Techknowlegy

A Summary of What is Going on in Technology Right Now!

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The People Be Meet

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he Team!

hind the Magazine

Ashwin Geeni

Liam Teltow

The Evolution of Mobile Technology

Written and Edited by Doruk Biyikli

oday, a huge part of our lives rely on one simple tool, the smartphone. In the palm of our hands, we have access to limitless information, the ability to connect, and access to the Internet in general. Our phones play a huge role in our lives: and people are well aware of that. Like everything, the huge impact of smartphones had a beginning. They were not always these advanced tools and didn’t always give us the viability they give us now. The phones we think of now came in the 1980s, in the form of large mobile phones you could carry most places. However these mobile phones were very big; they almost looked like bricks. In the late 1900s, technology started to quickly advance and mobile phones came into existence in the 80s. The first real mobile phone available to the public was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. This phone weighed a whole kilogram (2.5 pounds). In comparison, phones today weigh on average around 180 grams (~.40 pounds). The 80s didn’t see many advancements, but some notable mobile phones were the first Samsung, the SH-100 and the Mobira Cityman 900. Early cell phones such as this were used only for

talking and calls.

Around the 90s, mobile phones were beginning to grow and become more popular. The year 1989 saw the invention of the Motorola MicroTAC, the first flip phone. Sanjay Kalyansundaram, the current head of product on Amazon, recalls having the MicroTAC as his first phone. “It was a foldable, super lightweight phone,” he said.”You can open it up, you can speak, and then you’d have a little tiny antenna going up and then when you

was a huge step forward in the versatility of mobile phones. Compared to early ones, the MicroTAC was tiny, and could do whatever older phones did but better and in a more fashionable way.

close it, you can actually close it. You don’t have to end the call, you can just close it” This

Some major brands emerged in this time period, such as Nokia, Blackberry, and Ericsson. Most, if not all, of these brands were European, Europe was the pioneer continent to contribute to the beginning of mobile phones. The reason for this is that GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, was not allowed in the United States. Arda Kertmelioglu, former expert in telecommunications, explains how Motorola as a U.S company came late into the game and had a “huge handicap, which was GSM was not allowed in the US for at least, six, seven years. So that kind of holds the U.S back,” he explained. He explained that this was mostly due to regulations, relating to how today regulators are still worried, how “even today we’re talking about TikTok, should it be banned? Should it be allowed? Where’s our data going? These are valid concerns…”. Nokia’s legacy and phones still remain to this day, and even though Nokia’s phones aren’t as popular anymore, they are still considered pioneers of the

Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

phone industry.. In 2012, Sony claimed the brand of Ericsson, turning it into Sony Ericsson, and moving the headquarters from Sweden to Japan. Blackberry survived for a little longer with them hitting their peak in 2009 and 2010, owning 20% of the global smartphone market, but declined after the rise of Apple and Samsung.

Apple and Samsung swept all competition in the smartphone industry in the 2010s, becoming basically the two sole competitors. “Currently in the US market two thirds of the devices are Apple devices,” said Mehmet Mengenli, a former telecoms expert. “In the previous years Blackberry was especially popular back in 2008 to 2011-2012 before iPhone penetrated that much in the markets. Blackberry was quite popular and especially used by the business people.” Huge advancements were made in the early 2010s. It became easier to use phones, and the advanced smartphones we know now came into existence. “These were the years that it started, and people started to be much more familiar with the digital touch screen, and also familiar with using a variety of applications that will make their life easier,” said Mehmet. Almost instantly, telephones jumped into a new era. From the large bricklike phones used only for calling, they became small digital tools that gave you the ability to do almost anything.

Now, in the year 2023, we cannot imagine a world without our phones. Even losing it for a second instills fear into us. It’s hard to imagine how fast phones

evolved, going from box-like machines for calling to lightweight screens with so many tools. Yet the future is unclearis it possible that phones will evolve much more from today? Will we look at today’s phones in the future as we look at phones from the 80s today? “I think this is just the end of the beginning as opposed to the beginning of the end,” stated Sanjay Kalyansundaram. “What is yet to happen on the phone is AI becoming useful combined with sort of personalized context on the phone, where you are, what you can do, what you are willing to do, who’s nearby, and how

can

AI use this sort of phone as an entry point and a data collection mechanism to serve you better.”

AI’s popularity is quickly taking over the world, and soon it may take over the smartphone industry. It is unclear what the future holds; the discussion of AI is an interesting consideration, but it is impossible to know yet. Whatever may happen, it helps to look to the past and how far we have come in technology. Another huge wave of technological advancement may appear, and take us by surprise.

I think the quote above by Mr.

Courtesy of Rawpixel.com

Kalyansundaram is a great way of putting it. This is just the beginning, and we are not even remotely close to the end of what phones can do. We saw the potential of the invention of mobile technology and the impact and that large of an influence is over. However, we have not seen the huge influence of technology in total. AI, as well as other advancements are quickly approaching. The phone industry’s influence has waned to let the influence of technology in general take form. We think phones are extremely versatile right now, but maybe in the future we won’t even have to worry about losing them. What was once only useful for calling evolved into a device useful for almost anything you can think of, I think this form of change is possible again in the future. The jump from something like the Motorola MicroTAC to something like the Samsung Galaxy S23 is a huge jump; if a jump like this is possible in the span of around 50 years, I think we have the potential to do it once again. Though for the past few years, we haven’t seen many advancements or changes to smartphones. Many people have been complaining that all Apple and Samsung add on to their new phones is just yet another camera. If Apple and

Samsung lead the phone industry for years to come, the future is uncertain. But if they don’t, then the future is also uncertain. We haven’t seen new big brands in a while, but many good phones are being produced by smaller underground companies. These companies may rise to popularity and bring a new feature to the market.

Recently, we have seen the resurgence of older models such as flip phones. Due to this, it is unclear if more advancements are really wanted

by these large companies. As new models rise,prices rise and maybe the interest in mobile technology will dwindle. We are already starting to see some of the side effects of higher prices, with a lot of people sticking with their old phones and thinking upgrading is worthless. The future of mobile technology is very unclear for the moment. If companies want to continue their dedication, change is possible. However, this is all up to the big giants of the phone industry. The fate of phones lie in the hands of those who make them.

Phone Icon Clipart, Courtesy of Creazilla

Courtesy of Trusted Reviews

Gaming

The NES otherwise known as the famicon helped revitelize the United States Market in a time of dire need and helped the gaming industry soar from 100 million dollars to 5 billion within a few years

Fairchild F

The 1976 1977 1985

Nintendo Entertainment System

The Fairchild F was the world’s first publicly avaliable console that used ROM based cartridges which essentially allowed for games to be switched out by the user as is done in the modern day, but the issue is its cost as it is more es-

Atari 2600

The Atari 2600, foremerly known as the Atari VCS is a groundbreaking console that is credited for giving birth to the modern day industry

Throughout Years

The PS2 is the best selling console ever sold coming in at over 155 million units sold over its lifetime. It also marked a change in video game consoles by nativly including 3D graphics

Play Station 2 (PS2)

1989 2000 2017

Game Boy

The Game Boy is the most popular handheld console to ever exist with over along side the Nintendo DS. It introduced many games that are commonplace in the modern gaming space

The Nintendo Switch is the most recent iteration of Nintendo’s consoles, also being the most popular hybrid console ever sold. The creators decided to take the aproach of using game cartdriges over discs despite cartridges being inferior

Nintendo Switch

Newest Android!

How does the Blockchain work?

Person One wants to send money to Person Two

Both parties agree for the transaction

Cryptocurrency: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly

Written and Edited

By Ashwin Geeni

Courtesy

magine a world where there is only cryptocurrency, there is no stock market or cash, just bitcoin, ethereum, and other currencies. Would you consider this a decentralized utopia or an unregulated scamming financial dystopia? In this article I am weighing the pros and cons of cryptocurrency along with the past, present and future of the technology itself.

Because of the ASF, we already know about the technology of crypto being the Blockchain. To summarize it, the Blockchain is where you have a transaction, both people approve of the transaction, and that transaction is stored on a digital ledger as a block. Then multiple of these blocks make a blockchain. How was cryptocurrency even created? We don’t know the Identity or Identities that first created cryptocurrency, but their anonymous pseudonym

was Satoshi Nakamoto. And the crypto currency that they created is called Bitcoin. First released on January 3, 2009, Bitcoin is one of the most recognizable crypto currencies, and when the public first saw it it changed the game.

As soon as Bitcoin was released, people started to make other currencies, resulting in an exponential increase of these digital currencies. But, it wasn’t all hunky dory, there are many opponents to this technology. I interviewed one of them and his name is Stephen Diehl. Mr. Diehl is a software engineer and avid crypto call logger. When questioned about his stance on crypto currency, he responded by saying, “I’m quite skeptical about it. In fact, I’m probably

lot of it is fraudulent in its future and the claims that this is some sort of new investment or new type of money are effectively false. I think crypto is basically a form of gambling at its core”. When hearing his response I wondered about

one of the more outspoken people in the software profession about cryptocurrency. My opinion is that it is not what it purports to be. A

the biggest advantage of crypto. It being a fully digital currency. When I asked him about it he said, “that’s a misconception. Money is actually already digital. When you deposit money at a bank it goes on a digital ledger, which is stored by the bank. And for every $1 you have in your account, there isn’t actually usually a physical dollar anywhere. It’s actually stored in a very large database that the bank holds. And, when you transfer money from one bank account to another the banks basically just swap digits in their accounts. At least in most of the, Western world, money is pretty much already digital. So, crypto doesn’t really improve on that. It just reinvented it poorly”. But, there is also the advantage of the lack of government being involved .

Mr.Diehl explained, “The uses of it are only apparent in really extreme circumstances. Cases where you would want to evade government control because there’s a very corrupt regime. But, it’s a very niche sort of application and if you

Designed by FamZoo

were to weigh the positives versus the negative, the negatives vastly outweigh the positives”.

Going into this interview with Mr.Diehl versus going out, my perspective was completely changed to a more negative one. Next, I interviewed Zach Wong, a Senior Analyst at a cryptocurrency company called Circle. Circle is a very innovative company producing a coin called USDC. He explained, ”So, Circle is an internet payments infrastructure company. We do a few things. The main thing that we do is we issue stable coins, which are currencies that circulate on public blockchain. So, the most famous stablecoin is US Dollar Coin, USDC. And, so that is a dollar that circulates on a blockchain, so it’s easier to use. You can program it for a number of different applications. And then we also issue a Euro stablecoin, which represents a Euro on a blockchain. And then we also have a number of APIs, which are tools that developers can use to build financial applications and so we also sell those.” explained Mr. Wong.

This was a revolutionary technology as it almost cancels out the volatility in crypto, but what really is the point of a stable coin or a practical use for it?

“So, for example, you know, maybe have a restaurant, a restaurant needs to get paid. And right now the really, like, the dominant way that

they get paid is through credit cards, right? The credit cards come with a number of different problems. The first is that they take a long time to settle. So, even though you pay for the meal with your credit card, it might take two or three days for the merchant to actually get their money, even though they just sold their product, right? So, they should get their money right away. But, the existing systems we have have that built in delay. Second of all, it’s very expensive for the restaurant to take cards. So, for example, a typical credit card transaction will

cost between two to 3% of that transaction. That doesn’t sound like a lot, two to 3%, but when you think about that kind of cut being taken out of every single transaction that the restaurant makes, every piece of food that the restaurant sells, then that adds up over time. With the blockchain, it’s both, it can be cheaper and faster. So, in general, payments made in USDC, they settle almost instantaneously within a few seconds. And so that’s a huge advantage for a merchant who wants their money right away. It’s also a frequently lower cost to the merchant. So, a lot of blockchain, a lot of USDC payments are made fearlessly and so that’s another huge advantage because the merchant, the restaurant/small business, can save money by taking payments in USDC.” said Mr.Wong. Now that we understand the positives and

negatives of crypto right now and what is in it for the future, there are 2 schools of thought. The first one is positive, followed by Mr.Wong, with him describing the ambitions that Circle has going forward. “What we really want is for USDC to serve as our stablecoin to serve as the base currency for financial services. We’re trying to expand the, what we call the utility value, or the usefulness of USDC, right? Right now, the most demanding people in the world are using USDC and those are people who need money to move very quickly, so traders. When you’re in a restaurant for example, they can get better from USDC, but

they don’t need it as much as a trader does. So what we’re trying to do is make USDC much more useful, much more ubiquitous. We’re trying to help consumers understand what USDC is so they’re comfortable with it, and so they understand it. And so more and more people will start using our stablecoin and that will help the benefits of blockchain spread to more people”.

Mr.Diehl had a more negative outlook on crypto’s future with him explaining how crypto will revert to its fundamental value which is based on the public’s view on it. “Crypto currencies don’t have any value to begin with. I think the future is the value of all zero. So unlike a stock or a bond like a financial, like a share of Apple stock for instance, like Apple as a company makes iPhones, people like the iPhones, they go off and sell those iPhones to the public and then make a profit. That profit flows back into the company and ultimately that profit goes, gets distributed to shareholders. So that’s called an income in the assets. Crypto doesn’t have anything like that. So fundamentally there’s no, like what’s called an intrinsic value, as economists would say it’s what’s called a greater fool scheme. And so I think most of these assets will revert back to their fundamental value at some point”.

From the 2 perspectives of Mr.Diehl and Mr.Wong, I understood that the future of crypto will probably be somewhere

in between, so I consulted Will Lynch, a college student at UT Dallas who has mined and traded cryptocurrency in the past. He explained how the once in a lifetime technology can’t really disappear, “I mean the technology is insane, the level of technology behind it. Because traditional banking they have digital, where you can send money back and forth but it’s still backed with US dollars versus crypto where the value of the coin comes from people buying it. I think there’s probably room for it in the future. We just have to see where it goes cause now that crypto is there the government could always just come in and shut it down if they made it illegal to use crypto, they do have that power, but I don’t know if they would actually exercise it or not. Because, they could make their own crypto and then say this is the official crypto and no other cryptos were gonna be used anymore. So, I think crypto will still be there but will be government controlled”.

In essence, crypto currency will probably drop in price or become governmentally controlled, which could reduce popularity in those coins and crypto overall. In general we will need to wait to understand the full complexities of crypto, but it is safe to say that crypto will probably decline.

the future of crypto will probably be somewhere in between -Will Lynch

Are Self-Driving Cars Safe? Are Self-Driving Cars Safe?

This survey was asking people if they thought that self-driving cars were safe. These were the results to the questions.

“Most self-driving cars are fully intended and manufactured to be safe, so I don't think self-driving car manufacturers would put their customers at risk”

- Doruk B.

Surprisingly, no one wanted to change their answers after I provided them with more information. Andrew Lucchesi answered “No” to the survey, and said, “They are only safe when the majority of cars are self driving, traffic would be nonexistent with self driving cars but right now they are not totally safe”.

First Question Graph

72.2% No

27.8% Yes

AI: In the Past and Present

Written and Edited

By Liam Teltow

This is an image I created using Deep.AI.

he world is quickly transferring to the online world. Everything is connected. With the complete takeover of the digital world, there is more demand than ever for advanced technology. One of the main avenues that the world is pursuing is AI. We can already do a vast amount of things, and it will only continue improving.

AI is a rapidly growing type of technology. With the introduction of the best language model right now, ChatGPT, people are beginning to see first-hand how powerful this field will become, and how futuristic the technology is right now. AIs like ChatGPT are being used in many school settings, prompting people to question what it will look like in the future.

Kevin Baragona, founder of one of the biggest AI companies in the scene right now, DeepAI, was one of the first people to understand how powerful artificial intelligence was going to be. He grew his company “bit by bit” until it was one of the largest in the field, and kept it there.

Courtesy of Forbes.

“Well, I started in 2016 as a hobbyist and I knew that deep learning was going to be the most transformational technology of our time. It was clear even then,” said Baragona. There are also companies that are trying to limit the usage of AI in schools

so that teachers know that the students are doing their own work, not copying from an AI like ChatGPT. Their goal is to make you learn something, and getting an AI to do everything for you doesn’t help. Andrew Rains is the founder of one of the companies, called Passed.AI. “So you can take a block of texts, whether it’s a word file or a Google Doc or copy and paste, put it through that scanner and we will give our originality rating that will give a probability score on whether or not this was generated by AI or if it was human generated,” explained Rains. This type of AI isn’t completely perfect though, and will be harder and harder to detect as the technology grows.

Therefore, the technology for detecting cheating is also going to evolve, so it is a constant race to see what will flourish sooner.

“It’s not an exact science, there are some potential for false positives there,” commented Rains, “but it’ll give the user a rough idea of whether this model that we are using thinks that AI generated the text that has been put through it”.

Angelo Randazzo, a graduate from the University of Dallas at Texas, believes that some things in the future may be easier than we think. He said that it is only easier because of the progress we have already made. We will keep improving and innovating.

“To do it from scratch obviously is very difficult. But with today’s modern coding era, especially with the advent of Python’s usability and all the different open source projects out there, it’s very easy if you know a little bit of code to start being able to play around with this stuff pretty quickly,” said

Randazzo. Randazzo also tells us about the challenges that programmers face when creating extremely powerful AIs. Although it is easy to do some things, not everything is that simple. Even if it is simple, that doesn’t mean it is easy and can currently be done.

“To make something truly powerful that’s like what we think about in terms of Terminator movies with the AIs sentient almost, and is learning everything is actually very

difficult,” said Randazzo. There are certain things that these computers are very good at, even right now, but there is a reason they aren’t good at everything. Angelo Randazzo believes that it isn’t hard to make something that can do a wide array of things, it is just time consuming. You would have to feed the machine so many data points and references that it isn’t viable. It may become easier to input vast amounts of information when other technologies are invented. “Machines, code and computers are very good at doing what you tell them and are not very good at not doing what you tell them,” explains Randazzo.

For that reason, some jobs may be safe for longer than others. Nothing is completely

Courtesy of psu.edu.

safe, and even now we have robots that can walk and move around just like us, but they will last longer.

“Well in the short term, physical labor is completely safe. How much longer? I don’t know. I don’t think it’s truly safe,” said Baragona.

The biggest AI currently is called ChatGPT 3. It is a language model, something that can take whatever you type in and do that thing. For example,

Baragona talked about the general technology. He told me that this could be a very disastrous thing in the future, or it could continue improving lives.

“It’ll be like creating the nuclear weapons of software, that’s too hot to handle”, said Baragona.

There will be jobs for us, like fixing the Internet, Randazzo told me. He thinks that people will be replaced in most of our current jobs, but that will create more new jobs for us.

“And every industry… will kind of need at least a little bit of human connection”, Randazzo claimed.

This is another image I created using Deep.AI.

you can ask it, “write me an essay about why a hotdog is a sandwich”, and ChatGPT will give you a complete essay about it. This is revolutionary, introducing AI into everyday lives.

Baragona talked about how far we might go with this technology. Most interviewees talked about how it might progress in their fields, but

He also thinks that there are financial reasons why people wouldn’t want to stop it; All of the interviewees said that AI is something that will be used in many different industries in the future.

“The financial incentive to create it is far too strong”, said Baragona, “it goes against capitalism to try to stop AI. I don’t see that happening in today’s world at all”.

Although AI will be essential in every type of job in the future, Randazzo believes that humans will still be needed.

In conclusion, AI will be vital to our world. It will continue to grow and develop until it is used by everyone everywhere, but that doesn’t mean that we won’t have anything to do. There are many crucial things that only humans can give each other. This is a good thing for the world, as long as we don’t go too far, which is a distinct risk. Nothing is written in stone, as Baragona said in his interview, and we don’t know what will happen, we only know that it will be exciting.

ROBOTICS

Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Courtesy of Aventine Courtesy of Aventine

OVER TIME

Courtesy of NDLA Courtesy of UCLA Newsroom Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Robo-Revolution: Exploring the Future of Robotics

Written and edited by Aaron Borrego

he word robotics refers to the design and creation of robots. Robots are complicated machines made up of different mechanical parts that are meant to complete tasks, usually done by humans, as efficiently as possible. It is important to note that robots are also different from other machines because of how they interact with the world. They can sense and respond to

the world around them and make changes to their surroundings based on their actions. In order to do this, robots must have some level of automation, and in some cases they have full autonomy. Due to the wide range of structures for these systems many types of robots have been designed, each with their own special uses.

Robotics is flourishing today and

is at its zenith, however it will only become better and the future contains some amazing things. There are many tools that aid people in both of these actions, allowing for accurate and detailed instructions, and the production of more complicated parts, as well as a more rapid construction of robots. In order for this to be achieved, a complex system must be maintained which involves computer science,

mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and in some cases artificial intelligence (we will talk about this one in more detail later).

While there are many different types of robots, there are some characteristics that are common to all of them. One is that all robots have a physical structure that includes mechanical and processing parts. They also have some form of software programming that contains the instructions and logic needed for accomplishing their intended purpose. And finally, all robots also require some form of electricity to run their software processing and to power their movement.

ideal for repetitive and predefined tasks. The second type, Humanoid, have human-like features and are ideal for service related jobs. The third, Autonomous, are able to analyze their surroundings and make decisions without human intervention. The fourth type, Teleoperated, are human remote controlled and are ideal for risky/ extreme environments. Finally, the fifth type is Augmenting. This refers to robotic technology that is able to be combined with human bodies to increase or replace lost abilities.

It is becoming commonplace to find some form of robots in most industries. There are, however, several more prevalent applications for robots. Industrial applications

for tasks that require speed and precision, such as cutting, welding, and packing. Similarly, robotechnology is becoming more mainstream in the Medicine field. It is being used to transform the medical industry and is found in many areas including surgery, nanomedicine, prosthetics, recovery of senses, physiotherapy, rehabilitation and laboratory automation.

Robots are also being used to expand the footprint of what humans are able to accomplish. Applications related to extreme environments are a great example. Robots in this field offer a great solution for hostile, inaccessible or hazardous situations that prove to be dangerous for humans, such as

The field of robotics is constantly evolving and expanding, yet most robots fall into one of five common types. The first type is Pre-Programmed. These robots are

are one of the most common ways robots are used. This typically entails using robotic technology for repetitive tasks in manufacturing and assembly lines, especially

disaster areas, chemical or radiation spills and underwater recovery. Military applications are another example. There is a global trend for armed forces to rely more and more Page

on the use of robot technology, such as unmanned ground and aerial vehicles (UGVs and UAVs). Applications in Space Exploration

dispensing food and cleaning, to sophisticated technologies, such as interactive customer service robots. One final application

critical to improving robots’ ability to collaborate with humans and interact with the world. Thanks to advances in AI, robots are

also fall into this category. Robots such as the Mars rover offer amazing robotic technology that is literally taking us where no human has gone before. Kalind Carpenter, lead scientist at NASA at the Mars project explains the innovation acceleration in this space, saying

The emergence of novel robot applications continues. One noteworthy growth area is the personal and customer Services industry. The use of robotic technology in this space spans from simple manual tasks, such as

worth mentioning is in the field of Entertainment. There are countless examples of toy robot variants available for personal purchase, as well as an ever-growing number of sophisticated, jaw-dropping and rapidly evolving robotic creations found in a wide range of commercial entertainment and art venues. Innovations in this area continue to fuel people’s fascination with robots.

It is important to mention the important role that Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays when it comes to robotics. AI has become

now better able to react to their surroundings and more closely mimic human behavior. Four of the most significant advances in AI that robots are leveraging are: computer vision, manipulation, navigation and natural language processing (NLP).

It is helpful to understand a bit about each of these advancements. Computer vision enables the ability to recognize and identify objects. Further, according to Kalind Carpenter, “computer vision will allow robots to see the stars and nebula in a way human eyes are not

able to”. Advanced manipulation refines a robot’s motor control skills and allows for fine-tuned grasping. More sophisticated navigation

technology has been critical to improving robotic self-navigation, balance, mobility and adaptive best-path analysis. Finally, NLP equips robots with speech and pattern recognition capabilities. Each of these innovations on their own are significant, but combined together are exponentially more impactful.

So what does

the

future of robotics

hold?

By continuing to take advantage of the many advances in technology, it will be possible for the robotics industry to further innovate and expand the realm of the possible. The ever growing range of applications span from the simple to the remarkable. We can expect

Letter from the Editors

Dear Readers,

Thank you all for reading our magazine. We hope we covered many of the important technological innovations of the time in this issue, such as the current state of AI, robotics, gaming, cryptocurrency, and mobile technology. We hope you enjoyed getting the latest news on these cutting edge technologies.

This magazine took us a lot of time and work to create this electronic magazine. It has been a long and difficult journey for us all. We have had to overcome many challenges throughout this endeavor, from getting the many interviews to all of the design elements. Our teamwork eventually managed to push through the numerous challenges, creating the magazine you see here.

Keep in mind that the information presented in this electronic magazine may be out of date as it was published in the first half of 2023. We hope you enjoyed reading Techknowlegy!