Human Disturbed Plots Reference Plots Reference Plots

• plot size:

• numbers:

• suitable sites: human-populated

- within Yellowstone National Park

- near Yellowstone Lake

- near roads

- near trails

- near rangelands / pasture lands

- near lakes or rivers

• Plot size: 8 hectares

• Numbers: 5 plots

• Suitable sites: less human presence

- where there is little human disturbance

- dense forested areas

Naturally Disturbed Plot

• Plot size: 8 hectares

• Number: 10 plots

• Suitable sites:

- higher elevation areas

- near hotsprings

- near animal habitats

- near grasslands/shrublands

• Plot size: 8 hectares

• Number: 10 plots

• Suitable sites:

- less natural disturbance

- protected areas as soil, water..

- less animal accessiblends

Treatments Timeline

Usually, a combination of these treatements needs to be applied at a given site for removal to be effective.

These methods are recommended to be applied at different times across the span of 10 years to truly see effects. This timeline would indicate how this experimental study would apply a cocktail of these methods to the Reference Plots to eradicate invasive species.

Measure & Time: Disturbed Plots

Human Disturbed Plots

Installation of sampling plots are

Recordings of existing on-site invasives native species and wildlifes are taken Invasive

Naturally Disturbed Plots rapid some non-native animal species are already present due to the existing nvasive species as ood source already present due to the existing nvasive species as ood source spread of some invasive species some native plants are displaced by invasives invasives appear along roads some invasives can become more palatable or wildlife this stresses plants that are not adapted to grazing more invasives appear along roads not adapted to grazing with no known competition plants more invasives colonize the site invasives change the soil condition this in turn, changes the plant community and growth of native plant species no known competition plants more invasives colonize the site native species convert to eed on invasive species some

Observation of influecne of vegetation change on wildlife, nutrients,soil and the other function of ecosystem Year 0 Observation and selection of sample plots in higher elevation and upland of yellowstone headwater watershed observation of invasive species and native plants

Year 3 Year 5 Year 10

Observation of the pattern and rate of spreading of invasive species in the site and it’s short-term effects of on native plants plant community more non-native animals appear on site Study the long-term effects of invasive plants on ecosystem as reduce bio diversity, Increased frequency of wildfires Water shortages some native wildlife species are orced out due to lack of ood source

Data Visualization

Arc GIS R

Calgary, CA