laura trainor [portfolio] by Laura (Trainor) Gabel

004 030 050 064 092 102 118 138

folly frames redirection tapered assimilation infobox interstitiality faceted

laura trainor [portfolio]

004

folly

It was determined that what the subject required was an escape from buildings. The folly required an unassuming spherical form for multiple reasons: no single part of the sky offers a consistently more desirable view than the others, and no single lighting or ventilation orientation offers a consistently more desirable environment than the others. To provide unlimited combinations of light, ventilation, and temperature levels while controlling views, the envelope of the folly would have to be composed of three distinct layers that each control one of these aspects (lighting, thermal, and views layers). By the design of the views layer, buildings are edited out and a frame is formed around the composition of sky that is the view. The thermal and lighting layers operate as a series of panels attached at a pivot point (on the end of a rotating arm) such that they can collapse into one another or spread out to form many different arrangements, and thus endless variety in environment. Further adaptability through kinetics is offered inside the folly in the mechanical ventilation system, electrical lighting system, and surface condition system. True to the tradition of the folly, the experience of approaching this folly generates the same sense of whimsy and wonder that one might encounter during a walk through the woods. Where once there was a solid wall, the Adrian Smith passes through the sliding door near his office and into the northern courtyard of the Harris Bank Building. Streamers fall down to hug a winding set of steps traveling over the existing pool of water that lure him to the rooftop. After meandering through the streamer landscape, he catches his first uninterrupted glimpse of the folly and wanders closer. As he is lifted into the folly, he looks up to see the buildingless composition that the folly has framed for him. he has reached his escape.

005

folly

This project is an exercise in tackling the fine line between sculpture and architecture that is the folly, by designing one for the personal use of a successful architect itect tect within the non nontraditional landscape of the rooftop of the Chicago high-rise his firm m calls home, while whi t d bby th ti focusing on the concept of the beautiful as well as the opportunities presented the ki kinetic. A careful analysis of subject and program led to the beautiful manifesting itself in the idea of escape and the whimsy of folly approach, and the kinetic manifesting itself in the mission to provide endless combinations of the conditions required by the variety in activities that liquid programming presents.

006

folly

For the man who iis always thinking about buildings . . .

. . . in an environment of abundant buildings . . .

. . . an escape.

[intent] escape

no views of buildings abundant natural light direct natural ventilation

While providing endless variety in the following aspects of environmental comfort to accommodate a range of activities: light levels

work surface heights

ventilation levels

positions of the body

temperature levels

orientation of the body

rare place in the city + variety in conditions [intent]

007

folly

One of the few places within the city satisfying all of the following conditions:

008

folly POSSIBLE

ACTUAL

ɻcirculate ɻ consume

ɻ rest

ɻcommunicate

ɻ eat ɻ drink

ɻ relax ɻ sleep ɻ talk ɻto those present (meeting, gathering, visit, etc.) ɻto those not present (talk on phone, pray, worship, etc.) ɻ listen ɻto others ɻthose present (meeting, gathering, etc.) ɻthose not present (talk on phone, video, music, etc.) ɻto nature

ɻthink

ɻ ponder ɻ meditate ɻ brainstorm ɻ study ɻabsorb

ɻobserve ɻread

ɻ eat ɻ drink

ɻ relax ɻ sleep

to those present to those not present

ɻ listen to others

those present those not present

to nature

ɻthink

ɻ ponder ɻ meditate ɻ brainstorm ɻ study ɻabsorb

ɻobserve ɻread

ɻcapture

ɻproduce

ɻperform

ɻ thoughts (write, type, etc.) ɻ music (transcribe) ɻ scenes (photograph) ɻ designs (draw, paint, etc.) ɻ food (cook) ɻ images (draw, paint, etc.) ɻ music (improvise) ɻ objects (construct) ɻ ideas (design) ɻ speech ɻ craft ɻ music ɻ exercise (mental, physical, etc.)

25%

ɻ talk

30%

ɻ thoughts ɻ music ɻ scenes ɻ designs ɻ food ɻ images ɻ music ɻ objects ɻ ideas ɻ speech ɻ craft ɻ music ɻ exercise

[program analysis] activities to take place within folly

20% 15% 10%

loud

destructive

the internal conditions (mindset)

practice observant

touch

soul the senses the (spiritual) (sensory)

clas

low

maximum

pitch black

the universality of method

erent activities & their of diff requ tion irem ica sif

the

constant across people

varies by person

the fragmentation of occurrence

the direction of the product input

hhigh igh gh

s ent

rest self-improvement

play

lower

PROGRAM

the motivation work

room

core

the part of the person

lighting

temperature higher

head (physical)

100%

the external conditions

the body

(cognitive)

ffolly o ly

humidityy

air movement

cognitive appendices

eyes

the mind

silent

ligaments

ears

mouth nose

explanatory

absorbent

sound

continuous

interrupted

output

the predictability of occurrence scheduled

the sociality

spontaneous

social

the regularity of occurrence regular (constant)

irregular (varying)

sit (lounge) sit (upright)

not social

dependent on others private independent from others

lay

the frequency of occurrence

work surface

posture stand

none

low

medium

frequent

infrequent

high

classification of activities [program analysis]

009

creative / productive

performance

010

folly FOLLY REQUIRES UNASSUMING FORM

CHANGING SOLAR POSITION & CLOUD ARRANGEMENTS

(ONE THAT LACKS PREFERENCE TOWARD ANY SPECIFIC ORIENTATION)

ONLY DESIRED VIEWS FROM FOLLY ARE THOSE OF THE SKY (NOT BUILDINGS)

NO SINGLE PART OF SKY OFFERS CONSISTENTLY MORE DESIRABLE VIEW THAN THE OTHERS X DIRECTION

CHANGING SOLAR POSITION & WIND DIRECTION DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES TAKING PLACE WITHIN FOLLY AS REQUIRING DIFFERENT LIGHTING & VENTILATION CONDITIONS (LIQUID PROGRAMMING)

+ N

NO SINGLE LIGHTING OR VENTILATION ORIENTATION OFFERS CONSISTENTLY MORE DESIRABLE ENVIRONMENT THAN THE OTHERS

Y DIRECTION

[derivation of form] the folly as a whole

Z DIRECTION

NATURAL LIGHTING NATURAL VENTILATION + THERMAL CONDITIONING VIEWS

surface conditions void solid: transparent

surface conditions solid: opaque solid: translucent + breathable

void

solid: transparent solid: opaque solid: translucent + breathable

three layers of enclosure [derivation of form]

011

folly

012

folly

DERIVATION OF FORM THAT MASKS UNDESIRED VIEWS OF SURROUNDINGS & DISGUISES PROFILE DER UNDES

PROJECTION OF SURROUNDINGS ONTO SPHERE

ELOW

FROM BELOW FROMFROM BELOW

FROM BELOW

360° OF SURROUNDINGS

[derivation of form] the “views” layer

folly

building height (stories) view until interrupted by building taller than Harris Bank Building view until interrupted by building taller than original interrupting building

11 6

CHICAGO RIVE R

31 13

50 26

28 36 44 9

48 51 15

3530 2 22

110 2

14 10 27

15 15

16 6

1 11

1 8

17 11 16

7 7

10 12 14 22

7 14

6 20

16 14 17

9 21 9

10 16

MILLENIUM PARK

11 16

24 37

3 9

9 1

6 6

19 2

38 18

16 4

22 17

4 6

1 12

39 5

20 15

10 12

38 20

39 4 21

1 23

60 12 5 2

44 39

E MONROE ST

38 23

12 12 10

11 4

7 36

13 14

44 12 26

7 23 16

32 23

12 13

50 27 3

50 4

15 39

5 20

S CLARK ST

view until interrupted by yet another building taller than the previous

17 5

7 11

the â&#x20AC;&#x153;viewsâ&#x20AC;? layer [derivation of form]

013

014

folly olly MATERIAL

EFFECT: COMFORT exterior of folly

air cavity

interior of folly

air flow

staggered slots allow for air flow through layers but not views through layers

EFFECT: VISUAL

COMPOSITION

[layer 1] interior

[layer 2] exterior

[derivation of form] the “views” layer

combined

to perform functions impossible of the static

to minimize the impact on earth in a world of growing population & mechanicization to utilize space efficiency in order to accommodate a world of growing population

folly ol

movement ovement ement / motio motion adaptation

interaction eraction

what

why

to enhance aesthetic qualities

all

to mimic the awe of natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s variation & constant change one

the

some

KINETIC

number of parts of the building control mechanism

roles of parts of building stable mechanism

dynamic mechanism

skin

part of the building

components structure

reaction

where

by person

by automation revolve

initiation

openings

interior surfaces

rotate lift

means

how

by sensor

reaction people

slide

result

lower

converge diverge re-orient

environment

transformation events (something deliberate, proactive) constants (temperament, etc.) (physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualizing)

actions behaviors needs

events (precipitation, storms, natural disasters, etc.) constants (light, humidity, wind, temperature, etc.) solutions to human-caused issues

solid change position

void change condition

change function

the kinetic [means analysis]

015

to accommodate activities & conditions, which are inherently dynamic

016

folly SOME POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENTS OF PANELS WITHIN POSITIONS 4

1 PIVOT POINT REVOLVES ABOUT FOLLY CENTER VIA PIVOT ARM

6 7

2 PIVOT POINT OF COMPONENTS

8 STANDARD POSITIONS

NO DAYLIGHTING

MAXIMUM DIRECT DAYLIGHTING

MAXIMUM INDIRECT DAYLIGHTING

DIRECT DAYLIGHTING

INDIRECT DAYLIGHTING

[medium low sun]

[medium high sun]

[low sun]

[high sun]

8+ PANELS

= OPAQUE SOLID = OPAQUE SOLID = VOID = VOID

[medium low sun]

[medium high sun]

[high sun]

[derivation of form] temperature + ventilation (natural)

SOME POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENTS OF PANELS WITHIN POSITIONS 4

1 PIVOT POINT REVOLVES ABOUT FOLLY CENTER VIA PIVOT ARM

6 7

2 PIVOT POINT OF COMPONENTS

8 STANDARD POSITIONS

ENCLOSED

OPEN

CROSS-VENTILATED

SAMPLE COMBINATION

14+ PANELS = TRANSPARENT SOLID = TRANSPARENT SOLID = VOID = VOID = COMBINATION = COMBINATION

lighting (natural) [derivation of form]

017

folly

018

folly MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROTATES ABOUT FOLLY CENTER TO SATISFY THERMAL COMFORT NEEDS IN SPECIFIC LOCATIONS

[SECTION]

[PLAN]

[derivation of form] temperature + ventilation (mechanical)

LAMPS IN FLOOR PLATFORM POINT LIGHT TOWARD REFLECTIVE PIECE LOCATED ON ROUNDED PIVOT ARM TO BE DISTRIBUTED STRATEGICALLY THROUGHOUT FOLLY

[SECTION]

[PLAN]

lighting (electrical) [derivation of form]

019

folly

precedent: fortuny lamp

020

f folly

workbench

rotating otating OCCUPIABLE surface pplane

dining table

rotating otating WORK surface plane

nightstand

bed

coffee table

chaise lounge upright chair

kitchen counter

HOME BASE

stool

recliner standing room

floor space

desk

[AXON]

[PLAN]

stool upright chair

bed

chaise lounge

recliner

standing room

[FLATTENED SECTION] kitchen counter

workbench

nightstand

dining table

coffee table

desk

floor space

[FLATTENED SECTION] [derivation of form] temperature + ventilation (mechanical)

plan [result]

021

folly

022

follyy

[result] section

023 approaching folly [result]

024

follyy

[intent] whimsy

DO W N

ROOFTOP ACCESS VIA STAIRCASE OVER WATER WITH SLIDING DOOR INTO OFFICE

open to courtyard below

IRIDESCENT STREAMER WALL LANDSCAPE GRIDDED GREEN ROOF TERRAIN

FOLLY

1 open to courtyard below

OTHER POSSIBLE FOLLY LOCATIONS

2 3 plan [result]

025

folly

026

folly

streamer wall layers between adrian and the folly 10

folly location #1

folly location #2

folly location #3

folly location #4

in general

adrian’s general path to folly

DECISION POINT A

DECISION POINT A ARRIVAL ON ROOFTOP

DECISION POINT B

DECISION POINT A ARRIVAL ON ROOFTOP

DECISION POINT B

ARRIVAL ON ROOFTOP

DECISION POINT B

ARRIVAL AT FOLLY

ARRIVAL AT FOLLY ARRIVAL AT FOLLY ARRIVAL AT FOLLY

ARRIVAL AT FOLLY

folly location #1

folly location #2

[intent] journey

ARRIVAL AT FOLLY

folly location #3

ARRIVAL AT FOLLY

folly location #4

in general

027 finding folly [result]

028

folly SOUTH SOUTH

WEST

[result] elevation

029 escaping in folly [result]

030

frames

deas: (1) that the experience of The resulting visitor center design is a layering of two ideas: the Farnsworth House from the exterior is one of evolvingg framed views views, and (2) that the Farnsworth House, a structure arranged methodically on an orthogonal grid, can have a presence in the Visitor Center if there is a memory of a grid. To elaborate on the first idea, the original direction of entrance onto the site relative to the only direction from which one can enter the house (due to its elevation above ground and single stair), creates a circular movement about the Farnsworth House upon travelling across the exterior to make it to the interior. The solid ceiling plane and floor plane stay relatively in one place, while the many columns and vertical mullions change position in relation to one another, altering the frame that focuses the view through the house. A simple, rigid, orthogonal structure thus achieves a certain sophistication with simplicity, by allowing single views—framed at multiple distances by components of different planes—to evolve as one moves about the structure. Reacting to the second idea, it was decided to start with a grid and deviate from the grid as the conditions demanded. To give the grid more adaptability—to the different conditions of reach, private v. public, views to the exterior, daylighting needs, and visual connections for operations—it was decided to treat each level as three pieces stacked on top of each other. Why three? It relates back to the human scale. Based on these different aspects the grid can react to, the appropriate vertical surface conditions were identified for each piece of program. The actual vertical surface condition applied at each section of the grid was then further dictated by: (1) its necessary relation to neighboring programs (small-scale), (2) constructability, and (3) the experience created by the diagram (large-scale).

031

This project is an exercise in addressing the challenge of building a complementary structure to a great architectural work in the form of a new visitor center for Mies van der Rohe’s Farnsworth House. It includes a careful analysis of the existing icon, followed by an educated selection of building placement across the vast site.

oa d lic r pub

farnsworth house

adjacent site

032

frames mes mes

public road

nce entra

ce entran

r rive ORIGINAL DIRECTION OF ENTRANCE ONTO THE SITE RELATIVE TO ONLY DIRECTION OF ENTRANCE INTO THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE

[site analysis] approach

fr frames

evolving framed views [subject analysis]

033

EVOLVING FRAMED VIEWS EXPERIENCED UPON CIRCLING O FARNSWORTH HOUSE EXTERIORR OF

034

evolving frame with turn about structure

ceiling plane

work to focus in on framed view

work to frame view

column in foreground

column in background

flfloor plane

[subject analysis] conceptual model of evolving frames

minimal contact with earth

+ no visible structural connection

of floating = illusion components

non-flush components

FRAMING COMPONENTS APPEARING AS DYNAMIC IN ARRANGEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLANAR COMPONENTS OF A OCCUPIABLE CONSTRUCTIONS (IN THEIR MOST RAW, RECTILINEAR FORM AS INDEPENDENT ENTITIES)

WALL

DIMENSION

ORIENTATION TO EARTH

vertical

perpendicular

(divinity)

CEILING

horizontal

MOVEMENT RELATIVE TO CONTACT WITH EARTH IT RESISTS OCCUPANT

horizontal

some, optional

(otherwise limitless in direction & distance for man without machine)

parallel

(man)

vertical

none

(otherwise limited for man without machine anyway)

FRAMED VIEW IT ALLOWS EXTENT OF NATURE OF

in between

perspective

(eventually limited past horizon)

(reference lines, horizon)

very far

abyss

(endless, limitless)

(no reference lines, no horizon)

very close

flat

TREATMENT BY MIES IN FARNSWORTH HOUSE

transparent

opaque

X FLOOR

horizontal (man)

parallel

vertical (otherwise very limited for man without machine anyway)

constant

opaque

(very limited)

SEPARATION OF THE VERTICAL AND THE HORIZONTAL

floating components + planar orientation [subject analysis]

035

036

GIVING THE FARNSWORTH HOUSE A PRESENCE IN THE VISITOR CENTER BY INSTILLING THE MEMORY OF A GRID

fframes ram ra aam m 10'-6" 10 -6

BEGIN WI WITH W A GRID

10'-6" 1 0'-6"

10'-6"

entry sequence

theatre

restrooms

office

scholar in residence

vertical circulation

entry sequence

vertical circulation

theatre

vertical circulation

circulation

vertical circulation

scholar in residence

exhibit space

gift shop

theatre

circulation

open to below

office

open to below

office

exhibit space

gift shop

theatre

circulation

open to below

office

open to below

office

exhibit space

exit sequence

theatre

circulation

office

exit sequence

LOWER LEVELS

UPPER LEVELS

[intent] instill the memory of a grid

frames am mes ess 10'-6" 10 -6

3'-6" 3 '-6"

10'-6" 1 0'-6"

3'-6" 3 '-6"

3'-6"

10'-6"

views to exterior

reach

privacy / visual connections

bending over

lower body + laying down

ground

standing

upper body + sitting

horizon

extending

no view

sky + canopy

daylighting

from below

from across

from above

TRI-ZONAL SYSTEM FOR ACCOMODATING DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF PROGRAMMATIC DEMANDS

introduce adaptability to grid [derivation of form]

037

INTRODUCE ADAPTABILITY TO THE GRID BY TREATING EACH LEVEL AS THREE

fframes am mes m eess NTERACTIVE CENTE INTERACTIVE CENTER

exhibit space gift sho shop office ffic

CONSIDERATION OF SURFACE CONDITIONS DEMANDED BY PROGRAM

storage

rest rooms

ENTRY

vestibule office reception coat room

archives

office

(archives)

storage

[result] third floor plan

045 FACING EAST

FACING NORTH

section [result]

046

framess

[result] looking toward exhibition space + gift shop from theatre

looking down upon exhibition space + gift shop [result]

047

frames

048

frames WEST

NORTH

[result] elevation

looking toward theatre upon entrance [result]

049

frames

050

redirection

This project is an exercise in analyzing site context through a process of finding the synecdoche and asyndeton of a given environment and abstracting the qualities of the environment at three scales, interpreting and transforming the qualities into a translatory tile, and ultimately applying the forms of the translatory tile to a specific architectural program. A mixed-use, low-rise urban infill project within the downtown area of Champaign, Illinois is the product of this exercise.

Characteristic of the route of a wanderer of a small city, the concept of redirection became prevalent in the original analysis of context, and was thus carried through to the translatory tile. The result of the tile study was a form consisting of various horizontal strips stacked vertically, each “moving” a different direction from the ones directly above and below. The movement of each strip can be described as forward-backward, or in-out. This form holds purpose at several different scales. At its smallest scale, with strips measuring about three inches tall, the surfaces of the strips provide privacy, while the gaps formed between the strips allow for light to still travel through. At its middle scale, with the strips measuring about three feet tall, the surfaces of the strips act as walls or guardrails, while the gaps between the strips allow for exterior living space. At its largest scale, with the strips measuring about three feet tall and the whole form actually being flipped onto its side and stacked, the surfaces of the strips act as floors, ceilings, and level changes, while the gaps between the strips act as space capable of being occupied. The strips also introduce a bi-level arrangement for the division of rental units as is the case in the urban infill project. Thus, the form encompassing the idea of “redirection” has potential across scales to apply program to a structure.

051

redirection

When a person travels through a city, only one of two possible agendas drives the travel. The travel might be very deliberate—driven by the agenda of reaching a particular, predetermined destination—or the travel might be very aimless –driven by the agenda of arriving at no particular destination and possibly even with the agenda of getting lost. My urban infill design explores the second possible agenda, marked by the person who takes his first step in the city—a small city, in this case—with the intention of traveling but having no idea where he might end up and being comfortable with that. The factors that influence the route of the wanderer of a small city have provided the basis of my design.

052 [site analysis] â&#x20AC;&#x153;redirectionâ&#x20AC;? as abstracted quality of the city

2 FORM OF FACADE

1 ORGANIZATION OF SPACE

HABITABLE SPACE

PROTRUDING EXTERIOR SPACE

FLOORS, CEILINGS, LEVEL CHANGES

3 AGGREGATE OF TILES

LIGHT

WALLS

PRIVACY

concept of “redirection” at three scales [derivation of form]

053

redirection edir ed ddirrection di ction cti cct tio tion iion oonn

054

redirection

PUBLIC exposed curtain wall

vs. PRIVATE curtain wall with aggregated tile covering

[derivation of form] tile as tool for privacy

POTENTIAL SUN ANGLES THAT ARE BLOCKED BY FACADE

redirection eeddirr ctiioon VARIABLE DIMENSION

VARIABLE DIMENSION

TILED FACADE COVERING TO CURTAIN WALL CONNECTION

variety in redirection at smallest scale [derivation of form]

055

POTENTIAL SUN ANGLES THAT PENETRATE FACADE

056

OPENINGS TO LIGHTWELL ALLOW FOR PRIVACY

redirection

ELEVATION

unit a

lightwell

unit b

SECTION

[derivation of form] variety in redirection at smallest scale

FACADE ENTERING UNITS AS FURNITURE

shelves

counter

coffee table

couch

additional functionality [derivation of form]

057

redirection irection irec iirect recct cttition ction iion

bed

058

redirection

[result] elevation

site plan [result]

059

redirection edir eed diirection ir ction

060

UNITS

redirection re e ect ecttionn ec

1 C

O E

6 7 C

6 D C

BELOW GRADE

[result] plan

STREET LEVEL

LEVEL 2

A Retail #1 B Retail #2 C Retail #3 D Live/Work #1 E Live/Work #2 F Studio #1 G 2BR #1 H 2BR #2 I 2BR #1 J 2BR#2

SPACES

Kitchen Living Bathroom Bedroom Balcony Closet Office Laundry Pantry

Q 4 4 1

O 8

COMMON

K Parking Garage Access L Parking Garage M Loading Area N Lobby O Light Well P Rooftop Terrace #1 Q Rooftop Terrace #2

reeddirreeccti ction tiioo 6

3 3

3 7

7 G

9 1

O 1

S 2

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

LEVEL 5

plan [result]

061

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

062

redirection onn Q

J J G G F C

A L

[result] section

063 model [result]

064

tapered

This capstone project is an exercise in comprehensive building design in the form of an airframe and power plant instructional facility at Parkland Community College at Willard Airport of Champaign, Illinois. The proposed design represents an exploration of the tapered form: the tapered form as a strategy for spatial arrangement, natural ventilation, daylighting, and storm-water management, when incorporated differently in plan and in section.

tapered

In section, the tapered form acts as a strategy for natural ventilation as well, and also for daylighting and storm-water management. The stack effect created using openings at the top east of each interior space allow the exit of air. The tapered roof lines make this east-most point the highest point in the room, thus air must circulate through the entire room—from southwest to northeast—to exit. The tapered clearstory allows clearstory height—thus, amount of emitted daylight—vary in direct proportion to variations in room depth—thus, variations in daylight needs. The tapered roof line also allows for storm water movement along sloped roof planes to be strategically directed to and collected at specific points where it is then managed away from the building foundation. The levels at which the passive aspects of the design operate at any given time are communicated to the building occupants through exterior site features. The tall grasses that move with the wind give a visual presence to the breezes that, when juxtaposed with the vertical lines of the siding, serve as a tool for measuring the level of natural ventilation at a specific point in time. The linear retention ponds act with the vertical sculpture of the landscape as the spokes of a horizontal sundial, serving as a tool for measuring the location of the sun—thus, its role in daylighting—at a specific point in time. All of this helps the building occupants to understand the passive features such that they accept them and utilize them effectively rather than fight them.

065

In plan, the tapered form acts as a strategy for natural ventilation in that it allows the predominant southern and western winds to enter the building and accelerate through the tapered east-west corridors. Additionally, the tapered outline of the classrooms, offices, support rooms, and shops in plan give each interior space southern and western surfaces from which to collect these predominant winds as a strategy of natural ventilation. In plan, the tapered form also is utilized as a strategy for spatial arrangement through the method of arranging rooms of varying sizes from small to large.

3 3 3 3

1 2

3 4

1 1

2 3

5 2 3 3 1 2 1

5 4

066

[concept] the tapered form

CORRIDORS AS TOOL FOR NATURAL VENTILATION

louvered surface accelerated air

tapered

WEST-EAST TAPERED CORRDIOR

M DO

INA

I TW

WEST-EAST TAPERED CORRDIOR

^ N

(#1) sustainability: natural ventilation [derivation of form]

067

068

STAGGERED FACADE AS TOOL FOR NATURAL VENTILATION

apere N

LOUVERED SURFACE

PREDOMINANT WINDS FROM SOUTHWEST

[derivation of form] (#1) sustainability: natural ventilation

STACK EFFECT AS TOOL FOR NATURAL VENTILATION air enters south and moves north to exit

air enters west and moves east to exit

SOUTH SECTION

(#1) sustainability: natural ventilation [derivation of form]

069

tapered e

WEST SECTION

070

LOUVERED SURFACES

tapered aper ereeedd inlet louvered surface outlet louvered surface solid surface

[derivation of form] (#1) sustainability: natural ventilation

APPLICATION OF VARYING DAYLIGHTING CONDITIONS

CONDITION F

CONDITION E

ITI

CONDITION C CONDITION B CONDITION A

(#2) sustainability: daylighting [derivation of form]

071

ta tapered

072

CONDITION A CONDITION A

H H

tapered

CONDITION C

CONDITION E CONDITION E

CONDITION C

APPLICATION OF VARYING DAYLIGHTING CONDITIONS H L

H L

[derivation of form] (#2) sustainability: daylighting

CONDITION CONDITION BB

H L

APPLICATION OF VARYING

DAYLIGHTING CONDITION D CONDITIONS CONDITION D

CONDITION F CONDITION F

tapere aapere pereed N

H L

S H L H L H L

(#2) sustainability: daylighting [derivation of form]

073

ROOM M DEPTH

aapered pered ppeere ered ed

0 0

[derivation of form] (#2) sustainability: daylighting

CLEARSTORY HEIGHT

074

DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPTH OF INTERIOR SPACE & CLERESTORY HEIGHT

SUSTAINABLE SITE STRATEGIES

native vegetation porous surfaces retention pools storm water path drainage point of sloped roof (pipe from roof to pool)

(#3) sustainability: storm water [derivation of form]

075

tapered

076 BUILDING OCCUPANT

JUXTAPOSITION OF SUNDIAL AS METHOD VERTICAL BOARDS AND FOR MEASUREMENT BLOWING GRASSES OF SUN INTENSITY & AS METHOD FOR ANGLES MEASUREMENT OF WIND INTENSITY & DIRECTION

[derivation of form] (#4) sustainability: education

LECTURE SPACE SEATING IN SECTION

smallest space

largest space

ROOM ARRANGEMENT IN PLAN

(#5) spatial arrangement [derivation of form]

077

tapered

aircraft 3

tapered pere ered edd

roa d

trucks 1 1 2 3 4 5

VEHICLE PARKING TRUCK LOADING/UNLOADING DOCK AIRCRAFT HANGAR CLASSROOMS & OFFICES SHOPS

[derivation of form] sustainability: green space

road

078

MINIMIZATION OF PAVEMENT AS MEANS OF MAXIMIZING GREEN SPACE

vehicles of occupants

CLASSROOM & OFFICE CONNECTION TO OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT

LINE OF SITE FROM INTERIOR SPACES ACCESS TO OUTDOORS ON-SITE GREENSPACE

sustainability: green space [derivation of form]

079

tapered per

080

PURITY OF VIEW FROM APPROACH

tapered pere ered ed ed

SERVICE YARD

PARKING

OTHER PROGRAM

MAIN APPROACH

[derivation of form] sustainability: green space

PA R

LT OS

OCCUPANT ENCOUNTER WITH MAJOR BUILDING AXES UPON ENTRANCE &N

ITE

DA R

OU EB SIT W LT ON LE AL PA R

taper ttapered ta per FA C

entrance

approach area after parking vehicle or bicycle

DUE NORTH-SOUTH

aesthetics [derivation of form]

081

ND AR

DUE EAST-WEST

IES

082

FORMS OF SHOPS AS RELATING ORIENTATION OF EAST WING TO ORIENTATION OF HANGAR

tapered apeered red re edd

[derivation of form] aesthetics

SPATIAL CONNECTIONS

SHOP 1

HANGAR SHOP 2 SHOP 3

DOCK

SHOP 4

EASILY ISOLATED SECURITY ZONES

ZONE A

A CLASSROOMS, OFFICE, SUPPORT B ENTRANCE, RESTROOM, LECTURE SPACE C HANGAR, SHOPS, INFRASTRUCTURE

spatial arrangement [derivation of form]

083

tapered apeerred

ZONE C

084

tapered apeereed ed transparent surface opaque surface

[derivation of form] sustainability: openings

OVERHANG LIGHTSHELF WEST ELEVATION DAYLIGHTING VIEWS NATURAL VENTILATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

FUNCTION OF CLASSROOM & OFFICE GLAZING

sustainability: openings [derivation of form]

085

tape tap ttapered

086

closed

partially vented

tapered fully vented

open

[derivation of form] hangar door technology

087 site plan [result]

Shop Storage

Support

Shop

tapered ppere per pe ere ered eer rreed Shop

Gathering Space

Break Room

Service Yard Locker Rooms

Restrooms

Lecture Space

088

Aircraft Hangar

Library Office Conference Room

Office

Office Office Office

Parking Bike Racks

Gathering Space Restrooms

Support

Classroom Gathering Space

Classroom Classroom Classroom Design/ Drafting Laboratory

[result] plan

Green Roof

Main Entrance

Reception & Storage

Office

Mechanical, Electrical, & Fire Safety Systems

Roof System

38 Flourescent High Bay Lighting Fixture 37 Tube Containing Electrical Wiring 36 35 34 33 32

Standpipe Metal Pipes for Radiant Heating

Formed Metal Coping Sheet Metal with Lock Seams 31 Roofing Membrane 30 Rigid Extruded Polystyrene Insulation 29 4” Metal Decking 28 27 26 25

Structural System

31 30

5/8” Gypsum Board

5/8” Plywood Sheathing Rigid Extruded Polystyrene Insulation Vapor Barrier

21 Metal Flashing 20 Sub-Girt 19 Steel Base Angle

16 Steel Beam 15 Steel Column 14 Steel Base Plate 13 Leveling Nuts 12 Anchor Bolts 11 Drypack with Nonshrink Grout 10 Steel Dowels 9 Isolated Concrete Footing

24 28 22

ttapered ta tap ape pe

24 Metal Hanger System 23 Ventilated Chamber 22 Parklex High-Density Stratified Timber Facade Panel

18 Extruded Aluminum Adjustable Louver System 17 Open-Web Steel Joist

Subsoil Drainage & Insulation System

32 33

23 27

8 6” Cover of Gravel 7 4” Footing Drain of Perforated Pipe 6 Concrete Frost Wall 5 Premolded Filler & Sealer at Expansion Joint 4 6” Concrete Ground Slab 3 Rigid Extruded Polystyrene Insulation 2 Waterproofing Membrane 1 4” Base Course of Gravel

19 5

13 12 11

4 3 2

6 10

8 7

wall section at hangar [result]

089

Facade System

Sprinkler Head

090

WEST ELEVATION

[result] elevation + section

SOUTHEAST ELEVATION

091 SOUTH ELEVATION

corridor as sunspace

lecture space

elevation + section [result]

092

assimilation

This project is an exercise in creating a flexible, component-based architecture that responds to and manipulates the existing site context, both physically and metaphorically. The Inland Sea of Kickapoo State Park in Vermilion County, Illinois and the topography that immediately surrounds it together compose the site which I was assigned to manipulate. Despite the availability of trail markers and park maps, there is a certain stretch of the Riverview Trail that can become disorienting to its travelers for several definable reasons. The proposed design intends to allow park visitors to better orient themselves within the park as they travel an otherwise disorienting stretch of this trail. The architecture accomplishes this by establishing a system of focal points and framed views of these focal points in the form of four separate structural components and a land form alteration.

assimilation

The second, third, and fourth components (referred to from now on as the “axial components”) are located across the Inland Sea from the anchor component, along the disorienting stretch of the Riverview Trail. They are spaced equally apart from one another so as to maximize their orienting benefits. Each of these components’ function is to frame a view of the anchor component for any travelers of the trail, so that throughout the path of the trail, travelers can periodically orient themselves relative to a single, familiar object. In order to provide an unobstructed line of sight between the anchor component and each axial component, the hindrance of the peninsula had to be addressed. Where each line of sight intersects the peninsula, the peninsula will be in-effect “carved away.” Retaining walls added to the peninsula will hold back any land or vegetation from interfering with the visual path between the anchor component and each axial component.

093

The first component, the anchor component, is located at the delineated “point of human congregation.” The nature of the anchor component calls for it to be familiar to park visitors in order for it to benefit them. It was thus placed at a node of human activity so as to alert as many park visitors as possible of its existence. The anchor component also happens to be partially made up of a multi-gender restroom, which allows it to further alert park visitors of its existence since the one activity of that most every park visitor will most likely eventually do is use a restroom.

094

ABOVE SEA LEVEL

SEA LEVEL node of human congregation peninsula

assim

lines of sight

heavy vegetation

points along riverview trail

[site analysis] low elevation + visual obstruction

EMERALD SEA

ION RIV E

R ION RIV E

VE R MIL L

EMERALD SEA INLAND SEA

INLAND SEA

RIV ER

EMERALD SEA

VE R

MI LL

ION

CLEAR POND

PAPER TRAIL MAP

INLAND SEA

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

R IVE NR LIO MIL

INLAND NLAND SEA

IVE

VER

assimi

EMERALD SEA

GOOGLE EARTH MAP

MIL

LIO

CLEAR POND

VER

CLEAR POND

INLAND SEA

COMBINATION MAP

GOOGLE MAP

conflicting maps [site analysis]

095

INLAND SEA

WOODEN TRAILL MAP

VER MIL LIO NR IVE R

CLEAR POND

EMERALD SEA

open light colorless

corner separates areas of contrast & heightens effect

tightly enclosed dark colorful

PLAN

096

tion SECTION

white wall provides blank canvas for view extended planes narrow and direct view

SECTION

[derivation of form] contrast + illumination + backdrop

ANCHOR COMPONENT

097

AXIAL COMPONENT #2

AXIAL COMPONENT #3

AXIAL COMPONENT #1

site plan [result]

098

s miilat sim at at PENINSULA ALTERATION BEFORE AFTER

[result] elevation + section

099 view from anchor component toward axial components [result]

100 [result] site model

101 component model [result]

102

infobox

This project is an exercise in designing a simple, temporary pavilion to function as a small exhibition space to disseminate information about innovative wood technologies and their architectural applications. It is sited in close proximity to a construction site to additionally serve as a sheltered viewing platform for the public to observe the construction process. The construct is given a predefined post-and beam structure (19 twelve-foot-wide frames, aligned in a row, spaced four feet apart ) as a design parameter.

infobox

The result is: (1) an envelope of stacked modular components, able to be sculpted for functionality and spatial experience, (2) an orthogonal structure isolated as a dataum to juxtapose the morphed section of the envelope it contains, (3) a ribbon that follow and emphasizes the movement of the gradient, then falls to the ground while being slit to allow for entry through the opaque southern façade with visibility to the road of approach, and (4) culmination of the divergence at the north façade to capture diffuse light and provide a viewing platform to the construction.

103

The nature of the MKEWOOD Infobox—that it is to be: (1) a temporary pavilion, (2) ultimately dismantled, and (3) recycled—calls for certain aspects of its design, respectively: (1) simplicity in pieces and components, (2) impermanent connections between components, and (3) adaptability. These characteristics can be realized in the use of, respectively: (1) a repeated, modular component, (2) using gravity and a loose connector piece to connect these components, and (2) introducing a kinetic aspect that allows the shaping of surface and space to optimize functionality and experience in current application or future applications. On top of this, the previously explored idea of convergence is layered into the design to: (1) add direction and give movement to the space via the gradient, (2) give order to the arrangement of the modular component, and (3) introduce openings to allow for daylight to penetrate the space and frame views. Due to the ideal component dimensions identified, this system uses a lot of material. However, this is justified by its complete reusability— ted, and (3) easily adaptable a to a the Infobox being (1) easily dismantled, (2) easily relocated, different exhibition or a different program altogether—andd its opportunity for starting with a recycled material. The kinetic system is appropriate for the MKEWOOD Infobox program of s) in section—due to the pushing an exhibition space (for display or information or artifacts) i plan—due l d to t the th sliding lidi and pulling of components to create shelves and alcoves—andd in of seating and room dividing components to manipulate movement throughout the space.

104

16”

20”

4”

a single modular component

infobox nfooobbox kinetic in relation [intent] simplicity + adaptability

stacked in repetition

SURFACE STUDY

VOLUME STUDY

CONVERGE A

daylight openings

no openings

100% south elevation

infobox framed view openings

DIVERGE

99% 97% 95% 93% 91% 88% 86% 84% 81% 79% 76% 74% 72% 69% 67% 65% 62% 60%

east elevation

B % opacity

north elevation

effect of convergence [intent]

105

SCREEN STUDY

106

ONE RECYCLED WOOD PALLET 4’-0”

3’-0”

CUT INTO FOUR SEPARATE CONSTRUCTS

3 infobox

REWORK RESIDUAL PIECES TO REINSTALL STRUCTURE TO FOUR CONSTRUCTS

[materiality] transformation of wood pallet into module

USE ROUTER ON CONSTRUCTS TO FORM TRACK FOR CONNECTOR PIECE TRACK FOR CONNECTOR PIECE 1’-8”

1’-4”

STACK NEXT COMPONENT ABOVE

infobox

transformation of wood pallet into module [materiality]

107

PLACE CONNECTOR PIECE LOOSELY IN GROOVE WHERE ANOTHER GROOVE WHERE ANOTHER WILL BE STACKED ABOVE COMPONENT WILL BE STACKED ABOVE

108

PLAN / HORIZONTAL SURFACE / SCULPTED CONDITION

iinfobo infobox inf in nnfffoob

PLAN / HORIZONTAL SURFACE / SCULPTED SCULPT CONDITION

PLAN / HORIZONTAL SURFACE / SCULPTED CONDITION

[derivation of form] kinetic furnishing system

SECTION / VERTICAL SURFACE / SCULPTED CONDITION

small artifact display

SECTION / VERTICAL SURFACE / SCULPTED CONDITION

SECTION / VERTICAL SURFACE / DEFAULT CONDITION

information display

kinetic enclosure system [derivation of form]

109

infoobo obboox ox

large artifact displayy

110

PLAN

infoboxx ELEVATION

[result] plan + elevation

1’

2’

4’

8’

1’

2’

4’

8’

plan + elevation [result]

111

infobox n ob

112

infobox n 1’

[result] elevation

2’

4’

8’

1’

2’

4’

8’

elevation [result]

113

iinfobox in n bboo

114

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

3/4” EXTERIOR LAYER OF STAINED OAK VENEER 1/2” PLYWOOD CORE 3/4” INTERIOR LAYER OF STAINED OAK VENEER STEEL “T” CONNECTION PIECE FASTENER 4”x 10” GLULAM ROOF BEAM 4”x 8” GLULAM COLUMN CUSTOMIZED MODULAR COMPONENT MADE FROM RECYCLED WOOD PALLET CYLINDRICAL STEEL CONNECTION PIECE RECYCLED WOOD PALLET 1” PLYWOOD SHEATHING 4”x 10” GLULAM FLOOR BEAM FASTENER STEEL PLATE TO CYLINDER CONNECTION PIECE 10” DIAMETER CONCRETE SONOTUBE

infobox nfffob foob 11 12 13 14 15

1’

[result] wall section

2’

3’

01 02 03 04 05 06

11 12 13 14 15

partial elevation [result]

115

infobox iinf in nnffo

116

04 06 09 10

infobox 1’

[result] partial plan

2’

3’

117 sectional model [result]

118

interstitiality

This project is an exercise in exploring the relationships of part to whole (a whole/whole relationship) and module to frame (a matter-field) as a foundation for strategy in structural approach, spatial arrangements at different scales, and incorporation of the city experience. A mixed-use, mid-rise building in downtown Chicago is the product of this exercise. A basic, cubic, repeating element rotated within the spaces of a grid gives birth to a captivating retail façade condition and a practical use of interstitial space. The module, repeated inside and out, serves to give the exterior observer an understanding of the interior arrangement of space. The module is designed to a universal size such that it can play certain roles—vertical circulation core, residential lobby space, retail space, a kitchen/dining space, a living space, a single bedroom, a bathroom/office/laundry combination, a single parking space—but not necessarily others—structure, storage, balconies. The module is arranged at a rectilinear grid with spacing slightly larger than the module such that upon module rotation, interstitial spaces emerge. These interstitial spaces play the roles of precisely those absent from the program of the module itself; structure (on intersections of the grid) and storage inhabit the interior interstitial spaces, while balconies inhabit exterior interstitial spaces.

interstitiality

119

This form has a unique, advantageous effect on the façade. Retail spaces experience greater window display area as compared to conventional rectilinear city facades, varied orientation of views to capture people from different parts of the street, less deviation required from the pedestrian’s forward path to enter retail, and less deviation required from a pedestrian’s forward view to window shop. Residential spaces benefit from greater surface area to let in daylight, and varied orientation of views. The rotated cubic module system offers many possibilities with regards to unit layout. Strategic application of materiality offers privacy control as demanded by specific conditions between units and between spaces within units.

120

the module DN

retail space

vertical circulation

lobby

kitchen/dining

living

bathroom/ laundry/office

LARGER MODULE

bedroom

parking space SMALLER MODULE

interstitiality inte nte nt tte s it lityy [derivation of form] role + arrangement of the module

module

balcony space

RESIDENTIAL

structure/storage occupiable space

STORAGE FLEXIBILITY walk-in closet

built-in cabinetry closet

RETAIL

role of the interstitial space [derivation of form]

121

interstitiality built-in shelving

122

interstitiality in CONVENTIONAL STOREFRONT 205 feet, 1845 square feet PROPOSED STOREFRONT 271 feet, 2439 square feet

[derivation of form] increased storefront

PROPOSED STRUCTURE variation of angle at which storefront captures pedestrian

viewing range structure

CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURES limited angle at which storefront captures pedestrian

variety in orientation of storefront views [derivation of form]

123

interstitiaaality

FROM NORTH

FROM SOUTH

FFROM O SOUTH

FROM SOUTH

124

FROM NORTH FROM EAST

interstitiality in nterstitiality t t i l FROM WEST

FROM EAST

FROM WEST

[derivation of form] variety in orientation of entry

TO RETAIL SPACE #1 TO RETAIL SPACE #2 TO RETAIL SPACE #3

54째

PROPOSED STRUCTURE smaller deviation from path direction to enter, smaller deviation from forward-facing view

9 0째 90째

CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURES greater deviation from path direction,

greater deviation from forward-facing view

variety in orientation of entry [derivation of form]

125

iinterstitiality sttitti ssti

126

public

UNIT ONE

UNIT TWO DIRECTION OF VIEW

PUBLIC SPACE

kitchen, living, office

metal mesh over glass

PRIVATE SPACE

bedroom

semi-opaque glass

private

ACCOMODATION OF VARYING RESIDENTIAL FACADE CONDITIONS wood

interstitiality ia [derivation of form] pallete + material application

RD EVARD LASALLE BOULEVA LASA

Stop & Drink Liquor House Orange

site plan [result]

127

iinterstitiality nters nnterst nt ters te rsttiitittitia tiality iiaaality llitiitty AG AVENUE CHICAGO

128

interstitiality [result] view from across intersection

DOWN

plan of level 1 (retail) [result]

129

interstitiality in nnterssst stitiality titialit ttititia itia titiaaality lity lit

130

E DOWN

DN UP

interstitiality terstitiality te errs eers rsstit stttit tittitia ialit aallit l ty ty [result] plan of levels 2-3 (parking)

6 2

DN UP

B 4

3 DN

3 4

DN UP

7 5

4 5

inttersti interstitiality in e tititi litity 6

plan of levels 4, 6, 8 (residential) [result]

131

132

Kitchen/Dining Living Bedroom Bathroom Laundry Office Balcony

7 1 2

Lobby A Vertical Circulation B Mechanical C

4 6

6 1

4 3

interstitiality three-bedroom

2436 square feet

one-bedroom 1392 square feet

[result] unit in plan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 6 3

2 4

one-bedroom

1390 square feet

two-bedroom

1740 square feet

one-bedroom 1390 square feet

4 1

interstitiality 3

unit in plan [result]

133

5 2

134

innt nnterstitiality ters rsti sttiitiial iaaallity ty [result] section

residential/parking as facade covering

retail as customizable window display backdrops

material installation [result]

135

inteers rrsstit rst stiti stitial i iialit al ality ty ty

136 [result] walking along storefront

137 model [result]

138

faceted

This project is an exercise in designing with wood as a primary construction material and working through all stages of the architectural process, from conceptual design to construction documents. Also an exercise in designing as a team, this project represents the design and production work of a three-member collaboration consisting of myself, Jon Schedler and Frank Zimmerman. The design problem involves the program of a permanent Boat Storage Facility, the clients of UWM School of Freshwater Sciences, the Milwaukee Police Department, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources , and the site of Milwaukeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Inner Harbor. Through site analysis, the land to water relationship was studiedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the boundary between the two over time, the longevity of the two, and the surface area of the two. The site, as a former marshland, was deemed to benefit from maximum green space to help recover a lost natural environment. Through program analysis, the requirement of a public observation tower led to the redefinition of a traditionally private program into an exposed one via a glorified public landscape. It was discovered through site and program analysis that the site (located at the unique point at which the waterway streaming from Lake Michigan is shaped to slide into the street grid on the Milwaukee land) is closely related to the program of the boat storage facility (the transition of boats between water and land). An allusion to each direction of approach (that by water and that by land) was identified as an appropriate design solution. The resulting design begins with the concept of lifting the current landscape such that it maintains its function as publicly occupiable space while at the same time adding the function of shelter to the boat house. This plane is then manipulating with faceting, pushing, and carving by a foreign object. The luminous and pristene shard that is the observation tower has the effect of dividing the program and creating an entry nodeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;(1) smaller, private pieces of program inhabit the more intimate office setting and are given a relationship with the green space at the west of site, while (2) the larger, open pieces of program inhabit the grander setting and are given a relationship with the Greenfield slip.

139

faceted

A wooden deck wraps the ceiling and part of the rooftopp landscape to act as a rainscreen on the exterior, provide openings for lighting and other substructure on the interior, and to brous rous cord makes up the innovative highlight the movement of the facets. A wood-based fibrous manner maintains the facade that tackles the varying floor to ceiling heights inn a graceful manner, vertical aesthetic created by the lifting of the landscape, adapts to different levels of privacy and daylighting by offering variety in density, and creates compelling light play.

140

facetedd

[site analysis] land to water transition

10,000 RIP-RAP

longevity of contextual elements [site analysis]

141

ffacete ace ceeted tedd

142

FROM LAND

faceted facete ace cete ee

[site analysis] approach

FROM WATER

approach [site analysis]

143

144

BUILDING PLAN

faceted

[intent] display of building function

FACADE ELEVATION

SITE PLAN

roof place as continuation of landscape + public space [intent]

145

faceted

146

[1] LAND

[2] LIFT

[3] DIVIDE

faceted eted ete eedd

[4] PUSH

[5] CARVE

[derivation of form] display of building function

147 rooftop landscape + approach [result]

148 [result] site plan

149 boat hall interior + office space interior [result]

150 [result] approach from land @ night

151 approach from land @ night [result]

01 02

14 12 10 11

152

[result] plan + section

18 16

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

entry lobby reception dnr offices mpd offices mpd dispatcher room mpd bunk room dnr + mpd storage room women’s restroom women’s changing room men’s restroom men’s changing room break space boat storage hall repair shop material and parts storage shop manager’s office fleet office shop toilet

153 plan + section [result]

154

faceted ceted eedd [result] plan + section

plan + section [result]

155

ffacete faceted ac acet ete

156 [result] building model

157 building model [result]

158 [result] sectional model

sectional model [result]

159

faceted

160

faceted eted et eete ted

[result] wall section @ typical facade condition

detail @ typical facade condition [result]

161

faceted a e

162

faceted fac ffa aacc t d

[result] detail @ typical facade condition

wall section @ tower [result]

163

faceted

164

faceted [result] detail @ tower

detail @ tower [result]

165

faceted