Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Internal Assessment – Investigating the Relationship between Concentration of Glucose and Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride
Research Question: How will changing the percentage of glucose concentration affect the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride across a visking tubing – down a concentration gradient – measured using a conductivity probe?
Introduction: Diffusion is a passive process in which molecules spread, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, until equilibrium is reached. For instance, sodium chloride molecules inside a visking tubing will diffuse out from the area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. There are several factors that can affect this rate of diffusion. Such factors include the concentration gradient, the surface area of visking tubing, and temperature. 1 In this experiment, glucose solution will be poured into the visking tubing in addition to the sodium chloride solution to observe the effect of glucose concentration on the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride. The rate of diffusion will be measured using Logger Pro and a conductivity probe: the conductivity of the water as sodium chloride diffuses out will be measured by the probe for 60 seconds. After the collection of data, the rate of diffusion can be calculated by finding the slope of conductivity vs. time graph, since rate of diffusion is change in conductivity over time. If the change in conductivity is significant the rate of diffusion is high and if the change is small the rate is low. Rate of Diffusion =
1
Bailey, Regina. "Diffusion and Passive Transport." About. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec 2010. <http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/ss/diffusion.htm>.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Hypothesis: Visking tubing is a semi-permeable membrane that allows for molecules to diffuse in or out, depending on the concentration gradient. As mentioned in the introduction, the only factors that can affect the rate of diffusion across a visking tubing are the concentration gradient, surface area, and temperature. Although glucose molecules are larger than sodium chloride molecules, they will not clog the visking tubing; there will still be thousands of pores through which the sodium chloride will be able to diffuse out. Therefore, as long as there is a greater concentration of sodium chloride inside the visking tubing than outside, the molecules will continue to diffuse out unperturbedly until equilibrium is reached, no matter how high the concentration of glucose is inside the visking tubing.
Average Rate of Diffusion, Î&#x201D;ÎźScm-1s-1
Effect of Glucose Concentration on Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Concentration of Glucose, % Figure 1: Prediction of the Effect of Glucose Concentration on Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride The figure above demonstrates no change in the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride as the glucose concentration increases. As such, the hypothesis is that the concentration of glucose solution inside the visking tubing will have no effect on the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Variables: Variable Independent
Dependent
Description
Units / range
Method of Measuring / Manipulating
%
The independent variable will be manipulated by a process of serial dilution, from 10% concentration to 5%, 5% to 2.5%, 2.5% to 1.25%, and 1.25% to 0.625%.
ΔμScm-1s-1
This will be measured with a conductivity probe. The conductivity probe measures the amount of electricity, and because sodium chloride contains charged ions, the conductivity probe can accurately determine the amount of sodium chloride that is diffusing out. Therefore, the rate of diffusion can be measured using a conductivity probe. The conductivity will be measured from 0-60 seconds, and the rate of diffusion can be calculated by finding the slope of the conductivity vs. time graph. The uncertainty can be considered negligible.
Concentration of sodium chloride
%
The concentration of sodium chloride will be kept constant at 10% concentration, and this will be insured by using the same solution for every trial.
Volume of water inside & outside the visking tubing
cm3
Volume of water inside the visking tubing is set at 10mL of sodium chloride solution and 5mL of glucose solution. Volume is measured accurately using a burette and a pipette.
Concentration of glucose
Rate of diffusion of sodium chloride (
Controlled
)
Volume of water inside the beaker (where the diffusion will take place) is set at 200cm3. Volume is measured accurately using the increment on the beaker. Range of conductivity Rate of stirring
Temperature
Surface area / volume ratio of visking tubing Table 1: List of Variables
μm
Increments on the magnetic stirrer
The range of conductivity is kept constant at the 2000μm range on the conductivity probe The rate of stirring is set at the first increment on the magnetic stirrer for every trial.
°C
Temperature is kept constant by conducting the experiment at room temperature (about 25 °C) for every triplicate trial.
cm2 / cm3
The same visking tubing is used for every triplicate trial to ensure that the width of the visking tubing is constant. In addition, the visking tubing is cut into same lengths – 15cm – to keep the surface area / volume ratio constant.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Apparatus and Materials:
Electronic balance (±0.001g) 50 cm3 burette (±0.05 cm3) 10 cm3 pipette (±0.02 cm3) Five 50 cm3 beakers for serial dilution 2 large beakers Visking tubing Sodium Chloride
Spatula Glucose Distilled water Scissors Magnetic & plastic stirrer Conductivity probe Logger Pro
Procedures: Preparation of 10% sodium chloride solution 1. 25g of sodium chloride and 250cm3 of distilled water are poured into a large beaker. 2. The beaker is stirred several times using a plastic stirrer until a homogenous solution is made.
Preparation of glucose solution of various concentrations (serial dilution)
15 cm3 distilled water
15 cm3
10%
15 cm3
5%
15 cm3
2.5%
15 cm3
1.25%
Figure 2: Serial Dilution of Glucose Solution
0.625%
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065 3. 3g of glucose and 30cm3 of distilled water is poured into a small beaker. 4. The beaker is stirred several times using a plastic stirrer until a homogenous solution is made, thus creating 10% glucose solution. 5. 15 cm3 of the obtained solution is transferred into another small beaker using the 50cm3 burette and another 15 cm3 of distilled water is added using the same sized burette. The beaker is then stirred using a stirrer until a homogenous solution is made, thus creating 5% glucose solution. 6. Step 5 is repeated 3 more times to obtain 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625% glucose solutions. The burette is washed every time a new serial dilution is performed.
Conducting the experiment Conductivity probe
Visking tubing
Magnet Magnetic Stirrer
Figure 3: Diagram of the Apparatus for Gathering Data 7. 16 visking tubing of about 15cm in length are prepared. A knot is tied on one end of each of the visking tubingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. 8. Logger Pro is turned on, and the conductivity probe is connected to Logger Pro. The range is set at 2000Îźm. 9. 15 cm3 of sodium chloride solution is poured into a visking tubing using the 50cm3 burette. A large beaker is filled up to the 200cm3, then placed on top of the magnetic stirrer. The magnetic stirrer is turned on to the first increment only. The visking tubing is put inside the beaker to start the diffusion process, and the rate is measured using the conductivity probe and Logger Pro for 60 seconds. (This step gathers data for the control) 10. 10 cm3 of sodium chloride solution is poured into a visking tubing using the 50cm3 burette. 5cm3 of 10% glucose solution is added into the same visking tubing using the 10cm3 pipette. 11. Visking tubing is placed inside a large beaker filled up to 200cm3 with distilled water, and the beaker is put on top of the magnetic stirrer running at first-increment speed. 12. The rate of diffusion is measured using conductivity probe and Logger Pro for 60 seconds. 13. Steps 10-12 are repeated triplicate trials for all five concentrations of glucose.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Data Collection:
Qualitative Data: ď Ź
To the naked eye, the change in concentration of glucose solutions did not seem to make a significant difference in the diffusion of sodium chloride.
ď Ź
The presence of visking tubing seemed to get in the way of the magnetic stirrer at times, causing a slight disruption in the stirring.
Quantitative Data:
*** Refer to the Appendix for a complete table of raw data from Logger Pro.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Data Processing: Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride / ΔμScm-1s-1
Glucose Concentration /%
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
10.000
10.41
10.02
10.45
5.000
10.66
9.987
(16.90)2
2.500
10.47
9.237
(12.61)
1.250
10.14
9.92
(14.16)
0.625
(15.04)
10.09
10.50
Table 2: Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride for All Trials3 Glucose Concentration / %
Calculation
Average Rate of Diffusion (±Standard Deviation)4 / ΔμScm1 -1 s
10.000
10.29 ± 0.24
5.000
10.32 ± 0.48
2.500
9.85 ± 0.87
1.250
10.03 ± 0.16
0.625
10.30 ± 0.29
Control (no glucose added): 10.08 ΔμScm-1s-1 Table 3: Calculation of Average Rates of Diffusion 2
Values in parentheses were excluded as outliers due to their extreme deviation from the norm.
3
The rate of diffusion was determined by finding the slope of conductivity vs. time graph using linear
regression on Logger Pro software. 4
The processing of standard deviation is shown in table 4
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Data Presentation: LEGEND Red Lines: 10% glucose concentration (Run 1) Blue Lines: 5% glucose concentration (Latest 3) Green Lines: 2.5% glucose concentration (Run 3) Orange Lines:1.25% glucose concentration (Run 4) Purple Lines: 0.625% glucose concentration (Latest 6)
Figure 4: Graph of Raw Data from Logger Pro5
5
Slopes of lines that have values closest to the average slope value for each concentration of glucose are shown in boxes.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Effect of Glucose Concentration / % on the Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride / ΔμScm-1s-1 Average Rate of Diffusion, ΔμScm-1s-1
12
11
10 y = 0.022x + 10.074 R² = 0.1931 9
8 0
2
4
6
8
Concentration of Glucose, % Figure 5: Graph of Average Rate of Diffusion against Concentration of Glucose6 7 6 7
Vertical error bars represent standard deviation for triplicate trials. Horizontal error bars represent absolute uncertainty for concentration of glucose. (Difficult to see on graph because error is minute)
10
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Uncertainties: Standard Deviation: Glucose Concentration / %
Rate of Diffusion of Sodium Chloride / ΔμScm-1 s-1
Average / ΔμScm-1s-1 (±Standard Deviation)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
10.000
10.41
10.02
10.45
10.29 ± 0.24
5.000
10.66
9.987
( – )8
10.32 ± 0.48
2.500
10.47
9.237
(–)
9.85 ± 0.87
1.250
10.14
9.92
(–)
10.03 ± 0.16
0.625
(–)
10.09
10.50
10.30 ± 0.29
Table 4: Standard Deviation at Different Concentrations of Glucose
Example of Standard Deviation Calculation: [Glucose Concentration] = 10%
≒ 0.237557 ≒ 0.24 Same calculations were done for 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625% glucose concentrations.
8
Data marked with (-) represent outliers.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Uncertainty due to dilution of glucose solution: *Uncertainty due to 50cm3 burette = ±0.05 cm3 Concentration of Glucose / %
10.000
Volume of glucose solution added / cm3 – 3
Uncertainties Volume of distilled Total percentage water added / cm3 error for concentration of glucose / % – – 3
Absolute uncertainty for concentration of glucose / % –
5.000
15.00 ± 0.05cm = 15.00 ± 0.3%
15.00 ± 0.05cm = 15.00 ± 0.3%
±0.6
0.030
2.500
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
±0.6
0.015
1.250
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
±0.6
0.008
0.625
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
15.00 ± 0.05cm3 = 15.00 ± 0.3%
±0.6
0.004
Table 5: Uncertainty Table for Concentration of Glucose Solution
Glucose Concentration (±Uncertainty) / %
Average Rate of Diffusion (±Standard Deviation) / ΔμScm-1s-1
10.000
10.29 ± 0.24
5.000 ± 0.003
10.32 ± 0.48
2.500 ± 0.015
9.85 ± 0.87
1.250 ± 0.008
10.03 ± 0.16
0.625 ± 0.004
10.30 ± 0.29
Table 6: Combined Uncertainties of Independent & Dependent Variables
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Conclusion / Evaluation: The relationship between the concentration of glucose solution and the rate of diffusion can be seen in Figure 5. As the linear regression shows, there is hardly any relationship between the concentration and rate of diffusion. The slight rise in the slope and the slight variation among the data points can be concluded as outcome of experimental error. Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis; the concentration of glucose solution inside the visking tubing indeed had no effect on the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride. The general trend of all 15 trials in the experiment seems to be similar. As can be seen in figure 4, most trials display more or less the same rate of change in conductivity over time, with the exception of a few that deviate. These deviations (the top four lines on the graph in figure 4) were considered outliers and rejected during data processing. These outliers were due to experimental error during the experiment, which will be discussed later. The results are reliable because the uncertainties are fairly low. The uncertainties in the independent variable – percentage of glucose concentration – are minimal and almost negligible. This can be seen through the miniscule horizontal error bars in the graph in figure 5. The uncertainties in the dependent variable – the average rate of diffusion – determined by the standard deviation of the rates of diffusion, are small in relation to the actual average rates. These uncertainties are displayed on the graph in figure 5 through vertical error bars. The one vertical error bar that is abnormally large – the standard deviation for 2.5% glucose concentration – is due to the fact that only two trials were taken into account for the average. Such magnitude in uncertainty can be improved by increasing the number of trials. Furthermore, because the results correspond with the accepted scientific theory – that the concentration of glucose does not affect the rate of diffusion of sodium chloride across a visking tubing – the results can be concluded as reliable. The only glaring problem in the procedures was that, in the process of diffusion of sodium chloride across the visking tubing, the conductivity probe and the visking tubing itself got in the way of the magnetic stirrer, causing the stirrer to stop spinning at times. This problem could have caused a deficiency during the process of sodium chloride spreading throughout the distilled water. As a result, it could have caused a discrepancy in the conductivity reading measured by Logger Pro. Nonetheless, the stoppage of the stirrer was only for a couple of seconds, and it could not have impacted the experiment significantly enough to cause a glaring error in the results. Still, the problem could be the cause of the high number of outliers and the sizeable standard deviation. The investigation would be much improved if the apparatus could be improved to eliminate this issue.
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Improving the Investigation: Error
Impact
Improvement
The serial dilution was conducted over a period of two days, due to time constraints
Some of the water molecules evaporated. As a result, there was not enough glucose solution left at the far ends of the serial dilution. Although the evaporation caused minimal difference of less than 1 cm3, it still increased error.
The entire experiment could be conducted in one day; in one time period, without any rest within the experiment. This way, the effects of the evaporation of water would be minimized.
Occasionally, the conductivity probe and the visking tubing got in the way of the magnetic stirrer.
The conductivity probe and the visking tubing disrupted the rotational motion of the magnetic stirrer. As a result, the sodium chloride diffusing out of the visking tubing may not have been completely dissolved and distributed evenly throughout the beaker with distilled water. Therefore, error in the measurement of conductivity, and thus the rate of diffusion, could have been increased.
The conductivity probe and the visking tubing could each be held in place, so that it does not drift into the rotational motion of the magnetic stirrer. In this case, another human helper would be required. Another way of improving this error would be to use a larger beaker; placing the conductivity probe and the visking tubing at the far ends of a larger beaker would lessen the chances of them bumping into the magnetic stirrer.
50 cm3 burettes were used to transfer 15 cm3 solutions
The large burette â&#x20AC;&#x201C; relatively large in comparison to amount necessary â&#x20AC;&#x201C; increased the percentage uncertainty.
A smaller burette could be used; perhaps a 20 cm3 burette, to decrease the percentage uncertainty.
Table 7: Ways to Improve the Investigation
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Appendix:
10% Trial 1
5% Trial 1
2.5% Trial 1
1.25% Trial 1
0.625% Trial 1
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
0
26.82404
0
20.48969
0
63.53741
0
21.5885
0
23.59222
1
27.21185
1
14.67242
1
70.19495
1
22.2995
1
22.94586
2
26.50085
2
41.23792
2
76.98175
2
17.51642
2
84.86737
3
24.69104
3
63.66669
3
80.34283
3
84.0271
3
166.9554
4
27.21185
4
81.8941
4
83.05756
4
102.6423
4
150.861
5
27.59967
5
93.91644
5
88.42236
5
131.2115
5
156.2258
6
24.4325
6
106.4559
6
101.5435
6
119.6417
6
170.8982
7
70.06567
7
123.132
7
106.4559
7
119.9002
7
182.5974
8
81.05383
8
150.2792
8
129.7896
8
117.9611
8
194.8782
9
78.08057
9
156.4843
9
158.8759
9
135.4129
9
221.0559
10
76.78784
10
165.2748
10
182.5974
10
185.8292
10
236.1161
11
88.22845
11
193.6501
11
217.1131
11
197.8515
11
233.4661
12
127.398
12
202.8285
12
296.3571
12
210.0031
12
250.4008
13
157.1953
13
207.8701
13
289.1179
13
218.9229
13
255.6363
14
184.2779
14
208.064
14
303.2732
14
245.3591
14
310.9003
15
197.4637
15
215.4972
15
294.8058
15
262.6816
15
305.4062
16
233.9185
16
229.2647
16
276.126
16
254.5375
16
329.5155
17
227.0024
17
242.0627
17
267.6586
17
275.5443
17
332.2302
18
234.4356
18
249.4312
18
283.7531
18
248.4617
18
340.5683
19
244.7774
19
264.4268
19
302.8207
19
280.5212
19
364.6776
20
253.8265
20
258.2217
20
328.6752
20
311.0295
20
407.2083
21
263.7158
21
268.1111
21
344.0587
21
326.8654
21
425.7589
22
264.8793
22
277.3541
22
357.6323
22
319.7554
22
497.3758
23
287.308
23
281.3615
23
358.925
23
320.725
23
487.4218
24
290.152
24
293.9009
24
367.0692
24
339.728
24
491.8171
25
303.9842
25
318.0749
25
392.5358
25
345.2221
25
508.7518
26
312.5808
26
323.1812
26
394.2164
26
339.6634
26
567.5707
27
326.1544
27
323.6982
27
379.6732
27
356.2103
27
565.4377
28
343.2184
28
325.9605
28
386.7186
28
376.1182
28
589.2885
29
349.1649
29
332.0363
29
413.6719
29
414.2536
29
592.8435
30
362.8678
30
345.8038
30
416.2573
30
412.1206
30
599.0486
31
356.4042
31
369.7839
31
422.4624
31
411.0218
31
606.1586
32
373.4681
32
390.7906
32
462.86
32
404.8167
32
613.721
33
397.3189
33
410.5693
33
463.571
33
405.3338
33
696.9078
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065 34
394.3456
34
430.2188
34
494.9843
34
415.6756
34
665.0422
35
402.5544
35
424.5954
35
495.1782
35
409.0827
35
638.3474
36
415.8695
36
419.8123
36
491.3
36
424.9832
36
645.1342
37
409.0827
37
425.8881
37
505.9078
37
470.681
37
632.9826
38
437.2641
38
438.88
38
542.6858
38
473.5897
38
654.8297
39
442.4996
39
439.3971
39
516.8313
39
468.4834
39
666.7227
40
446.5071
40
444.1155
40
522.6486
40
485.0303
40
684.8209
41
447.7352
41
480.6996
41
530.0817
41
478.4374
41
709.3826
42
467.837
42
475.1409
42
531.3745
42
490.5244
42
731.2297
43
477.8557
43
472.2969
43
553.674
43
520.1924
43
782.6801
44
490.589
44
476.4337
44
553.8679
44
508.4932
44
751.0084
45
503.4516
45
483.6729
45
547.7921
45
508.6225
45
756.6964
46
513.0178
46
485.6766
46
575.4564
46
525.8804
46
770.076
47
510.1738
47
504.9382
47
571.1904
47
556.4533
47
798.3867
48
513.858
48
504.4211
48
578.6882
48
556.2594
48
803.5576
49
528.7244
49
514.0519
49
590.5812
49
578.1064
49
821.2679
50
534.2184
50
521.9376
50
610.7477
50
576.5552
50
854.0385
51
539.3247
51
525.7511
51
637.0547
51
587.608
51
847.1224
52
551.1531
52
544.3663
52
642.2902
52
602.9914
52
860.1143
53
556.8411
53
566.989
53
637.7657
53
623.7396
53
886.4859
54
580.1748
54
559.0388
54
639.5755
54
615.4016
54
902.3218
55
581.5322
55
560.6547
55
650.0466
55
629.8801
55
905.0365
56
581.7907
56
566.6658
56
650.8868
56
638.3474
56
888.9421
57
591.8093
57
579.3992
57
661.9396
57
633.2411
57
914.9258
58
597.6266
58
591.874
58
694.8395
58
639.0584
58
925.0737
59
617.276
59
589.03
59
669.1143
59
633.629
59
936.8375
60
621.9298
60
614.6259
60
678.7451
60
652.4381
60
961.5286
10% Trial 2
5% Trial 2
2.5% Trial 2
1.25% Trial 2
0.625% Trial 2
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
0
2.90863
0
3.619629
0
196.882
0
3.102539
0
2.391541
1
23.85077
1
3.231812
1
200.6955
1
8.144165
1
26.11304
2
25.14349
2
20.8775
2
211.7483
2
3.102539
2
26.11304
3
59.72388
3
36.97192
3
221.0559
3
3.102539
3
26.50085
4
99.28125
4
157.7124
4
243.6786
4
7.756348
4
21.45923
5
93.20545
5
166.2444
5
246.0701
5
148.5987
5
24.94959
6
100.8325
6
169.9287
6
246.3287
6
184.2133
6
19.58478
7
163.2711
7
221.573
7
259.3206
7
241.6749
7
39.49274
8
171.8677
8
193.1977
8
269.2099
8
239.2833
8
89.52118
9
178.9777
9
238.2491
9
297.8438
9
217.0485
9
175.552
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065 10
191.7757
10
216.4021
10
289.5703
10
224.0292
10
219.1815
11
209.486
11
219.7632
11
319.1737
11
256.218
11
203.9273
12
201.665
12
262.4231
12
327.6411
12
255.9595
12
226.0975
13
220.4742
13
278.8407
13
318.0749
13
282.7835
13
233.9185
14
228.683
14
347.6137
14
333.0705
14
276.7077
14
235.2759
15
249.108
15
321.5006
15
350.5869
15
280.3273
15
231.9148
16
255.7656
16
298.0377
16
363.8373
16
292.0911
16
230.816
17
256.7351
17
312.1284
17
363.2556
17
321.436
17
224.0292
18
262.9402
18
321.0482
18
396.0262
18
303.2086
18
255.507
19
298.1669
19
328.8045
19
381.6123
19
312.8394
19
271.6014
20
288.1483
20
325.4434
20
396.4786
20
336.7548
20
281.7493
21
306.8928
21
353.1077
21
402.6837
21
347.2905
21
314.3906
22
339.1463
22
388.1406
22
401.391
22
350.4576
22
297.3267
23
330.8082
23
403.8472
23
411.6035
23
350.5223
23
300.2999
24
339.8573
24
385.6198
24
426.1467
24
361.3165
24
315.4248
25
350.2637
25
396.6079
25
453.8756
25
369.2668
25
314.2614
26
348.971
26
408.6303
26
437.3287
26
384.4563
26
343.8001
27
406.9497
27
428.926
27
452.8414
27
388.9808
27
356.2103
28
410.8925
28
425.0479
28
460.7271
28
403.9764
28
355.9517
29
430.0895
29
454.9744
29
475.2702
29
402.4252
29
369.7839
30
431.77
30
468.8066
30
475.1409
30
412.4438
30
383.9392
31
424.3369
31
464.2821
31
484.901
31
433.6445
31
413.7365
32
423.3027
32
460.21
32
504.098
32
442.3704
32
421.9453
33
435.5836
33
477.5325
33
501.3186
33
448.1876
33
414.2536
34
433.4506
34
505.6492
34
512.3068
34
454.8452
34
449.1572
35
425.6942
35
508.7518
35
526.1389
35
462.0844
35
460.8563
36
469.5176
36
512.8885
36
529.4354
36
466.8029
36
439.3971
37
491.1707
37
523.0364
37
532.4733
37
499.4442
37
428.8614
38
525.7511
38
537.9027
38
549.8604
38
512.7592
38
445.3436
39
521.9376
39
539.1954
39
562.2059
39
493.9501
39
464.8638
40
510.497
40
536.3514
40
566.5366
40
512.436
40
466.5443
41
513.858
41
550.1836
41
565.567
41
521.3558
41
475.0117
42
538.4198
42
548.3092
42
582.631
42
532.4733
42
491.9464
43
534.7355
43
561.301
43
591.5508
43
528.4012
43
492.3988
44
567.3768
44
578.5589
44
596.5278
44
538.4198
44
497.3758
45
577.8479
45
589.4824
45
603.8317
45
559.9437
45
516.1203
46
584.3762
46
579.1406
46
615.4662
46
559.6205
46
514.8922
47
565.1146
47
608.9379
47
631.3667
47
561.3657
47
551.8641
48
557.3582
48
617.4053
48
657.6737
48
574.81
48
539.2601
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065 49
553.1569
49
632.2716
49
654.9589
49
589.2885
49
537.0624
50
587.7373
50
622.8994
50
661.6165
50
596.4631
50
557.0997
51
589.9995
51
633.1119
51
672.4754
51
613.01
51
567.8293
52
570.4794
52
642.0963
52
719.4013
52
606.0939
52
570.0916
53
603.5731
53
661.6165
53
694.8395
53
617.0175
53
582.2432
54
583.5359
54
675.4486
54
712.2266
54
633.629
54
589.8702
55
615.2723
55
680.4256
55
709.7705
55
630.7203
55
599.4364
56
605.2537
56
695.809
56
717.0097
56
639.9633
56
635.1802
57
614.432
57
693.2236
57
736.9177
57
653.0198
57
621.542
58
654.3772
58
690.7028
58
734.3969
58
652.8259
58
636.7962
59
674.3498
59
704.2764
59
739.7617
59
653.5369
59
643.2598
60
691.1552
60
729.6784
60
756.1146
60
659.9359
60
651.921
10% Trial 3
5% Trial 3
2.5% Trial 3
1.25% Trial 3
0.625% Trial 3
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
0
2.779358
0
2.391541
0
3.490356
0
23.26904
0
4.4599
1
24.69104
1
23.26904
1
21.32996
1
22.94586
1
12.79797
2
69.48395
2
22.88123
2
24.36786
2
22.10559
2
20.29578
3
186.4109
3
38.07074
3
48.41254
3
149.9561
3
319.7554
4
225.128
4
171.4799
4
121.9686
4
215.9496
4
330.0972
5
215.3679
5
241.6749
5
112.4024
5
213.8813
5
325.3142
6
228.2305
6
225.9683
6
113.2427
6
216.3375
6
322.0177
7
215.4972
7
237.2796
7
271.9246
7
236.8918
7
294.2241
8
217.1131
8
274.8333
8
266.2366
8
258.2217
8
319.9493
9
223.4475
9
327.124
9
268.6282
9
286.0153
9
384.4563
10
250.1422
10
337.0133
10
260.1608
10
301.9805
10
353.5602
11
261.0011
11
360.7348
11
300.8817
11
314.7138
11
365.3886
12
271.7307
12
391.5017
12
285.4336
12
336.3023
12
353.4955
13
275.8674
13
459.6282
13
322.3409
13
356.081
13
383.8746
14
284.2055
14
525.7511
14
307.0867
14
370.8827
14
375.0194
15
320.6603
15
590.2581
15
317.8163
15
380.3842
15
413.2841
16
331.5192
16
560.4608
16
355.9517
16
397.9006
16
404.5582
17
316.2651
17
573.6466
17
378.9622
17
410.634
17
412.056
18
324.0214
18
608.8087
18
361.3165
18
424.4661
18
436.8763
19
351.9443
19
615.854
19
402.6837
19
445.2144
19
432.2225
20
342.9598
20
592.1325
20
367.7802
20
451.4194
20
447.9291
21
355.8871
21
608.6794
21
398.3531
21
464.7345
21
422.721
22
355.1115
22
616.1772
22
394.0871
22
477.9849
22
473.2019
23
388.4638
23
657.0919
23
403.7179
23
501.1247
23
457.1074
24
384.7148
24
703.1776
24
404.1057
24
516.1203
24
482.9619
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065 25
422.0746
25
702.7251
25
445.4729
25
522.5193
25
489.1024
26
412.4438
26
712.8084
26
467.2553
26
537.4503
26
487.5511
27
427.4394
27
707.2496
27
454.1342
27
551.9934
27
513.4056
28
433.6445
28
700.3336
28
495.3721
28
578.1711
28
526.3328
29
468.548
29
739.5678
29
492.722
29
592.7142
29
527.7548
30
458.3355
30
751.7194
30
539.5833
30
605.4476
30
518.5118
31
459.0465
31
780.2886
31
564.0158
31
623.0933
31
514.4398
32
477.7264
32
791.2767
32
523.6181
32
631.3667
32
520.8388
33
490.7183
33
833.2903
33
593.2313
33
636.6022
33
529.2415
34
503.9687
34
812.4774
34
590.9691
34
651.1454
34
536.8685
35
505.0029
35
801.4893
35
568.2171
35
656.3163
35
546.8872
36
518.5118
36
831.2866
36
629.4276
36
668.985
36
570.2208
37
531.1159
37
845.3773
37
588.0604
37
682.5586
37
578.9467
38
533.6367
38
862.0534
38
650.6283
38
699.4933
38
587.9958
39
568.411
39
875.4978
39
636.3437
39
714.2304
39
607.7745
40
558.3278
40
898.8314
40
607.1281
40
724.8953
40
610.877
41
574.9393
41
900.8998
41
670.5363
41
738.9214
41
615.4662
42
565.3085
42
891.5922
42
637.895
42
744.8033
42
623.3518
43
600.212
43
914.2149
43
640.1572
43
755.2744
43
626.1958
44
583.5359
44
917.4467
44
624.9031
44
768.137
44
627.0361
45
609.5197
45
941.4267
45
665.0422
45
776.3458
45
634.4692
46
607.3867
46
955.1942
46
718.6903
46
789.5962
46
647.3319
47
621.4127
47
983.4403
47
753.8524
47
809.6334
47
662.6506
48
629.5569
48
974.2619
48
729.2906
48
814.6104
48
665.3007
49
673.8973
49
970.4484
49
724.6368
49
828.7011
49
670.0838
50
655.4114
50
1011.816
50
747.7766
50
842.4686
50
676.6121
51
648.8831
51
1010.07
51
752.5596
51
851.9055
51
686.5014
52
675.6425
52
1013.173
52
743.1228
52
860.7607
52
693.2236
53
673.0571
53
1069.859
53
712.4852
53
870.5854
53
708.8009
54
679.3914
54
1055.768
54
754.8865
54
889.3299
54
716.5573
55
687.2124
55
1058.741
55
766.715
55
900.0595
55
727.4161
56
692.8358
56
1084.855
56
753.0121
56
912.5343
56
727.8686
57
694.8395
57
1115.492
57
786.8168
57
928.758
57
734.6554
58
723.2148
58
1101.918
58
859.0802
58
935.9326
58
743.963
59
739.5678
59
1120.017
59
830.317
59
944.4
59
764.4527
60
750.2327
60
1142.769
60
776.7336
60
959.3956
60
767.426
Seung Soo (Jason) Lee 002213-065
Control (No Glucose Added) Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
Time (s)
Con.(μS/cm)
0
15.8359
31
536.222
1
105.874
32
544.56
2
144.462
33
551.993
3
167.472
34
566.601
4
181.692
35
578.947
5
202.053
36
581.08
6
221.379
37
590.064
7
233.789
38
599.307
8
245.682
39
620.702
9
265.59
40
624.386
10
278.453
41
634.469
11
294.677
42
641.256
12
312.581
43
646.879
13
316.394
44
656.187
14
341.344
45
668.403
15
358.537
46
685.079
16
363.32
47
700.98
17
373.727
48
706.409
18
385.555
49
717.527
19
404.429
50
730.196
20
424.337
51
741.765
21
422.204
52
754.693
22
434.614
53
770.722
23
443.857
54
777.962
24
458.659
55
789.208
25
469.776
56
800.326
26
479.859
57
811.443
27
489.232
58
809.246
28
503.904
59
806.854
29
511.854
60
817.519
30
530.082