ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY CENTER by Lali Caleau

ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY CENTER ARTS DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES

Ana Laura Caleau Zavattieri

THE POSITIVE VOID: RESILIENT URBANISM Architecture Design Studio VII Project Programming Fall 2016 Kansas State University Instructor: Jay Siebenmorgen ARCH 805 + ARCH 506 2

ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY CENTER ARTS DISTRICT, LOS ANGELES USA

Urban design is being actually forced to reinvent the concept we have on cities and how they can adapt to fast and constant changing world situations. Cities are systems, so it is important to view all issues, understand their interdependencies, and make decisions that do not harm the other components. Resilient design strives for environmental, social, and economic sustainability with the ability to adapt to known and unknown risks and vulnerabilities. Community problems require community-based solutions. Applying creative systems-thinking in design innovation can result in thriving and sustainable communities that allow both people and the planet to prosper. What, then, does adaptability look like? Do we build structures that are temporary or permanent? Robust or lightweight? Rigid or lexible? Are these structures to be designed based on historical data or future models?

The Arts District, located in the eastern edge of downtown Los Angeles, is characterized for a consntantly changing history that started in the mid 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s as an agricultural producing area with great conditions for wine and citrcs, wich gave place to the irst large buildings of the area as support for train shipping. After World War II, the agricultural imprint was replaced by industrial buildings due to the proximity to the former depot. Short after, many aging cities fell into a state of decay and the area was abandoned almost completely. Years after, a group of artist saw in these buildings a great opportunity for housing, converting them into studios and residencies that were polemic and stayed illegal until the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Artist in Residenceâ&#x20AC;? ordinance was signed in 1981. Today, the neighborhood is facing a new fase of mutation, resurfacing as an attractor in the city. How, then, the neighborhood can adapt itself to a new reality and create strong basis for a more sustainable and nature related future?

CONTENTS

1. LOS ANGELES RESEARCH Regional Terrain, Infrastructure and transportation Neighborhood Character HISTORY: Los Angeles – Downtown LA, The Arts District and the LA River Zoning & Contour: Arts District + Adjacent Neighborhoods

6 7 34 60 94

2. LOS ANGELES PHOTO JOURNAL

116

3. PROJECT INTRODUCTION

128

Project Statement Background

130 132

Precedents

142

4. RE-THINKING THE ARTS DISTRICT Zoning - existing and proposed Masterplan Urban Rules

5. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Program Outline Space Needs Summary Users Program Diagrams Program’s Relationship to Context Program Goals Massing Diagrams Urban Sections

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

160 162 164 168

170 172 174 180 184 187 188 190

191

LA RESEARCH

REGIONAL TERRAIN, INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRASNPORTATION

PHYSICAL FEATURES Los Angeles is a city which was built between two major mountain ranges nestled in the Los Angeles Basin. Being in the diverse topography of southern California, Los Angeles has many physical features from lakes, rivers, islands, mountains, deserts, and rivers. With an ideal moderate climate year round, the city exploded in growth from plentiful fertile land, oil, tar, and water. Soon the population

of the city outpaced these resources creating massive infrastructure problems. Los Angeles is now a major economic power and continues to compete with global cities like New York City. Soon to be the density city in the United States, Los Angeles continues to look toward innovation and massive infrastructure projects to help supply its residents food, water, and electricity.

VE R

CA BALDWIN HILLS

ALOS VERDES PENISULA

Los Angeles City Limits Water

SAN GABRIEL MOUNTAINS

The mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges. These mountains divide the Los Angeles Basin from the Mojave Desert to the north. The San Andreas Fault also runs through these mountains. The range provides some of the most visited parks and trails in the area.

SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS

This Coastal mountain range parallels the Paciic Ocean and ends in the Hollywood Hills near downtown Los Angeles. These mountains and hills situate some of the best modern architecture of the post-modern age including the case study homes and homes designed by Frank LLoyd Wright.

SAN PEDRO BAY This bay is home to the Port of Los Angeles. This port serves as the single most important trade by water in western United States. Los Angeles would exist to the degree as it is today without itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural inland bays such as San Pedro Bay.

RNARDI

SAN BE

LOS AN

GELES

S ELE ANG LOS NTURA VE

REGIONAL CITIES

3 2 4

E ID RS VE GE RI AN OR

LOS ANGELES ORANGE COUNTY

LOS ANGELES

4,011,000

Los Angeles is the Second most populated city in the United States. It provides to be a huge industry in trade, entertainment, marketing, inance, and goods. Los Angeles considered to be the City of Angeles. Situated in Southern California with a Mediterranean climate. The city faces sprawl, ethnic diversity, and gentriication.

LONG BEACH

486,044

Long Beach services the Port of Long Beach which is the second busiest container port in the United States. The city is located on the southern side of Los Angeles.

ANAHEIM

353,741

Anaheim is located in Orange County. Anaheim consists of Dinseyland, the Angeles Stadium, and Honda Center.

SANTA ANA

335,400

Santa Ana is located in Orange County. It is the second most populated city in the county.

IRVINE Originally developed as a planned community, Irvine became incorporated and is now considered one of the biggest Asian American communities in the region.

258,385

LOCAL WATERSHEDS Aqueduct Resevoirs Proposed Desalination Plants Major Local Watersheds Los Angeles City Limits Water

VAN NORMAN RESERVOIR

WEST BASIN (20-60 MGD)

LAKE MATTHEWS

HUNTINGTON BEACH (50 MGD)

DESALINATION technology which hopes to be The Carlsbad project is largest competitive in future markets. desalination plant in the western hemisphere which provides less than 2 percent of Southern Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water need. Desalination is sought to be the least effective and The mostBallona Creek watershid totals to expensive means to obtain water world-wide. Desalination means downtown Los Angeles. An annual 15 in massive energy needs, pumping, sea-life displacement, and waster. For now it is an expensive

1. Ballona Creek

y source of water for the LostoAngeles Basin until watershid totals a

The Ballona Creek combines 130 sqmi area west of downtown Los Angeles. An annual 15 in of rain falls across a year. terthe thebasin catastrophic

1938 flood, the city paved the entire river in concrete. ts to clean up the

2. Los Angeles River

The Los Angeles was the primary source of water for the Los Angeles Basin until the Los Angeles Aqueduct opened in 1913. After the catastrophic 1938 lood, the city paved the entire river in concrete. Today there are efforts to clean up the river and revitalize the watershed.

<1% L.A. WATER SOURCE Desalination 3 Major Aqueducts Groundwater/Other

<1%

uns for almost

ves as a drain for flood

ALL DESALINATION 2 Los Angeles Plants 18,426 Worldwide

3. Domineguez Channel

The Donineguez Channel The runsSan for almost Gabriel River is16the second most miles in length. The shed is 96% developed and tant river to drain the Los Angeles serves as a drain for lood control in southern Los Angeles.

Basin. The river is comprised in 43 miles n edge

4. San Gabriel River

The San Gabriel River is the second most important river to drain the Los Angeles Basin. The river is comprised in 43 The Santa Ana River is the miles in length and services the eastern edge of Los Angeles.

largest river nia. The watershed is also the largest watershed in the region.

TODAYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S COST $1.3 billion-Desalination $18.2 billion-Aqueducts

5. Santa Ana River

The Santa Ana River is the largest river in Southern California. The watershed is the largest watershed in the region.

66% PRODUCTION 2 Los Angeles Plants Top Producing Plant

REGIONAL RAIL

Los Angeles is a major metropolitan city in Southern California. In recent years, the state of California proceeded to become one of the irst states with high-speed rail travel. The fully electric train is proposed to run over 800 miles in length from San Diego through Los Angeles to San Francisco. This train is a controversial project due to land rights of residents in the state. Many of these residents have concern for loss of land, noise increase, and funding. As the state continues to grow, ground transportation is at risk for longer commutes and vehicular pollution. California is seeking new technologies such as the hyper-loop as alternatives to the high-speed rail.

1. California High-Speed Rail will be completed in phases and upon completion it will compete against air travel within the state. Phase 1 is panned to be completed in 2029 connecting the downtowns of San Francisco and Los Angeles in total of a 520-mile track. Phase 2 will complete the entire system to San Diego and the state capitol, Sacramento. The date upon completion is unknown. 2. XpressWest is a proposed highspeed rail project that is a privately funded venture to connect Los Angeles to Las Vegas. Eventually the train will connect further to Denver passing through cities in Arizona and Utah. The system is planning to connect to the California High-Speed Rail through the Palmdale station.

OREGON

Population Clusters Water National Parks Proposed High Speed Rail Existing Passenger Rail Los Angeles-San Diego Watershed

IDAHO WYOMING

SALT LAKE CITY SACRAMENTO

NEVADA DENVER

UTAH

SAN FRANCISCO SAN JOSE

COLORADO

CALIFORNIA 1

LAS VEGAS 2 ALBUQUERQUE

LOS ANGELES

ARIZONA PHEONIX

SAN DIEGO

PACIFIC OCEAN TUSCON 14

NEW MEXICO

HIGH SPEED RAIL

SAN FRANCISCO

S.F. AIRPORT REDWOOD CITY SAN JOSE

GILROY FRESNO KINGS BAKERSFIELD

SACRAMENTO

STOCKTON MODESTO MERCED LAS VEGAS NEVADA CALIFORNIA

VICTORVILLE

PALMDALE BURBANK AIRPORT LOS ANGELES

NORWALK

INDUSTRY

ANAHEIM

ONTARIO AIRPORT

IRVINE

RIVERSIDE MURRIETA ESCONDIDO UNIVERSITY CITY SAN DIEGO 15

AQUEDUCTS + BASINS 1. Los Angeles Aqueduct (1903)

2. Colorado River Aqueduct (1939)

The system is comprised of two Los Angeles Aqueducts. A second aqueduct was added because water demands grew after WWII. Currently the system is shut down for half the year to revitalize the growing ecological deterioration within the Owen River Watershed. This system provides less the 2% of the total water consumption of the L.A. metro.

Otherwise known as the CRA, the Colorado River Aqueduct was one of the largest public works to supply Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growing water need. The project begins near the Parker Dam and runs through Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mojave Desert.

48%

48% of Los Angeles 2030 predicted water intake will come from the 3 major river basins.

3. California Aqueduct (1963) The California Aqueduct is a hydrological system comprised of rivers, lakes, and canals inside the Central Valley of California. The system is vital for 3 major components of California: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Central Valley farmland.

3 SAN FRANCISCO 1 2

LOS ANGELES

PACIFIC OCEAN

SAN DIEGO

OWENS RIVER BASIN Since 1913, the valleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy, ecology, and health has deteriorated. Large masses of water have been diverted to the city of Los Angeles which destroyed the agriculture in the region. This lead to several failed attempts from locals of trying to stop the aqueduct. In 1941, the growing demand of water from Los Angeles started to deplete the water level of Owens Lake. This threatened

migrating birds and the Mono Lake Ecosystem. Eventually Mono Lakeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecosystem was destroyed. In 1994 a committee engaged litigation against the city of Los Angeles which forced the city to stop diverting all the water around Owens Lake. In 2014 an agreement between the city of Los Angeles and the Owens River residents to divert part of the water back to the lake bed to

suppress airborne toxic dust from lifting. The effort is in support to restore the ecology of the area.

Maxiumum Capacity

<2% MONO LAKE

1900

L.A. USAGE 2016

1956

Partial-closure

1970

2016

DA A I VA NE ORN LIF CA

VER ENS RI OW

1990

MONO LAKE

1900 1913 1930

TINEMAHA RESERVOIR

1970

RIVER

OWENS LAKE

OWENS

2016

Lake Levels Lake Bed Revealed

Watersheds Population Clusters

OWENS LAKE

Water California Farmland Major Aqueducts Minor Aqueducts Los Angeles-San Diego Watershed 17

COLORADO RIVER BASIN Around the 1920s, the western states of the United States started collecting water from the Colorado River. Major Dams, water diversions, canals, and aqueducts line the Colorado River to supply 7 states. Southern California began tapping into the Colorado River as a water resource for the growing demand in Los Angeles and the surrounding

cities. During the time of the construction of the Aqueducts, Americans did not realize that the West was going through and above average rainfall for the decade. The Colorado River Basin is now drying up due to climate change and lower rainfall returns in recent years. The Colorado River Compact is a legal obligation between states that

allows adequate withdrawal of water to areas from the Colorado River without damaging the ecological state of basin. The recent drought has taken a huge toll on the lakes and local watershed environments.

n states of ted collecting water OREGON UTAH

water diversions, cannels, and aqeuducts

WYH YH HOMING HOM MING

the Colorado River as a water resource for the growing demand in Los Angeles

FLAMING GEORGE RESEVOIR

22%

ying up due to climate change and the lower

GREE

R PA

UTAH

NEVADA

IVE

Aqueducts, Americans did not realize that est was going through and above

IVER

M YA

7% 2% 12%

25% LAKE POWELL

29%

SA NJ

LAKE MEAD

19%

ADO

RIVER

LOR

taken a huge toll on the lakes and local

LAKE MOHAVE

L LITT

COLORADO RIVER COMPACT

OR A R DO

IV ER

ARIZONA NEW MEXIVO

CALIFO RNIA ARIZO NA

LAKE HAVASU

COLORADO NEW MEXIVO

UAN

RIVER

CENTRAL VALLEY When the 2015 drought hit California, the Central Valley Watershed was considered to be one of the hardest hit watershed in the state. Some researchers and ecologist believe the drought is a sign of stabilization California’s wetter seasons back to an arid climate. The state and the watershed relies heavily on snow pack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

With recent climate change and the efforts of El Nino, the state has been forced to consider other means of methods to collect water. When surface water supplies become low, the local residents drill up ground water to keep crops and cities from drying up. The Central Valley Aquifer has been greatly effected by these wells. The amount being drawn a

year from the aquifer is the amount of water in the entire Lake Mead.

OREGO N CALIFO RNIA

GOOSE LAKE

nia, the atershed was considered to be one of the hardest hit watershed

24%

ecologist believe the drought is a sign of nia’s wetter seasons

PIT RIVE R

SHASTA LAKE ER SACRAMENTO RIV

Nevada Mountains. With recent climate T

WATER FROM state has been forced to WATERSHED consider other THAT GOES TO L.A

THER RIVER FEA

30%

LAKE OROVILLE

face water supplies become , the local residents drill up ground

QUI ON

OF CALIFONIA PERCIPITATION

40%

LAU STANIS

DA A VA NI NE IFOR L CA

the aquifer is the amountPERCENTAGE of water in the

CLIFTON COURT FORBAY

RI V

alley Aquifer has

R IVE NR

AGE OF R USED FOR

AGE OF

14%

PERCENTAGE OF WATER USED FOR CITIES

66%

PERCENTAGE OF CALIFORNIANS THAT RECIEVE

MILLTERTON LAKE

ARTERIAL ROADWAYS The Interstate Highway system serving Los Angeles County is one of the most congested roadways in the nation. The expansive system on average beneits close to 1.5 million commuters daily. The core of the immediate system creates a loop around downtown L.A. Allowing for access to and from the surrounding metropolitan area and beyond. This system is also essential for the manufacturing industrial zones of the city.

I-5 299,00 Commuters Daily

I-10 363,000 Commuters Daily

101 308,000 Commuters Daily

110 286,000 Commuters Daily

I-5 is the backbone of California roadways. Running from Tijuana, Mexico to the border of Oregon. Stopping in the major Californian urban areas of L.A. San Diego, and Sacramento. I-10 travels from the northern San Fernando Valley of L.A. to southern Orange County. US 101 is a freeway serving the greater metro area, starting in downtown L.A. and runs through Ventura to Redwood County. I-110/CA 110 was the irst freeway in California, servicing a span of L.A. from the port of L.A. to downtown, continuing further to Pasadena.

METROLINK RAILWAY The Metrolink offers Los Angeles a connection to surrounding metropolitan areas. This is essential to handle the abundance of daily commuters. 8 Lines are offered by Metrolink and all terminate in Downtown L.A. At either San Bernardino or Union Station. On average a weekday ridership is upwards of 44,000 people. Of these people 83% had a car available. The Metrolink is important for easing the massive congestion frequenting the Interstate Highway system.

Antelope Valley Line Union Station - Lancaster Inland Empire - OC San Bernardino - Oceanside Orange County Union Station - Oceanside Riverside Union Station - Riverside Downtown San Bernardino Union Station - San Bernardino Ventura County Union Station - East Ventura 91/ Perris Valley Union Station - South Perris LAX Fly Way Union Station - LAX

ARTERIAL ROADWAYS The L.A. County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or Metro was formed in 1993, offering various forms of transportation to the metropolitan area. The metro encompasses the use of 190 bus routes with 2,228 buses and 15,967 bus stops serving over 1,433 square miles. The metro rail uses 4 light rail and 2 subway systems with 93 stations covering 98.5 miles of service. Altogether all metro lines have over 1 million daily users.

Red Line North Hollywood - Union Station Purple Line Wilshire - Union Station Blue Line Downtown LA- Long Beach Expo Line Downtown LA - Santa Monica Green Line Redono Beach - Norwalk Gold Line East LA - Azusa

RapidLink Metro Bus RapidLink Municipal Bus

Orange Line Chatsworth - North Hollywood Silver Line San Pedro - El Monte

BICYCLE SYSTEM Bicycle infrastructure is a growing part of Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; culture. At the turn of the century L.A. was considered the bicycle capital of the nation. With the severe density population and overcrowded transit-ways occurring within the metropolitan area, many citizens choose to make their commute by cycling, 1% of daily commuters choose to make their commute this way.Essentially doubling over the last decade Los Angeles has 1,200 miles of bike infrastructure broken down into three classes: Path, Lane, and Route.

Bike Path Class I Bike Lane Class II Bike Route Class III Bike Share Points Bike Racks and Lockers

DOWNTOWN CONTEXT Since its founding in 1781, Downtown Los Angeles has been composed of multiple, diverse areas ranging from the civic center, fashion district, and skid row. The area was in decline for many years until its renaissance beginning in the early 2000s. There have been many renovations and new constructions including government buildings, parks, residences, and theatres. Currently many empty ofice buildings are being adapted into loft spaces and luxury apartments. Since 2009, over 15,000 residential units have been added leading to an population increase of 36.9%.

Government Cultural Business Education Residential

The Broad

LA City Hall

One Santa Fe

Star Apartments

USC 25

BIKE ROUTES There are an average of 20,000 people that bike to work daily within the city boundaries of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Department of Transportation has installed 593 miles of bikeways and 6,682 bike racks in an effort to increase bike commuters. A new master plan was approved in 2012 that will add approximately 831 miles of new bikeways throughout the county by 2032.

Transit Oriented Buildings 3.6% 1.2% 77% 7.8% 2.6%

Bike Lanes

BUS ROUTES

Los Angles Transit began in 1873 as a rail line along main street that was proppelled by a team of horses. By 1887 it had spread and operated from Boyle Heights in East Los Angeles to Westlake Park and Grand Avenue. The rail lines continued to expand until the 1930s when the advent of the automobile crippled ridership and led to the implementation of bus routes. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Agency or “Metro” was established in 1993 and operates Los Angeles’ bus leet as well as metro rail lines. Los Angeles’ Bus System averages 916,510 passengers daily and covers 1,433 square miles of service area.

Transit Oriented Buildings 3.6%

Community Shuttle

1.2%

Downtown Express

77%

Local / CBD

7.8%

Local / Non-CBD

2.6%

METRO AND REGIONAL RAIL Southern Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Regional Rail is owned and Operated by Metrolink. It consists of seven lines and 55 stations. It connects to Los Angels Metro Rail System, bringing commuters into downtown LA. Average weekday ridership averaged 41,951 in 2014 LAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Metro Line averages 153,000 riders and is the 9th busiest heavy rail system in the United States. Speciically, the Blue Line is the second largest light rail line by ridership in the United States with 83,612 riders per day.

Regional Rail 3.6% 1.2% 77% 7.8% 2.6%

Daily Riders

Ventura

3,950

Antelope Valley

6,036

San Bernadino

12,633

Riverside

5,161

Orange County

8,255

Metro Rail Blue Line

Daily Riders 83,612

Purple Line

149,096

Red Line

149,096

Gold Line

50,087

Expo Line

43,199

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

Governmental Infrastructure

Social Infrastructure Health care systems including hospitals, doctors and other medical professionals. Education systems including elementary and secondary schools, universities, and research institutions.

Economic Infrastructure Financial sytems including banks, inancial institutions, and accounting. Business logistic facilities, warehouses, and manufacturing plants.

Cultural Infrastructure

Governmental Infrastructure Government and law inforcement systems including political, justice, and penal institutions. Civil registration, databases, emergency services such as police and ire protection. Military infrastructure.

Cultural Infrastructure Sports and recreational infrastructure such as parks and stadiums. Cultural systems such as concert halls, museums, libraries, theatres, and studios.

Economic Infrastructure Social Infrastructure

Union Station

LA Metropolitan Detention Center

Japanese American National Museum

Centenary UMC

Sci-Arc

TRAFFIC FLOW Los Angles frafic is known for being complicated, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highways are ussually slow, and only a couple of streets have free low trafic in the downtown area. When it comes to the Arts District, the streets are mostly free from heavy trafic, except for the main roads that connect East and West in peak hours. This maps shows the frafic low for the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s downotown on a friday at 5:00 pm.

Stop and Go Slow Moderate Free low

METRO BIKE SHARE

Bike lanes

The Metro Bike Share system features hundreds of bikes available all year round in Downtown Los Angeles.

Racks Station

HOW IT WORKS Buy Pass

Station locations were selected based on proximity to community resources, employment centers, bike infrastructure and transit in consultation with partner agencies, institutions, community groups and stakeholders.

Get a Bike

Go for a ride

System wide, there are about twice as many â&#x20AC;&#x153;dock pointsâ&#x20AC;?, or bike parking spots, as there are Metro Bikes. This helps make inding an available dock point easier when arriving to destination.

Give it Back

101

Alameda

1st Stre et

3rd S

4th St Mateo St

2nd St

Santa Fe

1st St

6th St

7th St

METRO LIGHT RAIL

Stations

Union Station is within a short walking distance to differrent spots in the Arts District, allowing a direct connection to other disperse areas in the district through the rail system.

Lightrail lines Walking distance in 10 minutes Walking distance in 20 minutes

Orange line crosses the neighbourhood, making it possible to walk to the main art galleries and attractions in town in a short time.

Walking distance in 30 minutes Art Galleries Museums

10’

20’

30’

BUS The city’s bus system goes through four of the Arts District’s transversal streets, connecting the area with most of the sorrounding neighborhoods. Bus stops are situated pretty frequently, making it easy to get to different basic spots in the area walking in less than 30 minutues.

Bus Stops Bus lines Walking distance in 10 minutes Walking distance in 20 minutes Walking distance in 30 minutes Grocery Stores Educational institutions

30’

20’

10’

NEIGHBOROOD CHARACTER

MAPPING THE ARTS DISTRICT 1

One Santa Fe Mixed-use complex extending a quarter mile

Barker Block Two-phase development with 300 lofts, townhouse, and live/work units

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

AMP Lofts Mixed-used building with 320 live/work apartments, communal artisan workshop, and dog run. Garey Building Replacing warehouses with ped-friendly rentals, plus retail and restaurants Industrial Brick-and-metal-covered mixed-use buliding with 240 units Open-air Mall Replace ive warehouses with 125,000 sq. ft. shopping center with grocery store Hauser Wirth and Schimmel Arts Space Big â&#x20AC;&#x153;multi-disciplinaryâ&#x20AC;? arts complex, with restaurant, bookstore, and space for museum exhibits La Kretz Innovation Campus Clean technology center containing ofices, labs, classrooms, conference rooms, and event spaces Arts District Park Half-acre park Sixth Street Viaduct Mixed-use complex extending a quarter mile Metro Stops Two train stops on either Red or Purple Line

CITY NEIGHBORHOOD Although being completely surrounded by a loop of large highways, there is approximately 52,400 people who reside in the downtown area as of 2014. Within the downtown loop of Los Angeles are a collection of unique districts and smaller neighborhoods that help shape the character of Los Angeles. Some of the smaller areas such as Gallery Row and the Flower District

are often engulfed or included in the larger districts but still showcase a separate feel and atmosphere.

100m

90m

80m

70m

60m

50m

40m

30m

20m

running warehouses varying between large double height spaces and maxing out at three stories tall. The civic center neighborhood running adjacent to the 101 highway in the north features an eclectic group of buildings ranging in height. The Ramon C. Cortines School by Coop Himmelblau directly contrasts the symmetrical tower of the Los Angeles City Hall. The Walt Disney Concert Hall and the new Broad museum also form part of the varied forms in the area.

10m

Within the Financial Core and around Grand Street lie some of the only skyscrapers in the local area. These taller buildings that break the 100m mark are limited in number and stand in a far from dense arrangement. The skyline quickly dissipates towards the north east because of highway 110 whereas a more gradual slope of height continues towards the warehouse and arts district in the southeast. The outskirts of the loop is clearly dominated by low

200m

BUILDING HEIGHTS

BUILDING AGE The Downtown Los Angeles loop contains an interwoven network of historical aged buildings, mid 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boom warehouses and a scattering of modern era design around the perimeter. A collection of younger buildings can be found in the warehouse district to the south where a majority of the construction occurred between 1960 and 1980. Although the inancial core and Bunker Hill

Built after: areas are predominantly built in the early 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, the far younger and taller ofice buildings and skyscrapers are sprinkled amongst the empty lots and city parks. There seems to be a trend between the developments of younger buildings around the exterior, making a slow encroachment towards the historical center.

Up to 1909 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

MEDIAN INCOME According to the L.A. Times, there was an estimated population of 34, 811 in Downtown Los Angeles where the median income was $54,510, a family earning that amount could afford a home costing $275,530. But the median-priced home here was 58 percent higher at $436,010. According to the affordability index, only 30 percent of households in the April through June quarter could afford

0-10k a $445,190 median-priced home and they would need a minimum qualifying income of $88,080.

10-20k 20-30k 30-40k 50-60k 60-70k 100k+

HISPANIC POPULATION The largest ethnic group in the county is Hispanics, or Latinos, who make up 48 percent of the total. About 80 percent of Latinos are of Mexican origin, followed by Salvadorans and Guatemalans. Throughout the twentieth century, as the Mexican population has grown by immigration and natural increase, many Mexicans have moved farther east into suburbs of the San Gabriel Valley that had previously been almost all White.

0-9% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-100%

Black Population The Black population makes up only 8 percent of the total residents living in Downtown L.A. Black numbers have decreased since 1990, although the four outlying counties have shown gains as many Blacks sought lower-priced housing in more distant locales. With the departure of Whites, and restrictions on the areas in which Blacks (and Asians and Mexicans, too) could rent or buy houses, a large area (formerly called South Central) extending south past Watts developed into a mostly Black and poor ghetto.

0-9% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-100%

ASIAN POPULATION The next largest groups are Asians (13 percent), Asian immigration has led to rapid growth over several decades so that now there are over 300,000 each of Filipinos and Chinese, with Koreans and Japanese each numbering over 100,000. Modern Little Tokyo has long been known more as a Japanese American cultural and commercial center than a place of residence.

0-9% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-100%

WHITE POPULATION

0-9%

Los Angeles County is home to 10 million people—more than any other county in the U.S. It includes the City of Los Angeles and 87 other Although interconnected cities. with four adjacent counties in a massive metropolitan area of over 17 million residents, Los Angeles County has always had the region’s greatest ethnic diversity.

10-19%

In 1960, Non-Hispanic Whites made up 80 percent of L.A.’s population, now only 28 percent the residents are Whites. The Westside contains the most prestigious residential areas of the city and, together with Downtown, represents the city’s center of economic power. A relection of the social and economic divide between Whites and both Mexicans and Blacks is the fact that most Westside Whites never venture into the Eastside or South Los Angeles.

20-29% 30-39% 40-49% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-100%

PROGRAM MIX Downtown LA is a place in which there are different uses. To the northwest is the civic and administrative area, the heart of the city where all activities related to business, public buildings and parks, surrounded by high-rise buildings, are developed. To the east is the industrial area, a place full of warehouses, where light and heavy manufacturing is developed.

Low Residential It occupies much of downtown and is crossed by the river. Here is also the Arts District, which is growing in residences and commercial sites. Much of the shops are located in mixed-use buildings, as does art galleries and museums. Residential areas are scattered around the downtown, new real estate projects in the area proposed mixed-use buildings, as in much of the city.

Medium Residential High Residential Light Manufacturing Heavy Manufacturing Commercial Public Facilities Mixed Use

GREEN SPACE The downtown area actually has very few green spaces, among them are some parks, squares, gardens and large parks located in the civic area of the city. Some city streets have public woodland, which beneits the screetscape in many ways. The streetscaping decreases the immediate temperature in the area and provides much needed oxygen.

Park/Green Space Although there are not many of these exact situations, some are interconnected in a way that generates air corridors. New projects and urban developments are beginning to look at this problem, and starting to address the lack of green and wooded spaces. New urban strategies are proposing new parks, squares and recreational sites around the loop area.

Surrounding building landscape Streetscaping

SKID ROW Skid Row lies within the Central City East area and borders the Historical downtown. The actual name derives from a slang term for the people living â&#x20AC;&#x153;on the skidsâ&#x20AC;? which refers to old loggers who would wait on their load for the next transportation. The area has a high concentration of homeless population with a stable number residing around 3,000 to 6,000 people. The streets take on an iconic look with rows of camping texts lining the building exteriors.

This trend initially began before 1960 when seasonal laborers would reside within the 54 block area to take shelter in between jobs. Plenty of homeless shelters have been set up in the district with volunteers manning food stations and donation pop ups around the year. Throughout the years many have governmental powers have attempted to crackdown on the issue but so far failed due to the overwhelming opposition from organizations ighting for and on behalf of the homeless.

Median Household Income $11,207 $48,466

Los Angeles

Population density 20,660 people psm Los Angeles

8,281 people per square mile

8,096

39% African American 29% White 25% Hispanic or Latino 5% Asian 2% Other

74% Population below the poverty line (<$22,283)

LITTLE TOKYO Little Tokyo or Japan town is nestled right next to the arts district running parallel to Alameda St. J-town as some of the locals say, attracts both tourists but a steady population of Japanese Americans who frequently visit for groceries, restaurants and shopping. At its height, the area was home to nearly 30,000 Japanese Americans but the residing population has slowly decreased over the past couple of years. There is a high concentration of activity and pedestrians in the Little Tokyo with a very walkable

environment. Small plazas and rows of restaurants and shops creates a lively neighborhood throughout the day. The Nisei Week is the largest event held in Little Tokyo and involves large gatherings of local Japanese Americans and others from the southern Californian area. Festivities to celebrate the Japanese culture and heritage are conducted during the month of August and concludes with a grand parade.

Median Household Income

$48,466

$17,533 Los Angeles 17,186 people per square mile

Population density

Los Angeles

8,281 people per square mile

1,834

43.1% Asian 34.5% White 10.7% African American 8.7% Hispanic or Latino 2.9% Other

53% Population below the poverty line (<$22,283)

FASHION DISTRICT The fashion district lies just east of the arts district and covers almost 30% of the downtown loop land area. Both wholesale and individual street vendors operate from the district and actually rake in over $10 billion a year in annual business volume. The area is under slow increasing development with the increasing rate in pedestrian trafic rising 23% from 2000. This is heavily detailed in the famous Santee Alley which is a highly concentrated shopping

path that offers customers with a varied selection of products including counterfeits and even the odd sighting of illegal animal trade.

Median Household Income $15,711 Los Angeles

Population density

$48,466 5,561 people per square mile

Los Angeles

8,281 people per square mile

3,897

39.8% White 38.2% Hispanic or Latino 11.2% African American 7.4% Asian 3.4% Other

23%

Of current ofice, retail and industrial buidling loor area in the Central City

ARTS DISTRICT The industrial warehouse illed arts district resides west of downtown within the loop and runs adjacent to the Los Angeles River. The neighborhood is under a slow revitalization with creatives moving back into the warehouses to create combined loft and work spaces. There is still a problem with keeping the work/live lofts affordable for the residents and protecting the character of the neighborhood by preserving the historical buildings. Sprinkled amongst the low riding

warehouses are a growing amount of eclectic restaurants and galleries attracting some of the upper middle class into the neighborhood. Prices within the neighborhood have risen from around $1.10 / sq ft in 2000 to around $2.00 sq ft making it harder for young entrepreneurs and artists to sustain a living in the district. Boosters and governmental personals are also pushing for increased funding to improve the public transportation access through the neighborhood.

Median Household Income $33,609 Los Angeles

$48,466 Population density 2,680 people per square mile Los Angeles

8,281 people per square mile

2,287

46.35% Asian 32.84% White 8.92% Hispanic or Latino 6.56% African American 5.3% Other

34% Population below the poverty line (<$22,283)

BOYLE HEIGHTS With a population of just over 91,000 the Boyle Heights neighborhoods serves as a largely residential district just west of the Los Angeles, across from the Arts District. The area is predominantly made up of people with Hispanic descent and this has heavily inluenced the surrounding environment and architecture. While the population is relatively young, boasting a median age of 25 it does hold a relatively high amount of single parented families compared to the rest of the city.

Median Household Income $36,830 $48,466

Los Angeles

Population density 15,504 people per square mile Los Angeles

8,281 people per square mile

91,913

94.07% Hispanic or Latino 2.81% Asian 1.75% White 1.32% African American 0.2% Other

33% Population below the poverty line (<$22,283)

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS The northern part of the Arts District is a current boom development period with new projects popping up in all corners. A majoirty of the artists have been driven from the area due to high residential prices and a number of celebrity residents have been drawing attention to the neighborhood. This places the Arts District at a tipping point. The large One Santa Fe mixed-use development has just opened to its’ irst tenants

alongside new city codes that proposed new roles to make the area more livable and viable for current residents. The neighborhood is growing but there is still a lack of grocery stores and markets for raw products purchase. The largest and newest urban, residential and commercial developments are:

• • •

The Garey Building (2016) One Santa Fe (2015) Legendary development/950 third (2017)

GALLERY LOFTS

Resindetial and Mixed Buildings

ARTISAN ON 2ND

Angel CIty Brewery

THE GAREY BLD

Angel CIty Brewery Angel CIty Brewery

ONE SANTA FE MURA LOFTS

Shopping & Service

Sci-Arch Art supply Hammer and Spear

Cerveteca

Angel CIty Brewery

Hauser W and S Eat Drink Americano Cafe Gratitude

Poketo and Apolis Alchemy Works Zip Fusion Sushi Blacktop Cofee Uumami burger Wurstkuche Cornerstone The Box The Pie Hole 12345 Clothing Gallery IV Rose and Delilah Groundwork

Dinning & Night Life BEACON LOFTS

The Voyager Shop Malin + Goetz Traction Press Art District Brewing Van Leeuwen Rag and Style ediBOL Kazuo Westbound BINFORD LOFTS Northern Grade Amazebowls

The Container Yard

Future Residential-Commercial Buildings

Wittmore

950 THIRD

Angel CIty Brewery

Trojan Crossfit

Urth Cafe

405 Mateo

Grow Benjamin Hue

SIXTH STREET VIADUCT One of Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most famous and iconic bridges, the Sixth Street Viaduct, acts as a vital connection between the growing Arts District on the west side of the Los Angeles River and the historic neighborhood of Boyle Heights on the east side. Yet, due to a rare chemical reaction in the cement supports and seismic vulnerability, the Sixth Street Viaduct will soon be demolished and replaced. The Sixth Street Viaduct Replacement Project, is the largest bridge project in

the history of Los Angeles. The design of the bridge was created by Los Angeles architect Michael Maltzan. The spectacular design of the new bridge and the many parks, open spaces and community features on, next to and below the bridge, is bringing together a working collaboration of residents, elected oficials, business leaders, schools, labor unions, cyclists, neighborhood activists and artists and many more, never before seen in a public infrastructure project in Los Angeles.

To One Santa Fe

ART DISTRICT

Santa Fe Av

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tier b

lvd

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HISTORY AND CLIMATE

HISTORY OF GROWTH + SPRAWL 1848: CALIFORNIA ADMITED INTO THE UNION The Los Angeles Basin has been inhabited by humans for a long period of time, beginning with several Native American tribes. The Los Angeles city origins began with Spanish colonization coinciding with Spanish rule. Following the completion of the Mexican-American War, California was incepted into the Union as a state. This led to an inlux of American settlers to the West Coast, igniting the growth of LA. The dark blue represents the city’s extent

back in 1848. The original city center of Los Angeles can be seen today at what is currently called the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District. This park and square commemorates the old city plaza, as well as the city’s oldest building, “the pueblo” and the historic church, Our Lady of Queen of Angels.

1900: THE OIL BOOM AND COASTAL EXPANSION The discovery of oil ields in the Los Angeles Basin led to an economic boom for the area. At one time, California produced one quarter of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oil output. Oil derricks popped up to the south of the city which was still undeveloped and provided plenty of room for oil businesses to sprout. The coastal city of Long Beach was rapidly growing in size and importance, as it was Los

Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; main port city for goods and immigration. Another coastal city, Santa Monica, was quickly growing as well. The city of Los Angeles began to spread southward into the basin, as well as connecting to the northern city of Pasadena.

1920: THE BRITH OF HOLLYWOOD Hollywood was incorporated as a municipality in 1903, but it was not until 1915 that the movie industry helped to explode the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth. Los Angeles was the ideal spot for ilming because it did not have the strict regulations of New York City and the weather was always favorable for shooting. Film studios worked their way around the foothills that would one day become the

Hollywood Hills and Grifith Parkand merged with the other northern city of Burbank. Very small towns like Westwood and Beverly Hills soon turned into residential neighborhoods that serviced the ilm industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stars.

1950: POST WAR SUBURBAN SPRAWL World War II placed LA at the forefront for aircraft, war supplies, and ammunition production. Many people of all races and backgrounds migrated to LA to take advantage of the numerous jobs becoming available due to this demand for war supplies. Following the war, developers exploited cheap land and subdivided it and sold it to baby boomer families to accompany the rapid growth of population. The city was only second to New York and

Detroit in the production of clothing and automobiles respectively. LA quickly became a city built around the automobile, as highways were developed to link all the cities in the San Fernando Valley to the downtown and Hollywood. This was a time when music, TV, and ilm reached a peak in America. In itself, this industry promoted life in Los Angeles as a sunny paradise, enticing more Americans to move out West.

1980: HEAVY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL UNREST The city of Los Angeles had become divided by ethnicity and race because of racial tensions, geography, and the growing issue of sprawl. Since 1980, the gap between the rich and the poor increased mightily. This made Los Angeles the most socioeconomically divided city in the United States. Outlying suburbs became more and more popular as people looked to escape the city life. This gave way to

increased sprawl as well as division among economic classes. Population of Metro Area Throughout the Years 1848 1900 1920 1950 1980

1,610 102,500 576,000 1,970,358 2,966,850

LOS ANGELES TIMELINE

ARCHITECTURE EVENTS

The Hollyhock House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and is in East Hollywood. The style is Mayan Revival and features the Hollyhock flower as a motif. It was a start in a direction of embracing the outdoors in Franks homes.

1921

The Los Angeles City Hall was designed by three men; John Parkinson, John C. Austin, and Albert Martin. It was built with sand from every county in California and water from its 21 missions.

1928 1923 Los Angeles produces 1/4 of the worlds oil, leading to a boom in industry and wealth. The Hollywood sign is built to symbolize the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s importance to movie making.

The Eastern Columbia Building was designed by Claud Beelman and is in downtown LA. It is in an Art Deco style featuring distinctive turquoise terra cotta tiles.

1930 1932 Los Angeles hosts the summer Olympics. It is the only city that bid to be host and over half of regular participating countries did not make it due to the Great Depression.

The Bradbury Building was designed by George Wyman and Sumner Hunt and is in downtown LA. It is a mixture of Italian Renaissance Revival and Chicago School styles. The interior of the building is featured in many movies.

1893 1781

1850

Los Angeles is founded by 11 families compromised of 44 Mexicans.

1869

California is accepted into the United States of America and the entire population is made citizens immediately.

The Griffith Observatory was designed by John C. Austin Frederick M. Ashley and sits atop the south facing slope on Mount Hollywood. It has been used to train pilots and astronauts and currently hosts a tesla coil and numerous science exhibits.

1935 1934 Another significant flood damages LA and the farmland, costing tens of millions of dollars. Parts of the river are starting to be molded with concrete.

The first railroad station is built, helping export and import goods, and bring in new immigrants.

The Los Angeles Union Station was designed by John Parkinson and Donald Parkinson. The style is a unique blend of Art Deco and Spanish Revival and now serves over 1.5 million passengers a year.

1939

The Eames House was designed by Charles and Ray Eames. It is a part of the Case Study House experiments into cheap, modular housing constructed of industrial, prefabricated materials.

1949

1938 The most damaging flood occured this year, just before cementing the entire LA River to prevent further flooding. The river is primarily used for water runoff after rains. This river is famously shown thoughout pop culture.

Randys Donuts was first built in 1953, followed by nine more in the ‘50’s. The design is symbolic for LA’s creative and goofy attitude.

1953

The Stahl House was designed by Pierre Koenig. It is a part of the Case Study House experiments into cheap, modular housing constructed of industrial, prefabricated materials.

The Capitol Records Building was designed by Welton Beckett. The building is the first circular office building and only resembles a stack of records by coincidence. It was the first record headquarters on the West Coast.

1956

1960 1958 LA completes several major freeways by this time, in part due to federal funding from the Interstate Highways Act of 1956. This greatly accelerated the growth of the suburbs now that automobiles could still reach downtown at greater distances.

The Walt Disney Concert Hall was designed by Frank Gehry with a construction cost of over $160 million. Its acoustics are well received by both audiences and performers. It can seat 2,265 people.

2003 1992 Race riots broke out and were directed towards police and Korean Americans. They lasted several days and spread anarchy throughout LA, in neighborhoods such as Long Beach, Hollywood, Inglewood, Compton, and downtown LA.

1994 The city’s second major earthquake proved that building codes were either not sufficient, or in most cases, not fully regulated or followed. This incident forced the city to better enforce building codes.

2015 A massive drought effecting all of California accumulated in 2015 as a crisis. Scientists attribute the drought partially to global warming, partially to the fact that CA has had a particularly wet season for the last century and the state is returning to normal.

The Pacific Design Center was designed by Cesar Pelli. The first building, the blue one, opened in 1975. The green addition was in 1988, and the red in 2012. The center hosts exhibitions, design shows, and showcases work in interior design, architecture, and product design.

The Theme Building was designed by William Pereria and Charles Luckman. It is a scaled down version of a much grander design for LAX in the ‘50’s. It is symbolic of LAX and LA and is a reminder of the optimism of space travel.

1961

1975 1971 The city’s first major earthquake hits the San Fernando region, a city just north of LA. New building codes were put in place to prevent large scale damage from occuring again in the future.

1984 LA hosted it’s second Olympics 52 years later and is considered one of the most successful Olympic games, in part because the city already had the facilities neccessary for the games rather than building all new.

2016 Current Year

HISTORY OF SURROUNDING NEIGHBORHOODS CENTRAL CITY EAST: SKID ROW Skid Row’s infamous current state has a lot to do with its role in the past. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s the area housed a large population of the city’s blue collar laborers. Soon the area became a breeding ground for homeless who took advantage of the saloons and hotels that emerged to support the labor community.

The area went downhill fast and about every decade the city of LA went through crackdowns to rid the degenerate of the area. However, most attempts were ousted by supporters who promote the right of the homeless to live here. In recent years the use of camping tents and tarps have become popular, seriously affecting

the street life of the neighborhood. Even though 2007 and 2015 had similar numbers of homeless population, their presence was not as evident in 2007.

LITTLE TOKYO Little Tokyo is home to the largest Japanese-American population in North America. LA has always had a large inlux of migration from Asia, particularly Japan. It was not until the Exclusion Act of 1924 that immigration had inally halted. A few decades later, Little Tokyo was practically emptied because of the Japanese incarcerations during World War II. This was when the area was renamed “Bronzeville” because of the new migration of African

Americans and Native Americans. This led to a population boom in the neighborhood, as many of the new migrants here were inding work in the city. Although, the area quickly became overcrowded and unsanitary. Many people soon left the area for more jobs and healthier places to live. After the conclusion of WWII, the Japanese Americans returned to LA, but with little to no housing options in Little Tokyo, many relocated to the surrounding suburbs. Since

the 1970’s, redevelopment has threatened the authenticity of the neighborhood. With a new movement of people into the arts district area, developers are destroying old buildings or renovating them into lofts. What is left of the historical Little Tokyo has for the most part become a tourist attraction. However, there has been preservation of the neighborhood in recent decades, including a Japanese-American museum that highlights the experience of the Japanese immigrant.

FASHION DISTRICT In the 1920’s and 1930’s this area of Downtown was home to LA’s garment industry. In the 1950’s the neighborhood began to feature more clothing industries that specialized in men’s and women’s sportswear. It was not until around this time that retail stores were introduced to the area. This began in what is known as Santee Alley, where vendors sold clothing outside on the back alleys

of the large wholesale stores. Most of the selling going on was actually considered illegal. Today, Santee Alley still has the feeling of a modern day bazaar, with street vendors bargaining with potential buyers. In terms of the garment industry, clothing giants still manufacture here, like American Apparel and others.

NORTH OF THE ARTS DISTRICT The area north of the Arts District features a mix of neighborhoods, including Chinatown and the junction of the railroad train lines at LA’s Union Station. The origins of Los Angeles itself can be traced to Olivera Street and the historic plaza that the city was built around back in 1781. Surrounding the plaza is the Pico House, the irst hotel of the city, the “pueblo,” the oldest residence of the

city, and Our Lady of Angels Church, which was the staple of the original settlement. This area features some of the best examples of Spanish style architecture. Today, all of these buildings are registered as historic places and serve as museums. The Spanish Architecture style carried over to the nearby Union Station, which was the primary station for the city. Before this was here, however, it

was at one time a vineyard that once boasted to be California’s largest wine producer. This was all thanks to Frenchman Jean-Louis Vignes. He chose this location because of its proximity to the river and the city.

HISTORY OF THE ARTS DISTRICT FROM INDUSTRY TO THE ART SCENE

1876 In 1876 the Southern Pacific Railroad arried to L.A. and connected Los Angeles to the transcontinental railroad. Soon after, the Santa Fe railroad came in 1885. These railroads chose this spot because of its proximity to where the city was located at the time. Each railroad company built warehouses and depots, quickily transforming this area into a rail yard district. With a population influx in effect, this area became a full fledged industrial zone due to the number of factories that set up shop here. These included textiles, machine goods, automobile parts, and even furniture. However after WWII, the factories needed larger parcels of land and the railroad industry was slowing giving way to the trucking industry. This is when the area slowly began to die.

1940 1970 Beginning in the 1970’s, artists began to move into this area, which had long been empty and derelict, in order to avoid the high cost of living in Venice or Hollywood. This migration was illegal and because of its rapid spurt in popularity, it was eventually noticed by the city. Activists like Joel Bloom fought for the district’s rich underground art scene and managed to get the city to designate the area as “The Arts District.” Joel Bloom Square, in dark pink, represents the beating heart of this vibrant neighborhood.

1999 2001 Thanks to the Artist in Residence Ordinance, young and upcoming artists could move into the affordable warehouses that were quickly being turned over into Live/Work units. In 2001, a former freight train house was converted into one of the district’s most important staple: SCI-Arc. This architecture school embraced the grittiness of the area and left the concrete structure exposed and even the graffitti on the walls. Today, they remain innovators in design education

GENERAL CLIMATE

HUMIDITY

respect towards the temperature, humidity, and sun angles.

Understanding the climate of an area is imperative towards the design process. Depending on the region, materiality and formal gestures will be manipulated in

hyoo-mid-i-tee n. 1. Dampness, especially of the air.

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WIND ROSE wind rose (wind) n. A meteorological diagram depicting the distribution of wind direction and speed at a location over a period of time.

As depicted below, the strongest prevailing winds are projected from the North Eastern and South Western Directions. This graph represents the average annual wind directions of the past 10 years.

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PRECIPITATION It is important to consider the lack of precipitation during the warmer months in comparison to the cooler. This is directly inluenced by the average temperature. Los Angeles has suffered from several

serious droughts threatening water supplies. And with the L.A. River polluted and dry, potable water becomes more of a luxury. This graph represents the average annual precipitation of the past 10 years.

pre·cip·i·ta·tion n. 1. Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls to the earth’s surface.

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TEMPERATURE This graph represents the average annual temperature of the past 10 years.

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tem·per·a·ture n. 1. The degree of hotness or coldness of an environment.

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SUNNY DAYS There is no lack of sunlight within the Los Angeles area. This can be express through the desert-like quality of the surrounding area. However, this condition becomes an Ideal location for exterior activities along the Santa Monica coast.

sun·ny adj. 1. Exposed to in sunshine: a

or abounding sunny room.

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OVERCAST DAYS Los Angeles has been known for its ideal weather. Due to the lack of overcast days, plenty of sunlight penetrates the area.

o·ver·cast adj. 1. a. Covered or obscured, as with clouds or mist. b. Clouded over.

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PARTLY CLOUDY DAYS Partly cloudy days is a term used by meteorologists describe partial or subtle overcast.

cloud·y adj. cloud·i·er, cloud·i·est 1. Full of or covered with clouds; overcast. 2. Of or like a cloud or clouds.

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DRY DAYS Dry days is term used by meteorologists to describe the absence of moisture. Located south in California, Los Angeles Resides 2,342 miles north of the equator. Lack of precipitation and an abundance of sunlight becomes a norm.

dry adj. dri·er, dri·est or dry·er or dry·est 1. a. Having or characterized by little or no rain: a dry climate. b. Marked by the absence of natural or normal moisture

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MICRO CLIMATES One of the most powerful aspects that effect design is the climate of a place. The general climate of an city often consists of averages thus interpreted homogeneously. However, when observing in greater detail, the general parameters of a cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temperature can be broken down into smaller quadrants. These quadrants are known as micro climates.

Micro climates can vary due to geographical changes as well as human development. In this map, it is clear to see temperature differentiations due to geographical changes such as ocean or mountain peak proximity as being cooler. When lacking high elevations or major bodies of water, the dry, geographically lat areas tend to be warmer. Due to of convenience, humans tend

to develop on geographically lat and easily reachable areas. With the amount of high heat gain materials, relective glass and lack of vegetation, temperatures of the lower elevated areas with less water become warmer than usual.

Degrees Fahrenheit 115 85 55 105 75 95 65

NATIONAL RISK The Paciic Coast of the United States is a part of the Ring of Fire that circles the Paciic Ocean, passing by Chile, Peru, California, Alaska, Russia, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and New Zealand. It is a highly active area of plate tectonics, generating volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamies regularly. These areas involve over

90% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s earthquakes, despite being only approximately 12.5% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. Due to the regular occurance of disasters in the Ring of Fire, building codes and preparation in these areas is neccessary in order to provide safety and the best continuation of regular life after a disaster strikes.

California has the greatest risk of earthquakes affecting some of the largest population centers in the US, so preparation is of utmost importance to emergency personal, city planners, and architects.

Frequency Low Medium High Very High

FAULT LINES & MAJOR QUAKES Approximately 60 miles from downtown Los Angeles is the San Andreas Fault Line, the major fault between the North American Plate and the Paciic Plate that runs 800 miles North to South along the California coast. Its seismic activity generates earthquakes daily, although most are not felt by humans. Hundreds of other minor faults are generated by San Andreas, many of them lying in and around LA. They are responsible for many of the earthquakes that have hit LA. The two largest earthquakes in LA were the magnitude 6.6 San Fernando

quake in 1971 and the magnitude 6.7 Northridge quake in 1994. Both of these earthquakes changed building codes in the city in order to better prepare for future earthquakes. Older buildings were also necessary to retroit to ensure stability in future and stronger quakes. This list is earthquakes above a 4.0 since 1971.

February 9, 1971 - 6.6M

January 1, 1979 - 5.2M

October 1, 1987 - 5.9M

June 26, 1988 - 4.7M

December 3, 1988 - 5.0M

January 18, 1989 - 5.0M

April 7, 1989 - 4.7M

June 12, 1989 - 4.6M

June 28, 1991 - 5.8M

January 17, 1994 - 6.7M

July 29, 2008 - 5.4M

March 28, 2014 - 5.1M Earthquake Fault Line

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AMPLIFICATION Within areas that are prone to earthquakes, it is important to take note about the ground that the building is built on. Certain sediments and rock formations on the surface and well below ground may amplify the intensity of an earthquake, which is aptly called ampliication. It works in a similar way to how loud a sound is depending on distance, objects in the path, echoes, air temperature, and moisture.

Typically, areas of soft, lat soil are more in danger of ampliication than areas on rocky hills. The Port of Long Beach (3), Naples (4), and Newport Beach (5) are at great risk of high amplitudes while Malibu (1) and Rolling Hills (2) are at a lower risk. Architecture built in higher risk areas need to accommodate not only building codes pertaining to earthquake magnitude, but the ampliication of that magnitude, as well.

Amplification x1 x2 x3 x4 x5

FLOOD HAZARD PRE-1938 The Los Angeles River starts in Reseda with the joining of Bell Creek and Arroyo Calabasas (1). The only water that lows consistently through the LA River comes from the Donald C Tillman Water Reclamation Plant (2), putting millions of gallons of water into the river a day.

safely diverting rain water runoff in the city. Otherwise, the river sits almost completely empty all year. The river was natural prior to 1938, but construction to turn it into a concrete channel was completed that year to prevent loods from the area at risk shown on the right. The river does not carry a signiicant amount of water compared to other rivers in the US and prior to the late 1800’s, did

The river and it’s tributaries, such as Rio Hondo (3) and Compton Creek (4), serve primarily as collecting and

not drain into any ocean. The water would spread out around the valley into swamps and lakes. A major lood in the late 1800’s inally pushed the low of water towards the ocean, before the low stopped again from the water being used for irrigation and drinking.

Flood Risk

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CASE STUDY HOUSES Arts & Architecture, an American magazine, sponsored an experiment into residential housing called the Case Study Houses. This was in response to increased demand of housing after WWII and a need for quality, modular architecture at affordable prices. The experiment lasted from 1945 until 1966 and, while not all 36 studies were built, most were built

in Los Angeles. The most famous are numbers 8 and 22, the Eames House and the Stahl House, respectively. The Case Study Houses had large impacts on residential architecture throughout the United States and the world. In the US, impacts included the development of open loor plans, sliding glass doors, moving the living room towards the back of the

house, and the exposure of structure in residential housing. The houses also introduced the idea of cheaply built, but pleasant and beautiful homes. While houses were built as places for shelter throughout history, the use of modern materials and a tame outdoors led the houses in the experiment to embrace nature, looking outward rather than inward. 85

L.A. River

#8 EAMES HOUSE The Eames House, designed by Charles and Ray Eames, was built in 1949 on the Paciic Palisades near LA. Built as a home and a work space, The Eames House consists of two, separate structures. One building is the house, while the other is a studio. It is built in a linear fashion and consists of bays, the main house having 8, the studio having 5, and the courtyard 86

in-between having 4. The house is excavated in the side of a hill with a row of tall eucalyptus trees behind it, leaving the front of the house to have views towards the ocean. The house was built completely with industrial, pre-fabricated materials including steel, glass, asbestos, and Cemesto board. The living room of the house is double height and takes up

3 bays, creating a cube. The kitchen, bedrooms, and bathrooms are single height. The studio building has a main studio space that mimics the living room with the same dimensions, with storage, a dark room, and a bathroom taking up the single height portions.

#22 STAHL HOUSE The Stahl House, designed by Pierre Koenig, was built in 1960 in West Hollywood. It is an L-Shape facing a pool in the center and sweeping views of the city. Bedrooms are in one leg with the kitchen and living room on the other leg. The public spaces are an open loor plan, interrupted only by kitchen counters, cabinets, and a ireplace. No windows face towards the entry or street,

facing only the pool and city views. The house is dominated by steel as the structure and roof, with standard concrete as the base and large 20 square feet panels of glass and sliding glass doors. The roof appears to be loating due to the thin steel columns, large windows, and lack of a close horizon line. Modular in design, the house consists of 6 and

a half bays, one dedicated to parking, one for the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom, one for master bedroom, one for utilities and bathrooms, and two shared with the kitchen and living room. The last half extrudes outside past the living room towards the city.

ARTS DISTRICT FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS The eastern side of the central city core, is penetrated with the L.A. River. Realizing the potential for the River as public zone, new proposals for renovation sparked.

Proposed Developments Rubber Dam Proposed Street Renovation “Green” Streets Neighborhood Gateway “Treatment Terraces”

12.

11.

2. 10.

3. 9.

4. 8.

7. 6.

1. Chinatown Cornfields

2. Downtown Industrial (A) 3. Downtown Industrial (B)

Just north of the Santa Ana Freeway, proposals for walkable platforms extending over the river develop. This formal gesture encourages pedestrians to view the extents of adjacent river developments.

South of the Santa Ana Freeway is a dilapidated, empty concrete plot. Initial plans to revitalize this area have come into play by offering green terraces with accommodating steps for pedestrian use.

Furthermore, the Downtown Industrial area will then apply green space to create a natural-appearing curve. This effect along with the aquatic vegetation will slow the river speeds. As a result, his will heighten water levels and make a safer waterfront.

4. Downtown Industrial (C) 5. Sixth Street Viaduct

6. “Treatment Terraces”

Further down the Downtown Industrial area, on the east side river, another waterfront proposal develops. Equipped with a promenade and adjacent architectural developments, the proposal offers walk-ability and a strong river interaction.

Naturally toxin iltering vegetation bays are scattered throughout the master plan in an attempt to purify the river. These bays are referred as “treatment terraces”.

In a proposal by award winning architect Micheal Maltzan, the historical sixth street viaduct bridge gets re-imagined. Due to years of seismic damage, a new resilient design is in order.

7. Promenade

8. Green Streets

9. Rubber Dams

Walkable promenades throughout the river revitalization plan allows pedestrians the opportunity to become more active. A consistently changing green environment offers views and a dynamic experience.

The Los Angeles Revitalization proposal plans to reach farther than the extents of the river. Creating stronger and safer street connections to the river will allow an ease of passage to the surrounding context. The proposal includes speciied pedestrian walkways, bus lanes, bike lanes and a centralized mass transit system.

Rubber dams are part of the short term solution to create ponding areas. By placing these rubber dams strategically, walking along the river will become safer for humans and wildlife. During high lood seasons, the rubber dams are delated allowing permeability. Long term ponding areas will be created with high resistance vegetative densities.

10. Neighborhood Gateways

11. Union Station Redevelopment

12. High Speed Rail

Neighborhood gateways will be incorporated to introduce residential areas. This is to distinctions between neighborhoods. In some areas, they serve as a sound barrier for highway trafic.

The Union Station redevelopment proposal plans to improve all modes of transportation to and from the station. Additionally, future high speed rails line connections will be introduced.

The High speed rail line proposal offers to transport people and good across farther distances in a signiicantly shorter timespan. Along the 300 mile rail line through California, developers boast commutes from San Fransisco to Los Angeles in under three hours.

DOWNTOWN -WEST- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS Adjacent to the extensive river development of the eastern part of downtown, another highly developable area persists. Encapsulating districts such as New Downtown, South Park, and the inancial district, the western edge of the central city core becomes a haven for historical, modern and future developments.

Decommisioned Under Construction Proposed Developments

24. 13.

23. 14.

22.

15. 21.

16. 20.

ER O

17.

18.

BR O

AD W

FI G

19.

13. Grand Avenue

14. Regional Connector

15. U.S. Federal Courthouse

World renown architect, Frank Gehry proposes duel residential towers adjacent to his Walt Disney Opera House design.

The proposal will be yet another layer of transportation, strengthening the public transit for the downtown area and beyond. Linked to the gold line, the regional connector project will consist of a light rail which is currently under development within the metro system.

S.O.M. commissioned to design LEED Platinum design for U.S. Courthouse, Downtown. Structural implications create a loating effect over a stone veneered plinth. The facade boasts a 50% decrease in thermal heat gains as well as decreased glare for clear views.

16. Streetcar

17. Broadway Revitalization

18. Farmers Field (Decomissioned)

Bringing back the L.A. Street car will connect visitors and locals to the central downtown area. With this transportation loop in effect, travelers are succumb to a safe public transit system offering dynamic views throughout the city.

Nostalgic proposal for the revitalization of a historical street.

Gensler Design to bring NFL stadium downtown. Project failed due to the designs inability to it on the proposed site.

19. Figueroa Redevelopment

20. Oceanwide Plaza

21. JW Marriot Expansion

The Figueroa proposal offers a brand new public environment for pedestrians. The project will encourage heavy bicycle usage, bus platforms, repaired existing sidewalk amenities, multiple new ADA accommodations and much more. As a result, the streets will allow an ease of walk-ability, safer that before.

Oceanwide Plaza will be a projected $1 billion project adjacent to the downtown staples center. The mixed used program incorporates a two story open air retail, art exhibition spaces, community spaces, residential accommodations and a ive star hotel.

The JW Marriot Expansion will offer a sleek new facade to the skyline. It will offer hotel accommodations.

22. Metropolis

23. Wilshire Grand Center

24. The BLOC

The luxurious metropolis development will be a high end retail center. It will accommodate sky pools, parks, dining, a hotel, and high income apartments.

The Wilshire Grand Center will be the tallest edition to the Los Angeles skyline. Like many skyscrapers in the area, the design will provide a multi-use program. This will include restaurants, businesses, a hotel, and nightlife attractions.

Macyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s revitalization labeled The BLOC will provide a wider range of retail services for the public.

ZONING

GLOSSARY OF ZONING TERMS Block

Building

Districts

An area bounded on all sides by streets, railways, or bodies of water.

A man-made structure comprised of one or more loors contained by a roof and walls.

City zoning is broken down into districts, which are applied to all individual lots. Districts determine height, program, and special allowances of different zones.

Dwelling Unit

Floor Area Ratio

Height Districts

A dwelling unit consists of the basic necessities for living, which includes bathrooms and kitchens. A minimum allowable space ensures adequate living area.

A certain ratio of build-able space is determined by zoning and lot size. A building can build twice as much loor space if it occupies half of a site.

The FAR of a certain occupancy type is determined by its height district. The Height District follows the Use District in LA Zoning Code.

M3-1-RIO (MU)

Lot

Lot Merger

Parking (street-side)

The basic unit of zoning regulations. Lots are the basis for taxes and they can be subdivided or merged depending on occupancy.

A lot or multiple lots owned by a single owner. Zoning regulations apply to sites, not individual lots if a site is multiple lots.

Space allocated for inactive vehicles, which separates the sidewalk from mobile trafic.

Overlay District

Paseo

Setback (Yards)

Overlays establish regional goals for new developments. The Arts District is under the River Improvement Overlay, which encourages raised awareness and connection to the Los Angeles River.

A wide street planned with large avenues for pedestrian circulation and open space in the center. Space for trafic and parking depends on street width.

The distance an occupancy type is required to separate from the boundaries of a site or lot. This varies with zones.

M3-1-RIO (MU)

Sidewalk

Use Districts

Supplemental Use Districts

Space for pedestrian circulation that is separated visually from the road.

The irst component of zoning code is the use district, which determines allowable programs. Certain programs may overlap between zones. M3 allows nuisance programs, which means no R uses are allowed.

Supplemental use districts regulate uses which cannot adequately be provided for in the Zoning Code.

M3-1-RIO (MU)

Zoning Zoning code sets regulations by which new construction must comply. The purpose of zoning code is to encourage well-planned neighborhoods.

SURVEY MAP OF 1849 California joined the United States in 1848. Los Angeles was a small pueblo at the time and remained greatly unchanged for three decades. Edward Ord, an Army Engineer Lieutenant, completed the irst oficial map of Los Angeles as part of the United States. The original map shows streets, drainage, numbered block and lot lines, vineyards, cornields, fences, gardens, and churches. This version of the original map highlights the lines of Main Street and Alameda Street to deine the origins of the city. Ord also began to highlight city blocks, which remain

consistent with the grid of downtown Los Angeles today. The agricultural land to the east sits in a lood plane and occupy the same space as the Artâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s District today. The Parcel divisions are each documented with a pattern that showed what crop the ladowners were growing. These divisions will depict the future layout of the city as well. Located in the Circle is the City Plaza. This is home to the Plaza Church, which was the center of the city.

City Plaza

Los sR

ele

Ang

Alameda Street

Ma in

Str

r ive

Fu tu

tow

nL os

les

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1904 + CONTEXT The City of Los Angeles set a historic precedent in 1904 when it passed an ordinance which established the irst land use designations in the nation. The ordinance reads: â&#x20AC;&#x153;AN ORDINANCE setting aside certain portions of the City of Los Angeles as residence districts, and prohibiting the carrying on of certain occupations within such districts.â&#x20AC;?

of the residential zone added in 1904, as well as the future layout of the downtown area. The land parcel divisions of the beginning of the city will soon form much of the cities transportation and infrastructure in the years to come.

These residential districts began to crawl away from the original pueblo as the city itself rapidly grew in the late 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s.

1904 Ordinance

This map highlights the addition

Los Angeles Today

Alameda Street

Str

1849 Parcel Lines

GENTRIFICATION 1990-2000 The Arts District, over the last 20 years, has been one of the most heavily gentriied areas in Los Angeles. The area which is heavily zoned for manufacturing use has been rediscovered and restored to bring in residential areas allowing an inlux of people and businesses to move into the historic district.

Arts District

• • • • •

Gentriication eligibility is deined when the median household income, median home value, and education were located in the bottom 40th percentile in comparison to the tracts surrounding it.

Status: Gentriied* Population: 1 501 (+2 740) Median Home Value: $268 460 (+61%) Bachelor’s Degrees: 20.6% of adults in 2000 compared to 9% of adults in 1990 Household Income: $26,658

Gentriication applied to area No Gentriication Applied to area Not Eligible for Gentriication

ran SG

110

dA ve

101

in St

E 1st St

101

E 4th St

110

100

GENTRIFICATION 2000 TO PRESENT Although still growing, the Arts District became uneligible for gentriication because of their growth. the revitilization of the neighborhood continues as more people and businesses move into the historic district changing the characteristics of the area everyday.

Arts District

• • • • •

Status: Tract not gentriication eligible* Population: 3 040 (+1 539) Median Home Value $400 000 (+7%) Bachelor’s Degrees: 56% of adults Household Income: $67,542

Gentriication eligibility is deined when the median household income, median home value, and education were located in the bottom 40th percentile in comparison to the tracts surrounding it.

Gentriication applied to area No Gentriication Applied to area Not Eligible for Gentriication

ran SG

110

dA ve

101

in St

E 1st St

101

E 4th St

110

101

FLOOR-AREA RATIOS IN THE ARTS DISTRICT The Arts District is primarly zoned as a manufacturing district, with small parts zoned to accommodate commercial and public facilities. The loor-area ratio for each of the zoned areas vary due to the projected use of the area and how it will affect the area around it. Reading the zone for the different rations is as follows:

ZONING CLASSIFICATION SUCH AS MANUFACTURING, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AND PUBLIC FACILITIES, FOR EXAMPLE

Zone PF-1XL-RIO

Zone

Land Use Public Facilities: River Improvement Overlay

Land Use

C2-3D-O-CDO COMMERCIAL Facilities: River Improvement Overlay + OIL PRODUCTION Zone Zone CM-1-RIO CM-1-RIO

Zone M2-2D

Zone C2-2D-RIO

Zone M3-1- RIO

Zone

Land Use Use Land COMMERCIAL Facilities: Facilities: COMMERCIAL River Improvement Improvement Overlay Overlay River Land Use MANUFACTURING Facilities: River Improvement Overlay Land Use COMMERCIAL Facilities: River Improvement Overlay

Land Use MANUFACTURING Facilities: River Improvement Overlay Land Use

HEAVY MANUFACTURING: M2-2D-RIO River Improvement Overlay

102

CITY OVERLAY WHICH IS LISTED TO DEFINE THE SPECIFIC IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS THAT APPLY TO A SPECIFIC AREA.

SUBCATEGORY WITHIN THE ZONING CLASSIFICATION THAT SPECIFIES ALLOWABLE PROGRAM FOR THE AREA.

RIO

HEIGHT CATEGORY WHICH IDENTIFIES THE ALLOWABLE HEIGHT FOR THE PROGRAM OF THE AREA.

Height Max 2 Stories

Height Max

FAR No Limit

FAR

NO LIMIT 10.0:1:0

Height Height Max Max

FAR

1.5:1.0 NO LIMIT LIMIT 1.5:1.0 NO

Height Max

FAR

NO LIMIT 6.0:1.0

Height Max

FAR

NO LIMIT 6.0:1.0

Height Max

FAR

NO LIMIT 1.5:1.0

Height Max

FAR

NO LIMIT 6.0 : 1.0

DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES ZONING

103

COMMERCIAL ZONING Zone CEC

LASED CR

C1.5

104

Land Use Suburban: • One-Family Dwellings, Parks, Playgrounds, Community Centers, Truck Gardening, Accessory Living Quarters, Home Occupations

LA Sports and Entertainment District Limited Commercial: • Banks, Hotels, Churches, Schools, Business and Professional Colleges, Child Care, Parking Arenas, R4 Uses Limited Commercial: • Local Retail Stores < 100,000 sq ft Ofices or Businesses, Hotels, Hospitals and/ or Clinics, Parking Areas, Schools, Museums, R3 Uses, CR Uses Except for Churches Limited Commercial: • C1 Uses-Retail, Theaters, Hotels, Broadcasting Studios, Parking Buildings, Parks and Playgrounds, R4 Uses

Max Height

Zone

Land Use

Max Height

Commercial: • C1.5 Uses, Retail with Limited Manufacturing, Service Stations and Garages, Retail Contract Business, Churches, Schools, Auto Sales, R4 Uses

C2-1

Commercial

No Limit

1.5:1 F.A.R.

C2-1-CDO

No Limit

1.5:1 F.A.R.

C2-1-CDO-RIO

Commercial: • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • River Improvement Overlay

No Limit

1.5:1 F.A.R.

C2-2D

Commercial

6 Stories

6:1 F.A.R.

C2-2D-O

Commercial: • Oil Drilling Commercial: • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • River Improvement Overlay

6 Stories

6:1 F.A.R.

6 Stories

6:1 F.A.R.

6 Stories

6:1 F.A.R.

Commercial: River Improvement Overlay

6 Stories

6:1 F.A.R.

C2-3D

Commercial

No Limit

10:1 F.A.R.

C2-3D-O

No Limit

10:1 F.A.R.

C2-3D-O-CDO

Commercial: • Oil Drilling Commercial: • Oil Drilling • Community Development Overlay

No Limit

10:1 F.A.R.

C2-4D

Commercial

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

Commercial: Oil Drilling

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

Commercial: • Oil Drilling • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Oil Drilling • Sign

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

Commercial: • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • Sign

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

Commercial: • Sign

No Limit

13:1 F.A.R.

C2-2D-CDO C2-2D-CDO-RIO

C2-2D-RIO

•

C2-4D-O

• C2-4D-O-CDO

C2-4D-O-SN

C2-4D-CDO C2-4D-CDO-SN

C2-4D-SN

105

Zone C4 C4-2D C4-2D-CDO

Commercial: • C2 Uses with Limitations, R4 Uses Commercial

Max Height 6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R. 6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

C5-2D

Commercial: • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • Sign Commercial: • C2 Uses, Limited Floor Area for Manufacturing of CM Zone Type, R4 Uses Commercial

C5-4D

Commercial

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

C5-4D-CDO

Commercial: • Community Development Overlay Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • Sign

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

C4-2D-CDO-SN

C5-4D-CDO-SN

106

Land Use

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

MANUFACTURING ZONING Zone M1

M2-2D

Land Use Limited Industrial: • Limited Industrial Uses, No Residential Uses, Any Enclosed C2 Uses Light Industrial: • M1 Uses, Additional Industrial Uses, Storage Yards, Animal Keeping, Enclosed Composting No Residential Zones Light Industrial:

Max Height

No Limit 6:1 F.A.R.

M2-2D-CDO

Light Industrial: • Community Development Overlay

No Limit 6:1 F.A.R.

M2-2D-O

Light Industrial: • Oil Drilling

No Limit 6:1 F.A.R.

M2-2D-O-SN

Light Industrial: • Oil Drilling • Sign

Heavy Industrial: • M2 Uses, any Industrial Uses, Nuisance Type Uses 500 ft from other zones Parking: • River Improvement Overlay

M3-2D-RIO

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

107

RESIDENTIAL ZONING Zone RS

R1 R2 R3

R4 R4-2D R5 R5-2D R5-2D-O R5-4D R5-4D-O R5-4D-O-CDO

108

Land Use

Max Height

Suburban: • One-Family Dwellings, Parks, Playgrounds, Community Centers, Truck Gardening, Accessory Living Quarters, Home Occupations One-Family Dwelling: • RS Uses, Home Occupations Two-Family Dwellings: • R1 Uses, Home Occupations Multiple Dwelling: • R2 Uses, Apartment Houses, Multiple Dwellings, Child Care (20 max) Multiple Dwelling: • R3 Uses, Churches, Schools, Child Care, Homeless shelter Multiple Dwelling Multiple Dwelling: • R4 Use, Clubs, Lodges, Hospitals, Sanitariums, hotels Multiple Dwelling Multiple Dwelling: • Oil Drilling Multiple Dwelling Multiple Dwelling: • Oil Drilling Multiple Dwelling: • Oil Drilling, • Community Development Overlay

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R. 6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R. 13 Stories13:1 F.A.R. 13 Stories13:1 F.A.R. 13 Stories13:1 F.A.R.

PUBLIC ZONING Zone

Land Use

Max Height

Parking: Surface Parking

P1-O

Oil Drilling

P-OS

P-OS-2D

Open Space: • Parks and Rec, Nature Reserves, Closed Landill Sites, Public Water Supply Reservoirs, Water Conservation Areas Open Space

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

P-OS-1XL

Open Space

2 Stories No Limit

P-OS-4D

Open Space

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

P-PF

P-PF-1XL

Public Facilities: • Agricultural Use, Parking Under Freeways, Fire and Police Stations, Government Buildings, Public Libraries, Post Ofices, Public Health Facilities, Public Elementary and Secondary Schools Public Facilities

2 Stories No Limit

P-PF-1XL-RIO

Public Facilities: River Improvement Overlay

2 Stories No Limit

P-PF-4D

Public Facilities

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

P-PF-4D-O

Public Facilities: Oil Drilling

No Limit 13:1 F.A.R.

P-PF-2D

Public Facilities

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

P-PF-2D-O

Public Facilities: Oil Drilling

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

P-PF-2D-CDO

Public Facilities: Community Development Overlay

6 Stories 6:1 F.A.R.

109

RIVER IMPROVEMENT OVERLAY (RIO) The River Improvement Overlay (RIO) is a proposed Special Use District that requires new projects to achieve points in three design categories: Watershed, Urban Design, and Mobility. It speciies guidelines for new â&#x20AC;&#x153;completeâ&#x20AC;? streets, which includes a mobility strategy for pedestrians, cyclists, transit riders, and drivers.

The 32-mile corridor is meant to cohesively coordinate land use development along the Los Angeles River. The RIO zone is closely connected with the goals of the Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan (LARRMP), which emphasizes the importance of green spaces and pedestrian paths in neighborhoods

surrounding the river. RIO is the irst implementing ordinance set towards carrying out the master plan. RIO does not restrict size, use, height, or setbacks of new buildings. New construction is required to keep parking away from the River Green-way. Existing structures do not need to apply to RIO unless they are substantially renovated.

THE ARTS DISTRICT DOWNTOWN LOOP

110

RIO + THE ARTS DISTRICT The edge condition of the Arts District creates opportunities for economic improvement, but makes direct engagement with the river a dificult task according the the River Revitalization Master Plan.

OPPORTUNITY AREA #13 In the river master plan the Arts District is described as an emerging mixed-use neighborhood. The area provides a large population base of potential river visitors when its proximity to Downtown and Little Tokyo is taken into consideration.

The plan suggests reconiguring active rail networks and connecting to the future 6th Street bridge as a way to continue the River Green-way along the western shore as well as the eastern shore in the Downtown Industrial area.

OPPORTUNITIES:

IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

Emerging residential population with limited open space. Ability to link Downtown with the River. Improve access to the river for residents.

RECHARGE GROUNDWATER

CHALLENGES:

RIO GOALS

OPPORTUNITY

ENHANCE FLOOD PROTECTION

CREATE HABITAT

Western edge of the river is inaccessible due to Metro Maintenance Yards. Safety and security are questionable. Relies on rail to move storage lines.

CREATE/EXPAND PARKS IMPROVE RIVER AESTHETICS/ VISIBILITY COMMUNITY BENEFITS REINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES

KEY FOR TABLE LITTLE - NONE LOW HIGH

RIO OPPORTUNITY AREAS RIO BOUNDARY EXISTING RAIL LINES

111

ZONING + THE ARTS DISTRICT Zone

Land Use

PF-1XL-RIO

Public Facilities: • River Improvement Overlay CM-1-RIO Commercial Manufacturing: • River Improvement Overlay C2-2D-CDO-RIO Commercial: • Community Development Overlay • River Improvement Overlay C2-2D-RIO Commercial: • River Improvement Overlay C2-3D-CDO Commercial: • Community Development Overlay C2-3D-O-CDO Commercial: • Oil Drilling • Community Development Overlay C4-2D-CDO Commercial: • Community Development Overlay M2-2D Light Industrial:

2 Stories No Limit

M2-2D-O M2-2D-O-CDO M3-1-RIO M3-2D-RIO

112

Max Height

Light Industrial: • Oil Drilling Light Industrial: • Oil Drilling • Community Development Overlay Heavy Industrial: • River Improvement Overlay Heavy Industrial: • River Improvement Overlay

No Limit 1.5:1 F.A.R. No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit 10:1 F.A.R. No Limit 10:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

No Limit 1.5:1 F.A.R. No Limit

6:1 F.A.R.

FLOOR-AREA RATIOS IN THE ARTS DISTRICT

113

THE LIVE-WORK ORDINANCE

USE

The Live-Work Ordinance is currently in draft and being pushed through by a devoted community interested in the Arts District. The ordinance is part of the slightly larger Central City North Community Plan. The goal of the Live-Work allowances is to maintain the employment and productive capability of the Arts District, while allowing further creation of new opportunities. Below are the encouraged and discouraged usages.

ENCOURAGED

LIVE-WORK (A) LIVE-WORK (B)

LIMITED

X X

ART GALLERY EXHIBITION

ARTISINAL / MICRO MAN.

ARTIST + RESIDENT

ARTIST STUDIO

COMMUNITY

CO-WORKING

CREATIVE OFFICE

DRIVE THRU

HOTEL X

X X

M3 X

NIGHTCLUB

X X

RESTAURANT

8,000 sqft

RETAIL

10,000 sqft

URBAN AGRICULTURE

114

150 room max

LIGHT MAN.

RESEARCH

LIMITATION

RESIDENTIAL (single / multi-family)

MEDIA

PROHIBITED

The Live-Work ordinance also plans to change the FAR planning of the Artâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s District based on amenities provided to the public. First, any use of an existing structure will not count towards a new projects FAR. Second, FAR may exceed 1.5 if all of the public amenities selected below a certain FAR are met. Lastly, these incentives will only expand FAR if the loor area of Live-Work units or hotel rooms is greater than the loor area of any other use.

INCENTIVES

ALLOWABLE FAIR 1.5:1

AFFORDABLE HOUSING ARTS AND PRODUCTIVE USE PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY PUBLIC ART/ FACADE TREATMENT RESIDENT PRODUCTION SPACE UNDERGROUND PARKING TYPE I OR II CONSTRUCTION

SECTION

3.0:1

4.5:1

OVER 4.5:1

B.2.b.1

B.2.b.2

B.2.b.3-4

B.2.b.5

B.2.b.6

B.2.c

B.2.d

115

PHOTO JOURNAL

116

117

118

CITY LIFE

119

120

DOWNTOWN ARCHITECTURE

121

122

ARTS DISTRICT

123

124

NORTH OF THE ARTS DISTRICT -SITE AREA-

125

126

NORTH OF THE ARTS DISTRICT -SITE PRESENT CONDITION-

127

PROPOSAL INTRODUCTION

128

129

PROJECT STATEMENT

The present state of the Arts District reveals a story of multiple scenarios over time, showing clear remembrances of its past in buildings, streets, railways, and layers of paint on walls. When thinking about its possible future outlook, there is no clear image. If the spirit of art, bound to the past, is to be preserved, we have to start thinking of its adaptability to the future. That is, how resilient is the neighborhood currently is now and how can it be improved for the future? The dictionaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s deinition of resilience describes it only as the ability to recover from damage, usually understood in architecture and urbanism as events of natural adversity. This time, the neighborhood invites us to think about how it can be re-invented one more time, to preserve the vibrant mixture of the industrial past and artistic present that characterizes it. Future urban scenarios will only be possible if sustainability and resilience are taken into account for both daily and major decisions, since the actual system will no longer be able to provide comfort and maintain the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources in balance. Sustainable environmental systems are those with conditions in which human activities donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overstress the ecosystem to the point where irreversible degeneration occurs. The question is then, how to adapt the Arts District to a future in which urban life will no longer be exactly as we have been experiencing it for the last decades. Concepts such as relation to context, connectivity, density, diversity, waste treatment and energy consumption are key aspects of a new understanding of sustainable cities where the citizens change form a consumer-based role, to an action-based role of high individual participation to the common wellbeing. Neighborhoods should then be hosts for walkable streets, nature, local production of daily goods, and diversiied services offer in order to create empowered and closer communities that can ensure the continuity of its spirit. The role of contemporary architecture in this scenario is highly important, since it builds the context where action becomes possible and takes on new meaning. Downtown Los Angeles has many urban design challenges that include the management of trash produced in great amount on daily basis, the amount of homeless people on streets without access to digniied job opportunities, the absence of green life and public green spaces and its poor walkability. The design proposal for a new sustainable community center focus on how these can be solved or improved, with a vision towards the future of the Arts District.

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The site selected is located on the north side of the Arts District, taking the former National Cold Storage building by the riverside. It has been chosen for its opportunity to expand the live-work area north of 1st Street providing the area with multi-service supporting centers that bring life into it, simplifying daily needs, apart from reinventing the relationship with the river and the proposed natural renovation. The northern portion of the district has not been designed to support a vibrant community. Around 50% of the total area is used for private parking lots, and the remaining built space is used for industrial or storage purposes, often abandoned. Walkability is very poor, with very tight sidewalks and endless brick walls that exclude any possible attraction to architecture or public spaces. The actual relationship of the area with the river is non-existing, irstly because of the extensive railway area that separates the riverside and secondly due to the presence of large industrial buildings that are inwards focused, leaving big, plain walls to the sides, ignoring both the street and the river. The design of a new Sustainable Community Center will respond to these conditions with three main integrated programs, conceived as a living organism. The irst program is associated with waste management and recycling, focusing on achieving a clearer vision of what trash means to the ecosystem and how it can be reused, recycled or treated through complex processes. Trash can be classiied according to where it proceeds from; main classiications are organic and non-organic waste. Non-organic waste â&#x20AC;&#x201C; plastic, metals, cardboard, glass - can often be reused by simple procedures, converting them into new products in workshops where people can be empowered by training and gaining new skills. In the other hand, organic waste is a great source of farming nutrients. This brings life to the second program, an urban farm that is fed from organic waste, producing vegetables to feed people in the neighborhood with local and organic products. This will minimize the impact of the food industry and its transportation, as well as getting the community involved in the process, strengthening ties between them. The third program is a public park that will act as a connector, linking the users to the river and Aliso Village. The connector will promote outdoor activities and the use of the bike as a strong mean of transportation easing the pressure that car transportation will bring to the future. The new center will integrate workspaces, shops, community kitchen and dining halls that will introduce a wide spectrum of users, encouraging community life and the preservation of the free essence of the neighborhood. The main goal of the new Sustainable Community Center is to be the irst of many multiservice centers that will support the actual live-work driven use and help the neighborhood adapt to new and future needs of society reducing the need of long distance transportation, while providing new sources of assets and energy while motivating new architectural situations.

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BACKGROUND

The power or ability to return to the original form, position, etc., after being bent, compressed or stretched; elasticity. 2. Ability to recover readily from illness, depression, adversity, or the like; buoyancy.

“The desire to experiment and innovate found in the heart of the city’s culture” Peter Hall

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“Culture of improvement”

“Collective work of art”

Robert Friedel

Lewis Mumford

The concept of resilience is often related to our personal lives, and how we deal with challenging life situations and fear of change, is about lasting, making it through crises, inner strenght and strong physiclal constitution.

main actors , where citizens can be empowered to propose creative and sustainable answers from their everyday experiences, and achieve a Bottom-Up kind of methodology that can reach wider impact on regional and national levels.

SEVEN CITIES

This concept can -and must- be applied to cities. They too need to last, to respnd to crises and adapt in a way that may casue them to change and grow differently; cities require an inner strenght, as well as a strong physical infrastructure and built environment.

HOW TO ACHIEVE RESILIENCE IN OUR CITIES?

2. Carbon Neutral City. Every home, neighborhood and buisiness will be carbon neutral.

Nowadays cities are facing climate change, either in the form of catastrophes or resources shortages and carbon emissions levels that overpass health limits converting them in dangerous plaes for their citizens, Understanding the implications of our current lifestyle is fundamental, and action should be taken in all econimic, cultural and environmental areas of the societies that conform cities, driven not by fear, but by the hopeful vision of the livable, equitable, resilient places our cities can become. Rethinking how we create our built environment is critical in lessening our dependance on nonrenewable resources and minimizing carbon footprint. Buildings produce 43% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions and consume 48% of the energy produced.

In resilient cities every step of development leads to sustainability, reducing its ecological footprint while improving its quality of life so it can better it within the capacities of local, regional and global ecosystems. The beneits they entail include: • Greater overall physical and emotional health • Mixed-use communities that are walkable and have accesible transit options • Better food that is produced locally and therefore is fresher and healthier • Eficiency of energy resurces, greater affordabiliity, healthier indoor environments • Easier access to natural envirnments • More awareness of the local urban area and its bioregion, enabling a better sense of place and identity.

1. Renewable Energy City. Urban areas will be powered by renewable energy technologies from the region to the building level.

3. Distributed City. Cities will shift from large centralized power water, and waste system to small-scale and neighborhood-based systems 4. Photosynthetic City. The potential to harness renewable energy and provide food and iber locally will become part of urban green ifrastructure. 5. Eco-Efficient City. Cities and regions will move form linear to circular or closed-loop systems, where substantial amounts of their energy and material needs are provided from waste strams. 6. Place Based City. Cities and regions will understand renewable energy more generally as a way to build the local economy and nurture a unique and special sense of place. 7. Sustainable Transport CIty. Cities, neighborhoods, and regions will be designed to use energy sparingly by offering walkable, transit-oriented options for all supplemented by electric vehicles. *

According to “Resilient Cities: responding to Climate change and Peak Oil” by P. Newman, T. Beatley and H. Boyer.

Picture: Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina

In order to start walking in a path that leads us to revert or improve this situation, neigborhoods are the

Resilient cities have built-in systems that can adapt to change, sucha as a diversity of transport and landuse systems and multiple sources of renewable power that will allow a city to survive shortages in resources and climatic adveristies.

KEY ELEMENTS FOR TO ACHIEVE RESILIENCE:*

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NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT PARADIGM The terms “sustainable” and “waste” are fundamental pieces to understand in order to lead our cities to a more resilient future. Sustainable development is deined as such which meets the current needs of society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, mantaining good care of people, planet and propserity. On the other hand, waste is deined as the material eliminated or discarded as no longer wanted, useful or required. This notion is at odds with the ideal of sustainability. Achieving a sustainable waste management future takes a fundamentally new approach, which involves placing a greater emphasis on maximizing the beneits and use of materials over disposal. This in turn transforms waste from a liability into a resource, and creates a new vision to signiicantly reduce, and someday, eliminate waste.

In the traditional waste hierarchy, even when recycling, reusing and composting are practiced effectively, most of the waste in cities ends up disposed in landills. For citities to accomplish sustainability, a new paradigm is necessary, rethinking the way waste management is approached. By inverting the traditional hierarchy, priority is placed on maximizing the beneits and use of materials over disposal. Prevention through education is key in order to make this possible, bringing people closer to the process and involved in recycling to reduce daily waste, enabling the amount of waste that goes into landills to be considerably diminished.

WHAT IS A MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF)? MRFs are specialized facilities designed to recieve, separate prepare and process waste. There are two clasiications: dry and wet. Dry MRFs handle source separated and comingled dry recyclables and can be Single Stream (where all recyclable material is mixed) or Dual Stream (where source-separated recyclables are delivered in a mixed container stream and a mixed paper is goes to a different stream). Material is sorted to speciications, then baled, shredded, crushed, compacted, and prepared for shipment to market. Wet MRFs accept mixed municipal waste (trash) and then proceeds to separate out designated recyclable materials through a combination of manual and mechanical sorting.

Waste Prevention (reduce): Product design & Producer responsibility Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Recycle and compost

Conversion/compost

Transformation waste to energy

Transformation Waste to Energy Landill

Landill

Traditional Waste Hierarchy 134

New Waste Management Paradigm

SINGLE STREAM RECYCLING (SSR): In order to bring communities closer to sustainability, the effort for recycling was simpliied in Single Stream Recycling, eliminating the need to separate paper, glass and plastic before hand. This way, recyclables go into one bin, which a truck delivers to a materials-recovery facility, where a largely automated system of conveyor belts, screens, magnets, and lasers separates materials so that they can be reused or sold.

Single-stream recycling has two main advantages: since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s so much easier than sorting out recyclables for individuals, it increases household recycling rates, and since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s easier to dump one can of stuff into a collection truck with one compartment, it saves cities money.

1. Tipping loor 2. Drum feeder 3. Initial sorters 4. Large star screens 5. Second sorters 6. Medium star screens 7. Glass sorter 8. Magnetic metal sorter 9. Eddy current separator 10. Infrared lasers 11. Baler

2400m2 SSR recycles 105 tons of waste per year.

STAGE 1

waste ofload

STAGE 2

extraction of small objects

STAGE 3

removal of contaminants

STAGE 4

paper extraction

STAGE 5 STAGE 6 glass extraction

metal extraction

STAGE 7 plastic extraction

STAGE 8

transportation & distribution

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URBAN AGRICULTURE Urban agriculture is not a piece of the past that will eventually fade away, nor a practice brought to the city by rural immigrants that will lose their rural habits over time. It is thought as an integral part of the urban system. The rapid growth of global cities is placing enormous demands on urban food supply systems. Agriculture â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including horticulture, livestock, isheries, forestry, and fodder and milk production â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is increasingly spreading to towns and cities providing fresh food, generating employment, recycling urban waste and strengthening citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; resilience to climate change. Urban agriculture is embedded in -and interacting with- the urban ecosystem. It is characterized by including urban residents as labourers, the use of urban resources

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(like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban consumers and direct impacts on urban ecology and being part of the urban food system. Urban agriculture plays an important role in enhancing urban food security since the costs of supplying and distributing food to urban areas based on rural production and imports continue to increase. Food in the globalized marketplace increasingly travels great distances. Food in the United States travels a distance of between 1500 to 2500 miles from where it is grown to where it is consumed. Because locally produced food requires less transportation and refrigeration, it can supply nearby markets with fresher and more nutritious products at competitive prices while impacting in a much smaller way on the environment.

Apart from food security, urban agriculture contributes to local economic development, poverty alleviation and social inclusion of the urban poor, as well as to the greening of the city and the productive reuse of urban wastes. The beneits it provides to cities are also about reforming weak connections to place, sustaining landscapes and ultimately to human relationships. This understanding can help to support not just a slow-food movement for local foods, but also a slow-iber and slow-materials movement for local fabric and building purposes. Urban agriculture has the potential to become a dynamic economic sector that quickly adapts to changing urban conditions and demands, intensifying its productivity and diversifying its functions for the city.

HYDROPONIC AND AQUAPONIC SYSTEMS Urban agriculture can be practiced in many different ways. The most common techniques adapt empty or residual spaces in the city for traditional on-ground plantations, but time and technology have made new alternatives possible that can adapt to almost any environmental and spatial conditions like hydroponics and aquaponics. Hydroponics is a branch of agriculture where plants are grown without the use of soil, allowing the production of a divrsiied group of crops in places with rough conditions. The nutrients that the plants normally extract from the soil are simply dissolved into water instead, and depending on the type of hydroponic system used, the

plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roots are suspended in, looded with or misted with the nutrient solution so that the plant can derive the elements it needs for growth. Aquaponics, on the other hand combine hydroponic farming with aquaculture, or ish raising, in a controlled environment. A symbiotyc system is generated where they cancel out each otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waste, providing a closed-loop system where the plants live off the ish waste and the ish live in water puriied by the plants.

Hydroponic farm system in Dubai.

Agriculture and technology can merge to develop creative and accesible answers to the way we produce and consume food in cities, guaranteeing sustainability, food security and citizen empowerment.

Aquaponic system. Green Sky Growers, Florida Ancient crop terraces in Machu Picchu.

Up: Perth, Australia. DOwn: New Yoirk City, USA.

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COMPOSTING URBAN AGRICULTURE AND RECYCLING A great portion of the materials disposed in landills are organic. When organic material decomposes in landills, methane, a strong Green House Gas (GHG), is generated, transforming them in one of the largest sources of methane pollution. Organic waste is classiied as biogenic (originating from living organisms), biodegradable organic waste, and nonbiogenic organic waste (e.g., plastics). The biodegradable organic waste stream, consisting primarily of green waste and food waste, roughly represents 27 percent of the entire waste stream. Food waste makes up a large percentage of each of the commercial, multifamily, and single-family sectorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

waste streams, and therefore, an important aspect in organic waste diversion. In the commercial sector, food waste alone constitutres as much as 23 percent of the waste stream. Diverting this volume of material from landill disposal is a formidable challenge to overcome for cities to reduce their environmental impact. IN-VESSEL

COMPOSTING

(IVC)

The term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;in-vessel compostingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; refers to those systems that feature the enclosed composting of waste and therefore allow a higher degree of process control than is possible with windrow composting. In-vessel

systems can be categorized into ive types: containers, silos, agitated bays, tunnels, and enclosed halls. For effective waste handling, a covered waste reception area, as well as hard standing for post composting and a covered storage area are needed. Enclosure of these components allows for the further control of nuisance, including noise and dust. The volume of compost produced for distribution is usually around half of the original waste volume and can be used as soil conditioners, mulch, land restoration material, or daily landill cover.

STAGE 4

soil composters

STAGE 1

waste ofload

STAGE 2

mixing and distribution

STAGE 3

composters

2400m2 IVC recycles 12,500 tons of waste per year. 138

STAGE 5

storage and transportation

EARLY CONCEPTUALIZATION The proposal is originated from the site’s lack of vegetation, pedestrian and cycling paths, accessible job opportunities, and a huge amount of waste produced on daily basis, especially from the industrial and commercial predominant use of land in the area. The main purpose is to create a living organism that, close to the river and connecting with other neighborhoods, could start changing the way the community consumes, moves and relates to the public space. It is divided in three main areas, connected by the same force, human activities. The irst one is bonded with waste, recycling different kinds of waste into new

products. The second one, closely related to recycling, proposes an urban farm, with its own cycle, that create multiple training and job opportunities for those who don’t have access to a digniied life, apart from providing accessible green spaces. Finally, and in connection with the other two, bike and pedestrian lanes will be included, to bring people closer to this processes, understanding the impact that waste produces and how that can be transformed in new ways of consuming.

MULTI-SERVICE CENTER When imagining the future of resilient cities, a new typology of building emerges as empowered places for communities. Multi-service centers could be engines for a ‘buttom-up’ strategy of change, operating at a neighborhood scale while being highly connected on a global scale to activate new eco-eficient dynamics in the economic and social ields, leading to the generation of new forms of community and identity. The concept of a multi-service center can take different forms according to speciic peographic and socio-economic context to create a new sense of place and a new idea of the city.

NIPlastic

of vegetauced on commer-

Cardboard

Glass

RECYCLING

m that, Organic waste

y the same

odcling, pro-

se who ovidonnection

sses, unnd how

Gastronomy

URBAN FARMING

Agriculture Food production Market

GREEN SPACES & TRANSPORTATION

139

SITE SELECTION The site selected is located on the north side of the Arts District, taking the former National Cold Storage building by the riverside. It has been chosen for its opportunity to expand the core of the arts district north of 1st Street providing the area with multi-service supporting centers that bring life into it, simplifying daily needs and reinventing the relationship with the river and the proposed natural renovation.

The northern portion of the district has not been designed to support a vibrant community. Around 50% of the total area is used for private parking lots, and the remaining built space is used for industrial or storage purposes, often abandoned. Walkability is very poor, with very tight sidewalks and endless brick walls that exclude any possible attraction to architecture or public spaces.

attraction to architecture or public spaces.

Site selected Buildings available for new use Commercial Parking lot Cultural / Institutional Residential

140

Taking this site allows the possibility to activate the area by connecting to the future riverfront park and Aliso Village, encouragning the use of bike and walking as transportation and a greener lifestyle through the use of land for farming and recycling plants to reuse daily products.

LES Cente r St

sS t Vig ne

Temple St

Banning St

HW 101

Alameda st

Comme

Ducomm

un st

Jackson

Center st

Vignes st

Garey st

rcial st

Temple st

Banning S

Vignes St

Garey St

Santa Fe

E 1st St Hewitt St

Jackson St

E 1st t

E 1st St

E 2nd St

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PRECEDENTS VERTICAL HARVEST Jackson Hole, Wyoming. USA e/ye architects Building area: 13 500 sq feet Jackson, Wyoming is home to one of the world’s irst vertical greenhouses located on a sliver of vacant land next to a parking garage. This 13,500 sq. ft. three-story stacked greenhouse utilizes a 1/10 of an acre to grow an annual amount of produce equivalent to 5 acres of traditional agriculture. Vertical Harvest sells locally grown, fresh vegetables year round to Jackson area restaurants, grocery stores and directly to consumers through onsite sales. Vertical Harvest replaces

142

100,000 lbs of produce that is trucked into the community each year. In addition to fresh lettuce and tomatoes, Vertical Harvest produces jobs, internships and educational opportunities. The greenhouse employs 15 individuals with intellectual and physical disabilities.

When thinking of the rugged beautiful nature and blistering cold of jackson hole, wyoming, urban farm usually doesn’t come to mind. Local studio e/ye design however has proved this notion wrong. ‘vertical harvest’ is a vertical hydroponic urban farm occupying 1/10 of an acre in the heart of downtown that will produce the equivalent of 5 acres of produce annually. The project is a response to several deiciencies in the city, mainly the need for locally-grown and harvested fruits and vegetables .

143

The three-story steel and glass structure turns a footprint of 4,500 sq ft into 18,000 sq ft of fertile surface area. The hydroponic system in itself saves a considerable amount of water when compared to traditional soil-based farming methods, and a recycling system integrated into the various gardens will further increase productivity and eficiency. The simple design of circulation, growing space, and admin program makes it a suitable strategy that can be easily developed all over the world. In this case, the project uses an existing parking garage as a host structurewith circulation towers located at either end to leave a large surface area along the facade drenched in sunlight for the growth of the produce. The social and economical implications of the project are a beneicial addition to any city. Companies and individuals alike beneit from job opportunities and fresh local produce.

exposed mechanical system

year round community marketplace

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

living lassroom

training areas for transferable skills

propagation tables high volume microgreen production

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

seeding and harvesting

vertical growing carousels

year-round commercial tomato production

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

visitor viewing platforms 144

rotating living wall

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

CROSS SECTION

145

TOUR MARAÎCHÈRE Romainville, France e/ye architects building area: 40 900 sq feet

The vertical farm’s design aims to house crops and maximize their exposure to sunlight. A shaft opening created in both parts of the building enables light to circulate and enhances thermal exchanges. This void also allows for materials to circulate around easily to respond to the urban gardener’s needs. The intent is to create a dynamic junction between traditional market gardening and technological innovation. This proposal represents an opportunity to

146

provide the inhabitants with fresh food and to improve the quality of nutrition locally. the project strives to reconnect town and country, sky and ground. An innovative city-based project, the future urban agriculture building will be a responsible building to develop a short food production chain, provide local residents with fresh products with a low ecological footprint, reduce the use of road transport and To generate jobs.

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Rationality of the functional organization

Animation of neighborhood life

Adaptation to context

The study of sunlight allowed to deine an optimal exposure of the facades in a south / southwest orientation favorable to the development of crops. At the intersection of the horticultural greenhouse and the industrial building, the project is organized within rational and lexible volumes, making it easy to organize the lows and the spaces inside the building.

Apart from the organizational principles behind the design, these are values that the building strives to encourage. These values are manifested in the desire to cultivate food where people live and to animate the neighborhood.

Located in the heart of a site in full renewal, the future building is a strong signal, whose volumes are regulated on the templates of the House of Retirement and Building K which serve as intangible landmarks in strict compliance with the rules of Town planning.

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Designed as a controlled bioclimatic environment - combining heat, ventilation and illumination systems within eficient thermal envelopes adapted to plants - the future urban agriculture building aims to participate in the life of the district and to transmit Values and principles of circular economy.

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SUNSET PARK MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY Brooklyn, New York, USA selldorf architects Building area: 140 000 sq feet

The Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility is a processing center for New York Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curbside metal, glass, and plastic recyclables which is being undertaken by Sims Municipal Recycling and the City of New York. Located on an 11 acre waterfront pier in Sunset Park, the design was inluenced by its programmatic use as a recycling center which inspired reuse throughout.

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Working with a pre-engineered building, one of the design challenges was to ind ways to articulate the program and give an overall expression to the facility that would distinguish it from ordinary big box construction. In response, structural elements are inverted to appear on the exterior, giving steel girders and lateral bracing a greater visual impact.

The Education Center is one of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most unique features. The structure contains programs for school children and the public including classrooms, exhibitions, and interactive demonstration displays. A key element of the design is a steel bridge which connects the Education Center to a viewing platform inside the Processing Facility. The viewing platform allows students and visitors to see the recycling process in action.

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The masterplan organizes buildings to support functionality, creates distinct circulation systems to separate visitors from operations, and adds two acres of native plantings. Buildings are organized to create the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own urban context.

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The facility makes a major environmental contribution by delivering recyclables by bargeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a strategy which minimizes the distance collection trucks must travel and eliminates 240,000 miles of annual vehicle travel from roadways. Recycled materials are used throughout: site ill is made from a composite of recycled glass, asphalt, and rock

reclaimed from the Second Avenue subway construction; buildings are made from recycled steel; and plazas are inished with recycled glass. Other sustainable measures include the largest application of photovoltaics in New York City, a wind turbine which generates 15% of the facilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power, and bioswales for stormwater management.

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SMESTAD RECYCLING CENTER Oslo, Norway Longva arkitekter Building area: 6000 sq feet

Smestad Recycling Centre represents a new building typology. It is a facility for the public where all waste handling takes place indoors. The recycling centre is a robust, unclimatised open hall with two distinct areas: one for the public and one for operations. There is an integrated, climatised service and management building at one end, with areas for hazardous waste and maintenance, changing rooms and cafeteria for employees, as well as ofices and technical rooms.

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The building has a saw-tooth roof that gives the large volume a subdivision and rhythm. The recycling hallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back and sidewalls are predominantly closed. The main faĂ§ade towards the ring road is open, clad with expanded metal sheets mounted between the columns of laminated wood.

The operational logistics were an important design criteria. The local authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s master plan gave strict limits to the buildings placement and size. It has been important to maximise trafic low and parking for the public, to ensure suficient slots for the waste fractions, and to give adequate maneuvering area for operations. The hall has space for 34 cars without trailer and 16 waste fractions. The public area is raised 2 metres over the operations yard. The outside space consists mainly of a large queue magazine to control trafic low and avoid congestion both inside the hall and on the adjacent approach roads.

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RE - LAB Newark, New Jersey, USA Stefan Fotev, IAAC Building area: 6000 sq feet

The RE-LAB project is a manifesto, or as one might say “a trigger” for a new productive era in contemporary cities where there is a constant demand for continuity and change. The project derives from a research related with urban productivity and economically interconnecting many small-scale productions and actors all within the boundaries of the city. The research project was called Food City

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The shape of the building derives completely from the technical part of the program of the building. In the following diagrams the red line represents the waste-production lows which give the inclination and directions of the recycling structure. This sort of performative architectural approach for morphology development and form-inding in this case give us some very smooth and easily accessible urban landscapes.

With this kind of multifunctional building people not only can rest in vibrant spaces but can also have the pleasure to taste and understand “a peace of their waste” or get it back and use it again! Digital fabrication and other advanced technologies can make waste be a very powerful tool for the modern day craftsmanship.

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RE-THINKING THE ARTS DISTRICT

160

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EXISTING ZONING The Arts Districtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s present zoning has a highly industrial proile, with Heavy Industrial and Light Industrial as the predominant use zones. This actual situation does not relect this in the use of land, since over time the people living in the neighborhood has changed the spirit of the buildings into a diversiied situation.

E 1st St

Alameda St

E 1st St

les Rive

E 4th

S Santa Fe Ave

e Los Ang

rd St

Alameda St

E 4th St

Proposed Live - Work E6

E 6th St Whit te

e Los Ang

Public Facility

162

S Santa Fe Ave

C2, C3, C4 - Commercial

E 7th St

M2 - Light Industrial

les Rive

M3 - Heavy Industrial

E 7th St

r Blv d

PROPOSED ZONING In order to adjust the zoning policies to a more resilient future of the Arts District new zones were proposed. The Live-Work use that characterizes its spirit will be reinforced by adding mixed use buildings in the central and south areas wich provide the streetlife with more livability while densifying residential possibilites. The actual railway area by the riverside will be replaced by a public park to provide the area with accesible open spaces and greenlife. Finally, as connectors between the river and the neighborood, a series of multi-service centers are proposed to guarantee walkability and sustainability.

E 1st St

Alameda St

E 1st St

E 4th

les Rive

Mixed use

S Santa Fe Ave

e Los Ang

rd St

Public Facility

E 4th St

Alameda St

Live Work M2 - Light Industrial

E 6th St Whit te

r Blv d

les Rive

e Los Ang

C2, C3, C4 - Commercial Public Parking

Riverside Park

E 7th St

S Santa Fe Ave

Multi Service

E 7th St

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URBAN RULES

REAR YARD PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

RELATIONSHIP TO RIVER

Make the river a meaningful element of the districtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity, as a source of freshness and connection to nature.

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

CONNECTION

Village will be possible only

35ft

Buildings adjacent to the river must leave at least 35ft of rear yard space to connect with natural parks throughout the revitalization area of the river.

164

eets Buildings adjacent to the river, must contemplate a portion of the site for public pedestrian acces to the riverfront.

New connection to Aliso Village will be possible only for pedestrian and biking bridges, on situations that can connect existing streets on each side.

e by 0 ft in

MICROCLIMATE

SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental issues are a key aspect of resilient urbanism, since it allows cities not only to recover from natural shocks but to adapt to a more sustainable and balanced future.

NET-ZERO

PROMOTE UAI Urban Agriculture Incentive

30ft

oduce gy they consume by

Introduce greenlife in the neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure by planting trees every 30 ft in sidewalks. Each building will be responsible of the manteinance of the trees located in front of their facades.

ecieve a tax benefit in exchange of

Every building must produce the energy they consume by the use of solar panels or other renewable energy sources.

Property owners will recieve a tax beneit in exchange of using eligible property for urban agriculture.

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FACADE RITHM

IMPROVE WALKABILITY

A neighborhood’s quality of life, and in addition it’s possibility to adapt to different situations over time, depends highly on it’s level of walkability, as access to public space. Walkable neigborhoods allow stronger relationships and bonds between people to happen, and in consecquence the sense of place that will promote them to take care of their environment.

SIDEWALKS

PARKING

30ft 12ft

30min Walls on facades can’t overpass 30 ft without change of texture or glassing.

Minimum width for sidewalks will be 12ft and they must include:

+ water fountains

night lighting for street and sidewalks

+ shaded sitting 166

recycling bins

VIP

Parking space on street will be allowed only for temporary parking or special situations such as VIP or disabled parking. New speciied parking locations will be provided in speciic lots arounf the district.

BUILDING HEIGHTS

DENSIFY

One of the key aspects of sustainable and resilient cities is density, since it allows more poeple to access services and transportation in less amount of land avoiding the exesive use of natural environments. The city of Los Angeles is characterized for being a large city, but with a relatively low density whis is why this rules aim to promote higher density in urban areas while mantaining daylight quality and walkability.

FLOOR-AREA RATIO

PARKING

extended to the boundaries 15ft MIN

MAX .

40ft

30ft

80ft 120ft

40% 0% 7

divided in parking and open To mantain low-scale feeling in the neighborhood and ensure natural light in the street: Maximum height over the boundaries of the lot is 40t.

Min. area occupied = 40% Max. area occupied = 70% Remaining area will be divided in parking and open green space.

Parking space can be extended to the boundaries only below-groud, leaving room for more open green sapce, and can be part of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program, mantainig mass/void proportion.

Traspassing that height will be allowed only when withdrawing the building 30 ft towards the inner part of the lot. Over 70 ft, building must withdraw 15 ft again. Max. height = 120 ft 167

MASTER PLAN

Taking into consideration the characteristics of resilient cities and the beneits multi-service centers can bring to communities, the proposed urban rules shaped a new vision of the Arts District. Green spaces appear where excessively big private parking lots actually are, increasing the greenness and walkability of the area. The utilitarian railway is proposed to go underground, gaining freespace to connect with the riverfront restoration parks and increasing citizenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s connection with greenlife and a healthier environment. By opening the block through Temple Street, a new walkable and cyclable corridor is generated, bringing new and safer transportation possibilities in an area that presents great dificulties to cross from west to east and backwards in means that are not vehicles. Walkability will also be improved by eliminating street parking, concentrating parking space in three locations across the area, apart from introducing trees, seating spots and controlled night lighting. Finally, to enhance resilience, controlled densiication is proposed for the area, allowing a better use of land and enabling a more resilient future to succeed.

168

Public Parking

Future Densification

Walkable - Cyclable corridor

Green Spaces

Riverside Public Park Los Angeles River

Public Parking

169

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

170

171

PROGRAM OUTLINE PROGRAM AREAS DETAIL

SQM SQFT WASTE MANAGEMENT NON-ORGANIC Waste ofload Extraction of small objects Removal of contaminants Paper extraction Glass extraction Metal extraction Plastic extraction Transportation and distribution

ORGANIC Waste ofload Mixing and distribution Composters Soil composters Transportation and distri bution

10x30 20x30 10x30 15x30

875 250 500 312.5 312.5 150 400 200

9420 2690 5380 3360 3360 1615 4300 2150

3000

32275

160 300 600 300 450

1720 3230 6460 3230 4845

1810

19485

300 300

3230 3230

600

6460

FARMING Hydroponics Aquaponics

172

SQM SQFT COMMUNITY SPACES

UPCYCLING DESIGN STUDIO PAPER PRODUCTION/PRINT SHOP GLASS ART STUDIO PLASTIC 3D PRINTING FACTORY COMMUNITY KITCHEN WORKSHOP/CLASS ROOM Workout studios

2x70 2x50 2x50 2x50 2x80 2X40 2x80

140 100 100 100 80 80 160

1505 1075 1075 1075 860 860 1720

760

8170

120 60

1300 650

60 120 60

650 1300 650

420

4550

150 140 105 140 100 40

1615 1505 1130 1505 1505 430

675

7690

7265

78630

1453

15726

600 3000

6460 32300

3600

38760

RETAIL RESTAURANT Dining area Kitchen MARKET fresh food store up-cycled objects sotre Bike ixing station

2x60

SUPPORT SPACES Restroom (public) Restroom (staff) Storage Management ofice Bathrooms Locker rooms

3x50 7x20 7x15 7x20 2x50 2x20

SUBTOTAL CIRCULATION

20%

OUTDOOR SPACES Outdoor farming outdoor running and cycling track

TOTAL:

12318

133116 173

SPACE NEEDS SUMMARY

NON/ORGANIC WASTE

STAGE 1: WASTE OFF LOAD 9420 sqft

STAGE 2: EXTRACTION OF SMALL OBJECTS 2690 sqft

STAGE 3: REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS 5380 sqft

Tipping loor. Dump trucks deliver mixed recyclables to the facility and pile them on the loor. The driver checks to make sure no oversize objects are in the mix.

Drum feeder. A mechanical claw grabs a handful of material from the tipping loor and drops it into a spinning drum, which evenly distributes the recyclables onto a conveyor belt.

Initial sorters. Workers extract plastic bags, coat hangers, and other items that might jam up the line, as well as anything that wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t it through the sorter.

STAGE 4: PAPER EXTRACTION 3360 sqft

STAGE 5: GLASS EXTRACTION 3360 sqft

STAGE 6: METAL EXTRACTION 1615 sqft

Large star screens. Corrugated cardboard is lift out. Second sorters. Smaller contaminants are removed. Medium star screens. Paper is lift out.

Glass sorter. Glass, which is heavier than plastic and aluminum, falls through the star screens and lands in bins below. A separate system of conveyors moves the material to a different area on-site, where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prepared for up-cycling.

Magnetic metal sorter. A magnet passes above the conveyor and attracts anything magnetic Eddy current separator. Eddy ield pushes aluminum off the main conveyor onto another one.

STAGE 7: PLASTIC EXTRACTION 4300 sqft

STAGE 8: EXPORT. 2150 sqft

Infrared lasers. Infrared laser beams shine on the plastic items, and a sensor detects the signatures of different grades of plastic. Strategic puffs of air separate the recyclable and non-recyclable kinds into different bins.

Baler. The last machine on the conveyor belt makes a bale of recycled paper, plastic, cardboard, or metal. Landill. Remaining items go into storage to be picked up and taken to landill facilities.

174

32275 sqft The non-organic waste is managed by a Single Stream Recycling (SSR) process that takes place in a 120m large by 25m width and at least 4m tall, where a largely automated system of conveyor belts, screens, magnets, and lasers separates materials so that they can be reused afterwards in the different workshops and studios and turned into new pieces of art and design. Main issues to take care of are natural light and ventilation, noise levels and visual disturbance due to its highly longitudinal character and lack of visual relationship possibilities to the street space. This process is divided in eight areas that target the different waste typologies that enter the plant.

ORGANIC WASTE 19485 sqft Organic waste is managed in a second plant, through In Vessel Composting system (INV), which’s footprint is 1960m2. In this plant organic waste is received and processed in hermetic and automatically controlled composting tanks that avoid having issues with odor, temperature and humidity inside the building. Special aspects to consider are the presence of natural light and the regulation of visual relationships between the interior and the exterior, as well as the elimination of gases and water waste produced inside the vessels and the transportation and circulation spaces required.

STAGE 1: WASTE OFF LOAD. 1720 sqft Tipping loor. Organic waste arrives to the site, and is delivered to an enclosed reception area where workers remove any persisting contaminant elements.

STAGE 2: MIXING AND DISTRIBUTION. 3230 sqft

Shredders. After the irst stage, shredders break down and mix the material, mixed to optimize porosity, particle size, and moisture, carbon to nitrogen ratio, substrate complexity and quality, releasing the nutrients and take it into the composters.

STAGE 4: SOIL COMPOSTING. 3230 sqft

STAGE 5: TRANSPORTATION 4845 sqft

Soil Composters. Ending stage; after microbial activity begins to stabilize and pile cools, waste is mixed with soil to obtain the inal product. This process lasts at least 30 days and takes place in a second set of composters where odorous compounds are not usually produced.

Transitional storage.

STAGE 3: COMPOSTING 6460 sqft In Vessel Composters. The material is transferred to the third stage, where the composting process continues for 7 days to 3 weeks. In-vessel composters ensure that the composting mass reaches the required temperature to kill pathogens and weed seeds -60°C to 70°C-. The oxygen level, moisture and temperature are carefully monitored and controlled during both composting stages to ensure the material is fully sanitized.

After the process is completed, the product is taken to the farming areas or to storage for retail.

175

FARMING 12920 sqft Introducing urban agriculture into tcities allows to improve the quality of the food the society consumes, obtaining organic and locally produced vegetables that involve the community in the processes of growing food and the impact it can have in the environment.

HYDROPONIC FARM. 3230 sqft

AQUAPONIC FARM 3230 sqft

OUTDOOR FARMING 6460 sqft

Hydroponic technology consist of three basic elements. First one is a pump, placed under every system. Its task is to spread the water over whole system, to every seedling. Liquids are spread by small channels. By them, they also go back into the pumping. Last part of this system are pots with plants illed with special base allowing water and oxygen to low. The space needed for this process must have rich sources of daylight -that can depend on the type of crop planted- and eficient ventilation systems to control temperature and humidity. As the containers can be stacked vertically, the height of the space will depend on the accessibility for farmers in the harvest and maintenance process.

Similar to hydroponic farming, this is a recirculating environment with ish and plants in a naturemimicking process. The waste product of the ish provides nutrients for the plants which in turn ilter the water that ish are living in. With the same spatial conditions as the hydroponic farm, this area needs open clear spaces that make the maintenance and harvesting processes effective, with good daylighting and natural ventilation to guarantee the production of vegetables off-season.

The traditional outdoor farming takes a turn to adapt to urban areas where the space is limited, the amount of people is bigger and the environmental conditions are completely different than the ones in rural areas. The compost product from the organic waste treatment plant makes possible the growth of multiple vegetables and fruit trees in a rich soil environment. The outdoor farm takes advantage of the climate characteristics of Los Angeles such as the amount of sunny days and the stable temperatures, and will be actively connected to the future natural parks by the Los Angeles River, making irrigation easier and the propagation of the concept to other places.

176

COMMUNITY SPACES 8170 sqft This area is the linking elements between the recycling process and the artistic production, and in doing so, the bond between the artistic vibe of the Arts District and a resilient and more sustainable future. It consists of four specialized studios and four workshop spaces in relationship to each other that encourage co-working. Studios will provide open, dynamic space for artists and designers to develop their work permanently by renting in a temporal basis, while the workshops will allow room for seminars and training activities for people in the community interested in getting involved in up-cycling and recycling as well as developing know-how and creative skills. Studios will be rich in space, natural light and ventilation and will be equipped differently according to the task that is aimed for.

UPCYCLING DESIGN STUDIO (2) 1500 sqft

PAPER PRODUCTION AND PRINTING SHOP (2) 1060 sqft

Connected to the irst stages in the recycling process, the upcycling studio collects the old objects separated to convert them into new pieces of art or design. These will have room for tool storage, and open loor plan for different scales of work.

Making use of the paper collected the studios will focus on the production of new paper to be used for printing and graphic design. Equipment for the recycling process of paper will be provided, as well as printmaking supplies.

The end of the recycling process leaves plastic as a raw material for new production when shredded pieces will be turned into the input for digital fabrication. The factory will count with 3D printing machines and a computer lab.

PLASTIC 3D PRINTING FACTORY (2) 1060 sqft

COMMUNITY KITCHEN 860 sqft

CLASSROOMS (2) 860 sqft

This will be the place where the community can engage in the manufacturing of products using the crops produced in the farms. It will contain a set of working spaces to host cooking classes, as well as refrigerating equipment and industrial ovens. Ventilation, ireprooing and safety are key issues to take care of .

Two extra multi-use spaces are provided for activities such as seminars, workshops or community meetings- to take place. They will be connected to bring the possibility of integrating them into a single space and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any speciic or permanent equipment other than tables, seating and storage.

WORKOUT STUDIO (2) 1720 sqft The project will have two multiuse workout studios to promote healthy life practices as a link to the green and life of the project and the riverfront park.

OUTDOOR RUNNING AND CYCLING TRACK 3000M2

Taking advantage of the pedestrian connection possibility with Aliso Village, a running and cycling track will run around the project interacting with the different program areas and closing the cyclic conception of the building. The track will have 2 paths for walking and running and 2 bike paths. 177

RETAIL 4550 sqft Afer entering the facility , all waste is transformed in a new product that goes back to the people, starting the cycle again. This area consist of four main stores , with an area of 650 sqft each, oriented to the sale of what is produced in other parts of the building.

RESTAURANT 180 sqft

DINING AREA 1300 sqft

KITCHEN 650 sqft

The restaurant will serve the Community Center users as well as people from all over the downtown area, producing quality and healthy food mainly making use of the products of the farms and aquaponic system.

in contact with the public plaza and with strong connection to the inner part of the Arts District, the dinning area is thought to be extroverted and attractive , full of daylight and views to the outdoor farms.

To reinforce the concept of changing cnsuming habits, the kitchen is planned to be transparent to the dining area, so people can clearly see how excelent quality products can be made with ingredients that can be grown in almost anywhere in the city, shortening the distribution chain.

FRESH FOOD STORE 650 sqft

UP-CYCLED OBJECTS STORE (2) 1300 sqft

BIKE REPAIR SHOP 650 sqft

Occupying a module of 650sqft in the retail area, the store is thought to be bright and clear, in order to generate new sales dynamics, born through new production dynamics.

178

With the purpose of generating new consuming habits, the upcycled object sotres offer the possibility to shop your own waste

Considering bike a strong actor in the sustainable city, the project includes a shop that will be a service spot for users that need to ix or improve their bikes.

SUPPORT SPACES 7690 sqft Every block in the project will have a supporting area that consists of a management ofice, staff restrooms and a storage. Apart from that three public restrooms are located in the main areas, and two bathrooms are located by the workout stations for users to have a more comfortable experience.

MANAGEMENT OFFICE(7) 1505 sqft

STAFF RESTROOMS (7) 1505 sqft

STORAGE (7) 1130 sqft

Every program area will count with an ofice where the activities that are being held can be managed, from the waste treatment facilities processes to the development of a new itness class or the leasing of studio space.

Restrooms connected to the ofice and the support areas will be provided for the staff members behind all the activities.

Seven storages will follow the ofice and restroom space of each area to complete the supporting area required for a comfortable and eficient worklow.

RESTROOMS (3) 1615 sqft

LOCKERS (2) 430 sqft

BATHROOMS (2) 1505 sqft

The recreational area will count with two locker rooms to keep usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; belongings safe while exercising.

Following the locker rooms, two big bathrooms will allow users to take a shower and get ready to return to their urban activities with no need to go back home.

179

USERS

WASTE TRUCK DRIVER

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STAFF RECEPTOR

After downloading the waste from trucks, receptors will remove big or non-organic elements and distribute it into the shredder machines.

SUPERVISORS

The driver will collect the recycling waste from the neighborhood and bring it to the recycling plant and when downloading, make sure there are no qualiied objects mixed.

180

The facility will count with people to receive and distribute waste in the conveyor belts to get the process started, extracting objects that do not it the criteria of material or dimension for recycling, supervising the correct operation of the machines throughout the process and inally managing the waste bales and make sure they get to each area in the project that makes use of them or preparing it for landill pickup.

Once the waste is on its way to the rotating drums, a supervisor will make sure and that no alien pieces are contaminating the process, and that everything in the already composting vessels is functioning correctly and that the temperature and humidity in the tanks is appropriate to complete the process.

ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT STAFF After 7 to 10 days, staff will transfer the material from the rotating drums in the irst stage to bigger drums to be mixed with soil and obtain the inal compost product ready for farming.

PRODUCT DESIGNER

GRAPHIC DESIGNER

ARTISTS

They will make use of several spaces in the studios as a place for creation of their work in a creative green environment.

Taking advantage of the possibilities of paper recycling brings as to the production of unique paper types, graphic designers can make use of any of the studios, speciically the printing shop, where printmaking can take a green twist.

Renting studios will allow all kinds of artists to work permanently in a sustainable environment with unmeasurable resources, as well as having the possibility to teach in the workshops.

URBAN FARMER

GREEN GROCERS

CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

Any member of the community can be involved in the process of urban agriculture. Since the farm is located inside the Arts District, the accessibility to work the crops is good and better involvement is reinforced, making it possible to be reproduced in almost every environment outside the project. The activities they develop go from planting, to maintaining, harvesting, processing and distributing and can be held in all hydroponic, aquaponics and outdoor farms.

Once the product is ready, greengrocers can come pick it up for retail in the fresh food market, bringing locally grown organic food to the meals of the Arts District community.

This person will be actively engaged in the hydroponic and aquaponics farming methods, since they require speciic conditions to guarantee the proper growth and production, such as nutrient solutions, water properties and its low.

181

TEACHERS

STUDENTS

To make urban farming a real solution for future cities to live in a sustainable environment, education has a fundamental role in society. Teaches form schools in the Arts District and all over Los Angeles will be able to bring their classes to the Community Center and incorporate agricultural skills in their students learning process.

Students from any learning level can be involved in the growing process, understanding the possibilities urban farming brings and the importance of the impact it can have in cities. classes to the Community Center and incorporate agricultural skills in their students learning process.

COOKING INSTRUCTORS

RESTAURANT STAFF

SELLER

The community kitchen will have the presence of experimented cooks that will teach any community members how to produce healthy meals from the products they can grow in the farm or in their homes.

Cooker, servers and other staff members will take care of anyone sitting in a table making sure they know the procedures and sources that helped prepare each dish.

Community members involved in the production of edibles or objects will be able to sell their creations in the market.

182

FITNESS INSTRUCTOR

BIKE EXPERT

SHOPPER

Scheduled itness classes will be taught by different specialized instructors.

Willing to help improve their means of transportation an expert will take care of ixing and upgrading on bikes.

Anyone hungry for quality, local made food can have a seat at the restaurant table and get delicious carefully prepared meals. As well as anyone intrested in purchasing unique pieces of art can visit the stores.

TOURIST

COMMUNITY

Tourists will be able to walk through the building for recreational or educational porpoises.

Any community member will have the possibility to get involved with all the activities being held in the building, from itness, craft, art and cooking classes, to farming and recycling, apart from having the classrooms available for booking to develop any other activity.

183

PROGRAM SURFACES DIAGRAMS WASTE MANAGEMENT

5380sqft

DISTRIBUTION

2 3

4 5

ORGANIC 19 485 SQFT

AND DISTRIBUTION

4300sqft 1615sqft

3360sqft

1. WASTE OFFLOAD 2. MIXING 3. COMPOSTERS 4. SOIL COMPOSTERS 5. TRANSPORTATION 184

2690sqft

32 275 SQFT 1. WASTE OFFLOAD 2. EXTRACTION OF OBJECTS 3. REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS 4. PAPER EXTRACTION 5. GLASS EXTRACTION 6. METAL EXTRACTION 7. PLASTIC EXTRACTION 8. TRANSPORTATION AND

2150sqft

4845sqft

3230sqft

6460sqft

3230sqft

1720sqft

NON-ORGANIC

9420sqft

51670 SQFT

4 5 6 7

1300sqft

650sqft

SUPPORT SPACES 8,230 SQFT

STORAGE X7 STAFF

WORKSHOP

STUDIO

WORKSHOP

STUDIO

WORKSHOP BIKE REPAIR SHOP

KITCHEN

530sqft

GLASS ART

PRINTMAKING

DINNING AREA MGMT OFFICE X7

530sqft

650sqft

650sqft UP-CYCLED PRODUCTS STORES

UPCYCLING DESIGN

RETAIL 4 755 SQFT

530sqft

WORKSHOP

STUDIO

CLASSROOMS

530sqft

3D PRINT

WORKOUT STUDIOS 750sqft 750sqft

420sqft 420sqft

530sqft

FRESH FOOD STORE

8 170 SQFT

860sqft

STUDIO

COMMUNITY SPACES

860sqft

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

860sqft

650sqft

215sqft

215sqft 215sqft

215sqft

140sqft

140sqft 140sqft

140sqft

215sqft

215sqft 215sqft

215sqft

140sqft

540sqft

215sqft

RESTROOM

STORAGE

540sqft PUBLIC

STORAGE TRUCK LOAD

540sqft

750sqft

OUTDOOR FARMING

600sqft

AQUAPONIC FARM

HYDROPONIC FARM

600sqft

600 SQFT

750sqft BATHROOMS

RESTROOM

INDOOR FARMING

215sqft LOCKER ROOMS

OUTDOOR FARM

600sqft

600 SQFT 185

SUPPORT

1. WASTE OFFLOAD 2. MIXING 3. COMPOSTERS 4. SOIL COMPOSTERS 5. TRANSPORTATION

AND DISTRIBUTION

BATHROOMS

1 STORAGE

SUPPORT

WORKOUT STUDIOS LOCKERS

STORAGE

SUPPORT

UPCYCLING DESIGN STUDIO

WORKSHOP

STORAGE

5 6

PRINTMAKING STUDIO

GLASS STUDIO

WORKSHOP

STORAGE

ART

WORKSHOP

STORAGE& TRUCK LOAD

3D PRINT STORAGE

7 8

STUDIO

CLASSROOMS

WORKSHOP

COMMUNITY KITCHEN

BIKE REPAIR SHOP

RESTROOMS

HYDROPONIC FARM

AQUAPONIC FARM

FRESH FOOD STORE UP-CYCLED PRODUCTS STORES

186

KITCHEN

OUTDOOR FARM

SUPPORT

DINNING AREA

SUPPORT

1. WASTE OFFLOAD 2. EXTRACTION OF OBJECTS 3. REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS 4. PAPER EXTRACTION RESTROOMS 5. GLASS EXTRACTION 6. METAL EXTRACTION 7. PLASTIC EXTRACTION 8. TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION

RESTROOMS

PROJECT GOALS PEDESTRIAN CONNECTION

BLOCK PERMEABILITY

Accesiblility to the Los Angeles River and connection with Aliso Village are key aspects to the project and therefore the site was divided into two by a pedestrian walkway that reinforces the intention to improve walkability in the neighborhood.

Connecting to the open spaces in the area, the projects opens the site to create mor dynamic and stronger relationships with its context.

SPACIAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE VOID

LOOPED PROCESS

The prorgram areas are palced in the site closely related with the outdoor spaces that connect each block, creating four main voids that link the project with the neighborhood.

Reinforcing the sustainability paradigms, the distribution of spaces has been thought to maximize the potentiallity of treating urban waste by facilitating the recycling process, and making it a protagonist in the city life.

187

MASSING DIAGRAMS

RECYCLING FACILITIES RETAIL SUPPORT AREAS ACCESS AND RECEPTION HALLS COMMUNITY SPACES FARMS

OUTDOOR FARMS ARTS COMMUNITY PLAZA WASTE OFFLOAD AREA PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY 188

189

URBAN SECTION This section shows the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s predominant longitudinal character, adapted to a large site by the riverside. The two recycling facilities are situated in the northern side, whereras the community and retail areas are located lower south to take advantage of sunshine and connection to the core of the Arts District.

Mantaining the low-scale of the neighborhood and preventing the creation of high rise buildings next to the river coast, the building mantains itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program in two stories, gaining at the same time control over shades and sunlight in the outdoor public areas.

Community Spaces

190

Organic waste treatment facility

Non-Organic waste treatment facility

Farming Retail

Open public spaces are key aspects of the proposal and its intent to create strong bonds with the community of the Arts District and sorrunding neighborhoods.

Support spaces

BIBLIOGRAPHY

191

1. LOS ANGELES RESEARCH REGIONAL

- pg7 - pg33 -

Geography + Images “Well, This Is Snow Fun: Wintertime Amusement Around LA.” The Manual. January 08, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.themanual.com/living/this-is-snow-fun-wintertime-amusement-around-la/. “Port of Los Angeles Ship Tracker / Tracking Map Live | View Live Ship Trafic In Port of Los Angeles, California.” CRUISIN. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.cruisin.me/cruise-port-tracker/united-states/los-angeles-california.php. Walker, Alissa. “Why People Keep Trying to Erase the Hollywood Sign From Google Maps.” Gizmodo. November 21, 2014. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://gizmodo.com/why-people-keep-trying-to-erase-the-hollywood-sign-from-1658084644. “Mental Maps: Making the Invisible, Visible!” Mental Maps: Making the Invisible, Visible! December 18, 2003. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~smatei/MentalMaps/showcase/showcase.htm. “Geography” Los Angeles Almanac 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.laalmanac.com/geography/index.htm#Geologic.

Population Statistics “Most Populated Cities in Los Angeles County” Los Angeles Almanac 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.laalmanac.com/population/ po32.htm. “Orange County Jurisdiction Demographics” Center for Demographic Research September 26, 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www. fullerton.edu/cdr/demographics/. Water Statistics [Future water use in LA] Gleick, Peter H., Heather Cooley, and David Groves. California Water 2030: An Eficient Future. Report. Hydrology, Paciic Institute. 1-44. Urban Water : Management Plan. Report. Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles. 268th ed. Vol. 011. Los Angeles, CA: City of Los Angeles, 2011. 1-539.

Percentages of water from basins Madrigal, Alexis C. “American Aqueduct: The Great California Water Saga.” The Atlantic. February 24, 2014. Accessed December 02, 2016. http:// www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/02/american-aqueduct-the-great-california-water-saga/284009/. “Los Angeles Department Of Water And Power September Water Use.” SCPR. 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://projects.scpr.org/applications/monthly-water-use/los-angeles-department-of-water-and-power/.

Desalination statistics “Existing and Proposed Seawater Desalination Plants in California - Paciic Institute.” Paciic Institute. May 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://pacinst.org/publication/key-issues-in-seawater-desalination-proposed-facilities/. Rogers, Paul. “Nation’s Largest Ocean Desalination Plant Goes up near San Diego; Future of the California Coast?” The Mercury News. May 12, 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/05/29/nations-largest-ocean-desalination-plant-goes-up-near-san-diegofuture-of-the-california-coast/.

[Desalination plants] West Basin Desalination “The Cost Of Desalination.” THE COST OF DESALINATION. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.westbasindesal.org/the-cost-of-desalination. html. Huntington Beach “Protecting The Environment.” Huntington Beach Freshwater Protecting The Environment Comments. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://hbfreshwater.com/protecting-the-environment.

World desalination “Desalination by the Numbers.” IDA. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://idadesal.org/desalination-101/desalination-by-the-numbers/. Talbot, David. “Megascale Desalination.” MIT Technology Review. April 08, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://www.technologyreview. com/s/534996/megascale-desalination/. “Desalination Worldwide.” Huntington Beach Freshwater Desalination Worldwide Comments. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://hbfreshwater. com/desalination-101/desalination-worldwide.

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Owens River Basin McPherson, Kelly R. “Owens Valley Hydrogeology.” USGS, CA - Owens Valley Hydrogeology Water Supply Paper. January 07, 2013. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://ca.water.usgs.gov/owens/report/introduction.html. Lakes “The Mono Basin Project.” The Mono Basin Project. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://wsoweb.ladwp.com/Aqueduct/historyolaa/monobasin.htm. “History of the Mono Lake Committee.” Monolake. 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history. Stine, Scott. “Mono Lake Levels 1850-Present.” Mono Basin Research. October 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelyearly.php.

Central Valley Water Statistics U.S. Geological Survey California Water Science Center. “California’s Central Valley.” California’s Central Valley. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/central-valley/about-central-valley.html. Goldenberg, Suzanne. “The Central Valley Is Sinking: Drought Forces Farmers to Ponder the Abyss.” The Guardian. November 28, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/nov/28/california-central-valley-sinking-farmers-deepwater-wells.

Colorado River Basin River Compact “Colorado River Timeline - Water Education Foundation.” Colorado River Timeline. 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.watereducation. org/aquapedia/colorado-river-timeline. Fleck, John. “What Seven States Can Agree to Do: Deal-Making on the Colorado River.” Rural West Initiative. August 03, 2012. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://web.stanford.edu/group/ruralwest/cgi-bin/drupal/content/what-seven-states-can-agree-do-deal-making-colorado-river.

Hoover Dam History.com Staff, Staff. “Hoover Dam.” History.com. 2010. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.history.com/topics/hoover-dam.

Local Watersheds United States. National Park Service. “San Gabriel SRS.” National Parks Service. July 03, 2009. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://www.nps. gov/pwro/sangabriel/studyarea.htm. “About Watersheds « City of Los Angeles Stormwater Program.” City of Los Angeles Stormwater Program. March 19, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.lastormwater.org/about-us/about-watersheds/. “The Los Angeles River Watershed.” The River Project. 2011. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.theriverproject.org/learn/know-your-watershed/the-los-angeles-river-watershed.

Aqueducts Kirchner, Lauren, Amanda Zamora, and Abrahm Lustgarten. “California’s Drought Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis. Here’s What You Need to Know.” ProPublica. June 27, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/california-drought-colorado-river-water-crisis-explained.

Los Angeles History.com Staff, Staff. “Los Angeles Aqueduct.” History.com. 2010. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.history.com/topics/los-angeles-aqueduct. “Water and Power Associates Informing the Public about Critical Water and Energy Issues Facing Los Angeles and California.” Water and Power Associates. 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://waterandpower.org/museum/Construction_of_the_LA_Aqueduct.html.

Colorado Austin, Chris. “Colorado River Aqueduct.” Maven’s Notebook. July 05, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://mavensnotebook.com/the-notebook-ile-cabinet/californias-water-systems/colorado-river-aqueduct/. Janczyn, George. “A Tour of Hoover Dam and the Colorado River Aqueduct System.” GrokSurf’s San Diego. May 20, 2013. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://groksurf.com/2013/05/20/a-tour-of-hoover-dam-and-the-colorado-river-aqueduct-system/.

California “The Central Valley Project.” Maven’s Notebook. July 05, 2015. Accessed December 02, 2016. https://mavensnotebook.com/the-notebook-ile-cabinet/californias-water-systems/the-central-valley-project/. Quinton, Amy. “California’s Water Supply, A 700 Mile Journey.” Capital Public Radio. October 07, 2013. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www. capradio.org/articles/2013/10/07/californias-water-supply,-a-700-mile-journey/.

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Transit [XpressWest] “Expansion & Connectivity.” Expansion • XpressWest Website. 2016. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.xpresswest.com/expansion.html.

[High Speed Rail] “High-Speed Rail Program Maps.” Multimedia Maps - California High-Speed Rail Authority. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.hsr.ca.gov/ Newsroom/Multimedia/maps.html. Sheehan, Tim. “In California’s High-speed Train Efforts, Worldwide Manufacturers Jockey for Position.” Fresnobee. December 27, 2014. Accessed December 02, 2016. http://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/high-speed-rail/article19528899.html.

DOWNTOWN OVERVIEW Baan, Iwan. “The Broad.” Digital image. The Broad. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.thebroad.org Nelson, Lee W. “Los Angeles City Hall.” Digital image. iNeTours. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.inetours.com “One Santa Fe.” Digital image. RentLingo. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.rentling.com “Star Apartments.” Digital image. Skid Row Housing Trust. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.skidrow.org “University of Southern California.” Digital Image. University Village. Accessed December 1, 2016. village.usc.edu

SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE “Union Station.” Digital image. Metro. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.metro.net “LA Metropolitan Detention Center.” Digital image. Los Angeles Independent Media Center. Accessed December 1, 2016. la.indymedia.org “Japanese American National Museum.” Digital image. Delabuzz. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.delabuzz.com “Centenary United Methodist Church.” Digital image. The Gourmez. Accessed December 1, 2016. www.thegourmez.com Imanova, Aidan. “Southern California Institute of Architecture, California, USA.” Digital image. Design MENA. Accessed December 1, 2016. www. designmena.com

NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER

- pg34 - pg59 -

“Los Angeles, California (CA) Income Map, Earnings Map, and Wages Data.” Los Angeles, Accessed September 22, 2016. http://www.city-data.com/ income/income-Los-Angeles-California.html. “Building Age//1890-2008.” Built:LA. Accessed September 21, 2016. http://cityhubla.github.io/LA_Building_Age/#12/34.0267/-118.2621. “Los Angeles Times.” Neighborhoods Median Income. Accessed September 21, 2016. http://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/income/median/neighborhood/list/. “Census Proile: Los Angeles, CA.” Census Reporter. Accessed September 21, 2016. https://censusreporter.org/proiles/16000US0644000-los-angeles-ca/.

Skidrow “No 2 Homeless.” Digital image. BARBARA BROWN, HOMELESS DIES ON SKID ROW DURING EL NIÑO. January 10, 2016. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://www.no2homeless.com/barbara-brown-homeless-dies-on-skid-row-during-el-nino/. Image Bottom Left “Reddit.” Digital image. Shot I Took Last Night near Skid Row. December 1, 2015. Accessed September 23, 2016. https://www.reddit.com/r/LosAngeles/comments/396t2i/shot_i_took_last_night_near_skid_row/. Image Bottom Right “HichiMin.” Digital image. April 15, 2011. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://myblueday.tistory.com/7932.

Fashion District SUN.SAND.STYLE.LA. Digital image. Santee Alley!!!! March 22, 2015. Accessed September 23, 2016. https://trendspottingla.wordpress.com/. Image Bottom Left “Curbed Los Angeles.” Digital image. Inside the Massive Megaproject That Will Transform Downtown LA’s Fashion District. June 29, 2015. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://la.curbed.com/2015/6/29/9944732/city-market-los-angeles-fashion-district. Image Bottom Right “Flickr.” Digital image. L.A. FASHION DISTRICT SANTEE ALLEY - LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. June 24, 2009. Accessed September 23, 2016. https://www.lickr.com/photos/navymailman/3659420756.

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Little Tokyo “Quora.” Digital image. Is There a Large Japanese Population or Area within New York City? February 08, 2012. Accessed September 23, 2016. https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-large-Japanese-population-or-area-within-New-York-City. Image Bottom Left “Curbed Los Angeles.” Digital image. Downtown Development. June 4, 2014. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://la.curbed.com/archives/192. Image Bottom Right “TimeOut Los Angeles.” Digital image. A Guide to Little Tokyo’s Best Shops and Malls. November 01, 2014. Accessed September 23, 2016. https:// www.timeout.com/los-angeles/shopping/little-tokyo-a-guide-to-the-neighborhoods-best-shops-and-malls.

Arts District “Discover Los Angeles.” Digital image. A Visual Walking Tour of the Arts District in Downtown L.A. March 15, 2016. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://es.discoverlosangeles.com/blog/visual-walking-tour-arts-district-downtown-la. Image Bottom Left “Sparano Mooney Architecture.” Digital image. SCENE STEALER: UNDERGROUND ART, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN IS BOOMING IN LOS ANGELES. July 14, 2016. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://www.sparanomooney.com/blog/scene-stealer-underground-art-architecture-and-design-is-booming-in-los-angeles. Image Bottom Right “Los Angeles Downtown News.” Digital image. Music, Beer, Food Fest at Arts District Brewery. June 08, 2012. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://www.ladowntownnews.com/music-beer-food-fest-at-arts-district-brewery/image_cbb46be8-ae8e-11e2-949d-0019bb2963f4.html.

Boyle Heights “KCET.” Digital image. Promise, Pitfalls and the Boyle Heights Arts District. September 16, 2012. Accessed September 23, 2016. https://www.kcet. org/shows/artbound/promise-pitfalls-and-the-boyle-heights-arts-district. “Historic Catholic Churches.” Digital image. South Saint Louis Street. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://mapio.net/s/4086259/. “StreetsBlog LA.” Digital image. CicLAvia in Boyle Heights: Mariachi Plaza Is a Party, Soto Street Is a Snooze, Cars Get Towed on Boyle Avenue. October 09, 2012. Accessed September 23, 2016. http://la.streetsblog.org/2012/10/09/ciclavia-in-boyle-heights-mariachi-plaza-is-a-party-soto-streetis-a-snooze-cars-get-towed-on-boyle-avenue/. “Metalocus.” Digital image. A Rey Muerto Rey Puesto. Nuevo Viaducto Por Michael Maltzan En Los Ángeles. Accessed September 25, 2016. http:// www.metalocus.es/es/noticias/a-rey-muerto-rey-puesto-nuevo-viaducto-por-michael-maltzan-en-los-angeles. “MAYOR GARCETTI BREAKS GROUND ON 6TH STREET VIADUCT.” Digital image. Eric Garcetti LA Mayor. February 20, 2015. Accessed September 25, 2016. https://www.lamayor.org/mayor-garcetti-breaks-ground-6th-street-viaduct. “MAYOR GARCETTI BREAKS GROUND ON 6TH STREET VIADUCT.” Digital image. Eric Garcetti LA Mayor. February 20, 2015. Accessed September 25, 2016. https://www.lamayor.org/mayor-garcetti-breaks-ground-6th-street-viaduct. “Arts District.” Digital image. Half-Acre Arts District Park Takes Shape. August 09, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2016. http://district3395.rssing. com/chan-54848519/latest.php. “Curbed Los Angeles.” Digital image. Construction Begins on Behemoth Mixed-User in Arts District. March 14, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2016. http://la.curbed.com/2016/3/14/11224674/950-east-third-mixed-use-arts-district. “Los Angeles Downtown News.” Digital image. Inside the Arts District’s New $60 Million Housing Complex. August 15, 2016. Accessed September 25, 2016. http://www.ladowntownnews.com/news/inside-the-arts-district-s-new-million-housing-complex/article_63611bec-60db-11e6-80061f435416f69a.html.

HISTORY

- pg60 - pg93 -

Building History “Age of Los Angeles.” Age of Los Angeles. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://cityhubla.github.io/LA_Building_Age. Regional Data Trimble Data Marketplace. Accessed December 08, 2016. https://market.trimbledata.com/.

Future City Plans Los Angeles Times. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-garcetti-planning-20160413-story.html. Miles, Kathleen. “This Is What Los Angeles Could Look Like In 2033.” The Hufington Post. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.hufingtonpost.com/2013/12/30/la-in-20-years-2033_n_4468762.html. “Downtown LA “ Downtown LA. Accessed December 08, 2016. https://www.downtownla.com/images/reports/BID.MarketReport2015. “Los Angeles Construction News.” Los Angeles Construction News - Curbed LA. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://la.curbed.com/la-construction.

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Donna Evans, Eddie Kim and Jon Regardie. “Downtown Development: Updates on 90 Projects.” Los Angeles Downtown News - For Everything Downtown L.A.! 2015. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.ladowntownnews.com/development/downtown-development-updates-on-projects/ article_6886af8a-fb4a-11e4-80e3-f76f86390038.html. “Take a Video Tour of the $1-Billion Oceanwide Plaza.” Urbanize LA. 2016. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://urbanize.la/post/take-video-tour-1billion-oceanwide-plaza. “Elegant High-Rise Condos & Top-Tier Shopping in LA - Metropolis.” Metropolis. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://metropolislosangeles.com/. “MyFigueroa Scheduled for Summer 2016 Groundbreaking.” Urbanize LA. 2016. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://urbanize.la/post/myigueroa-scheduled-summer-2016-groundbreaking.

Los Angeles River “The Los Angeles River Before It Became A Concrete Channel (It’s Not What You Think) - California Trout, Inc.” California Trout, Inc. 2013. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://caltrout.org/2013/02/the-los-angeles-river-before-it-became-a-concrete-channel-its-not-what-you-think/.

Water Treatment Plant Wattenhofer, Jeff. “This Mixed-Use Treatment Plant Will Help Wean Los Angeles Off Colorado River Water.” Curbed LA. 2015. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://la.curbed.com/2015/11/4/9903786/groundwater-treatment-plant-los-angeles -.

Housing Statistics “Housing Units, July 1, 2015, (V2015).” Los Angeles County California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/HSG010215/06037. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). “American FactFinder.” U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://factinder. census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.

Natural Disasters “Weather and Hazards Data Viewer.” Weather and Hazards Data Viewer. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/map/. “Station Fire (2009).” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2016.

Solar Data Team, ESRL Web. “ESRL Global Monitoring Division - Global Radiation Group.” US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/. “VRSolar: A Tool for Site Solar Access.” VRSolar: A Tool for Site Solar Access. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2016. Data, US Climate. “Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall.” Climate Los Angeles - California and Weather Averages Los Angeles. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/los-angeles/california/united-states/usca1339. “A Simple Design Methodology For Passive Solar Houses.” A Simple Design Methodology For Passive Solar Houses. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.dennisrhollowayarchitect.com/simpledesignmethodology.html. “Intellicast - Local Weather Forecast, Reports and Maps.” Intellicast - Local Weather Forecast, Reports and Maps. Accessed December 09, 2016. http://www.intellicast.com/Local. @meteoblue. “Climate Los Angeles.” Meteoblue. Accessed December 09, 2016. https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/los-angeles_united-states-of-america_5368361.

ZONING

- pg94 - pg115 -

History 1849: “The E.O.C. Ord’s First Map of the City of Los Angeles, Drawn in August 29, 1849 :: California Historical Society Collection, 1860-1960.” Accessed December 05, 2016. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll65/id/12770.

1904: Council of the City of Los Angeles, “Ordinance No. 9774.” July 25, 1904. Accessed December 05, 2016. http://recode.la/sites/default/iles/ile_attachments/basic_page/OrdNo9774-ResidentialDistricts%28July%2025%201904%29.pdf

GENTRIFICATION MAPS: “Los Angeles Gentriication Maps and Data.” Governing Magazine: State and Local Government News for America’s Leaders. Accessed December 05, 2016. http://www.governing.com/gov-data/los-angeles-gentriication-maps-demographic-data.html.

ZONING TABLES: “Generalized Summary of Zoning Regulations.” Accessed December 5, 2016. http://www.planning.lacity.org/HousingInitiatives/HousingElement/Final/HEAppendixE.pdf.

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ZONING MAPS: “Los Angeles City Zoning Map.” ZIMAS. Accessed December 05, 2016. http://zimas.lacity.org/.

LIVE-WORK ORDINANCE: Los Angeles Department of City Planning. “Arts District Draft Live/Work Interim Zone.” October 30, 2014. Accessed December 5, 2016. http://planning.lacity.org/Ordinances/DraftArtsDistrictLive-WorkOrd.pdf.

RIVER IMPROVEMENT OVERLAY (RIO) City of Los Angeles Department of City Planning. “Zoning Information (Z.I.) NO. 2358 River Improvement OVerlay District Ordinance Nos. 183144 and 183145.” ZIMAS. August 20, 2014. Accessed December 5, 2016. http://zimas.lacity.org/documents/zoneinfo/ZI2358.pdf.

RIO + THE ARTS DISTRICT (opportunity areas) City of Los Angeles. “Capture Community Opportunities.” In Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan. April 2007. Accessed December 5, 2016. http://boe.lacity.org/lariverrmp/eireis/pdf/07_Chapter_6_Capture_Communities_Opportunities_050107.pdf.

Planning Codes Planning, Department Of Regional. “Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning.”DRP Main RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2016.

2. PHOTO JOURNAL

- pg116 - pg127 -

Pictures by L. Caleau. Los Angeles, CA. October 2016.

3. PROJECT INTRODUCTION

- pg128 - pg159 -

“Ventricle “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://tsunamiglassworks.com/portfolio/ventricle-6/ “tsai design studio: moyo waterfront restaurant + urban farm “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://www.designboom.com/architecture/tsai-design-studio-moyo-waterfront-restaurant-urban-farm-10-06-2013/ “Cooking Lunch “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://jill-abeautifullife.blogspot.com/2012/01/cooking-lunch.html “practicar la agricultura sostenible “ - Digital Image - Geo romero -Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://es.wikihow.com/practicar-la-agricultura-sostenible “12 Low-Impact designs from Superstudio at Milan Design Week 2015 “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://inhabitat.com/ superstudio-at-fuorisalone-invites-visitors-to-go-beyond-conventional-design/ “Fiber Karton - high-tech cardboard boxed - Baku - Azerbaijan “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://www.iberkarton.az/?lightbox=dataItem-iryqswyv5 “Find out how much food you are wasting per year “ - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://birminghameastside. com/2015/04/29/12-3-billion-in-food-waste-how-can-you-make-a-change/ “Precious plastic” - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://www.zaragozarecicla.org/1334/1334/#.WF1vvhsrKUk “Muebles Con Material Reciclado” - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- https://es.pinterest.com/explore/muebles-con-material-reciclado-898236234630/ “Indianapolis and Indiana Farmers Markets” - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://www.aroundindy.com/farmersmarkets.php “La radio de cartón.” @loff_it - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016 - http://lofit.abc.es/conectar/gadgets/la-radio-de-carton-69984/ “Guía de Vitrofusión” - Digital Image - -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.fusiovitrion.com.ar/guia-de-vitrofusion/

New York urban farming - Digital Image - Urban Farming Is Growing a Green Future -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/urban-farming/#/earth-day-urban-farming-new-york-rooftop_51631_600x450.jpg Machu Picchu - Digital Image - - 8 Day Ayahuasca Retreats in the Sacred Valley, Peru -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://ayahuascahealings. com/ayahuasca-retreats-peru-sacredvalley/ Perth - Digital Image - Harnessing the Power of Co-operatives for Urban Agriculture -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://cultivatingfoodcoops.net/ uncategorized/harnessing-the-power-of-co-operatives-for-urban-agriculture/ Hydroponics - Digital Image - Gulf food security: Pegasus Agriculture builds a hydroponic farm in Oman -Accessed December 18, 2016- http:// pegasusagriculture.com/gulf-food-security-builds-a-hydroponic-farm-in-oman/ Aquaponics - Digital Image - Future Farming: How High Tech Aquaponics Makes Food Right -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.thecoolist.

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com/future-farming-how-high-tech-organics-make-food-right/

-PRECEDENTSVERTICAL HARVEST: “vertical harvest urban farm by e/ye design under construction“ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.designboom.com/architecture/eye-design-vertical-harvest-in-jackson-2-28-2015/ “The Greenhouse - Vertical Harvest Jackson Hole“ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://verticalharvestjackson.com/the-greenhouse/ “VERTICAL HARVEST OF JACKSON HOLE, WY“ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.eye-des.com/the-vertical-harvest-of-jackson-hole-wy

TOUR MARAÎCHÈRE “Tour maraîchère“ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://ilimelgo.com/projets/tour-maraichere.html “ilimelgo’s vertical farm introduces urban agriculture in grand paris“ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.designboom.com/architecture/ilimelgo-architects-vertical-farm-grand-paris-03-22-2016

SUNSET PARK MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY “Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility “ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.selldorf.com/projects/sunset-park-material-recovery-facility

SMESTAD RECYCLING CENTER “Smestad Recycling Centre / Longva arkitekter “ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.archdaily.com/785900/smestad-recycling-centre-longva-arkitekter

RE-LAB “RE-LAB – IAAC Blog “ -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/re-lab/

4. RE-THINKING THE ARTS DISTRICT

- pg160 - pg 69 -

Urban Rules “Grand Urban Rules.” Read Online: Grand Urban Rules -eBookDB-Download & Read Free EBooks. Accessed December 08, 2016. http://www.ebookdb.org/reading/121D79421019G6G83E1A2869/Grand-Urban-Rules.

5. PROPGRAM DEVELOPMENT

- pg170 - pg190 -

USERS Mendoza Green Market - Fotos sábado 14 de noviembre -Accessed December 18, 2016- https://www.facebook.com/MendozaGreenMarket/photos /a.487108778081070.1073741900.237143846410899/487110218080926/?type=3&theater Bike Repair and Service Shop in Bend, Oregon - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://thehubcyclerybend.com/repair-and-service/ San Francisco Ferry Building @sfferrybuilding - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.ferrybuildingmarketplace.com/farmers-market/ Prepare to be Blown Away April Wagner, Glassblower - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.mycitymag.com/prepare-to-beblown-away-april-wagner-glassblower/ Jamie Oliver auranya memikat - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.inspirasimagazine.com/jamie-oliver-auranya-memikat/ The Food List: Edible Education - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://lexiconofsustainability.com/edible-education/ 70 Creative Examples of Paper Art - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- https://www.facebook.com/DesignBumper - http://designbump. com/70-creative-examples-paper-art/ Life Skills You Learn While Working At A Restauran - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- https://www.theodysseyonline.com/life-skills-learn-working-restaurant Beyond Fresh Hydroponics Market Tammy - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://gardenculturemagazine.com/techno-gardens/hydroponics/beyond-fresh-hydroponics-market Our schools - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.wiganutc.org/our-college/vertical-farm/ Edible Schoolyard for Brooklyn PS216 by WORKac /author/alexandra-lange - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/edible-schoolyard-for-brooklyn-ps216-by-workac_o It Isn’t Easy Being (Proitably) Green: How Waste Management Is Rethinking Recycling - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www. forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2016/09/14/rethinking-recycling-with-waste-management-ceo-david-steiner/#2751eaa367ae

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Whiting: Riding along with trash truck ‘Driver of the Year’ to see how easy he does a tough job David Whiting - Digital Image - Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.ocregister.com/articles/santos-671463-driver-waste.html

PNG CUTOUTS: Thousands of design quality photo cut outs, ready to use immediately! Skalgubbar - -Accessed December 18, 2016- http://skalgubbar.se/

-Accessed December 18, 2016- http://www.mrcutout.com/

Maps throughout this book were created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri. All rights reserved. For more information about Esri® software, please visit www.esri.com. Icons througout this books were obtained from: Noun Project - https://thenounproject.com/ Satelite images througout this books were obtained from Google Maps® https://www.google.com.ar/maps

The following books and articles are part of the research that supports the text in this book: Manzini, Enzio. Jegou, Francois. “Sustainable Every Day. Scenarios of Urban Life.” Italy. Edizioni Ambiente. 2003 Newman, Peter. Beatley, Timothy. Boyer, Heather. “Resilient Cities. Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change”. USA. Island Press. 2009 Enviros Consulting. “Planning for Waste Management Facilities: A Research Study”. Great Britain. Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Ofice, 2004 Enviros Consulting “DESIGNING WASTE FACILITIES: a guide to modern design in waste”. United Kingdom. Crown copyright. 2008 County of Los Angeles, Department of Public Works “Roadmap to a Sustainable Waste Management Future”. Los Angeles, USA. 2014. Minnery, Rache. FAIA. “Resilience to Adaptation”- Accessed October 20, 2016 - http://www.architectmagazine.com/aia-architect/aiafeature/resilience-to-adaptation_o Peek, Katie. “How It Works: Inside The Machine That Separates Your Recyclables”. Popular Science. August 28, 2013 - Accessed October 20, 2016- http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-07/how-it-works-recycling-machines-separate-junk-type Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “FAO’s role in Urban Agriculture” @FAOKnowledge - Accessed November 18, 2016- http:// www.fao.org/urban-agriculture/en/ RUAF Foundation. Urban agriculture: what and why? - Accessed November 18, 2016- http://www.ruaf.org/urban-agriculture-what-and-why

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THANK YOU

Kansas State University. Fall 2016

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THE POSITIVE VOID: RESILIENT URBANISM Architecture Design Studio VII Project Programming Fall 2016 Kansas State University Instructor: Jay Siebenmorgen

Ana Laura Caleau Zavattieri