IN TODAYS SOCIETY CAN A WOMAN’S APPEARANCE BE A LIABILITY? LAURA IVORY H00102138 2014 / 2015
THE ABSTRACT
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Today, women face an endless amount of pressure put on them by society regarding their appearance. Women need to change the way that they define beauty, as they are the ones that have put this pressure upon themselves, constantly comparing others to celebrities or women they pass on the street that they deem to be beautiful. The way in which a woman’s appearance can be seen as a liability is due to the endless products and services that are becoming more and more accessible to the everyday woman. Cosmetic surgery, both surgical and non-surgical procedures are on the rise and clinics such as The Transform Medical Group are seeing patients return on a regular basis. The way in which cosmetic surgery has made its way to fashion editorials and publications such as Noi.se Magazine, as luxury high-end fashion spreads showcasing the elite world that the everyday woman could be part of overshadows the fact that cosmetic surgery carries a risk similar to any other form of surgery. The media and social media, in particular the selfie, is something that can make a woman very self-conscious. This is due to the idea that the image is there for the world to see and judge. The idea that beauty is judged by how responses the image receives on instagram is something that needs to change in order to take the pressure off women. Through secondary research including online articles and fashion publications, as well as primary research including interviews with individuals from the cosmetic surgery industry, a survey targeted at women, and a focus group of five females, the idea has been explored that a woman’s appearance is indeed a liability.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.0
INTRODUCTION 5
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WAYS WOMEN CAN ALTER THEIR APPEARANCE 5 / 12 COSMETIC SURGERY, THE PERMANENT ART FORM WHY WOMEN GO AHEAD WITH COSMETIC SURGERY THE RISE IN COSMETIC SURGERY COSMETIC SURGERY IN THE MEDIA A PAINFUL OR A LUXURIOUS EXPERIENCE?
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3
COSMETICS AND ROUTINE 13 / 17 TEETH WHITENING TREND POSITIVE ASPECTS OF MAKE UP NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF MAKE UP SOCIAL MEDIA 18 / 19 INSTAGRAM “THE SELFIE” CHARITY CAMPAIGN FASHION MAGAZINES 20 / 22 PHOTOSHOP RETOUCHING UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE CHANTELLE WINNIE – CHANGING THE FACE OF BEAUTY
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CONCLUSION 23
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 25 / 27
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 / 32
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This essay intends to explore and delve into the possible perceptions that make a woman’s appearance a liability. The dictionary definition of a liability is, “a person or thing whose presence or behavior is likely to put one at a disadvantage.” (Dictionary.com, 2014). Whichever way you look at it, beauty is determined by society, and women are always comparing themselves to others and judging themselves on what society deems to be beautiful. Arthur Marwick states in his book: Beauty in History - Society, Politics and Personal Appearance that “Beauty is a physical attribute, distinct from morality, or intelligence, or any other quality: it is autonomous.” (Marwick, A. 1988). With this in mind, taking physical beauty as a sole trait for a woman to have, how can she keep up with the ever-changing pressures and perceptions that society has today?
There are a number of ways that a woman can alter her appearance to keep up with the ever-changing expectations from society, from the mild and temporary art of applying make up to enhance herself on a day to day basis, to the extreme and permanent art of going under the surgeons knife for cosmetic surgery. The question is how far would a woman actually go? Cosmetic surgery can be seen as the most extreme and permanent form in which a woman can alter her appearance. Going under the surgeon’s knife in order to permanently change ones appearance is something that cannot be taken lightly as cosmetic surgeons can only achieve ‘perfection’ to a certain degree. What one woman may deem as perfection might not be up to the standard of another and this is where it can spiral out of control if more and more surgery is under taken to achieve perfection. Why do women feel the need to go to the extreme level of enhancing or even altering their appearance through cosmetic surgery? The answer could possibly be the attitude that women have today towards surgery, “A wrinkle here, a sag there—for some women, it’s just the aging process, for others, a less-than-perfect face or figure” (Dr. Robert Tornambe, Warning Signs of Narcissism and Appearance Obsession). Having the right attitude and keeping a level head during the decision making to whether it is just an aging process or whether to keep up with the levels of beauty that are ever changing, is something that a woman needs to decide for herself. With the rise of both surgical and non-surgical procedures for women in the UK apparent we are clearly a society that deems it acceptable to go ahead with this extreme level of beauty treatment. It is apparent through the rise of cosmetic surgery that women constantly want to improve their appearance to keep up with what is expected from others.
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During a visit to the UK’s number one cosmetic surgery clinic, Transform Medical Group in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, they stated that a woman’s appearance is very important. The percentage of surgical to non-surgical procedures that the Transform Medical Group carries out in their 27 clinics across the UK is vast. With only 15% of patients having non-surgical procedures, which can be anything from anti-aging skin treatments and peels, skin lifting and tightening to laser hair removal on a regular, repetitive basis. Compare this to an astonishing 85% of their patients who undergo a permanent surgical procedure including breast enlargements or lifts, tummy tuck and weight loss surgery as well as facelifts and rhinoplasty.
AS A SOCIETY HAVE WE PUSHED THESE WOMEN TOO FAR IN ORDER TO ENHANCE THEIR APPEARANCE?
The cosmetic surgery industry was worth £750m in the UK in 2005, £2.3bn in 2010 and is “forecast to reach £3.6bn by 2015”, (Gallagher, 2014). This dramatic rise in figures echoes the fact in which women are allowing themselves to go ahead with cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. The Transform Medical Group has seen a steady increase in surgical operations year on year for the last ten years. They put this down to a number of factors including surgery being more affordable and accessible to the everyday woman as well as it becoming more socially acceptable and having very few negative stigmas attached. Shami Thomas, the PR Manager at Transform Medical Group explained during an interview that I carried out, “I think the media has a big part to play in the rise of surgical procedures- from high profile celebrities having surgery, to more documentaries about the results people can achieve as well as the Internet and social forums.” (Thomas, S. 2014. Transform Medical Group). The topic of cosmetic surgery has slowly but surely made its way into the media in a number of ways, both the positive and the negative aspects of cosmetic surgery are used as inspiration for fashion editorials, newspaper and online articles, but can this be blamed for today’s woman feeling the need to go ahead with surgery to enhance her appearance?
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Australian niche magazine, Noi.se, featured a cosmetic surgery editorial called Pull Yourself Together, which shows cosmetic surgery in negative and sinister way. The fact that Noi.se magazine has taken something that is done behind closed doors and in a private, medical facility and exposed it in a high end glamorous way adds a surreal element to the image. The photographer, Baard Lunde, captures a particular expression on the models face that implies that she is in pain. See figure one. The idea of pain is something that is overshadowed by the idea of the final result when going ahead with cosmetic surgery. The way in which Jordan Almens flawless face is being pulled by wires signifies the extreme level of cosmetic surgery.
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FIGURE ONE
(Noi.se. Pull Yourself Together, 2013)
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Figure two is another image taken from the cosmetic surgery editorial featured in Noi.se magazine the fact that the model is naked as she is undergoing a non-surgical procedure signifies an element of vulnerability. All women are vulnerable the minute they step into the cosmetic surgery clinic as they are putting themselves out there to be criticised and judged by a surgeon. During an interview I carried out, via email, with Shami Thomas, the PR Manager at Transform Medical Group, she explained that “we turn away 3 out of every 10 patients that come for a consultation.� (Thomas, S. 2014. Transform Medical Group). This echoes the fact that the patient is the vulnerable one and the surgeon is the one that holds the power. The reasons differ to why they turn away three in ten possible patients from the surgeon feels that the patient would not benefit from going ahead with surgery to the patient has unrealistic expectations of the final outcome. Many women forget the fact that undergoing any level of surgery can be dangerous and have its complications. Other negative aspects of undergoing such a permanent art include the physical and emotional risks that come hand in hand when undergoing surgery: the physical pain, the healing process, excess bleeding and possible scaring. Together with emotional factors including high expectations of the patient not being met and having to have additional procedures, anger issues, depression and even the possibility of isolation. This is sometimes overshadowed by the fantasy and the idea of what could be.
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FIGURE TWO (Noi.se. Pull Yourself Together, 2013)
To argue with the negative elements of cosmetic surgery being portrayed within Noi.se magazine, Vogue Italia adds somewhat of a luxury aspect to going ahead with a procedure. Figure three is an image taken by photographer Steven Meisel for a shoot called Makeover Madness for July 2005 Vogue Italia gives the perception of an exclusive and luxurious element to it implying that cosmetic surgery an elite art form. During a visit to the Transform Medical Group clinic in Jesmond, I carried out a one to one interview with Barbara Davison, manager of the clinic in Jesmond, she explained in detail what the protocols that they follow when it comes to a patient’s experience. She explained that The Transform Medical Group have two hospitals for their patients to undergo a surgical procedure, one, Transform Pines Hospital in Manchester, and the other, Transform Riverside Hospital in Brentford. Patients that visit the clinic in Jesmond are provided with a personal driver and car to escort them to one of the hospitals for surgery, “Yes, this may add a sense of luxury to the experience, but we just want the best treatment for our patients.” (Davison, B. 2014. Transform Medical Group). The luxury fashion magazine, Tatler feature a ”Beauty & Cosmetic Surgery Guide 2014” on their website. Tatler magazine has the wealthiest readership of all Condé Nast publications and “the average readers household income is £100,831.” (Tatler Media Pack, 2014). “We’ve found a new pain-killing technique that’s taking the boo out of Botox and we’ve been getting up-closeand-personal with the country’s top surgeons, dermatologists and cosmetic doctors” (Tatler, 2014). Taking all of this into consideration it is possible to conclude that the luxurious picture that they have created through their online guide to cosmetic surgery could seduce Tatler’s wealthy readership.
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FIGURE THREE
(Vogue.it, 2014)
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On the opposite end of the scale the milder art of make up and beauty regimes are something that is a less permanent cheaper alternative to cosmetic surgery and something that is evident in the everyday woman’s life. To support this idea, I carried out a survey via Survey Monkey, asking 38 women questions regarding the topic of appearances. When asked the question, “Do you have a daily beauty routine?” 33 of the 38 women that participated in my survey answered, “Yes”. From the simple to the outlandish, it is something that a woman cannot deny.
(Result from my survey, November 2014)
According to a recent survey, commissioned by Feel Unique, of 2000 women, “A third of women think their partner would be absolutely mortified if he knew the true extent of what took place behind the bathroom door for half an hour every day.” (Mail Online, 2013). Yet women are expected to go through this long process to make themselves presentable to the outside world. Women of all ages today are constantly bombarded with make up tips and tricks that they are expected to already have understanding of.
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The recent interest in teeth whitening, something that was once only an option for the privileged, has slowly made its way onto the high street and is more affordable for the everyday woman to purchase. Once restricted only to private dental surgeries can now be done in the comfort of a woman’s home. Gone are the days when women made foul tasting concoctions of baking soda, lemon juice and peroxide, now the choices are endless, from teeth whitening tooth pastes, whitening strips to at home gel laser light kits, but why do women feel the need to go to this level of altering their appearance? In a survey carried out by The British Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, “A third of the population (32%) say they are ‘concerned by the look of their teeth,” and “Over a quarter (27%) continues to believes that cosmetic dentistry can improve quality of life.” The concern has stemmed from the pressure that women feel in today’s society to look their best. I conducted a focus group amongst a group of 5 women aged between 20 and 25 to discuss the topic of their appearance; “I read an article on the Daily Mail online that stated that 58% of men’s ‘must-haves’ for a date are good teeth.” See appendix six. This implies that the pressure for women to keep not only their overall appearance up to a high level, but also have a perfect Hollywood smile to match. “I always take note of other peoples teeth, I think it’s a reflection on the person,” was one statement made throughout the focus group. Figure four is an image taken from Noi.se magazine from a feature called Pull Yourself Together, which shows the exposure of the models teeth. The image signifies how critical we are as a society of women’s teeth and just how closely they are inspected. When a woman shows her pearly white Hollywood smile her confidence shines through and is apparent for the world to see. In the same way in which if a woman feels presentable and well put together, her positive attitude and confidence is visible; “If I think I look good in myself, then I can face my day and the world confidently. Similarly if I haven’t spent much time and rushed getting ready, I feel as if I shy away and I’m not as positive.” This was another statement that was touched upon within the focus group that I conducted, see appendix six, which asked 5 females what they thought about their appearance.
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FIGURE FOUR
(Noi.se. Pull Yourself Together, 2013) - 15 -
A women’s lifestyle can put added pressure on her to keep up with her appearance and make up is often an art in which a woman can enhance and “mould her face to look modern, make certain impressions and portray her personality,” (Madsen, 2014, p.131) explains Lucia Pica in a interview in i-D magazines latest Winter 2014, The Beautiful Issue. Italian make up artist Lucia Pica explains the power that make up has for a women and that women should always remind themselves that the face has and will always be “the focal point of great influential beauty.” (Madsen, 2014, p.131). The idea that a woman can alter the way in which she appears to others depending on different occasions is such a powerful thing. A daytime, flawless and understated look can be dramatically altered to suit and evening out, “It’s a powerful tool and a wonderful way of enhancing ones beauty.” (Madsen, 2014, p.131). Fashion magazines offer the everyday women the chance to feel empowered and experiment with the latest influential beauty looks, a bold lip colour here, a dark eye shadow there, the possibilities are endless, see figure five. It is a confident booster for women to face the world with as it has the ability to hide possible flaws and any imperfections which can reduce a woman’s self consciousness. Make up can also be an extension of a woman’s identity and a platform of expression. The way in which a woman has the control to apply make up to express her identity and to even stand out from the crowd is something to be celebrated. Although make up is a powerful art and a confidence booster to women, it can be seen to some as being a crutch or “a mask to hide behind,” (Madsen, 2014, p.131). During a focus group that I conducted of 5 women aged 20 to 25 to discuss the idea of make up, one woman stated, “I must spend about 20 minutes applying make up on a morning, constantly touching it up during the day and then if I’m going out it takes me even longer.” See appendix six. Yes make up can be a powerful tool, but it must be taken into consideration how long it takes to enhance and alter a woman’s focal point of the face. Women are so busy with daily tasks and activities that realistically do they have time in their busy day to take 20 or so minutes out to apply make up? Using make up as a quick fix for a woman’s self esteem could possible shadow the underlining issue of insecurity or self-consciousness. A woman’s character and personality shouldn’t be hidden through the application of make up but it should be enhanced and brought to the forefront of her appearance.
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FIGURE FIVE
(i-D. Who Said Nights Were For Sleep? 2014)
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Social media is a very influential platform in today’s society as it allows individuals thoughts and activities to be shared to other users around the world within a second of posting it online. People can have instant access to all forms of social media from a touch of a button where ever they are. The restriction of accessing the Internet while out in public has been eliminated and users now have the ability to connect through wireless points or using 3G Internet right in the palm of their hands. Instagram, which is an online photo and video sharing form of social media, has more than 75 million users worldwide on a daily basis and shows no sign of slowing down any time soon. The trending topic of the Selfie, a self-portraiture image taken on a mobile device, became the word of the year by The Oxford Dictionary in November 2013.In March 2014, “20 billion photos and videos” (Smith, 2014) had been shared on the social media site backing up the fact that it is an influential platform that people in today’s society use. It allows individuals an insight to others lives, including those of celebrities and this is where the use of social media can cause a problem. An online article claims that from a study conducted by The Body Shop, “The average British woman will spend a whole month of her life – or 753 hours - taking, deleting, retaking, applying filters and retouching the perfect Selfies” (Davies, 2014). This shocking statistic questions the level of perfection that a woman is expected to show through her appearance. Although women can be heavily influenced by another persons appearance and strive for that level of ‘perfection,’ the pressure to create a good impression online is getting out of hand. With this in mind, Edward Farrior, MD, President of the American Academy of Facial Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery states in an online article, “Social platforms like Instagram, Snapchat which are solely image based, force patients to hold a microscope up to their own image and often look at it with a more self-critical eye than ever before,” (Aafprs, 2014). Taking this into consideration, the idea that a woman is heavily self-critical can cause her to alter her appearance in an extreme way. The manner in which Instagram works is that it allows users images to appear on a timeline that others can scroll through, like and comment on. The images are mixed with both the everyday user and those images of celebrities. A woman can be very self critical but the thought that her Selfie can appear above or below a image that say Beyoncé posted, isn’t going to give that woman a particularly big confidence boost. i-D magazine’s Beauty Issue, features quotes from the models that are photographed in the publication, “People now judge beauty by how many likes they get on Instagram,” (Payne, 2014, p.196).
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The 18 year old designer goes on to explain that a beautiful woman has self confidence in herself “without being cocky or narcissistic,” (Payne, 2014, p.196) a trait that doesn’t come through when posting a self-portrait to the social media platform, Instagram. To argue this statement Instagram does have a positive aspect to it that was highlighted recently in the’ No Make Up Selfie,’ campaign for Breast Cancer. The ‘#NoMakeUpSelfie’ went viral in the UK in a matter of days and raised more than £8 million in 6 days. The campaign saw thousands of women coming together and posting a picture of them selves going bare, wearing no make up and taking the opportunity to nominate other women to get involved. The self-portrait campaign encouraged women to text ‘BEAT’ costing just £3 per text that contributed to the grand total. The head of Digital Engagement for The Breast Cancer charity, James Elliot said, “It’s great to see so many people getting involved and coming together to help raise money and awareness of cancer.” (Breastcancercampaign.org, 2014). Cancer Research UK said the donations would allow the charity to carry out 10 clinical trials that it did not have the ability to carry out prior to the money being raised through the social media campaign.
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Fashion magazines play a major part in women’s lives today, it’s a chance for some to look through the glossy pages and lust over the latest designer garments the exciting and daring styling of the models hair and make up and just for a split second offers a sense of escapement. But is there too much pressure on the women of today to mirror what they see in these magazines? From an early age women are exposed to the unrealistic idea and image of female icons representing feminine beauty, but we forget that the images have been manipulated in some way. Feminist critic Nina Power explains in her book One Dimensional Woman that Photoshop has turned “fashion photography into something you’d want to lick rather than emulate.” (Power, 2009). Taking this into consideration, women appear far from recognisable in the glossy fashion magazines that women put themselves down due to the fact that it is something that realistically cannot be achieved. An article written in i-D magazine’s Beautiful Issue Winter 2014, Beauty is More Than Skin Deep, and Bertie Brandes explains “Retouching only becomes problematic when the final image is lazily attempting to deceive or manipulate its audience.” (Brandes, 2014). Women are more self-conscious today than ever before, every photo taken or glance in the mirror is over analysed. The way in which fashion images are over edited to create something that the fashion industry deem to be ‘perfection’ is something that women need to understand in a different mindset. If women change their mindset to appreciate the images that are shown on the glossy pages of fashion magazines and understand that they are ideas of aspirational beauty and not something that is expected of them today then possibly it would decrease the level of self consciousness. Some of the iconic fashion photographers including Nick Knight and Jeff Koon’s use Photoshop to retouch or digitally enhance images that adds to their own aesthetic to make their work recognisable. Who expects women to mirror what the media deems to be beautiful, is the answer not society? Women are the ones that have created this idea that they should emulate what they see when they flick through the pages of these fashion magazines. Therefore are they not the ones that have put this pressure on themselves? The problem could easily be resolved by changing the understanding of what women’s fashion magazines are for, an element of escapism.
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Fashion magazines such as i-D aren’t conforming to what society understands and expects models to look like anymore. In a recent issue of i-D, The Beautiful Issue, the idea of variety within individuals is explored. The What Makes You Different Makes You Beautiful feature looks into how what some people may see as a flaw in ones appearance, can actually be the thing that determines their beauty. Chantelle Winnie is a 20 year old Canadian model with everything that society would expect a model to have, striking beauty and an infectious personality. She may have everything that is expected for her to be a model, but she also has a skin condition called Vitiligo that causes partial depigmentation of her skin, see figure six. Through i-D using her as not only a model within a fashion spread but also telling her story through an in depth interview opens the gateways to change the understanding of beauty. Embracing a flaw should be something that determines and expressed beauty within a woman. The interview written by Francesca Dunn, the America’s Next Top Model contestant, Chantelle Winnie states, “I feel the idea of beauty should come from your own head and heart” (Dunn, 2014). This is something that women should embrace and sympathise with to change their understanding of beauty.
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FIGURE SIX (i-D. What Makes You Different Makes You Beautiful, 2014)
It all comes down to how we as women today understand beauty, looking at other women that we pass on the street shouldn’t trigger an automatic reaction of judgment, we should embrace the variety that we see in others and appreciate it. My research has led to me to believe that a women’s appearance can be a liability because of the pressures that they face from all angles of society; other women, beauty trends and regimes, the celebrity culture, social networking sites, fashion magazines and even the media. I believe that women of today are much more self conscious and vulnerable than previous women in history and the lifestyles and how they live affect the way that they see themselves in the mirror. Personally I feel that women should change the definition of beauty for themselves and should not be led to believe what the media deems the level of perfection to be. The issue was raised within the focus group that I conducted that “people shouldn’t dictate who I am or make me judge myself,” which I believe to be such a strong statement that women should follow. I believe there to be a constant battle that women face today in order to look younger, prettier and healthier and with the endless amount of products and services that are becoming more and more accessible to the everyday woman it is becoming a lot easier to achieve this type of perfection. The fact that more and more women in today’s world would go ahead with such a drastic and permanent act of cosmetic surgery is a sign that society has pushed women too far to seek a particular level of acceptance with society. Why shouldn’t women be able to embrace their own natural beauty instead of comparing themselves to individuals from the celebrity culture or even those women they pass on the street? The idea of having a beauty regime should be a personal aspect to a woman’s life, if she chooses not to wear make up she should get a second glance for the fact she is a natural beauty, not because she is going bare faced. I spend approximately an hour and half every morning altering and enhancing my appearance through a long and tedious beauty regime of, applying make up and instant fake tan, washing and styling my hair as well as spending at least 10 minutes choosing an outfit. I don’t believe that others should dictate the way I look, but I know that if I was to take away my regime, there would be judgment from fellow colleagues, friends and even strangers I pass on the street- I would define that as a liability.
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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FIGURE ONE | PAGE 8
Noi.se Magazine, (2014). Pull Yourself Together. [image] Available at: http://www.baardlunde.com/beauty# [Accessed 11 Nov. 2014].
FIGURE TWO | PAGE 10
Noi.se Magazine, (2014). Pull Yourself Together. [image] Available at: http://www.baardlunde.com/beauty# [Accessed 11 Nov. 2014].
FIGURE THREE | PAGE 12
Capiaghi, A. (2010). [image] Available at: http://www.vogue.it/en/ people-are-talking-about/obsession-of-the-day/2010/12/plasticsurgery [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014].
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FIGURE FOUR | PAGE 15
Noi.se Magazine, (2014). Pull Yourself Together. [image] Available at: http://www.baardlunde.com/beauty# [Accessed 11 Nov. 2014].
FIGURE FIVE | PAGE 17
i-D, (2014). lucia pica is the make-up artist taking our faces into a dynamic new era. [image] Available at: http://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/ article/lucia-pica-is-the-make-up-artist-taking-our-faces-into-adynamic-new-era [Accessed 24 Nov. 2014].
FIGURE SIX | PAGE 22
i-D, (2014). What Makes You Different Makes You Beautiful. [image] Available at: http://i-d.vice.com/en_gb/article/chantellewinnie-proves-that-what-makes-you-different-makes-you-beautiful [Accessed 24 Nov. 2014].
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Aafprs, (2014). Selfie Trend Increases Demand for Facial Plastic Surgery - Aafprs. [online] Available at: http://www.aafprs.org/media/ press_release/20140311.html [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Brandes, B. (2014). Beauty is More Than Skin Deep. i-D, (334), p.32. Breastcancercampaign.org, (2014). No Make Up Selfie catches on for Breast Cancer Campaign Cancer Awareness. [online] Available at: http://www.breastcancercampaign.org/articles/comment-on-nomakeup-selfie-viral-campaign-for-cancer-awareness [Accessed 24 Nov. 2014]. Capiaghi, A. (2010). [image] Available at: http://www.vogue.it/en/ people-are-talking-about/obsession-of-the-day/2010/12/plasticsurgery [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Davies, T. (2014). 753 hours spent on creating the perfect selfie. [online] Femalefirst.co.uk. Available at: http://www.femalefirst. co.uk/lifestyle-fashion/stylebeauty/753-hours-spent-perfectingselfie-473367.html [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Davison, B. (2014). Transform Medical Group. Debate.org, (2014). Does makeup empower women?. [online] Available at: http://www.debate.org/opinions/does-makeupempower-women [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Dictionary.com, (2014). the definition of liability. [online] Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/liability [Accessed 20 Nov. 2014]. Dunn, F. (2014). What Makes You Different Makes You Beautiful. i-D, (334), pp.40, 41, 42,43. Gallagher, J. (2014). Plastic surgery ‘booming’ in the UK. [online] BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-25986840 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].
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