The
Ports of Auckland Sustainable Waterfront
Ports of Auckland
Context Infrastructure and Operations
fig. 1
fig. 2
fig. 3
fig. 4
The Port of Auckland(POAL) is located towards the east of the CBD waterfront, at the edge of the Waitemata Harbour (see fig.1)1. It has been responsible for driving the physical shape of the waterfront’s form via a series of reclamations that have occured since 1859 (see figs. 2 5)2. In recent years the Port of Auckland has continued to contribute to the spatial layout of the Auckland CBD waterfront, as it has released 70 hectares of Port-owned land up for sale since 1996 (see fig. 1)3. Port of Auckland pre-1996
Ports of Auckland
Introduction Infrastructure and Operations Port of Auckland today
fig.1 Ports of Auckland land released since 1996
POAL land covers an area of 82 hectares stretching from Queens Wharf in the west to the Fergusson Container Terminal in the east and includes not only reclaimed land, but wharves.4 Auckland’s Port has a significant impact on the economy locally, regionally and nationally, with $11 billion in port operations and traderelated businesses equating to 22% of the regional economy and 13% of the national economy being generated annually.5 In addition to this, POAL is a major employer, providing 155,000 people with jobs.6 The success of the Port also impacts on the provision of infrastructural services regionally. The dividends it has provided over the last seven years ($400 million) have contributed to funding transport and stormwater infrastructure throughout Auckland.7
Ports of Auckland
Introduction Infrastructure and Operations fig.6 Port of Auckland located along Quay Street, Auckland CBD
national
Resource Management Act (1991)
regional
ARC Regional Plan Coastal (air & water)
local
ACC District Plan Central Area Section Pt. 14.8 Port Precinct
POAL Organisation Legislation that Governs how the Port Operates
Auckland Transport Plan 2009 Auckland City Centre Waterfront Masterplan POAL Development Plan 2008 Auckland City Council City Centre Urban Design Framework Strategic
POAL Organisation Documents that Inform Future Development
ARH -
Auckland Regional Holdings
The Port of Auckland is owned by Auckland Regional Holdings and returns dividends annually that are invested into the development and maintenance of infrastructure around Auckland. It owns a variety of port-related companies including other smaller ports,terminal operators, container companies and tug boats. POAL - Ports of Auckland Limited
19.9% of Northland Port Corporation
27.5% of United Containers Ltd, v
Owns and operates the regional Port of Onehunga
New Zealand’s leading container terminal operator
Two inland ports, at East Tamaki and Wiri in South Auckland
Portside infrastructure (cranes and straddle carriers)
Tug towage services on both the Waitemata and Manukau Harbours and pilot services on the Waitemata Harbourberth.
50% of North Tugz Ltd
POAL Organisation Ownership Diagram
The Port of Auckland proposes to reclaim large areas of sea around the edges of the port configuration. The proposed reclamations have been granted resource consent and would be phased, eventually enabling the Port to cater for newer super sized ships. The ultimate port footprint would comprise approximately 115 hectares and allow for approximately 1700m of container capable berthage.
Physical Infrastructure Proposed Reclamation Maps
Due to the location of the Port at the edge of the Waitmata Harbour and the fact that the entire site is built on reclaimed land that lies only 3m above mean high water springs (MHWS), there exists the possibility that were the sea level to rise due to global warming (maximum figure predicted is 5m above sea level) or large waves to hit the site during storm surges, that the site would likel flood as shown in the map on the left. The map below illustrates areas where the sea bed has been dredged and deep water channels exist to accomodate large ships.
Physical Infrastructure 12
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The Auckland Regional Transport Plan states that “transport strongly influences economic development. Good transport systems make it easy for people to access jobs and for goods to reach their markets.” It goes on to identify the Port of Auckland, Auckland Airport, the regional motorway and arterial road, rail and public transport networks as creating a multi-modal transport system that ensures the “effective movement of goods, services and people. The complete system provides a fundamental cornerstone of an internationally competitive Auckland, leading to sustained economic growth and jobs.”
Physical Infrastructure Shipping and Ferries
Physical Infrastructure Rail
Central Cycle Map
NORTHCOTE 1
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B I R K E N8H E A D
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see North Shore Cycle Map
VAUXHALL
C A art
Britom
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nsp
Tra
tre
Cen
Legend
Bayswater Ferry
NORTHCOTE POINT
D
Birkenhead Ferry
CHELTENHAM STANLEY POINT
Northcote Point Ferry
STANLEY BAY
B
Stanley Bay Ferry
DEVONPORT
W A I M ADN U B A Y
Waitemata
C
Waitemata
Harbour
Harbour
E
Devonport Ferry
See 0
Westhaven Marina
1km
500m
A
Route with space for cyclists, may be on busy roads ..........................
Signalised intersection ..............
Route on quieter roads recommended by cyclists ..............................
Roundabout...............................
Off-road route signed for cyclists or pedestrian link ..........................
Underpass ..................................
Bus / bike lane or cycle lane..................................................................
MAXX train station ...................
Pedestrian path .....................................................................................
MAXX bus station .....................
Cycle routes proposed for completion by the end of 2009 ................
MAXX ferry terminal.................
Auckland 50km Cycle Route .................................................................
Cycle lockers ..............................
Gradient (uphill) ...................................................... steep
Public toilet................................
very steep
Local bike store - list overleaf...............................................................
Enlar
geme
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Bro Is
Cycle parking .............................
C
nt
HARBOUR VIEW
ST MARYS BAY
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Britomart Transport Centre
Biddicks Bay
HERNE BAY
D
MECHANICS BAY
Mission Bay Okahu Bay Boat Harbour
FREEMANS BAY
Coxs Bay E
St Heliers Bay
Okahu Bay PONSONBY
Meola
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E
E
Creek
WESTMERE
ST HELIERS
Hobson 9
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10
Karaka Bay
MISSION BAY
PARNELL
Bay
KOHIMARAMA
ORAKEI
NEWTON
GREY LYNN PT CHEVALIER
GLENDOWIE
GRAFTON
WESTERN SPRINGS
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ARCH HILL
EDEN TERRACE
Boston Road
NEWMARKET
u W ha
Mt Eden
a Pure w
ek Cre
Newmarket
KINGSLAND Kingsland
MEADOWBANK
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G
WAI O TAIKI BAY
River
Morningside
GLEN INNES
MORNINGSIDE
WATERVIEW
ST JOHNS
Baldwin Ave
Wai o Taiki Bay
REMUERA
see Eastern Cycle Map H
MT EDEN
BALMORAL
H
Glen Innes
Remuera Mt Albert
POINT ENGLAND
MT ALBERT
GLENDENE
EPSOM
STONEFIELDS
ek
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Cre
iv
ak i
ra
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SANDRINGHAM
GREENLANE
Greenlane
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TAMAKI
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kaa
ran
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Avondale
KELSTON AVONDALE
FARM COVE
ELLERSLIE Ellerslie
Panmure
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SUNNYHILLS
ONE TREE HILL
WESLEY
PANMURE
NEW WINDSOR
MT ROSKILL
THREE KINGS
Panmure Basin
Fruitvale Road
Glen L Eden
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MT WELLINGTON
New Lynn
Fruitvale Road
Penrose
NEW LYNN
ROYAL OAK
SYLVIA PARK Sylvia Park
PENROSE
PAKURANGA
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M
BLOCKHOUSE BAY
PA H
ANDS ONEHUNGA TITIRANGI NORTH
HILLSBOROUGH
ki ma Ta
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Hillsborough Bay
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Pakuranga
er Riv
Blockhouse Bay LYNFIELD
GREEN BAY
Green Bay Wesley Bay
TITIRANGI
HIGHBROOK
Waikowhai Bay
P
P Westfield
Mangere
WOOD BAY
Inlet
Oatoru Bay OTAHUHU
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Wood Bay see Western Cycle Map 1
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French Bay
HIGHBROOK PARK
see Southern Cycle Map 3
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eek
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Auckland’s waterfront is part of a region-wide connected cycle network that aims to reduce the congestion on the roads caused by vehicular traffic.
Physical Infrastructure Cycleways
The downtown area that includes lower Queen Street, Customs Street and Britomart is the main city centre public transport hub, including most of the CBD’s bus stops, connecting it to the wider Auckland region.
Physical Infrastructure Buses http://www.maxx.co.nz/assets/pdfs/Pg%201%20Central%20Auck%20Departures%20Map_Oct%2008v2.pdf
The Port and waterfront area of the Auckland city centre is cut off from the rest of the CBD by Quay Street which is designated as a major arterial road on the District Plan. This does however, mean that goods unloaded at the Port can efficiently make it out of the area and out to other destinations quickly and efficiently.
http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/central/pdfs/map7transportcontrols.pdf
Physical Infrastructure Roads
References A Auckland City Centre Waterfront Masterplan Auckland City Council, August 2009 B Ports of Auckland’s Red Fence - an Auckland legacy brochure www.poal.co.nz C Map from Waitemata Harbour Study Preliminary Report on Fill Auckland Harbour Board, 1973 D Ports of Auckland Development Plan 2008 E Auckland Transport Plan 2009 Auckland Regional Transport Authority F Resource Management Act 1991 G http://www.maxx.co.nz/assets/pdfs/Train%20network%20map_Jan%2010.pdf - network map H http://www.maxx.co.nz/assets/pdfs/Train%20Network%20map%20A3%20SE_Jan%2010.pdf southern and eastern lines I http://www.maxx.co.nz/assets/pdfs/Train%20Network%20map%20A3%20W_Jan%2010.pdf - western line J Review of Governance Models for Waterfront Development and the Relationship with Port Precincts and CBDs Auckland Regional HOldings, March 2009 K Maps from Waitemata Harbour Study Preliminary Report on Fill Auckland Harbour Board, 1973
By looking at case studies around the world we have identified the following innovations in contemporary port development, which are contributing to the improvement of efficiency and over all sustainability of the ports worldwide. The following finds in port innovation can be categorised in the following headings;
Port Innovation Innovation in port transportation 1) port transportation 2) container handling 3) security
1) The evolution of container ships is a demand that ports worldwide need to keep up to date with. The first generation of container ships dating pre 1960-1970 had an underwater hull depth of 9.1m, this has changed through six generations dating from pre 1960 to the sixth generation of 1998 where the hull depth has increased to 14m and even today is still expanding. This evolution of ship size is a requirement that must be kept up to date, in order to keep efficient and economically viable. This influx of ship size is meaning that some ports are becoming out dated and this means that further handling (therefore money spent) has to be involved with getting the containers to the ports Currently the Auckland port can handle the new generation of shipping containers, due to the depth of the harbor, but is a requirement in the future planning of the port.
Port Innovation 1) Port Transportation
1) The introduction of Train lines into the site of the port allowing for quick and efficient removal and distribution of the containers directly from the port site, increasing efficiency and lowering costs of further handling of the containers. Some innovations that have been explored in Auckland port development plan to do with trains efficiency include a new signaling system such as in-cab signaling, which allows trains to travel much closer to those in front and behind. Also the amount of braking and shunting required (which is derived from the length of trains and length of grid), and POAL’s handling rate per hour (which is a function of the number and speed of gantry cranes that could be deployed over the grid). Construction of a hardstand and rail exchange is currently underway to link the inland port at Wiri to the Waitemata seaport. Night shuttles will be operational from early 2010. Currently, rail volumes represent 10% of Ports of Auckland’s total landside moves. With the introduction of a rail connection at Wiri, and other initiatives to promote rail uptake, the aim is expected to increase the proportion to 30% over time.
Port1)Innovation Port Transportation
2)
The technology of container handling is crucial to the successful running of a port. All of the Auckland port’s container cranes and the majority of its straddle carriers are twin-lift capable, meaning they have the capacity to lift two 20-foot containers at a time. This provides Auckland with a distinct competitive advantage over other New Zealand ports and enables greater efficiencies in cargo handling. Ports of Auckland straddle carriers 80% of which are low-emission, low-noise, diesel-electric models can also provide back-up power generation to the Port ensuring that refrigerated cargo is always protected. The Port of Auckland operates a fleet of more than 40 hybrid straddle carriers
Port2)Innovation container handling
3)
Innovations in port security has created break throughs in many different departments from security of containers through tracking, to the thermal imaging cameras used to help cut down illegal and harm full material from reaching shores world wide. Through innovation our borders have been strengthened through electronic investment. Digital tracking of individual containers by both the customer and container handlers means that everyone knows what is happening and also the where about of their container/s. The security in place at the Auckland port at the moment is very strict and can only be entered with permission, this ensures that no security measures are breached. Visits to the port can be organised but with an intent, the security measures that are in place when a ship docks are a crutial part of keeping the ecological health of New Zealand native species intact, for example if a spider got onto our shores it could populate and create an ecological disaster for New Zealand.
Port Innovation 3) security
Port of Tauranga,New Zealand
Oakland, California, America
The port of Tauranga has a The port of Oakland California unique layout that has the is the biggest of the selected unique attribute of ships case studies, its unique being able to morn on 3 layout creates a interesting sides of the port. The nonspace that can handle a lot finger design of this port of activity, the innovation still offers a large ship on the site is extensive due morning capacity due to it to the size. By looking at being waterfront on all three the aerial you can see the sides of the port. The shape number of cranes situated reflects the proposed 2040 along the docks, because of shape of the Auckland port the available docking space and is a good example of productivity of the site is how the Auckland site could high. be laid out and be improved through using innovation with placement and use of technology.
Barangaroo, Australia
This particular port design combines both public space and port infrastructure. By using the finger like design the space can be maximised and the innovation on site can be maximised to its full potential. This is defiantly a strategy that could be investigated more, instead of the full reclamation project proposed for the Auckland port.
Wellington, New Zealand
The Wellington port like some of the other case studies is based right next to the C.B.D. the ports layout is mainly based along the one side (east) but also has combined within the port the finger like docks. This port has a good combination of both attributes and functions.
Portinnovation Innovation development
An eco/sustainable port is a very controversial topic that can be incorporated in many different ways. This is proven by how different case studies around the world have approached the idea at developing there ports into eco/sustainable sites in their own unique and successful ways. The Auckland waterfront edge is valuable as an interface between the city and the harbor, for its public spaces, promenades, heritage and views, as well as its marine, fishing and port economic activity, all of which form an intrinsic part of Auckland’s identity. Because of the underlying importance of the waterfront it is crucial that future development of the site incorporates an eco/sustainable approach.
Eco/sustainable design 1) case study investegation 2) application of objectives into Auckland port
One case study that we found of particular interest that applied eco/ sustainability in an interesting manner was the Poole Harbor located in southern England and one of the largest natural harbors in the world. The Harbor is of exceptional ecological value with, National, European and International nature conservation designations. It also supports significant commercial and recreational activities and the need to manage these different uses has long been recognized. The overall aim of the project is “to promote the safe and sustainable use of Poole Harbor, balancing the demands on its natural resources, minimizing risk and resolving conflicts of interest.” The plan specializes in ways of maintaining sustainable levels of economic and social activity within the Harbor and its hinterland, while protecting its natural environment. Some specific objectives: •To ensure that any development can demonstrate no adverse impact on the designated site and fully complies with the Habitat Regulations. •To investigate appropriate measures to ensure that harvesting activities e.g. bait collecting and shell fishing; do not adversely affect the nature conservation interests of the Harbor. •To improve communication with all user groups & organizations to explain their potential impacts on the interest features of the European Marine Site. •To monitor the habitats in Poole Harbor and implement management initiatives to ensure their protection and enhancement. •To promote more research into the impact of human activity and climate change on the ecological populations and habitats of Poole Harbor.
Eco/sustainable design 1) case study investegation
Contemporary waterfronts ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
PORT WASTE Waste can be defined as any substance or object that the holder intends to or is required to discard. This includes: 1.oil and oily waters; 2.noxious liquids; 3.special, controlled and hazardous wastes; 4.sewage and garbage. The production of waste is an aspect related to most of the activities carried out in a Port (e.g. shipping, storage, maintenance, waste management); for this reason if its management is not suitable it can be considered as a significant aspect. As an environmental issue, port area generated waste can lead to significant odour pollution, and even to soil- or water pollution if processed carelessly. Not separating waste is even more harmful for the environment; food waste contaminated with a small amount of oil can only be processed as oil (and not reused, eg. as cattle feed).
PORT WASTE
MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
“Waste Management” is one of the most actual topics in port environmental management today. Not only is regulation in this area very dynamic, there also seem to be substantial business opportunities from which a port authority and its clients can benefit. Too often, port area generated waste is discarded while it could be reused, recycled, separated or combined with other waste streams for improved cost efficiency or even for generating new commercial activities. As a management issue, port authorities can demonstrate “good citizenship” by a wellstructured approach. “Awareness creation” towards port users by informing on waste management solutions could be a part of this. Waste is a very visible environmental issue and therefore important for the public image.
1. Improvement (both economically and ecologically) of waste management by port authorities, because there is currently no overview of Best Practice. 2. Creating transparency in costs and fees of waste processing, in order to enable development of a harmonised approach 3. A harmonisation of waste separation / collection procedures
WATER QUALITY
Land Compostion
Stromwater Drainage Plan
WATER QUALITY
Stormwater Management
B
A. ONSITE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT B. STREET RAIN GARDEN C. FLOATING WETLAND
Dredging & Disposal of Dredging Materials
Generally speaking, dredging activity consists of periodic removal of material from the seabed in approach channels to port and harbour basins to maintain widths and depths in previously dredged areas to ensure the safe access for vessels. It also involves the disposal of the excavated material The potential environmental effects of maintenance dredging are generally two-fold, firstly as a result of the dredging process itself and secondly as a result of the disposal of the dredged material. It can have effects such as reduction of the water quality (e.g. acute chemical toxicity, increase of the suspended sediments, release of organic matter, nutrients and or contaminants), turbidity, smothering/removal of organisms, bioaccumulation, alteration of the community structure and the substrate type.
Dredging & Disposal of Dredging Materials
However, sometimes dredging and disposal can also have some positive effects such as removal of contaminated sediments and relocation to safe areas or use of the material extracted to regenerate beaches, mudflats or salt marsh habitats.
Good Example of disposal of dredging Future Plan of reclamation for materials. Port of Auckland using Fergusson wharf the Dredging materials to reclamate the eastern side of Fergusson wharf.
Natural Habitat
Sensitive Area
Habitat Management
Habitat Management Good Example
Air Quality
Air emissions include substances (gaseous or solid), material and energy escaping to the atmosphere through stacks, ducts, vents, stockpiles, windows, transport and materials handling. The presence of these products in the atmosphere and their interaction can create air pollution affecting the local climate, the building structure, the weather*, health (human and wildlife) and the global environment (global warming, depletion of ozone layer).
Dust is considered a set of particles emitted to air and can constitute visual, physical, chemical, or health hazards for employees or the public. The most common sources of dust are open storage, handling (e.g. grabs) and spillages of dry bulk cargoes. Fine particles require little wind to create dust.
Air Quality Improvement PLANT
MAINTANCE
• Upgrade engineering standards for material handing • upgrade plant to design standards • upgrade road network definition and sealing • optimise dust suppression system -dust collection -stockpile system
• Develop performance related maintance programme • Belt cleaners • enclosures • suppression equipment
Dust Management
OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT
• Minimise ore moisturecontent variability • Improve road cleaning programme • Rationalise laydown areas
• Develop management structure responsiblity • Develop auditing/ reportly progress • Approvel for nonrounte activity • Procedure development - sandblasting - earthworks - wash down
Energy Consumption Cranes
Refrigerator Containers
28,000,000
40
3,650,000
27,000,000
35
3,600,000
26,000,000
30
25,000,000 2008
23,000,000
2009
21,000,000
5
20,000,000
2008
15 10
3,500,000 3,450,000
2009 3,400,000
90,000.00
4.60
88,000.00
3,300,000 Electricity used by port operation(kWh) per TEU
0.10 0.08
84,000.00
2007
4.30
2007
2008
4.20
2008
2009
4.10
2009
2007
82,000.00
2008
80,000.00
2009
78,000.00
3.90
76,000.00
3.80
74,000.00
3.70 Diesel used by port operations (litres)
0.12
86,000.00
4.00
3,350,000
0 Electricity used by port operation(kWh)
92,000.00
4.70
4.40 2007
20
22,000,000
4.80
4.50
3,550,000
25 2007
24,000,000
Lighting
2008 2009
0.04 0.02
72,000.00 Diesel used by port operations (litres) per TEU
2007
0.06
0.00 Water used by port operations (cu m)
Water used by port operations (cu m) per TEU
Sustainable Energy Solar Power
Wind Turbine
Tidal Turbine
Traffic Blockage and Noise
Ferry Travel Pattern
Communtor Volume
60.00
700,000.00 600,000.00
50.00
500,000.00 40.00 2007
30.00
2008 2009
20.00
400,000.00 2007 300,000.00
2008 2009
200,000.00 100,000.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 Noise and Other complaints
Total containers moved Containers trucked off Total containers moved by trucks (TEU) peak (TEU) by Rail (TEU)
Traffic Blockage and Noise Ｌａｒｇｅ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅ Ｎｏｉｓｅ Ｔｒｕｃｋ Ｔｒａｖｅｌ Ｒｏｕｔｅ
Ferry Travel Pattern Noise measurements
• Allocation policy for noisy ferry ships • Reducing the level of noise close to Container Terminal • Modernisation of transportation road network • Acoustic study about noise from horns sound and other port activities • Limiting night hours operation • Eco-driving of cargo handling vehicles • Noise regulatory by new limits • Decreasing of noise pollution installing thermal souble glazing • Management of Leisure use of the Waterway • Reduction of noise from port activities • Research of the actual noise levels • Noise management system for industrial noise • Shore-connected electricity supply to vessels
Other Issues Bunkering
Ship Discharge
Harzardous Cargoes
Bunkering is defined as the action or process of supplying a ship with fuel. This operation, also known as refuelling, is a very normal activity taking place in ports and can originate oil spills in this area. This kind of pollution and its fate and distribution can create potential harmful effects on the environment (water quality and sediments quality), health (human and wildlife) fisheries and recreational pursuits. The persistent toxic constituents of fuel, such as heavy metals, can become stored in the sediments and taken up into the food chain affecting the whole ecosystem. This kind of discharge is referred to the water collected and stagnated in the bilge of a ship, this is, the lowest inner part of a ship’s hull. Bilge water can be found aboard every vessel, but its composition is always unique. Because the bilge wells receive fluids from many parts of the ship, bilge water can contain water, oil, dispersants, detergents, solvents, chemicals, particles and more. If this water is released to the port, it can mean a potential threat to the water quality.
Storage of hazardous & dangerous cargo may result in specific environmental risks dependant on the physical- chemical characteristics of the chemicals stored; the method of storage, the location, size and management of the storage site. Dangerous cargo, their properties, stowage and storage requirements are given in the ‘International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code’ (IMDG) published by the IMO.
Reference Lists
Ecoport. (2010). Environmental Issues. Retrieved from http://www. ecoports.com/page.ocl?pageid=24 Port of Auckland Limited. (2010). Publication of Future Plan. Retrieved from http://www.poal.co.nz/news_media/publications/POAL_ port_development_plan_2008.pdf Port of Auckland Limited. (2010). Pubication of Sustainability. Retrieved from http://www.poal.co.nz/news_media/publications/POAL_ sustainability_review_2009.pdf Auckland Regional Holdings. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.arh. co.nz/publications.html Hong Kong Wetland Park. (2010). Retrieved from http://www. wetlandpark.com/en/aboutus/index.asp Port of Gotheborg. (2010). Sustainable Port. Retrieved from http:// www.ecoports.com/ContentFiles/Shore-%20connected%20electricity%20 supply%20to%20vessels%20Port%20of%20Gotheborg.pdf Auckland Sustainable Port. (2010). GIS Maps. Retrieved from http://
New Zealand’s capital city, Wellington is well known for its arty background with various sculptures and artworks laid throughout the city. Overlooking the Cook Strait, the waterfront becomes a focal point for new and adventurous art and design. A theme of blue lighting along the streetscape leads you down through the main street towards the water’s edge. The blue neon lights lead over a the taranaki lagoon bridge and nearby pedestrain bridge. At night, signs are lit up and used as education for the public about history and activities in the area which have given it the character that existes today. Nearby at the fran wilde walk more signs show maps and directions of the area. Oriental bay, a artificial beach forms a large part of wellingtons attraction. Strong currents from Cook Strait cause the beach to erode so large breakwaters and barges have been placed to save the beach from being destroyed. A pier and artificial headland, with tidal pools, have been created to keep with the natural character of the landcape.
Contemporary waterfronts Wellington waterfront
Infrastructure which goes unnoticed in the day lights up like giant cubes which hide the fact that these are regular objects like toilets or car parks. Around the headland, towards the airport are a series of wind sculptures by various artists. These create an art out of the natural characteristics of windy wellington. One sculpture by Andrew dummond consists of a series of coloured rings that light up as stronger winds commence. All sculptures on wellingtons waterfront have been designed by separate artists but are connected in a larger sense of the character of windy wellington’s waterfront, and the artists’ interpretation of it.
Contemporary waterfronts Wellington waterfront
Nicolson, H. 2006. Lighting the Edge. Topos (light). 54. 44-48
Belem is the capital city of the northern state of Para in brazil. The city has a strong 17th century history behind it. Now, the city itself is made from many historic buildings and parks from this time, including remnants and recycled peices. During the rubber boom in the 19th century the port was frequently used by ships to export around Europe. Since then, several buildings have been saved and redeveloped into projects on the waterfront which portray the 17th-19th century history of Belem. Several warehouses have been the main projects in the waterfront such as estacao das docas and feliz Lusitania
Contemporary waterfronts Belem waterfront
Estacao das docas, consists of three abandoned warehouses. The first, a historic iron warehouse bought from England, was recycled into conference and exhibition hall. The second, filled with restaurants and the third was claimed a leisure areas for the public. The pedestrian mall by the waterfront runs down to the memorial plaza where remains of the first fortess from the 17th century were found and have now been transformed into paving on the terraces. Benches and quadrail were designed to balance with the old cranes in a nautical theme. Memorial plaza holds events, where a footbridge from the central stage to the mall are made from the old fortifications. Feliz Lusitania, historical buildings surround a central plaza of a catherdral designed by an Italian architiect from the 18th enturay, now turned into a art museum. Here the character of the city is reflected through the history and reusing old remnants to transform the waterfront into a site of rememberance and pride of its history.
Contemporary waterfronts Belem waterfront
Kilass, R. G. 2005. New Waterfront of Belem. Topos (Urban Design). 52. 41-45
Doha is the capital city of a state named Qatar situated within the United Arab Emirates. Doha is a city facing the Persian sea in the shape of an arc. A design by Architect Jean Nouvel situates seven lighthouses evenly along the waterfront inscribed with hanging poems of pre-Islam writings. The mathematical geometry of the seven lighthouses forms an ellipse derived from the position of diwan (high power). These lines mark a constilation in the bay and are based on the writings of arab astronomer, Beit al Hikma in the 9th century. Peirs form part of the pedestrian network where each cater for different functions such as viewing the lighthouse, marinas and neighbourhoods. The piers extend back to the city via promenades with themed gardens and car parking to create a meeting place for people and events. Here the waterfront focused on the past and also brings ancient philosophies of the 9th century into art along the waters edge. Here the waterfront has been interpreted into an art form. Various poets and writers have inspired the designers and resulted in an interpretation of the history and culture of Doha.
Contemporary waterfronts Lighthouses at Doha
Nouvel, J. 2006. Seven Lighthouses of Doha. Topos (light). 54. 23-25
Stockholm,sweden has slowly adapted over time to provide various areas for the public. Here, roads are mainly for cycling and walking and provide opportunities for attractions along the waterfront. People are naturally drawn to the promenades and esplanades which lead them down to the water’s edge. A new developement along the waterfront will house offices, a hotel, congress centre and concert arena. The offices will hold 3,000 participants with spectacular views of the city and water, while the hotel will hold 420 guests. The entire building operation will be entirely sustainable as well as the building itself when it is open. The building will be cooled in the summer by cold water from the nearby lake. The main idea of the waterfront design is energy and sustainable materials. The building will be powered by solar panels on the roof which will power the whole complex.The project is to be completed in 2011 and is to combine the interests of Sweden, Norway and Finland’ s green technology, to create an ecologically superior landscape. The waterfront has been declared an example of a comprehensive ecological project which takes on innovative energy solutions such as an 250tonnes ice cooling storage system which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. This new architectural waterfront design is being named the new Swedish icon and an ecological landmark.
Contemporary waterfronts Stockholm waterfront
IMTECH; Stockholm waterfront: ecologically superior. February 22 2010. Retrieved March 2nd 2010 from http://www.imtech.eu/eCache/DEF/18/513.bGFuZz1FTg.html
Oakland is a major west coast port city, located on san francsico bay, state of california, USA. With a total of 30 kms of the waterfront owned by ports of oaklands and 2,600 acres devoted to aviation and 900 acres to maritime activites. 34acres of port and industrial land located on san francisco bay, has been transformed into a more functional space.The main administration building, made from coated porceline and metal cladding with cantilevered glass-enclosed ends. The building allows for trucks to enter and exit through the raised lanes which compact space and make the opperations visable to personnel and visitors. Two other buildings were built to upgrade the port area including a marine opperations building and a maintainence and repair building. These are also white but are made from painted concrete. The maintainence building links to the main administration offices with a raised walkway. Problems occured during construction as the subway lines run directly under the site, which affected the layout, as well as contaminated material was found whilst dredging 267,594 cubic meters of earth and a port view park was developed to cater for thsi contamination. The project was completed in 1994 and cost $78million
Contemporary waterfronts Oaklands Berth Terminal
Some waterfronts have taken on the design of bringing back historical references and incorporating them into the land such as belem, others bring forth elements of the landscape and the natural character of its surroundings and interpret them into an art, such as wellington. Whilst some waterfronts dwell on strong historic writers from their culture to pay respect or idolise in a way that the public can enjoy for a lifetime, such as Doha. Many waterfronts around the world use different themes to bring forth strong elements which creates a striking final landscape. What is important to the landscape/ country or city and what can be brought forth and applied into the landcpae e.g. history, culture, beliefs, sustainability etc.
Contemporary waterfronts Summary
Sustainability is about the relationship between people and the world and creating a balance between the two without putting either at risk. We are part of the environment and our human needs, socially, economically and environmentally, all depend of the health of the environment. By creating a sustainable environment we are creating equilibrium for people and the planet. Sustainability is about meeting the present needs without putting future needs at risk .
In 1983 the United Nations convened the World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED) in reponse to concerns “about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development.”1 As a result of these concerns, Our Common Future (often referred to as the Brundtland Report) was published in 1987 and outlined sustainable development as: “…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” and identified three key components to sustainable development: - environmental protection - economic growth and - social equity2 The Auckland City Council(ACC) City Centre Urban Design Framework outlines ways in which Auckland could become a sustainable and viable city centre and focusses on enhancing the natural environment and reducing resource use. Key actions include: • identifying opportunities to create green and ecological corridors • preparing guidelines with best practice examples on how to encourage city centre biodiversity • identifying opportunities to manage stormwater sustainably • preparing guidelines with best practice city centre examples of sustainable demolition, design, construction and operation • investigating mechanisms for encouraging the adaptive reuse of buildings3
social equitable
bearable
sustainable economicsocialenvironmental What is sustainability.... ? environment
viable
economic
Fig. 1 the triple bottom line concept values a balance between economic, social and environmental needs
Fig. 1 ammended from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission 2 http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Sustainability/Older/Brundtland_Report.html 3 http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/urbanframework/default.asp
Auckland’s seaport is the largest container port in New Zealand and handles over 840,000 20 foot container units per year. Princess Warf is also home to New Zealand’s main cruise port with 70 international liners annually. Recent reports from the ministry of transport show that during the next 25years, New Zealand’s freight industry would increase up to 75%. This increase would mean a vital upgrade of technology for the port to function in the future. The Rails, roads and port include some of the infrastructure to be upgraded. Ports of Auckland have already devised plans for what they would like to accomplish in the future with current dredging to reclaim parts of the port for more berth and loading space. The current plan in to create a large berthing area along the edge with space behind the berths to store short term cargo. Ports of Auckland has implemented ways to mitigate and reduce impacts on the environment from day to day to long term.
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
Ports of Auckland have reduced its footprint by half from 140ha to 77ha, since 1996. This was done by upgrading technology, so by upgrading more technology they may be able to reduce the footprint even more. POAL has released the unused land at Westhaven marina, the viaduct, the Wynyard quarter ‘tank farm’, princess wharf and queens wharf; which is to be upgraded for the rugby world cup in 2011. These areas have become part of the public attractions along the waterfront and have also become a bit of a ‘grey zone’ in some areas where there is no specific attraction. POAL wants to create a more inviting public space in these areas such as captain cook wharf. Wynyard tank farm is currently being converted into a mixed use area for the public by POAL. Auckland regional council has recently purchased Queens Wharf and is to become the new cruise terminal along with public access which may be an opportunity for a viewing area to the port so people can be aware of the port as a functioning area. Plans for Princes Wharf in the future have been to keep the fishing and marine area and also allow for public access.
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
Currently there is a definite line drawn between the public and the port. I think it is important to create a softer edge to the port so the public are able to engage in the port and its operations, without the invasion of the ports security. By engaging the public in the port operations they will be more aware of the wider world and how much imports and exports there are daily at the port of Auckland. By making the public more aware of the imports and exports, it may make them aware of the implications of this trade. If people By New Zealand made it will limit the imports, this is all about economic sustainability. Oakland’s port engages visitors to view the port while active but not individuals from the public. This could be taken further by letting public in to view the functioning port in a future Auckland port design
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
My proposition is to create a port that is more accessible to the public. I think it is important for the public to understand the port and its operations. The port is a very important part of New Zealand’s economy and by creating an environment where the public are able to interact or learn about the port, this will create a social sustainable environment. People should not be cut off from what may be seen as “just another industrial area” to some, but is really a part of the mechanics of Auckland and the wider context of New Zealand. By creating a cleaner edge to the Ports of Auckland with green areas this will also help with environmental sustainability. These grey areas have also been a slight concern with POAL as they are stumped on how to deal with them.
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
How can I create a sustainable green zone of education and interaction in the current ‘grey zones’ of POAL? E.g. using parks and open spaces in the current ‘grey zones’ to teach the public and let them learn about the importance of the POAL and sustainability. I will go about doing this by: - studying the current access areas to the public around the site, for example the new 400m waterfront walkway - areas of interest for possible parks, open spaces that may link to the port to create a promenade to the port (like that of belem) - areas that would be suitable for higher viewing i.e. a bridge, observation deck etc -areas up for possible development i.e. Queens wharf -find a mian point of interest to focus on and use this area to educate the public and create a more useful public sustainable zone.
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
Case studies of interest are sites like the port in seattle where 30 acres of park and public access sites around the port of Seattle include such leisure areas with fishing piers, shoreline access, scenic bike and pedestrian trails, picnic areas and habitat restoration areas. The parks are a way to witness the port activities while enjoying the outdoors. The park is sustainable in the way that the ports marine maintenance department only uses 100% organic landscaping techniques and plant only native species, along with grass clippings and braches cut off are produced into mulch and compost for future use. All these techniques reduce water runoff and conserve water. Jack Block Park includes an observation tower and a walking pier while terminal 107 Park includes a wildlife habitat restoration and lookout. Jack Perry Park has views of crane operations and a coast guard station. Most parks include public viewing areas of the port and natural habitat areas and public leisure activities. Oaklands port is also a case study that can be taken into account as old berth terminals have been transformed into an administration building with a raised trucking enterance where visitors can view the city and opperating port. contamination problems at the begining of the opperation resulted in a port view park.
sustainable development
Rachael Dryland
Sustainable Port How the eco-solutions solve the water quality to meet the future reclaimation? Future Reclaimation Plan
Future Reclaimation Timeline
To meet the fast growing shipping line capacity, Port of Auckland needs increase capacity (more land) and lift productivity (advanced technology). However, if more land has been reclaimed, means more stormwater runoff from the port, this will decrease the water quality of our beautiful Auckland Harbour.
KEN BEI
Sustainable Port
Why should the port need actions to respond for the future development? Negitive Image of the Port
Water Pollutions
Air Pollutions
Noise Pollutions
Light Pollutions
PORT-CITY RELATIONS Port image is often seen as negative by citizens, public bodies and NGO’s, groups of interest, enterprises, etc., although this is seldom correct. On the contrary; the port is in general very important to its surrounding area (e.g. the city), not only economically but also socially. For this reason, Port of Auckland should think about how to improve relations between ports and local bodies in order to avoid conflicts and reduce competition in the use of available land. Port of Auckland can find several solutions; these can be technical, legal, managerial and/or related to communication.
Unfriendly Environment
KEN BEI
Sustainable Port
How could the port meet the fast growing business while maintaining its surrounding environment? Stormwater Treatment Systems “Hard” Ways
“Soft” Ways Treatment Tank
Constructed Wetland
Intra-filter Antimicrobial Treatment Unit
Rain Garden Green Roof Grren wall
Ultra-Urban Filter
What will be best option for Port of Auckland? KEN BEI
Sustainable Port Constraints
24/7 High Security
Oppourtunities
Water Purification
Possiblity
Proposal
Floatability
Floating Movable Wetland?
Examples
24/7 Cargoes Berthage
Wildlife
Open Space
Ecology
Removability
Floating Wetland Classroom,Virginia
“Fish Hotel�, Chicago River KEN BEI
diversity economically sustainable
+
infrastructure
socially sustainable
adapability Sustainability =
+
interconnectedness
environmentally sustainable
+
ecology
see the site within the larger landscape How can the interactions and intersections of the larger infrastructure network that incorporates the Port of Auckland
contribute to the generation of a strategy for future design opportunities that enables the existing port to co-exist sustainably with the waterfront city centre?
how can the requirements of the Port of Auckland for more berth space for super ships be met, yet design opportunities be generated that are more socially and environmentally sustainable?
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wider landscape connections feed in creating interactions and intersections
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r
be
rt
views
de
ep
wa
noisy
interconnectedness diversity connections be adaptable to the water
noisy rail link noisy
topography
road network
shipping and ferries pedestrian intensity
transport infrastucture
existing Port layout
could Ports’ requirements for super ship berths be achieved in an alternative configuration?
economically sustainable Port must have deep berths
and good transport connections