Why the Parthenon?

Why The Parthenon?

A Short Collection of Facts, Figures, and Curiosities

By: Laura Mann ARCH_511: Seminar on Ancient Athens Fall_2010

Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................. p. 1-5 Why this book exists

As Seen on TV.............................................................................p. 6-9 The Parthenon in film

Survey Says... ............................................................................p. 10-17 Ask the Audience - a look at how everyday people feel

Imitation is the Sincerest Form of Flattery..................................p. 18-23 Examining the Parthenon in other works of architecture

Odds and Ends............................................................................p. 24-33 Random bits and pieces

The Moral of the Story................................................................p. 34-37 What does it all mean?

A Special Thanks To... ...............................................................p. 38-39 Acknowledging borrowed sources

Introduction

Introduction

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Preface If you are looking for a scholarly work on the ins and outs of the Parthenon, this is not the place to find it. This study examines the Parthenon from an angle rarely taken in intellectual circles but that is arguably as valid today as research written by experts - popular sources. The goal of this compilation is to gather information from everyday sources that are typically ignored in legitimate research projects - Wikipedia, polls, movies, and Google, to name a few, and from this vast amount of information, formulate conclusions and conjectures to answer the fundamental question:

WHY the Parthenon?

The Parthenon is arguably one of the most recognized and celebrated buildings, considered “perfect� by many people.

How is it that this ancient temple, constructed over 2,000 years ago, can still be this recognized and celebrated today?

Research for this compilation began from a very biased point of view, presumed that the love and knowledge of the Parthenon was virtually universal, which led to the key question of WHY this building is so darned special.

About the Author Laura A. Mann is a Graduate student at the University of Illinois working toward her Master of Architecture degree with a concentration in Historic Preservation. She did her undergraduate work at the University of Michigan, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in Architecture in May 2010. She has a background in ancient Greek architecture and visited and was awed by the Parthenon herself in 2008. No matter how hard she tries to escape its draw, she keeps finding herself back face-to-face with the infamous building, leading her to believe there is something more than meets the eye about this particular work of architecture. As Professor Senseney’s Seminar on Ancient Architecture repeatedly overlapped with other classes and the Parthenon habitually popped up in manifestoes and theoretical works over the last 200 years she decided there had to be some unconscious reason the world seems to love the Parthenon and decided to pursue the topic as her seminar project.

Disclaimer Everything you are about to read is conjecture and hypothesis on the part of the author based on hopefully reputable sites and information. Research was conducted as impartially and participants selected as randomly as possible given limited time and resources. All photographs were borrowed from Google Images unless otherwise noted.

Introduction

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1. prehistoric architecture

Bringing it all Together

Stonehenge (Wiltshire, England) Origin of architecture; using natural objects to create shelter

A History of Architecture Movements And their Archetypal Buildings

2. ancient egyptian

Pyramids at Giza (Cairo, Egypt) Sun-baked mud brick and stone buildings; mainly religious monuments

3. classical

1.

The Parthenon (Athens, Greece) Marble architecture; creation of the orders; refinements + entasis

4. early christian and medieval

Valere Castle (Silon, Switzerland) Castles; fortresses; basilica; Roman Cross plan

2.

5. romanesque

Canterbury Cathedral (Canterbury, England) Round/slightly pointed arches; barrel vaults

6. gothic

Notre Dame (Paris, France) Flying buttresses; stained glass; rose window; height

3.

7. renaissance 8. baroque

San Carlo (Rome, Italy) Explorations of form, light and shadow; drama; Christian Church

4.

9. neo-classical

The White House (Washington D.C., United States) Derived from architecture from Classical Greece; emphasizes planar qualities

5.

6.

4

St. Peter’s Basilica (Vatican City, Italy) Symmetry; proportion; geometry

7.

8.

10. arts and crafts movement Red House (London, England) Authentic design and decoration; nature; furniture; natural materials

15.

11. art nouveau

Metro Station Entrance (Paris, France) Organic; floral; plant-inspired motifs

12. beaux arts

Opera Garnier (Paris, France) Academic neo-classical; rich; lavish; heavily ornamented

13. neo-gothic

Westminster Palace (London, England) Revival of medieval forms

14. art deco

Chrysler Building (New York, United States) Elegant; glamorous; functional; modern

15. modern

Villa Savoye (Poissy, France) Machine-aesthetic; functional; standardized; white walls In order to locate the construction of the Parthenon within the history of architectural thought and movements since the beginning of time, this chart was created. Several later movements (such as the Neo-Classical or Greek Revival and the Beaux Arts) referenced back to the Classical period for ideas and ways of incorporating symbolism and specific ideas into architecture. A few quick notes/background information: the Parthenon was constructed between 447 and 438 BCE and remained intact until September 26, 1687 when a Venetian bomb hit it during a siege (the Ottoman empire had stored their ammunition, women, and children inside the Parthenon, believing it to be special enough that the Venetians would not dare aim for it. They were wrong.) The Parthenon has captured the imagination of many architects and can be found subtly traced throughout history. It has been said that Villa Savoye (15) by Le Corbusier can be considered “his Parthenon�, and Ronchamp (also by Le Corbusier) was modeled off of the approach sequence to the Parthenon on the Acropolis.

9.

10.

11.

14.

13.

12.

Introduction

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6

As Seen On TV

As Seen On TV7

The Parthenon in Film A Showcase of the Rare Appearances of the Infamous Monument This movie is a BIG deal in terms of appearances of the Parthenon in film because it is THE only movie to be filmed actually ON the Acropolis. Nia Vardalos talked the Greek government into allowing film crews onto the acropolis to shoot this movie - this had never been allowed before because of the Greek ban on using ancient sites for commercial reasons. The scene in which they are actually on the Acropolis is rather short, but it makes several cursory appearances, and the pure fact that it was even permitted to be filmed on-site is significant.

My Life in Ruins (2009)

For the Love of Benji takes place in and around the city of Athens with much of it taking place on the ruins around the Acropolis as this is where Benji hides out for the bulk of the movie. While the Parthenon does not make an appearance, the setting itself is significant.

For the Love of Benji (1977)

The image shown to the left is actually the three heroes of the movie inside the Parthenon in Nashville, TN - a bit of a cop out, but as with For the Love of Benji, film sightings have proved to be so scarce that any use has become important. This film is also a bit of a cop out as the plot itself is based entirely on ancient Greek mythology with a modern and American spin being put on it.

Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010) 8

Top Ten Buildings Destroyed in Movies 1. Statue of Liberty Cloverfield, Planet of the Apes, AI, Ghostbusters II, ID4, X-Men, Deep Impact, The Day After Tomorrow, Batman Forever, Knowing

2. Empire State Building Independence Day, Day After Tomorrow, Superman II, The Man Who Saw Tomorrow, When Worlds Collide, The Giant Claw, Knowing

3. Brooklyn Bridge Godzilla, Cloverfield, Fantastic Four, I Am Legend, Deep Impact

4. Capitol Records Independence Day, Earthquake, The Day After Tomorrow, Mars Attacks!

5. World Trade Center Deep Impact, Meteor, World Trade Center, Armageddon

6. Big Ben

The Parthenon is conspicuously absent from this list. In fact there is no known occasion in which it gets blown up, destroyed, or in any other way mutilated in film. This was not the expected result when the research began, but perhaps the same reason that everyone seems to love the Parthenon is why it seems to be on a sacred ground never touched (or destroyed) in film?

Independence Day, Mars Attacks!, Reign of Fire, Team America

7. Hollywood Sign The Rocketeer, The Day After Tomorrow, Demolition Man

8. Eiffel Tower Superman II, Team America, Armageddon, GI Joe

9. Las Vegas Strip Con Air, Mars Attacks!, Resident Evil: Extinction

10. Washington Monument Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, Mars Attacks!

The Significance of the Parthenon in Film

The Rules of the Acropolis

The expectation when setting out to do this part of the research was that it would be easy to find examples of the Parthenon in film and that how it was portrayed would be telling of how it is perceived by people and why it is so special. It was also presumed that as monuments which are routinely blown up in movies tend to be those which are most recognizable that the Parthenon would show up on the Top Ten list above. Neither of these expectations proved to be true, however.

One probable reason is that Greece, unlike most other countries, is extremely protective of its monuments and heritage. There are very strict rules about what sort of photos you are allowed to take of/in front of monuments, and as is mentioned with My Life in Ruins, Greece has banned the use of ancient sites for commercial purposes in an effort to keep from commodifying something that is in fact significant and should be above commodification. Along these same lines, perhaps the Parthenon rarely appears in films and is never blown up because it is held at such a high esteem, on such a tall pedestal that it would be walking on sacred ground and nearly sacrilegious to destroy the Parthenon in film or portray it in any way that did not present it with the utmost respect.

As Seen On TV9

10

Survey Says...?

Survey Says...?11

Who Said What?

Picking Out the Parthenon

Who

A (Greek Temple in Malta) IT 1 Other 1 Business Professional 1

When given 8 classical buildings, can people pick out which is the Parthenon?

Survey Results Answer

Response Percent

Frequency

Response Count

B (Temple of Hercules) Business Professional 1

A 3% 3 B 1% 1 C 3% 3 D 0% 0 E 86% 86 F 6% 6 G 0% 0 H 1% 1 TOTAL 100% 100

C (The Pantheon) IT 2 Business Professional 1 D (Stoa of Attalos) E (The Parthenon) IT 9 Teacher 6 Architect 15 Business Professional 21 Engineer 5 Retired 5 Other 8 Homemaker 5 No Response 3 Medical 9

The general consensus from this survey is that people do know what the Parthenon looks like and can pick it out of a group of buildings when asked. Out of 100 people asked, 86 were able to pick out the Parthenon, with the second most popular choice being the Temple of Hephaestus (added to the survey to throw people off). Two of the choices, the Stoa of Attalos and the Temple of Zeus, were not chosen by anyone, perhaps implying that people were generally able to recognize at least the triangular pediment and white marble aspects of the building. All 15 architects to fill out the survey were able to pick out the Parthenon, while each wrong answer (except the Colosseum) was chosen by at least one Business Professional, who accounted for the majority of participants.

F (Temple of Hephaestus) Engineer 1 IT 2 Business Professional 2 No Response 1 G (Temple of Zeus) H (Colosseum) Teacher 1

Survey Question: Which of the Following is the Parthenon?

A. Greek Temple in Malta

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B. Temple of Hercules

C. The Pantheon

D. Stoa of Attalos

Who Frequency Bus i nes s Profes s i ona l 26

Participants

Archi tect

15

IT

14

Other

9

Medi ca l

9

Tea cher

7

Engi neer

6

Retired

5

Homema ker

5

No Res pons e

4

TOTAL

Results

100

KEY

100%

Business Professional

90%

Architect

80% 70%

IT

60%

Other

50%

Medical

40%

Teacher

30%

Engineer

20%

Retired

10%

Homemaker

0% A

B

E. The Parthenon

C

D

E

F

F. Temple of Hephaestus

G

No Response

H

G. Temple of Zeus

H. Colosseum

Survey Says...?13

Asking the Proper Questions If you don’t know, ask!

1. What is the Parthenon?

Non-Architecture Responses Old stone building in Greece Building Birthplace of the gods and goddesses Archeological building about the gods Monument A temple to the goddess Athena Monument/ruins in Greece The Parthenon is a temple in Greece Greek architecture Large structure on the Acropolis. I think it was a temple to Athena or Zeus The temple to the goddess Athena on the Athens Acropolis Main temple of the goddess Athena, built on the Acropolis in Greece A building in Greece An ancient Greek Temple

Architecture Responses A Greek complex in Athens on a hill overlooking the city with a series of temples on it where ancient Athenians worshiped Greek temple The central building on the Acropolis in Athens. Its role in ancient Greece was to serve as a temple Temple, main building on the Greek Acropolis A beautiful, monumental building that stood the test of time and stands as a symbol of Greek independence and strength, intellect, and genius The Parthenon is an ancient Greek structure that is located on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece It is a paramount example of western architecture, as decided by many top scholars Greek temple to Athena Parthenos, served as Athens treasury The most celebrated monument of High Classical Greek architecture Located in Athens, Greece on the Acropolis. One of many structures and monuments, mainly the central focus. It evokes geometric and proportional “perfection� An ancient Greek temple on the Acropolis A historic temple located in Greece used to be for assemblage and gatherings?

The main difference between responses from architects vs. those of non-architects is that generally the architecture responses were more detailed. For the most part everyone seemed to be able to at least identify the Parthenon as an important Greek building/monument with the general assumption that it is ancient/old/in ruins. Whereas nonarchitecture responses had a short and general answer, almost all of the architecture answers acknowledged Greece and Athens and most mentioned the Acropolis.

The question was broad enough and answers vague enough that no real conclusions can be made from these responses except to say that people have a general idea of what the Parthenon is and where it is located.

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2. Why is it important?

Non-Architecture Responses Part of Greek Mythology Ancient history The design was innovative Part of 7 wonders Architecture, religion, history Architectural features are repeated/used in modern architecture It was a building used by the Greek rulers in ancient Greece It is a historical building of Classical Greece, is considered the high point of Greek architecture -> It’s the world’s greatest cultural monument Because it has religious meaning One of the last standing structures of the Greek Classical Period It was the religious center of the Athens city-state during classical times, prior to Greece’s conversion to Christianity. It is important today historically as the most important classical temple in Greece and perhaps the entire Mediterranean. Its architecture has influenced countless buildings today, especially in Washington DC, but elsewhere too (eg the New York Stock Exchange building). It is ancient Greek treasure over 2000 years old It represents a major architecture example A. A historic artifact of the ancient Greek civilization which provides insights on how Greeks lived and their influence on Western thought and culture B. It’s design has had an influence on architecture throughout the ages including modern times. C. Makes a really cool post card picture. D. How it managed to last this long.

Architecture Responses It is in a prominent location in a prominent ancient city, its form is iconic and precedent for other buildings even in ancient times and was pretty intact until a few centuries ago It was designed by a famous architect It is one of the most important buildings from Ancient Greece that we have to study today It was the basis for most of our proportions and stylistic features of buildings all the way from the time of its construction through today It has been worshipped and preserved and praised since its inception It embodies much of the design strategies used by the Ancient Greeks, refinements on a single site and in relatively good condition, making it a landmark for studying Ancient Greek design. Curvature, refinements, Hellenic Pride/cultural significance Exemplifies the culmination of Greek Architectural styles It’s a great human achievement One of the most grand and “perfectly” proportional iconic buildings of Greece and of architecture in general It’s considered the ultimate example of the refined architecture achieved by the ancient Greeks It is a historic monument – looked at for its simplistic elements used in a very powerful way

When people were asked to explain exactly why the Parthenon is/was important, they struggled. Most were still able to hit on a reasonable answer, but it is clear that people were generally unsure as to the answer.

Architects had a slightly better understanding but were still iffier than expected. This seems to suggest that people generally know it exists and know its important, but are not necessarily sure about the specifics or why it is so important/well-known.

Survey Says...?15

3. Please sketch the Parthenon Perspectives

3.

2.

1.

4.

5.

7.

6.

8.

9.

The drawing that was expected to appear the most frequently was the perspective, followed by the elevation, as those are the two views most commonly associated with the Parthenon. Generally the perspectives do a good job of quickly representing the building. People seem to understand the basics of a Greek temple and are able to associate that with the Parthenon in order to sketch a perspective.

10.

Elevations 13.

11.

12.

16.

14.

16

15.

17.

Elevations were another popular drawing type, most likely because they are easily recognizable and easier to draw than a perspective. All of the elevations (except 17) get the general form of a Greek temple right - pediment, columns, stairs/ stylobate. As with the perspectives, people seem to have a general idea of what a Greek temple looks like, and for the purposes of this question, are able to associate “Greek temple” with “Parthenon” to produce a recognizable sketch.

Off the Beaten Track

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26.

23.

25.

27.

24.

These sketches are the “out there” sketches, depicting the Parthenon in unexpected ways. 27 and 24 felt that a single drawing was not enough to represent the building and therefore each provided two sketches. 22 and 23 both decided a plan was the best way to show the Parthenon, a drawing type that was not expected to make an appearance, and 26 not only drew the Parthenon but other parts of the Acropolis, as well. 19, 20, 21, and 25 were the most unsure of what the Parthenon (or a Greek temple, for that matter) looks like. These “other” drawings show the different ways people understand and relate to the Parthenon and that it is important for a variety of reasons.

Conclusions The differences in how people chose to represent the Parthenon (notes they added, whether they drew land or stairs) is interesting and helps solidify their knowledge of what it was they were drawing - the ones that have the Acropolis drawn around them and have squiggly lines for the pediment have a strong grasp of what they were supposed to be drawing.

Others, while they may be good sketches, could justifiably be any ancient Greek ruin - we presume they’re sketches of the Parthenon simply because the Parthenon is the most prominent, but is that a valid reason? The initial reaction to this group of sketches would be to say that for the most part people know what the Parthenon looks like, but when taking a closer look, very few are distinguishable as THE Parthenon versus any other Greek temple. How is that difference supposed to be discerned? The general conclusion here would have to be that most people clearly understand what an ancient Greek temple looks like and can identify the Parthenon as an ancient Greek temple but are either unable to draw details that solidify the understanding that the sketch is of the Parthenon or do not know what sets the Parthenon apart from your garden variety ancient Greek temple.

Survey Says...?17

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Imitation is the Sincerest Form of Flattery

Imitations

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Important Public Buildings Using the Parthenon as a symbol of status The image to the left is the third iteration of the Indiana Statehouse. It was condemned and razed in 1877 due to structural defects, and the current capitol building which stands in its place no longer emulates the Parthenon. The third Indiana Capitol Building, designed

by Ithiel Town and Alexander Davis, was inspired by the Parthenon and looked very similar to it with the exception of the large central dome. By the time the building was declared structurally unstable Greek Revival architecture was no longer in style and no one was able to come up with a viable way to preserve the building, leading to its destruction in 1877.

Indiana Capitol Building

The Greek Revival New York Customs House was built to replace the original Federal Hall which was the first capitol of the United States and the site of George Washington’s inauguration as President. The building is designed in the Greek Revival style with eight doric columns adorning the front and an obvious parallel to the Parthenon in Athens.

New York Customs House/Federal Hall

The Second Bank of the US was designed by architect William Strickland in the Greek Revival style. The building mimics the Parthenon in the use of eight doric columns on the front. It is clearly an imitation of ancient Greek temples - eight doric columns topped by an entablature with triglyphs and metopes and a simple triangular pediment, all set on top of the stylobate at the top of the stairs.

Second Bank of the US 20

Individual Architectural Themes Using a piece here, a piece there...

In the early 1800s then Crown Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria decided to build the Munich Glyptothek and several other nearby projects as monuments to ancient Greece, imagining a “German Athens” preserving and remembering the ancient Greek culture. The museum was designed

by Leo von Klenze in the Neoc-Classical style to house a collection of Greek and Roman sculptures.

Munich Glyptothek

When Pierre L’Enfant laid out his plan for Washington D.C he left the site of the Patent Office Building empty for a future monumental structure, halfway between the Capitol and the President’s House. In 1836 construction began on the Greek Revival building designed by Robert Mills with the proportions of the central portico “exactly those of the Parthenon in Athens.” Beyond the front portico the building bears little resemblance to the Parthenon in Athens.

Patent Office Washington DC

The Berry Hill Plantation was one of the largest plantations in Virginia and is considered one of the best examples of Greek Revival architecture. The facade mimics both the parthenon (with its eight doric columns) and the Second Bank of the U.S. in Philadelphia, which similarly was influenced by the Parthenon. The columns are made of brick then stuccoed and fluted to get their authentic appearance, and the entablature wraps around the entire structure.8

House at Berry Hill

Imitations

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Important Monuments Celebrating the Parthenon In his effort to create a “German Athens�, King Ludwig I of Bavaria ordered the completion of busts of the great figures and events of ethic German history. He then proceeded to commission a temple, modeled after the Parthenon, to be built above the Danube River. The frieze on the south pediment shows the creation of the German Confederation in 1815 while the north pediment features scenes from the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. When it opened in 1842 the monument contained 96 busts and 64 plaques for people and events important to Germany’s history.

German Valhalla in Bavaria

The Nashville Parthenon was built for the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition and is a full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Athens. Several buildings at the exposition were based on ancient structures, but the Parthenon is the only exact replica. It was originally built of plaster, wood, and brick, and then rebuilt in 1920 out of concrete.

It stands today as a museum with a reconstruction of the Athena Parthenos statue inside. The exterior is painted as close to the original as possible and the whole structure stands as a monument to the original Parthenon.

Parthenon in Nashville

Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed a proposal for a Royal Palace on the Acropolis when Otto von Wittelsbach was elected King of Greece in 1832 and needed a royal residence. Schinkel detailed plans, sections, elevations and perspectives, but the design was never carried through, not because it was a poor design (it was actually reasonably scaled and successfully incorporated the ruins on the Acropolis into the plan) but because of economic conditions funding for the project was unavailable.

Palace on the Acropolis 22

Important Public Buildings Important Public Buildings mimicking the Parthenon aim to create a building type and a set of significances. This type of architecture is only found in the United States where it houses financial and political functions (banks, customs houses, and capitols). These buildings only resemble the Parthenon from the exterior as the interior is often made up of a series of offices covering several floors and/or large halls for public transactions, causing the interior to be rearranged. The introduction of this building type to architecture marked the first time when the Parthenon was brought into a denselybuilt urban environment.

Individual Architectural Themes These buildings pull pieces from the Parthenon and make them their own. They use pieces of the “Parthenon type” that are so symbolic and representational that even though the rest of the building is completely different, it gives the entire complex a symbolic relationship with the Parthenon and the ideas and values of the ancient Athenian society. Typically these forms manifest themselves through porches/porticoes and copies of the frieze on interiors.

Important Monuments Important monuments come in two forms: buildings that repeat the entire structural type of the Parthenon (these usually stand on a raised site, such as a monumental man-made platform or natural hill, and allude to the Acropolis in Athens) and buildings that combine the Parthenon and the Pantheon (these use the constructional type and ideology of the Parthenon as a propylum and that of the Roman Pantheon as the main body of the monument, manifesting itself as a Parthenon porch with a dome).

The prominence of Parthenon-esque buildings in our society is probably the number one reason the building is so recognizable. But why do we mimic the Parthenon so much? Important public buildings in the United States allude to the Parthenon and ancient Greek architecture in general in order to associate our government and our values with those of the ancient Athenians, where democracy is said to have started. A love for these ideals seems to have brought a worldwide interest in classical architecture, and while several of the buildings mentioned were designed specifically from the Parthenon (some were even replicas), were they all? Or is the Parthenon simply such a prominent image in our minds that we naturally presume that any piece of architecture invoking ancient Greek styles is directly related to the Parthenon?

With the exception of those monuments and buildings that were clearly paying tribute to the Parthenon and invoking its architecture, the most likely answer is that, for whatever reason, the Parthenon is the bestknown ancient Greek building and therefore the one we associate with any piece of classical architecture. When a building is said to be “a reference to the Parthenon,” it is more likely that it is simply a reference to the ideals of the ancient Athenians.

Perspective of the Proposal for the Palace on the Acropolis

Imitations

23

24

Odds and Ends

Odds and Ends25

Famous Visitors to the Parthenon Who wanted it known that they were on the Acropolis?

Le Corbusier1

John Wayne1

George Bernard Shaw1

Eisenhower1

Quincy Jones

Jayne Mansfield

Bill Clinton

Melina Mercouri

Famous people throughout time have made a point of journeying to the Acropolis and getting their picture taken in front of the Parthenon. Is this as common a practice with other works of architecture? Most likely not.

Why are these people, ranging from actors to politicians, so eager to get their picture taken with the Parthenon as the background? Melina Mercouri was a political activist and a Minister for Culture of Greece after a successful acting career and was outspoken in the fight to have the Parthenon Marbles returned to Athens. Her photograph appears to be a publicity stunt as she waves to onlookers in front of the monument representing all she is struggling to uphold. President Clinton’s visit to the Parthenon was merely a personal one, but became an item of interest due to who he was. Jayne Mansfield and Quincy Jones are both clearly posed and using the Parthenon as a publicity stunt. But what about the others? Their positions would indicate that they were simply visiting the ruins, but four different famous people in four different professions all thought the visit significant enough to document the occasion. These photographs show that whatever people may think of the Parthenon, they deem it important and recognizable enough to pose and have pictures taken of them in front of it, proving they have visited the site.

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The images shown above are the first 25 images of the Parthenon that come up when “the Parthenon� is searched in Google Images. Two of them are of the Parthenon in Tennessee, but the rest appear to be the real deal. 16/25 are a perspective view, 12 of which are facing the same way - the way in which you would approach the building on the Acropolis. The fact that all 25 images are actually the Parthenon (or a representation of it) would seem to say that if nothing else, it is an iconic building that is generally at least understood by Google.

Odds and Ends27

The Personas Project4 How does the Internet see YOU? Personas is a project created by students at MIT to show how the Internet sees you. The intention behind the project is as a critique of data mining, or “the practice of using statistics to create meaning from large amounts of data.” The application shows the process of data mining but does not allow any user input other than the initial search criteria of a name (or in this case two words). The project was a part of the Metropath(ologies) exhibit on display at the MIT Museum through September 2009.

“Upon entering a name, it scours the Internet looking for characterizing statements to use in its analysis. After suitable information has been found, the viewer watches as the machine tries to make sense of the displayed text. Once it has reached its final conclusions, the resulting “Personas vector” is displayed and annotated with a minimal legend.”

Information shown in the final “Persona vector” was gathered from Yahoo searches using special “characterizing” queries and secondary parameters to narrow the field down to 30 items from which to work. All data found and used by the “characterizing” search is public and the program attempts to eliminate mundane information (member of Facebook), hate speech, and text that is not in English. The program then uses topic modeling to create clusters of words seen as belonging together to create categories and associations. The graphic on the lower left of the next page details how the

“Each iteration of inference requires Personas to move from known word to known word, guessing the category assignment based on the other assignments in the sentence and the results of the previous iteration.” Color is then used to depict program interprets the information provided by Yahoo.

the topic assigned to the word, with the bars above the selection indicating the proportion of assignments to each topic (longer bars = topics with multiple words assigned to them). Previous iterations are stacked above the current one so the process can be observed until the program comes to a conclusion on the statement.

The main idea behind Personas is to expose the process of data mining that usually occurs behind the scenes. Typically this process remains invisible, and Personas aims to “expose this black box process as controlled voodoo. In a way much more succinct, organized, and efficient than could ever be done by hand, Personas gathers a sampling of how two words paired together are perceived by the Internet and attempts to formulate this information into some sort of conclusion.

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The Personas project is not supposed to be analyzed so much as understood as a concrete way of understanding how the Internet sees people. The expectation would be that history and travel would be the two top categories the Parthenon would fall into, but sports and eduction also make sense - Athens is where the Olympic games began and the summer games in 2004 were held in the city, and part of the awe surrounding the city is the teaching of philosophers in Classical times. This would seem to suggest that “Athens” was more prominent than “Parthenon”, although every piece of information pulled for the characterization was about the Parthenon in some way. How exactly these ratios were determined and what their significance truly is will remain a mystery, but the Personas Project allows for a thoughtprovoking representation of the Parthenon and how it is viewed by the Internet.

Odds and Ends29

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Google Hits Hits for Famous Architecture

How much information is there out there?

“The Parthenon”. 7,500,000 results. “The Parthenon Architecture”. 772,000 results. “The Parthenon Athens”. 1,180,000 results. “Greek Architecture”. 731,000 results. “Ancient Greek Architecture”. 13,700,000 results. “The Colosseum”. 5,880,000 results. “Temple of Hepaestus”.

104,000 results. “Eiffel Tower”. 5,100,000 results. “Hagia Sophia”. 679,000 results. “Ancient Roman Architecture”. 1,030,000 results. “Villa Savoye”. 110,000 results. “Notre Dame”. 35,600,000 results. “Notre Dame Paris”. 10,300,000 results. “Temple of Poseidon”. 854,000 “Taj mahal”.

5,980,000 results. “Falling Waters”. 1,040,000 results. “Pompidou” 6,120,000 results. “Pantheon”. 12,100,000 results. “St. Peter’s Square” 1,970,000 results. “Stonehenge”. 8,500,000 results. “Machu Picchu”. 6,530,000 results. “Easter Island”. 2,750,000 results. “Erechtheion” 447,000 results. “Propylaea”. 35,500 results. “Temple of Athena Nike” 41,300 results. “Acropolis”. 61,400,000 results. “Athens Acropolis” 2,040,000 results. “Roman Forum”. 1,760,000 results.

Roman Forum Athens Acropolis Acropolis Temple of Athena Nike Propylaea Erechtheion Easter Island Machu Picchu Stonehenge St Peter's Square Pantheon Pompidou Falling Waters Taj Mahal Temple of Poseidon Notre Dame Paris Notre Dame Villa Savoye Ancient Roman Architecture Hagia Sophia Eiffel Tower Temple of Hepaestus The Colosseum Ancient Greek Architecture Greek Architecture The Parthenon Athens The Parthenon Architecture The Parthenon 0

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As an off-the-wall research technique a series of terms were entered into the Google search bar for the sole purpose of seeing how many hits they would receive as a way to gauge public awareness and interest in the Parthenon and other works of architecture. Acropolis topped the list with a whopping 61,400,000 hits. The Parthenon was near the top of the list with 7,500,000 hits.

The numerical information was then graphically represented by repetitions of words (far left) which were entered into the Wordle website to create a word cloud (below). This information shows that the Parthenon is known, important, and well-represented on the Internet, but perhaps not to the extent expected at the outset.

Odds and Ends31

Word Clouds5 Graphically depicting popularity 6

This word cloud was created from a series of facts listed by about.com.

The word that sticks out the most from this “analysis” is “Parthenon”, which is to be expected. As a source of facts and basic information about the building, the site also seems to emphasize the fact that it is a “Greek” building built in “Athens” on the “Acropolis” and dedicated to the goddess “Athena.”

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This word cloud, created from the Wikipedia page on the Parthenon, is a lot more informative than the one above. It also emphasizes the word “Parthenon”, but “Athena”, “Athens” “Acropolis”, “building”, “temple”, “sculptures”, and “Greek” are also prevalent, inferring that this source delves further into the architecture of the building and its importance instead of simply listing a few facts for people to gain a cursory understanding.

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This word cloud, created from the information on ancient-greece.org, is much more technical and architectural than the previous word clouds, emphasizing more words as “columns” fights with “Parthenon” for importance.

The main idea behind a word cloud is in highlighting important words through their frequency - the more often a word appears in a given set of text, the bigger it appears in the word cloud. This can help to sift through a large quantity of information and provide a non-biased way of viewing that information. In this case the word clouds were created from three different sites with three different focuses - one was a cursory list of basic facts, another was a comprehensive article on history and architecture, and the third was an overall picture focusing on the temple itself as a work of art and architecture. These differences in focus are apparent in the shape and words of each word cloud.

The conclusion that can be drawn from these word clouds is that the Parthenon is important for a variety of reasons and perhaps there is not one overall encompassing reason that so many people are obsessed with the ancient temple but a series of smaller personal reasons. From these compilations of information it is clear that the Parthenon is important not only as a building, but for its history, sculpture, architecture, and prominence.

Odds and Ends33

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The Moral of the Story

The Moral of the Story35

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As Seen on TV It turned out to be particularly difficult to find examples of the Parthenon in film, and impossible to find films where the Parthenon gets destroyed. With other monuments, this would seem to suggest that they are not popular or well-known as it is a mark of significance and universality for a monument to be featured (and especially blown up) in film. However, in the case of the Parthenon, I believe it to be absent from film on two accounts: not only is it better protected than any other monument from commercialization and commodification by the Greek government, but it is also held with such high esteem, as such a revered symbol, that it is “untouchable”

Survey Says...

Both surveys seemed to show that people have a general idea of what the Parthenon is, what it looks like, and what it represents. 86% of people were able to pick the Parthenon out of a series of classical buildings, negating the concern that when asked to make a sketch people were aware of what a typical ancient Greek temple looked like, and that the Parthenon was a Greek temple, but did not necessarily know anything more. However, when asked why it is important, participants generally seemed unsure. The original instinct that the Parthenon is a significant and well-known piece of architecture is essentially proved in this section, although the possibility of one encompassing reason for this admiration is thrown into question.

Imitation is the Sincerest Form of Flattery The sheer number of buildings in the United States and Europe (what was shown in this section was merely a sampling of some of the most prominent) using all or part of the Parthenon in their architecture seems to in itself prove its importance in our culture. However, the few that were specifically said to reference the Parthenon aside, the majority of the buildings depicted could have been referencing any ancient Greek temple. This seems to imply that it is in reality the ancient Greek temple form symbolizing democracy and power that is important.

Odds and Ends The Parthenon seems to be important for many reasons and that importance can be represented in a variety of ways, a few of which were explored in this section. While it seems that ancient Athens was generally better known than the Parthenon, the Parthenon took up a close second in each exploration. This seems to once again prove that the Parthenon is seen as the embodiment and symbol of ancient Athenian architecture and ideas.

The Moral of the Story In conclusion, the Parthenon is known and understood in a variety of ways and arenas and its importance fluctuates depending on which of these areas is being considered. Each of the above sections was able to show something significant about the building, and despite the lack of evidence toward an all-encompassing reason the Parthenon is so widely admired, I would argue that the Parthenon has achieved a status above that of any other monument, lending to its prominence in all areas of thought and culture. So, why the Parthenon? A variety of reasons culminate in a respected, almost worshiped piece of architecture: its prominence in the city of Athens, its ability to endure several wars and “renovations” and still be mostly intact today, its “perfection” from refinements, its luck in being brought back to Europe first, and the sheer enormity and magnificence felt when in its presence, to name a few.

The Moral of the Story37

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A Special Thanks To...

1. The Parthenon And Its Impact in Modern Times (edited by Panayotis Tournikiotis)

For giving me a start and a variety of background information and sources

2. Wikipedia

For knowing everything I don’t

3. Google

For providing an unusual method of research and strong base of knowledge and understanding

4. Personas Project

For providing an unusual way of synthesizing information on the Internet.

5. Wordle

For making pretty word clouds for me.

6. About.com

For providing a detailed history of the Parthenon to use in word clouds.

7. Ancient-greece.org

For providing an detailed history of the Parthenon to use in word clouds.

8. http://www.oldhalifax.com/county/berry6.htm

For a very detailed history on the architecture of the House at Berry Hill

A Special Thanks To...39