1922, Garvey gave a speech about his “Back-To-Africa Movement.” “Four hundred million men, women, children, and families worthy of existence given us by a Divine Creator, we’re determined to solve our own problems, by redeeming our Mother land Africa from the hands of Alien exploiters, and found their government. They don’t lynch people from different countries, because they’re represented by great governments, mighty nations/empires, strongly organized. The Negro reaches this point of national independence because the prejudice will stand against him with a ballot in his hand.”
Marcus Garvey’s Back to Africa Movement rised in the 20th century when he heard about African American having issues with discrimination.
Back to Africa Movement
Happiness in Harlem Maathir Elsheikh
Harlem, one of the most beautiful cities, where we are free to express ourselves in ways that was impossible for us before. Harlem is the great mecca for the sight-seeker, and the talented of the whole Negro world. The New Negro, a term that is used to define our refusal to submit to the laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. In the black community, we are able to express our social thought through paintings, music, dance, theater, and literature. The Great Migration is something significant among us, African Americans. Because of the Great Migration many left the ruthless South to seek their fortunes, jobs, and better living conditions in the North, escaping all pain from the past, and gaining self-confidence and race pride. Racism existed on a large scale in the South. Poor living conditions and no good jobs being provided is also one of the many reasons Negroes migrated.
The Savoy Ballroom in Harlem where dance contests are held
People can become anything they want without being judged, and racial slurs thrown their way. Langston hughes influences white posts with his rhythmic meters of blues and Jazz. Claude Mckay urges African Americans to stand up for their rights in his books with verses that impacts a lot of Negroes and White people. Jacob Lawrence is an artist that expresses his feelings through paintings, like the struggle in his life or the happiness that flew through harlem. Duke Ellington, a jazz composer, conductor, and performer . His band attracted a lot people all over America. African American achievers don’t just see their works as creativity, but a reminder that reminds them that they’re finally free. The Harlem Renaissance helps redefine African American culture to America, but also the world. African American achievers influences American society with their creativity and words. It’s a dream come true! Even though more obstacles are going to face us in the future, we will stand together no more what happens.
Jazz Marcus Morgan
Have you heard of this new thing called Jazz? Jazz is the new popular music that bring us together. Jazz is now a huge part of american culture and american music, and it’s everywhere. Jazz is a form of music created by African Americans. Its origins come from the city of New Orleans, and it is a huge success. It’s based off of improvisation and forceful and creative rhythm. Jazz has changed American music, and the culture of it and continues to do so. All sorts of people love Jazz and play it. In many ways, this new Jazz form is uniting us as Americans. You may not always be able to see it, but you can definitely feel it. Everyone is starting to fall in love with this new music. If you go to the inner cities you will see all kinds of people watching. Whites, blacks, EVERYONE is watching, listening, and dancing.
Popular Jazz musician Duke Ellington performing in france at a cocktail party in his honor
Jazz is a huge part of the American culture now. Jazz is becoming huge in a very pivotal time as it is the turn of the century and it is something very good that is happening along with a lot of other things in our country. Jazz has received the most praise and has acted as inspiration to many americans more than any other music form. It is the base of many new music forms and it credited to be a culture changing and moving form of music. Jazz is EVERYWHERE. You can go anywhere right now and the odds of you hearing or seeing jazz played is very likely. It´s on the radio, at almost every night club, schools, in the streets, on television, train stations, cities, little towns, and it´s even in other countries! Jazz is exploding and spreading everywhere. Jazz is changing america in so many ways. It is very popular and bringing people together, changing and is a huge part of this new american culture. It is the rhythm of America. Jazz is taking the world by storm. It’s the new trend and is very moving. You should listen to it sometime!
Bibliography Taejune Yoon- Works Cited Baughman, Judith S., et al. American Decades. Gale Research, 1996. Ebony Source Pack Document A Ebony Source Pack Document G “Is The KKK Back?” Dame Magazine, DameMedia, www.google.com/search?q=KKK&rlz=1CALEAL_enUS759US759&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjI1tX2uYzXAhVGwlQKHTv9ACQQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=630&safe=active&ssui=on#im grc=H1sn-IQKtzsKkM: “Ku Klux Klan.” Wikipedia, www.google.com/search?q=KKK&rlz=1CALEAL_enUS759US759&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwjI1tX2uYzXAhVGwlQKHTv9ACQQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=630&safe=active&ssui=on#im grc=aYHg1MPsYEQr_M: LuÌ sted, Marcia Amidon, and Jennifer K. Keller. The Roaring Twenties: Discover the Era of Prohibition, Flappers, and Jazz. Nomad Press, 2014. U.S.A. 1920s. Vol. 3, Grolier, 2005. Maathir Elsheikh- Works Cited Gaines, Ann. The Harlem Renaissance in American History. Enslow Publishers, 2002. “The Harlem Renaissance.” Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/us/46e.asp. Hughes, Langston. “Not Without Laughter.” Goodreads, Goodreads Inc., 1 Feb. 2016, www.goodreads.com/review/show?id=1534166165. Hutchinson, George. “Harlem Renaissance.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 15 Feb. 2017, www.britannica.com/event/Harlem-Renaissance-American-literature-and-art. Locke, Alain. “Harlem.” Survey Graphic, Mar. 1925. “New Negro.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Sept. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Negro. “The Savoy Ballroom.” Www.ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/us/46e.asp. Kate Cnnon-Works Cited Kate-History Alive! Pursuing American Ideals Background Reading (Pg. 316-317, 326-329) American Decades (black/orange) p271 Life During the Roaring Twenties (purple) p25
Ebony Source Pack: Documents: A, B, and D. Marcus: Bloom, Harold. The Harlem Renaissance. Chelsea House Publishers, 2004. Hanson, Erica. The 1920s. Lucent Books, 1999. Hill, Laban Carrick. Harlem Stomp!: a Cultural History of the Harlem Renaissance. Little, Brown, 2009. Yancey, Diane. Life during the Roaring Twenties. Lucent Books, 2002. “AP :: Images :: Login.” AP Images, classic.apimages.com/secured_user/Download.aspx?st=dl&id=056fa9708d814d 0d9b17950eb4606999&isgb=false.