Spring 2024
THE CENTIPEDEGRASS CONUNDRUM
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Spring 2024
TOP FEATURES 8
8 10
Recent Event —
ATA Road Shows Upcoming Events —
Poa Annua Golf Tournament
Auburn University Turfgrass Research Field Day
14 16 22 14
Feature —
Member Spotlight on Buddy Williams Cover Story —
he Centipedegrass Conundrum – T Holistic Approaches to Weed Control Feature —
ontrol of Yellow and Knotroot Foxtail C in Southern Turfgrass Feature —
26 Improving Turfgrass Sustainability with Better Genetics
DEPARTMENTS 6 6 12 31
From the President’s Pen ATA Annual Sponsors News from ATA Index of Advertisers
16 Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Find this issue, Podcasts, Events and More: THETURFZONE.COM The Alabama Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Alabama Turf Times, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or their identification as Alabama Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2024 by the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Alabama Turf Times is published quarterly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Alabama Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display
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From the President’s Pen >>>
Hello ATA Members! I
hope 2024 is off to a good start for everyone. We are getting a lot of beneficial rain to offset the drought from last fall. Yes, it can be a nuisance, but it will pay off for us come summertime.
We recently finalized what I call "Road Show" Season. I hope you were able to attend one near you. Once again, we had an outstanding line-up, and very informative topics for everyone. Not only can you get some great information, but it is an opportunity to visit with colleagues in the industry and that is always one of my favorite parts of Road Shows. Our vendors are another reason the Road Shows are enjoyable. Getting to see the new products helps us plan for the rest of the year. Recently we held our annual Board Retreat. I would like to welcome to the board Zach Willard (Auburn University), Kip Clark (Daviscapes), Robert Mitchell (FarmLinks), and Graham Simmons (Woerner Farms). I appreciate their willingness to serve our association. We also finalized the 2024 calendar of events at the Retreat. Following completion of the Road Shows, we have the Poa Classic at the Robert Trent Jones Capitol Hill Golf Course on March 18th. Auburn Research Day is April 2nd, followed by Sports Turf Field Day at the Hoover Met on August 12th. Hope to see you all at these great events!
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
I would like to recognize Dr. Jim Jacobi for his many years of service to ATA as Education Consultant. Dr. Jacobi has been a valuable resource to our members and has spent much of that time helping to line up the educational aspects of our Road Shows and meetings. John Nabors has stepped in to help fill that role and will be working with Dr. Dave Han and the board to offer the best and most valuable educational seminars for our members. I want to continue to encourage each and every one of you to be intentional about staying involved in the ATA events throughout 2024. So often we are asked about the value ATA provides our membership. What I have found is that what I put into it is what I get out of it. By sacrificing the time to be a part of Road Shows, The Poa, Field Day, Lawn and Landscape Day and the Sports Field Day, I have built friendships with fellow industry colleagues that benefited me greatly. These friendships stand the test of time. Please do all you can to be involved. We need you, our membership, to help make ATA the best that it can be. I promise you that you will not be sorry for the time missed at work. Hope to see you all throughout this year, and God Bless!!
David White ATA President
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David White
2024 ATA ANNUAL SPONSORS GOL D ( $ 5 , 0 0 0) • Envu • Harrell’s, Inc. • Jerry Pate
Turf & Irrigation
SIL VE R ( $ 3 , 0 0 0 ) • Beard Equipment
Company • BWI • FIS Outdoor • Simplot • SiteOne
BR ON ZE ( $ 1 ,60 0 ) • Corteva • GreenPoint Ag • Nufarm • PBI Gordon • Professional
Turfgrass Services • Regal Chemical Company • Sur-Line Turf, Inc. • Syngenta
Alabama Turf Times is the official publication of the: Alabama Turfgrass Association P.O. Box 70 Auburn, Alabama 36831 Tel: (334) 821-3000 Fax: (334) 821-3800 Email: ALturfgrass@gmail.com www.AlabamaTurf.org Published by: Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 Tel: (615) 790-3718 Fax: (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Executive Director Kayla Cook
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COOSA VALLEY TURF FARMS LLC MEMBER OF
Alabama Turf Times Editor Melanie Bonds EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President David White Vice President Patrick Pierce Secretary / Treasurer Drew Charcandy Past President Ben Williams BOARD OF DIRECTORS Golf Lee Fillingim Anniston Country Club Industry Glenn Lucas SiteOne Landscape
TIFWAY 419 FESCUE
Institution Zach Willard Auburn University Lawn Care Kip Clark Daviscapes Parks & Recreation Jennifer Morgan City of Gulf Shores
www.CoosaValleyTurfFarms.com (256) 927-4228 • (256) 927-4758 FAX • cvtf@tds.net 900 County Road 492 • Centre, AL 35960
Sod Blake Thaxton Alabama Farmers Federation
Mike Jones, CGCS
EX OFFICIO / EDUCATION ADVISORS David Han, Ph.D. Auburn University (334) 844-3980 handavi@auburn.edu John Nabors Alabama Cooperative Extension System (205) 981-2326 jtnabors@auburn.edu
Territory Sales Specialist for GA, AL, & TN Mobile: (470) 347-2045 • Email: michael.jones@basf.com BASF P&SS • P.O. Box 71607 • Newnan, GA 30271
7
A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >>> S pring 2024
At Large Grahm Simmons Bryan Scroggins Robert Mitchell
Recent Event >>>
ROAD SHOW SEMINARS The
Alabama Turfgrass Association’s popular Road Show Seminars were held across the state this past January
and February. Each year the ATA offers five educational sessions on the most current topics in turfgrass management by the industry's top researchers and professors. It is a great opportunity to earn pesticide recertification points as
2024 Road Show Seminar Offerings included:
well as other CEU's. There is sure to be a seminar near you next winter! Suppliers, we also offer an opportunity to showcase your company and products at the Road Show seminars. Tabletop exhibits are available each session, but space is limited. The table-top sponsorships are $150 per seminar. Bring your entire crew next year for an economical, full day of education on the most common turfgrass topics. Registration includes the sessions, handouts, breaks and lunch. Please make plans to join us in 2025!
What Happened Here? Diagnose the Problem Correctly and Reduce Your Pesticide Use Dr. Dave Han, Auburn University This presentation provided insights into accurately diagnosing turf problems in the landscape, enabling you to minimize pesticide usage. Effective strategies for identifying and addressing issues, promoting a healthier and more sustainable approach to turf management were addressed. Attendees learned how to diagnose the problem correctly and reduce pesticide use.
Lawn Care issues for 2024- Pesticides are Not Always Needed to Address the Issue
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Dr. Dave Han, Auburn University Lawncare issues are always there. In this talk attendees learned what to look out for this upcoming season and how to address it. The session explored anticipated lawn care issues for 2024, emphasizing approaches to problem-solving without solely relying on pesticides. This presentation highlighted pesticides and non-chemical strategies for sustainable practices to address lawn concerns, promoting a proactive approach to lawn care.
8
We all want
Review of Preemergence and New Postemergence Herbicides Dr. Scott McElroy, Auburn University
Green Grass, No Weeds. Every tool you need to have the greenest, most weed-free grass is right here.
Dr. McElroy delved into the latest advancements in herbicides with this presentation, offering a comprehensive review of both preemergence and new postemergence options. Attendees can stay informed about cutting-edge herbicide technologies, their applications, and how they contribute to effective weed management strategies.
Lunch and Vendor Showcase Lunch was sponsored by our Gold Sponsors. Attendees had a chance to to visit all our vendors.
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2023 Disease Update and Management in the Landscape Dr. Amanda Strayer-Scherer, Auburn University This presentation offered a comprehensive update on landscape diseases and effective management strategies. Attendees gained valuable insights into the latest developments in disease control, equipping them with the knowledge to maintain a healthy and vibrant landscape.
Application Equipment Maintenance: How to Maintain and Use Your Pesticide Application Equipment for Maximum Efficiency Glenn Lucas, SiteOne Landscapes
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Essential techniques for maintaining and using pesticide application equipment effectively were shared in this presentation. Attendees discovered the key steps to ensure maximum efficiency, calibrating equipment, extending the lifespan of equipment, and optimizing pesticide application processes.
Providing the best selection of turf and landscape products, competitive prices, and excellent customer service.
Upcoming Events >>>
Tee Up for Research at the
Poa Annua Golf Tournament!
Discover the Future of Turfgrass
The
C
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Alabama Turfgrass Association will tee up with the Alabama Golf Course Superintendents for our annual Poa annua Classic, Monday, March 18th, benefiting turfgrass research. Join us for a day of camaraderie, education and friendly competition on the links of the Robert Trent Jones’ Capitol Hill Senator Course in Prattville, Alabama. We will start the morning off uncovering the latest strategies and technologies in turf management to effectively tackle Poa annua challenges. Led by our state’s expert, Dr. Scott McElroy of Auburn University, the educational session will offer a comprehensive exploration of control methods, integrated pest management, and sustainable practices. Immediately following the presentation, enjoy a delicious lunch where you can network and fellowship with your turf peers in the clubhouse. After lunch, golfers will ascend to the course for an afternoon golf tournament. The Senator course of the RTJ Golf Trail at Capitol Hill is a Scottish-Links style course which features TifEagle Ultradwarf greens and more than 140 pot-hole bunkers and mounds 20 to 40 feet in heights, hiding the cart path and other holes from view. It will sure to be a golfers treat to play this beautiful course located centrally in the middle of our state. Register today on our website, alabamaturf.org. Remember, all proceeds from this event are donated to advance turfgrass research in our state. Come out and support research, network with your turf friends and play this amazing course.
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ome view first-hand the research projects currently being conducted at Auburn University, our state’s land-grant university. Join us for Auburn University’s Turfgrass Research Field Day, April 2nd, for an afternoon to explore cutting-edge research plots, gain insights from experts, and witness the future of turf management. We are changing up the format to encourage your participation this year. The event will kick-off at 1pm at the Auburn Turf Unit (105 Shug Jordan Parkway, Auburn, AL). We’ll tour the plots, discuss research findings and learn how this will affect your future as a turfgrass manager. Then we’ll cap off the day at the Tiger on the Green Restaurant for a networking dinner at this new, unique venue that offers a delicious culinary experience as well as lawn golf. Register today for this opportunity on our website: alabamaturf.org. Sponsorships are available, as well as Pesticide Re-Certification Points for your attendance. Discover the future of turfgrass – it’s more than just grass; it’s a science!
ATA News >>>
ALABAMA TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION
LEGACY SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SECTIO N 1 First Name:____________________________________________________________Last Name:_________________________________________________ Street Address:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ City / State / Zip Code:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Home Phone:__________________________________________________________Cell Phone:_________________________________________________ Email:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ College / University:___________________________________________________Major:______________________________________________________
SECTION 2 – Member Relative Information Name of ATA Member:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Company / Employer:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Relationship to Applicant:______________________________________________Member Since:_______________Current Class:__________________
S EC TION 3 – Applicant’s Academic & Community Service Record Institution
Dates Attended
Location
GPA
Graduation Date
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List any academic distinctions/honors you received in high school or College (on separate page.) List school or college activities as well as office held in these organizations (on separate page.) List activities outside school or college (on separate page.) List employment you have held since entering high school (on separate page.) List any scholarships awarded with sponsor/date/amount (on separate page.)
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Do you qualify for in-state tuition? ______ Yes ______ No
SECTIO N 4 – Certification I certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my knowledge. A transcript of your grades must be submitted with this application. Signature:_________________________________________________________________ Date:___________________________________________________ 12
Unveiling the Challenges:
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our world of turf management, we face a myriad of challenges that impact the health and aesthetics of our green spaces. To further advance research and innovation in the field, we invite turf professionals to share their top agronomic problems that could potentially be addressed through dedicated research efforts. Whether you manage golf courses, sports fields, home lawns or public parks, your insights are invaluable in shaping the future of turf management. By identifying specific challenges, we can foster collaboration between researchers and practitioners to develop sustainable and effective solutions. We encourage you to respond with your most pressing agronomic issues. Your firsthand experiences provide a unique perspective that can guide us in funding research to develop practical and impactful solutions. Your input will play a crucial role in steering research initiatives towards the issues that matter most to those working in the field. Share your insights, contribute to the dialogue, and be a part of the collaborative effort to address the agronomic challenges that shape the turf management landscape. Please send your issues, suggestions and research ideas to the Alabama Turfgrass Research Foundation at: ATRF@alaturfgrass.org. Your participation is key to driving innovation and elevating the standards of turf management across all industry segments.
Office: 205-333-1776 www.surlineturf.com • email: surline1@gmail.com
ME M B E R SP O T LI GHT “If it doesn't grow in the cracks of the sidewalks, don't try to grow it.” — Buddy Williams favorite advice!
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
W
hile studying Business at a Junior College in Rockville, Maryland, Buddy Williams joined the team constructing a nearby public golf course (Redgate Golf Course). “I was hooked! The superintendent there presented career opportunities available in the industry. I stayed on at Redgate for a year or so, learning the maintenance business from the bottom up.” Buddy learned irrigation repair, maintenance, the finer arts of fertilizing, spray tech, the mechanical side of grinding reels and many other aspects of the business. He asked so many questions he felt sure he was an annoyance—not you, Buddy!—but from there he went on to attend the University of Maryland, Institute of Applied Agriculture Turf and Golf Course Management. From those early years, Buddy Williams has had a long and illustrious career in the turfgrass industry. Allan MacCurrach, first PGA Tour Agronomist, recruited Buddy to join the PGA Tour in the beginning of the TPC Network. “I started at TPC Avenal where we pioneered Meyer zoysiagrass. We were host to the Chrysler Cup which was a Senior Ryder cup format and the following year the Kemper Open.” Buddy was then transferred to TPC Prestanica in Sarasota, Florida to finish construction and host another two Chrysler Cups. From there he was moved to TPC Southwind in Memphis, another zoysia course with bentgrass greens. “I had eight months to ready the course for the Federal Express St. Jude 14
Classic, which was already a year behind scheduled date. It turned out to be one of my biggest challenges. Not to mention the tournament was held the first week of August on Penncross greens.” In addition to Allan MacCurrach, Ricky Huey, Vice President of golf course management with The Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, was a huge mentor to Buddy. “Ricky was by far the best boss I ever worked with,” Buddy says. “His insight, easy going personality and the ability to put things into perspective makes a huge impression. You knew Ricky always had your back. Thank you, BIG CHEESE!” Shifting to his work with GreenPoint Ag, Buddy says, “Moving to the ‘other side of the desk’ was, at first, somewhat of a shock. I won't go into details, but I was treated differently and had to knock down a lot of walls. On the other hand, I was able to forge a lot of new relationships and enjoyed seeing most of my customers. There is a myth that taking customers to lunch and playing golf is all sales reps do. This couldn't be farther from the truth. There are a lot of moving parts on that side of the industry and people you must rely on to get the product to the customer on time. Fierce competition is another challenge that at times has become ridiculous.” While he profited from his time as a sales consultant, Buddy’s first love was the golf course industry. He learned early how impossible it was to please everyone, and how important communication with the membership was, as well as being available and visible 24/7. “It is necessary to find the squeaky wheel and address concerns before they get out of hand. Complaints usually come from the vocal minority. You never want reasons to become excuses. The greatest challenge is delivering a very playable and consistent product every day within budget.” After many years of working in the field, Buddy observes that the current Superintendent has so much technology available that it takes a lot of the guess work away. This results in more pressure to produce consistent conditions. “Expectations have skyrocketed. You are still dealing with Mother Nature (and she will have her way). Also, high prices in every aspect of the business, coupled with the availability of many products, puts pressure on the managers. Visiting and talking with people in the industry, I have seen a more negative attitude towards the profession in the past few years. Added to that the labor shortage and quality of potential employees really handcuffs all turfgrass managers. The job is hard enough without this added burden.” Fewer turf students want to go into the golf business. There are also issues in filling slots in sports turf, Park and Rec, among others. I am not sure I blame them. Any career in turf is very challenging.” Buddy decided to retire at the end of 2023. During his retirement Buddy hopes to continue with good health, spend time “playing golf with my friends and, of course, my wife.” He plans to travel as much as possible. “We went to Ireland in 2021 and will definitely return again soon.” Buddy also has a few consulting jobs lined up. “I look forward to doing some mowing at a local course. I need to have a task every morning.” Additionally, having the down time retirement allows has rekindled Buddy’s passion for golf. “I actually went and bought a game. The new technology in equipment is incredible.” Unfortunately, Buddy had two back surgeries in 2023. He is looking forward to a complete recovery which will add to his enjoyment of the game. Bird hunting is another hobby that he enjoys sharing with his 30-year-old son, Seth. And while his tournament bass fishing passion has long since disappeared, he still likes to fish in private ponds. Buddy’s wife, Renee, works part time for a busy doctor’s office in Auburn. “She has been my rock and inspiration.
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Above: Buddy and Renee with daughter, Emily. Below: Buddy and family at Thanksgiving.
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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >>> S pring 2024
She has been behind me the past 34 years, which has been no easy task. In short, the most incredible mother and wife there could ever be. We met in Memphis at TPC Southwind where she was an Assistant Golf Pro. After her successful career on the Memphis State Golf Team, I can’t say I have ever beat her, but she is by far my favorite player! The Williams have three children. Their daughter, Emily, is a school teacher in Idaho. The military took daughter, Shelby, and her husband, Dylan, to Alaska the past 10 years. They blessed Buddy and Renee with two grandchildren, River (three) and Willow (one and one half). Buddy says, “Visiting Alaska has been an incredible experience. It is by far the most beautiful place on earth. We just found out that Dylan was accepted to Aviation school at Ft. Rucker in Enterprise, AL and needs to arrive in March. The Williams’ son, Seth, is an Auburn graduate working as a computer engineer for the Department of Defense at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville. He recently became engaged to Julie, who has a five-year-old son, Hudson. Buddy has been a member of the Golf Course Superintendents Association for over 42 years, as well as a member of the Alabama GCSA and Alabama Turfgrass Association nearly 30 years. Buddy had the privilege of serving on the Board of Directors twice. He has been a speaker at the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, presenter with the ATA and was recognized from the PGA Tour as one of the best Ten Percent conditioned events in 1997 for the Nike Tour Championship. Buddy, it has been a pleasure and honor to have you as a part of our Association. We hope you will continue to favor us by attending meetings! Best wishes for your retirement! You’ve earned it!
Cover Story >>>
THE CENTIPEDEGRASS CONUNDRUM Holistic Approaches to Weed Control By Jay McCurdy and Michael Richard, Mississippi State University
C
entipedegrass has become perhaps the most common low maintenance turfgrass species in the southeast. We can think of no other that has the breadth of utility in poor soils and areas with infrequent care. Unfortunately, its finicky response to routine maintenance means it sometimes gets “loved to death” by those responsible for its care. Centipedegrass was first introduced in 1916 from Southeastern Asia. Seed were collected by the plant explorer Frank Nicholas Meyer (the namesake of ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass and the ‘Meyer’ lemon) who was employed by the USDA’s Office of Seed and Plant Introduction. He drowned somewhat mysteriously near Shanghai in 1918 while exploring southeastern China via the Yangtze River. There are at least eight species within the genus Eremochloa. Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) is the only one cultivated as a turfgrass species. Centipedegrass has many other common names. Chinese lawngrass or China grass denotes its origins. It is called cemetery grass due to its prevalence within cemeteries and poor man’s or lazy man’s grass because of its low maintenance requirements. Centipedegrass is a warm-season, lime-green, medium-textured, slow growing grass found throughout the southeastern United States as low maintenance turf. It persists in humid-subtropical and tropical climates. Centipedegrass persists as far north as Tennessee and coastal Virginia; although, it is easiest to maintain where winter-time temperatures are mild. Centipedegrass is one of the least drought tolerant warm-season turf species. For this reason, it tends to do well in gulf-coastal environments due to timely rainfall during peak summertime temperatures.
Centipedegrass varieties include ‘common,’ ‘TifBlair,’ ‘Oaklawn,’ and ‘Tennessee Hardy.’ Centipedegrass spreads by aboveground stems called stolons, as well as by seed. Seed take roughly three weeks to germinate and require adequate soil temperature to do so (approximately 80 degrees). Centipedegrass is commonly propagated vegetatively as sod but may also be established by sprigs or plugs. Centipedegrass thrives in soils of moderate to low pH (between 5.0 and 6.0). Prior to establishing any turfgrass, a soil test should be performed in order to determine soil pH. Other site considerations should include shade, wear, and expectations. Centipedegrass persists in moderate shade better than bermudagrass but not nearly as well as St. Augustinegrass. Centipedegrass has poor wear tolerance and is slow to recover from injury because of its slow growth rate. Low fertility requirements and short statured growth make centipedegrass well suited for low to no mow scenarios, but property owners expecting thoroughbred performance will be unhappy with a plow-horse trod. Once established, nitrogen inputs should be limited to less than 2 lbs nitrogen per 1,000 ft2 per year. By contrast, this is roughly half that recommended on low maintenance bermuda and zoysia grass lawns. When using controlled release nitrogen sources, I recommend even less. In some environments, nitrogen input may not be needed every year. Some of the most experienced centipedegrass gurus suggest a potassium supplement in the spring and fall. Some folks use foliar apps of iron to correct the bleached appearance of grass grown in soils where pH is above optimal. The darker color lasts until the leaf tissue grows enough to be mown. Humic and fulvic acids, as well as various other soil amendments, are frequently suggested though research is scant in centipedegrass. Centipedegrass does not have underground rhizomes like bermuda and zoysia grasses. When over fertilized, it becomes thatchy and prone to stress related decline. To prevent thatch, only fertilize when grass is actively growing, which in most southeastern lawns is after the third or fourth mowing event. Centipedegrass does well at a range of mowing heights (1 to 4-inches), but it does not recover well from scalping. Mowing low according to the 1/3rd rule during growing months helps promote lateral growth. Bag clippings if they accumulate or clump together and add them to your compost.
Holistic Weed Control
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Figure 1. Centipedegrass injury due to drought conditions in the fall of 2016.
16
Unfortunately, centipedegrass does not conform to conventional herbicide applications as well as bermuda and zoysia grasses. Lawn care professionals who manage centipedegrass well are less governed by routine schedules and make decisions based upon concern for plant health rather than pest control. They scout and spot treat problematic areas. They run routes that are focused on sensitive species – centipede, St. Augustine, and carpet grasses. And most importantly, they educate consumers about expectations and appropriate cultural practices. The essence of weed-free centipedegrass is dense, healthy turf. Centipedegrass is highly susceptible to herbicide injury during fall and spring transition periods, regardless of labelling. For instance, auxin mimicking herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, and others) are tolerated when turf is actively growing, but during fall and spring transition, centipedgrass is susceptible to injury and slowed growth.
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Cover Story >>> Continued
Princep 4FL, 32 fl oz
Likewise, metsulfuron is labelled, but when applied during transition or even during mostly dormant winter conditions, injury and thinned stands are fairly common. When actively growing, phytotoxicity is transient, but during fall and spring dormancy or summer drought stress, even the slightest injury may push it over the edge.
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Best management practices for centipedegrass weed control: • Prioritize plant health. Manage fertility, soil pH, cultural practices, and especially thatch if you want a resilient centipedegrass lawn. • Mow at a height that allows infrequent mowing. The higher the height of cut, generally the less frequent mowing. • Rely upon fall preemergence herbicide applications for control of annual bluegrass and cool-season broadleaf weeds rather than winter/spring postemergence treatments. It is fairly typical to apply low rates of mitotic inhibiting herbicides (ex. Barricade, Pendulum, Dimension) in conjunction with simazine at a fall timing. Some practitioners apply reduced rates of Specticle in the Fall, but this is not advised unless dealing with extremely healthy centipedegrass. Ultimately, simazine and atrazine are the safest preemergence treatments for centipedegrass, but admittedly they lack the same spectrum of weeds controlled as many other preemergence options. • With the exception of simazine or atrazine, we advise using decreased rates or forgoing the use of preemergence herbicides in the spring. Fly-away or looping stolons in lawns treated with mitotic-inhibiting herbicides or Specticle are typical. Gallery (isoxaben) might be another exception, as it tends to be very safe on grasses. Unfortunately, gallery lacks control of grassy weeds. • Reduced rates of simazine and atrazine have long been standard recommendations for spring broadleaf/Poa control with the added benefit of some preemergence activity. For new customer accounts, a round-1 “clean-up” option is atrazine. Atrazine on a granular fertilizer carrier (ex. Scotts Bonus S) in spring is a standard that homeowners can do themselves. • In general, avoid use of postemergence herbicides during spring and fall periods of static growth. Even though they’re labelled, products containing auxin mimicking herbicides (ex. 2,4-D, dicamba, mecoprop, clopyralid, and others) can be particularly problematic during periods of transition or slow growth. Herbicides are rarely the only cause of decline, but when combined with stress, such as drought or slowed recovery from winter, they too frequently result in thinned turf or stunted growth. • When possible, spot treat postemergence herbicides rather than broadcast applying. We realize how impractical this can be, but so is re-sodding an entire yard.
Figure 2. Herbicides applied in Biloxi, Mississippi on May 4, 2015. Spray volume was 40 gallons per acre. A non-ionic surfactant was included. Photos were taken 2 weeks after treatment. Notice slight turfgrass injury results from all treatments. 18
Tenacity, 8 fl oz
Tenacity + Princep
MSM Turf, 0.5 oz
2023
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State coverage east of the Mississippi !
Podcasts produced in 2023 featuring timely topics for those on the go!
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Digital and print state turf magazines published in 2023!
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Cover Story >>> Continued
Preemergence herbicides that are labelled include (but are not limited to): Barricade and others (prodiamine) Coastal (prodiamine, simazine, imazaquin) Dimension and others (dithiopyr) Gallery (isoxaben) Gemini (prodiamine, isoxaben) Echelon (prodiamine, sulfentrazone) Freehand (dimethenamid, pendimethalin) Kerb (pronamide) Pendulum and others (pendimethalin) Pennant Magnum (metolachlor) Specticle Flo (indaziflam) – Not for use in sod Surflan (oryzalin) Tower (dimethenamid)
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Many postemergence herbicide labels limit or restrict use to periods of active growth. Several products (ex. Triplet-SF) limit application timings to dormant centipedegrass only. Our experience has been that centipedegrass green-up can be delayed even when applications are made according to label directions. Read the label and do not take risks when unnecessary. Products that are labelled include (but are not limited to): Aatrex (atrazine) Avenue South (penoxsulam, sulfentrazone, dicamba, 2,4-D) Banvel (dicamba) Basagran (bentazon) Blindside (metsulfuron, sulfentrazone) Celero (imazosulfuron) Celsius (thiencarbazone methyl, iodosulfuron, dicamba) Certainty (sulfosulfuron) Change-Up (MCPA, fluroxypyr, dicamba) Confront (triclopyr, clopyralid) – Not labelled for residential use Defendor (florasulam) Dismiss (sulfentrazone) Image (imazaquin) Katana (flazasulfuron) LockUp (penoxsulam, dicamba) Lontrel (clopyralid) – Not labelled for residential use. Manor, MSM-Turf, Rometsol, and others (metsulfuron) Princep 4L (simazine) Pylex (topramezone) - spot treatment only Quicksilver (carfentrazone) Relzar (halauxifen-methyl, florasuluam) – Centipede tolerance improved with addition of dicamba (0.12 to 0.24 lb ae/A) Sedgehammer, ProSedge, and others (halosulfuron) Segment (sethoxydim) Speedzone Southern (carfentrazone, 2,4-D, mecoprop, dicamba) Switchblade (halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr, dicamba)
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Tenacity (mesotrione) Trimec Southern (MCPA, 2,4-D, dicamba) Vista and/or Spotlight (fluroxypyr) Xonerate (amicarbazone) Centipedegrass is tolerant of a few postemergence herbicides that are unique in warm-season turf. Only apply when turf is actively growing and is not under stress. • Sethoxydim (Segment, Vantage) is labelled for grassy weed control at a reduced use rate. It will not control annual bluegrass or goosegrass, but it will control crabgrass with two applications roughly three weeks apart. • The HPPD inhibitors mesotrione (Tenacity) and topramezone (Pylex) control crabgrass and goosegrass. Notice that Pylex is labelled for spot treatment only in residential centipedegrass. • Winter-time applications of atrazine or simazine are sometimes applied for broadleaf and grassy weed control. For whatever reason, crabgrass and goosegrass are rarely problematic in healthy centipedegrass. In our opinion, the most problematic weeds in centipedegrass are summer broadleaves that would exist regardless of spring preemergence application (ex. Virginia buttonweed, dichondra, dollarweed, common lespedeza, chamberbitter, and various sedges). Products that combine ALS inhibitors with auxin
Figure 3. A centipedegrass lawn that has thinned due to poorly drained soil. The grass in the foreground is actually carpetgrass, which tolerates standing water and wet soils.
mimicking herbicides (ex. Celsius or Avenue South) or combinations of auxin mimicking herbicides (ex. Change-up, Trimec Southern, or Vista) plus low rates of metsulfuron are usually well tolerated during peak summer growth and result in fairly broad-spectrum control of broadleaf weeds. Sedgehammer, Celero, Katana, Image, Certainty, or Dismiss are all options for control of sedges. St. Augustine and carpet grasses are frequently found in mixed stands with centipedegrass. Keep in mind that herbicide selection should account for the presence of these sensitive warm-season species. For instance, Celsius is labelled across a range of warm-season turf species, but it is a standard recommendation to control carpetgrass. Many an LCO has killed carpetgrass without knowing it was present. Centipedegrass is susceptible to a number of pests other than weeds, including ground pearls, large patch, and nematodes. Proper pest identification is necessary in order to adequately treat these problems. Long term decline due to these or other pests may indicate that a site (or property owner) is not conducive to centipedegrass growth. Renovation and establishment of a more suitable grass species is a frequent recommendation. In summary, use caution when applying herbicides to sensitive species, particularly centipedegrass. Prioritize plant health, and above all else, educate the consumer so that they have realistic expectations and perform cultural practices properly.
Figure 4. From left to right: bermudagrass, centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass stolons.
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Feature >>>
Control of Yellow and Knotroot Foxtail in Southern Turfgrass By Mikerly Joseph, Dave Han, and Scott McElroy, Auburn University | Current address of first author: University of Florida
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
In
the southeastern region of the United States, Setaria pumila and Setaria parviflora, respectively known as yellow and knotroot foxtail, are two common species infesting managed and unmanaged turfgrass, pastures, roadsides, and some cropping systems (Bryson and DeFelice, 2009; Hitchcock, 1971). Yellow and knotroot foxtail originated from Asia and North America, respectively (Dekker, 2003; Rominger, 1962a). Nevertheless, they are very similar in appearance and are frequently mistaken for each other, leading to confusion in herbicide selection (Darmency and Dekker, 2011). The primary differences between yellow and knotroot foxtail are found in the seedhead with yellow foxtail seedheads bigger and denser with more hairs (Darmency and Dekker, 2011). Other studies found that knotroot foxtail can be differentiated from yellow by the presence of rhizomes (Wang et al., 1995). However, since these characteristics appear late during development or sometimes are not apparent at all, it is very difficult to tell the two species apart in the field (Wang et al., 1995). Yellow and knotroot foxtail are annual and perennial weeds, respectively, with few options for effective chemical control in warm-season turfgrass. Pinoxaden is labeled in the United States for use on bermudagrass controls of yellow foxtail post emergence (Peppers et al., 2020), but pinoxaden is not labeled to control knotroot foxtail (Peppers et al., 2020). Chlorsulfuron gave season-long control of yellow foxtail when applied at the early growth stage in Kentucky bluegrass, but it is not labeled in turfgrass (Maloy, 1985). Imazethapyr controls yellow foxtail effectively as a preemergence with no detrimental effects on grass establishment (Fry et al., 1997). Little research has been done to gain an understanding of the chemical control of knotroot foxtail. In pastures, hexazinone alone or applied with metsulfuron + dicamba + 2,4-D, controlled knotroot foxtail by more than 70% two weeks after application, as did chlorsulfuron or nicosulfuron (Coats et al., 1999). Nicosulfuron + metsulfuron controls knotroot foxtail 70% in bermudagrass forage at the actively growing stage (Rusell, 2021). Other herbicides could potentially control yellow and knotroot foxtail but are not currently labeled. For instance, thiencarbazone + dicamba + iodosulfuron is labeled for controlling yellow foxtail and giant foxtail but not knotroot foxtail. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate the response of yellow foxtail and knotroot foxtail to several turfgrass herbicides and (2) evaluate the rate response of yellow and knotroot foxtail to increasing rates of pinoxaden and sethoxydim and estimate the application rate at which 50% (I50) of both species was injured.
22
Material and Methods Research was conducted in 2021 and 2022 in greenhouse populations to evaluate yellow and knotroot foxtail response to different turfgrass herbicides. Two experiments were conducted at the Auburn University Weed Science greenhouse in Auburn, AL in 32/28 C (+/-1 C Day/night) conditions with an average relative humidity of 70%. Seeds of both species were harvested from a local population in Montgomery, Alabama. Seeds were cleaned and stored at 4oC prior to the experiments. Seeds were planted in flats of potting medium and were then transplanted individually at three leaves stage into 230 cm3 pots, filled with sandy soil. Treatments were applied two weeks after transplantation. After treatment, pots were not watered for approximately 24 hours to allow for adequate leaf absorption. See Figure 1 for the herbicide treatments. The treatments were evaluated for percent weed control at 7, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA) and above ground biomass of the foxtail plants were evaluated at 28 DAA.
Figure 1. Herbicide treatments applied to yellow and knotroot foxtail in this study
Herbicide
Rate applied
Manuscript(Pinoxaden)
0.673 Kg/ha (9.6 fl oz/a)
Manuscript(Pinoxaden)
1.345 Kg/ha (19.2 fl oz/a)
Segment (Sethoxydim)
3.15 L/ha ( 2.25 pt/a)
Segment (Sethoxydim)
5.25 L/ha (3.75 pt/a)
Celsius (Thiencarbazone+Dicamba+lodosulfuron)
0.344 kg/ha (4.9 oz wt/a)
Sencor (Metribuzin)
0.750 Kg/ha (0.67 lb /a)
Steadfast (Nicosulfuron +Rimsulfuron)
0.052 Kg/ha (0.75 oz wt/a)
Dismiss FMC (Sulfentrazone)
0.841 Kg/ha (12 fl oz/a)
Dismiss South (Sulfentrazone +Imazethapyr)
1.016 kg/ha (14.5 fl oz/a)
Scepter (Imazaquin)
0.799 Kg/ha (11.4 oz wt/a)
untreated
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Feature >>> Continued
Results and Discussion Figure 2. Control of yellow foxtail with various herbicide treatments at 7, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA)
Figure 3. Control of knotroot foxtail with various herbicide treatments at 7, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA)
In greenhouse evaluation, yellow and knotroot foxtail responded differently to the selected herbicides. All the herbicides were effective on yellow foxtail with more than 85 % at 28 days after application (DAA) (Figure 2). Above-ground biomass data followed the same pattern. All the herbicides reduced yellow foxtail above-ground biomass by more than 95% compared to the nontreated at 28 DAA. Knotroot foxtail was more difficult to control in general than yellow foxtail. Sulfentrazone controlled knotroot foxtail > 90 %, which was the best treatment statistically. Similarly, metribuzin controlled knotroot foxtail 81%, imazaquin 71%, sethoxydim (high rate) 76%, and thiencarbazone + dicamba + iodosulfuron 68% control (Figure 2). All the other treatments controlled knotroot foxtail by less than 65%. Relative plant fresh-weight data agreed with visually estimated control data. Sulfentrazone, metribuzin, sethoxydim (high rate), thi encarbazone+dicamba+iodosulfuron and imazaquin reduced the above ground biomass by more than 90% and nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron reduced knotroot foxtail biomass by 89%. However, pinoxaden (low and high rates) were less effective on knotroot foxtail with less than 30% biomass reduction.
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
Bottom Line This study found that yellow foxtail responded differently to herbicides than knotroot foxtail, and knotroot foxtail was more difficult to control. Based on the greenhouse studies, sulfentrazone, sethoxydim (high rate) thiencarbazone + dicamba + iodosulfuron, and metribuzin can be considered for controlling yellow and knotroot foxtail at label rates. Knotroot foxtail response was more variable and pinoxaden should not be considered for controlling knotroot foxtail even at the maximum recommended label rate. Sethoxydim provided effective control of yellow foxtail and reduced knotroot foxtail biomass by more than 60% at the labeled rate.
24
Responses observed in this study suggest that differentiation between yellow and knotroot foxtail is essential for predictable results with herbicides.
Literature Cited Bryson CT, DeFelice MS (2009) Weeds of the south Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. Pp. 495 Coats GE, Taylor JM, Kelly ST, Helms RB, Scott TD (1999) Highway vegetation management Mississippi: Miss. Agric. and Forest. 122 p Darmency H, Dekker J (2011) Setaria. Pages 275-291 in Kole C, ed. Wild Crop Relatives : Genomic and Breeding Resources. Clemson: Springer Dekker J (2003) The foxtail (Setaria) species-group. Weed Science 51:641-656 Dyer LM, Henry GM, McCullough PE, Belcher J, Basinger NT (2022) Knotroot Foxtail [Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen]:“A sly fox”. Weed Technology:1-22 Fry JD, Gaussoin RE, Beran DD, Masters RA (1997) Buffalograss Establishment with Preemergence Herbicides. Hortscience 34 Hitchcock AS (1971) Manual of the grasses of the United States. New york: Dover Kotu V, Deshpande B (2018) Data science: concepts and practice: Morgan Kaufmann
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Figure 4. Yellow (top) and knotroot (bottom) foxtail plants at 28 days after herbicide application
Maloy BM (1985) Selective control of perennial grasses in Kentucky 21 blue-grass (Poa pratensis L.) turf with chlorsulfuron. Master of science Iowa Iowa State University Ogle DH, Doll JC, Wheeler P, Dinno A (2022) FSA: Fisheries Stock Analysis Peppers JM, Gonçalves CG, McElroy JS (2020) Rate response of select grass weeds to pinoxaden. Weed Technology 34:818-823 Ritz C, Baty F, Streibig J, Streibig C, Gerhar D (2015) Dose-Response Analysis Using R. PLOS ONE 10
Rusell D (2021) Widespread Foxtail Distribution Leads to Tough Management Decisions. Forages Wang RL, Wendel JF, Dekker JH (1995) Weedy adaptation in Setaria spp II Genetic diversity and population genetic. American Journal of Botany 82:1031-1039
Manuscript Scepter Segment
Dismiss Segment Sencor Celsius Dismiss Manuscript Steadfast Control South
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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >>> S pring 2024
Rominger JM (1962) Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America in Press TUoI, ed. Urbana
Feature >>>
Improving Turfgrass Sustainability with Better Genetics
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
By Kyley Dickson, Ph.D.
Standard Variety 26
W
hen it comes time to reseed or renovate an area in the fall or spring, selecting the most suitable grass variety can be a challenging task. Over the years, plant breeders and seed companies have made significant advancements in enhancing their grasses through plant breeding. These improvements include developing grasses with resistance or increased tolerance to specific diseases, better drought tolerance, and an enhanced ability to withstand extreme climatic conditions. However, verifying these claims is crucial. To address this, various research programs conduct tests on new turfgrass varieties under different conditions, comparing them with standard grasses that have been used for many years. Research programs are essential in identifying new varieties of turfgrasses that stand out as premium performers and discovering how much they have improved. For instance, Kentucky 31 tall fescue, which was identified in Kentucky in 1931, is still available for purchase at most stores that sell grass seed today. The improvements in technology have increased efficiency and overall performance of turfgrasses, just like how cars have evolved from 1931 to today. Plant breeders make major improvements every year, with many of these new varieties being more efficient with fewer inputs and more adapted to difficult environments. Breeders look at several variables such as plant density, color, leaf thickness, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and traffic tolerance to improve turfgrasses.
Improved Variety
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Feature >>> Continued
The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) is a renowned turfgrass research program that has gained global recognition. It has expanded to evaluate seventeen turfgrass species across forty U.S. states and six Canadian provinces. The program collects and summarizes data on various aspects of turfgrass, including quality, color, density, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to heat, cold, drought, and traffic. NTEP’s findings are used by plant breeders, researchers, extension personnel, local and state government entities, growers, and consumers worldwide. The program has become the standard for turfgrass evaluation in the United States and many other countries.
the U.S. to evaluate grasses. Currently, these trials are limited to cool season grasses. The Alliance for Low Input Sustainable Turf (A-LIST) is a national non-profit organization that aims to assist turfgrass managers and grass growers in achieving sustainable plant growth. The organization comprises universities and industry companies that work together to test, identify, and promote grass varieties that combine high turf quality with low-input performance. These varieties are designed to reduce water, chemical, and fertility requirements. The A-LIST provides information on certified, high-quality turf that is verified through transparent protocols and independently tested. The A-LIST focuses on varieties respond to reduced inputs such as water, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and fertility. To become A-LIST approved, grasses must be in the top statistical grouping at multiple locations over multiple years.
NTEP Search
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
A-List Approved Varieties
The NTEP trials are carried out over a consecutive five-year period at various research universities across the nation. The researchers monitor the quality of each variety, recording monthly results. At the end of each year, they publish an updated report on the trials. The NTEP data is a valuable resource that can help determine grass varieties that are ideal for low maintenance, traffic tolerance, and overall quality. This is due to the wide range of trials conducted by the program. The data is freely accessible to everyone on NTEP.org. Additionally, the NTEP has introduced a new search tool that allows users to identify different grasses based on species, location, or variety. You can also scan the QR code provided to visit the NTEP website directly. It’s important to note that while the data is available online, there are no certifications or approval of varieties from the NTEP. The information solely reflects how well a particular grass variety performed in the trials. Nevertheless, this resource is highly beneficial when selecting turfgrass varieties. Next time you purchase a seed bag, take a moment to examine the tag and review how the grasses fared in the NTEP trials. Opting for a variety that performed well in your area according to NTEP results will likely yield superior results. Keep in mind that certain varieties may thrive better in specific regions of the country compared to others. Therefore, it’s advisable to consider the locations of the tests and select a variety that closely represents your area. There are organizations that offer approved varieties or certifications. Two such organizations are the Alliance for Low Input Sustainable Turf (A-LIST) and the Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance (TWCA). Similar to the NTEP, both the A-LIST and TWCA conduct research trials at universities across
28
The Turfgrass Water Conservation Alliance (TWCA) is a non-profit organization committed to water conservation and dedicated to preserving the ecological benefits of turfgrass in the managed environment. The organization believes that by improving the plant materials available, they can reduce the water needs of the managed environment while preserving the vital ecological services provided by green space. The TWCA provides independent transparent analysis of objective data, which anchors their peer-reviewed qualification process. The TWCA program assesses drought tolerance of grasses using rainout shelters to simulate drought conditions and measure their resilience.
TWCA Approved Varieties
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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >>> S pring 2024
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Feature >>> Continued
The research funded from these organizations instills confidence that the grasses possess the improved traits claimed by the respective organizations. Both programs indicate their approval by displaying their logos on seed tags located on each bag. Currently, there are only approvals for seed for cool-season grasses. These programs have resulted in greater breeding efforts that has resulted in the traits each of these organizations are focused on. The work these organizations have done to improve areas of breeding that have not always been the highest priority is tremendous. Both organizations are formed from groups of seed companies that saw a need and have funded research to further breeding in each area and decided to make it happen. For a comprehensive list of approved varieties, please refer to each organization’s websites https://a-listturf.org or https://www.tgwca.org, or scan the QR codes.
Using grass varieties that require lower inputs is better for the environment. These varieties are more sustainable because they need less water, or fertilizer, or pesticides to thrive. By reducing the use of these inputs, we can minimize the environmental impact and promote a healthier ecosystem. These new varieties require fewer chemical treatments and less water, making them more environmentally friendly. Additionally, they can help conserve water resources and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers. If you think that it’s great that they have these approvals for low inputs and water reduction but how did they do in our area? Well for those who live in Alabama, table 1 is a top ten list of reduced input of tall fescue varieties and table 2 is for Kentucky bluegrass. These tables show either A-LIST or TWCA varieties that did well NTEP trials close to Alabama and all the NTEP trials overall that grass species overall.
TABLE 1. Top Ten Tall Fescue Reduced Input Varieties for Alabama
V A RI E TY
COM PAN Y
ALIST Approved
Firecracker GLS
Mountain View Seeds
TWCA Approved
NTEP Traffic
NTEP Knoxville
NTEP Overall
X
X
X
X
Grande 3
DLF
X
X
X
X
SuperSonic
Mountain View Seeds
X
X
X
X
Xanadu (JT-268)
Barenbrug
X
X
X
Bonfire (JS DTT)
Barenbrug
X
X
X
Reflection
Landmark Seed Company
X
Lifeguard
Pureseed
X
X
X
X
X
Saltillo
Pureseed
X
X
2nd Millennium
Turf Merchants, Inc.
X
X
Avenger III
Mountain View Seeds
X
X
X
NTEP Traffic
NTEP Knoxville
NTEP Overall
TABLE 2. Top Ten Reduced Input Kentucky Bluegrass Varieties for Alabama
COM PAN Y
ALIST Approved
Blue Note
Mountain View Seeds
X
X
X
X
Bluebank
Landmark Seed Company
X
X
X
X
Barserati
Barenbrug
X
X
X
X
Jackrabbit
DLF
X
X
Zinfandel
Lebanon Turf
X
X
Bedazzled
Turf Merchants, Inc.
Hampton
Landmark Seed Company
X
X
Barrister
Barenbrug
X
X
Syrah
Lebanon Turf
X
X
Yellowstone
Landmark Seed Company
X
X
Al ab ama Tu rf Tim es > >> Spring 2024
V A RI E TY
30
TWCA Approved
X
X
enhance your turfgrass management situation and contribute to a greener and healthier environment. In a world where resources are becoming increasingly scarce, it is crucial to choose grasses that are well-suited to their environment. This article presents an overview of some of the top cool season grasses to consider when making selections in Alabama. In the southern part of the state, cool season grasses may struggle to thrive, making warm season grasses a more viable option. Alabama has seen great success with many warm season grasses, including Bermudagrass and Zoysia. The tables are specifically cool season grasses that are two commonly used grasses in parts of Alabama. The advancements in breeding in the last two decades show some amazing improvements in a short period of time. When renovating or reseeding an area this fall, consider opting for seeds with improved genetics. Doing so will result in better turf quality and contribute to a healthier environment overall.
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A l ab am a Tur f Tim es >>> S pring 2024
There are three varieties of tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrasses that are in bold, these highlighted varieties would be the top three varieties for use in Alabama due to their superior performance in research trials. The other top ten are great varieties perform well in Alabama, the bolded varieties simply highlight the top performers according to the criteria used to rank the grasses overall. All the grass varieties in both lists should have superior performance in these conditions and can survive in more stressful conditions than traditional standard varieties. Not all grasses are great in all circumstances, sticking with the car analogy you would not use a small car to try and pull a semi-trailer, as with grasses some are adapted for certain uses better than others. Keep in mind that even the most adapted grasses can still die and do poorly if the conditions for growth become too harsh. The data from the NTEP is from Knoxville at the University of Tennessee trial site. To explain the table there is an X by each area that a grass was the top statistical category for that area. The columns show if they are A-LIST or TWCA approved. Additionally, there is a column indicating they were in the top statistical performer for the NTEP traffic trial, this indicates that the varieties had superior traffic tolerance good for high use areas. Additionally, the top statistical category for the NTEP trial in Knoxville, this helps to see how these varieties would do in an area with similar growing conditions to Knoxville. The last column is when all the NTEP locations for that trial are taken and averaged, these grasses were in the top performers for the trial overall. One of the limitations of the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) is that many of the varieties it tests are not commercially available or may never go into commercial production for various reasons. However, this article aims to provide tables of commercially available varieties that can be purchased today. These varieties can help improve management situations where inputs are limited or where you simply want a variety with improved genetics that offers optimum performance. However, locating these improved varieties can be challenging. I have included a list of companies that currently sell these products in the tables. It is important to note that these higher-end products are typically not available at big-box stores; instead, they can be found at landscape supply stores, distributors, or sod farms. It is important to note that grass varieties that thrive in one region may not perform well in another. Therefore, it is advisable to look at the NTEP data for your specific area. The NTEP provides valuable information about grass varieties that excel in different regions. For instance, certain varieties may flourish in Utah but struggle in Alabama. By selecting the right variety for your area, you can optimize your turfgrass management and achieve better results. Grass breeding efforts have significantly contributed to improving sustainability and adaptability. Universities such as Rutgers, Oklahoma State University, University of Georgia at Tifton, Texas A&M University, University of Florida, Mississippi State University, and North Carolina State University, along with seed companies, have made remarkable progress in breeding grass varieties with improved genetics. These varieties listed in the tables are more resistant to pests, diseases, and drought. They require fewer chemical treatments and less water, making them more environmentally friendly. By leveraging these advancements in grass breeding, you can
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