Tennessee Turfgrass - August / September 2011 by leadingedgepubs

The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

TABLE OF CONTENTS A ugust/ Se p te m ber 2 0 1 1

FEATURED ARTICLES

9 10 16 20

Cover Story

Turfgrass Safety

Weed Watch

Upcoming Event — UT Turfgrass Field Day, September 15, 2011 Cover Story — Managing Creeping Bentgrass Under Severe Heat Stress Turfgrass Safety — Protecting Workers from the Effects of Heat Weed Watch — White Clover, A Persistent Pest

DEPARTMENTS From the TTA President, Jay Willis

From the TVSTMA President, Larry Berry, CSFM

From the MAGCSA President, Scott McNeer, CGCS 8

News from TTA

Calendar of Events

Index of Advertisers

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

WS FRO THEPRES TTAI D E N T FNRE OM THE M TTA Jay Willis

See You at the UT Field Day, September 15 in Knoxville!

hope everybody is having a great season. The summer has gone by so fast for us on the golf courses. It’s about to become fall, and the weather will be great (fingers crossed, knock on wood!). I can’t wait to feel the first morning when we have that cool snap in the air, with college football bringing new excitement to the weekends. It’s my favorite time of the year! With my wife being a teacher, I start to get the feeling that summer is coming to an end sooner than most people do. Amy spent time the last week of July getting her classroom ready for the kids, and I filled cabinets, bookshelves and lockers in her classroom’s storage area for her, while our two girls ran crazy around the school with the other teachers’ kids. If you know any teachers, then you understand how much of their personal time and money they spend to do what is right and to provide the best learning environment for their classrooms. Often times I feel that we are the same way in the turf industry. Everything is on a time schedule, and if it doesn’t get done in the right amount of time, the domino effect happens. If we need a part or chemical, we don’t wait until we can find someone else to deliver it or go get it for us. Instead, we hop in our personal vehicle, grab our personal trailer and get it done. We put our job first, so we can stay on time. Sometimes I don’t think our “clients” see what all goes into our jobs, whether they’re the parents of students or customers at our

businesses. I know I don’t think about it when I go into a restaurant and see the owner working. Instead, I usually see the crowd and then think, “Well, he’s making a killing.” We don’t think about the behind-the-scenes late nights, figuring out how to make payroll when the business is down. A lot of our customers don’t even think about the continuing education that we need to stay on top of, such as conferences and tradeshows. Half the time, I don’t think they even know when we attend such educational events. This is a great way to let them know how hard you work and how committed you are to your profession, your business and your customers. Let them know this fall and winter when you attend the TTA Annual Conference & Trade Show in January and The University of Tennessee Turfgrass Field Day in September. The UT Field Day is a great way to get some hands-on, out-in-the-field knowledge. With 6 pesticide credit points available this year, the UT Turfgrass Field Day is a great start to an educational year. The University of Tennessee Turfgrass Field Day is September 15 at the East TN Research & Education Center in Knoxville, TN. I hope everybody has a good end to the growing season, and I look forward to seeing everyone soon! Jay Willis 2010–2011 TTA President

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

FNRE OM WS FRO THE M TVST THEM TTA A PR E S I D E N T Larry Berry, CSFM

Hot! Hot! Hot!

Stresses of this

The

Summer As

predicted, the summer has been very volatile. While our region has seen extreme heat, several of us have also been hit with drought-like conditions to add to it. Challenges arise on all levels — with equipment, turf and, most importantly, personnel. Working in the extreme heat is taxing not only to the grass and the equipment, but also to us as individuals. At our facility, we have had incredible

challenges with excessive traffic on the fields, irrigation woes along with drought-like conditions, and the challenge of dealing with it all in 100-degreeplus heat indexes. It is very easy to get caught up in the work, and before we know it, we have spent several hours in the heat without taking a break or getting in the proper fluids. It brings to light how important it is to monitor yourself and your personnel and ensure they are staying healthy

and are not at risk. Nothing should take precedence over one’s health! With severe weather always come severe challenges. The stress of the extreme heat will catch up with the turfgrass and will present challenges for its care in the fall. Plan ahead, and create strategies to help you with all the work you will do this fall. Planning ahead and researching possible scenarios based on other people’s experiences will help you in all aspects of your work and with budgeting. Take advantage of the resources provided by your various organizations to help you make good decisions. It has been an interesting spring and summer. I can’t wait to see what fall brings to the table! Larry Berry, CSFM 2011 TVSTMA President

NF RE OM WS FRO THE M M THE AGCSA TTAPR E S I D E N T Scott L. McNeer, CGCS

A Season to

Remember W

hat a summer it has been thus far for all of us over here in west Tennessee, north Mississippi and eastern Arkansas! The heat has been incredible, and most of our golf courses and even our home lawns have responded well since we are coming so close to being exclusively warm-season turf here in our area. I would like to give a “shout out” to the last remaining superintendents who are spending their summers fighting the good fight that is bentgrass! The few bentgrass golf courses that remain in

the Memphis area have understandably struggled a little. However, they are working hard and succeeding in their quest to provide smooth, quality bentgrass here in a region where bermudagrass is now king. I remember like it was yesterday when I came home and told my wife that I no longer had to manage bentgrass in Memphis, TN. If I remember correctly, Kim shed tears at that moment. To my good friends who are doing such a great job through this most difficult of summers, best of luck the rest of the way!

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

The MAGCSA has had a great season so far, and we absolutely cannot wait for fall to get here. We’ve had a couple of dynamic speakers who provided ample insight into the world and business of golf. We have also thoroughly enjoyed visiting golf facilities that we haven’t had on our schedule before. Thanks so much to all of you who have allowed our organization to visit your facility this year. Now, we couldn’t be more excited about the opportunity to host our Scholarship & Research Tournament at Mirimichi on September 13! We thank Greg King, Kenny Hertzog, Dustin Green and the rest of the staff for all their efforts, as they have all accomplished so much in prepping for their re-opening and being kind enough to host the MAGCSA S & R Tournament! Scott L. McNeer, CGCS 2011 MAGCSA President

UPC O M I N G E V E N T The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

Tennessee Turfgrass is the official publication of The Tennessee Turfgrass Association 400 Franklin Road Franklin, Tennessee 37069 (615) 591-8286 tnturfgrassassn@aol.com www.ttaonline.org Published by Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 Fax (615) 794-4524 Email:info@leadingedgecommunications.com Editor Mr. Bill Marbet TTA OFFICERS President Jay Willis Glen Eagle Golf Course (901) 508-1986 Vice President Bob McCurdy McCurdy Farms (731) 692-3515 Secretary/Treasurer Paul Carter Bear Trace at Harrison Bay (423) 344-6374 Past President Bob Hogan The Hogan Company (888) 224-6426 Executive Secretary Mr. Jim Uden (615) 591-8286 TTA 2011 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Mr. Bob Elliott Mr. Thomas Garner Mr. Cal Hill Mr. Joe Hill Mr. Theo Lankford Mr. Bill Marbet Mr. Scott McNeer Mr. Tommy Mittlesteadt Mr. Mitch Parker Mr. Chris Simon Mr. Doug Ward Mr. Sean VanHoose TTA ADVISORY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Mr. Bill Blackburn Mr. Lynn Ray Mr. Jeff Rumph Dr. Tom Samples Dr. Dennis Shepard Dr. John Sorochan

2011 UT Turfgrass Field Day Thursday, September 15, 2011

The

University of Tennessee Turfgrass Field Day will be held September 15, 2011, at the East Tennessee Research and Education Center in Knoxville, TN. One of the largest and fastest-growing field day events in the southeastern United States, the UT Turfgrass Field Day features current research on cultivar evaluations, strategies for managing infestations of turfgrass weeds and diseases, and programs for maximizing the quality of athletic-field turf. Over 400 turfgrass professionals made their way to Knoxville for the 2010 Field Day!

What’s New for 2011? • Individuals attending the 2011 Turfgrass Field Day can earn up to 6 pesticide recertification credits in categories C3, C10 and C12. • Attendees will get a firsthand look at the newly constructed UT Center for Athletic Field Safety. Under the direction of Drs. Jim Brosnan and John Sorochan, the mission of this Center is to compare, over time, the performance and safety of both warmand cool-season turfgrass to synthetic turf. It represents the single largest sports turf research effort ever undertaken. • Discounted registration rates are available to companies that register more than one individual for the event

Individual Pre-registration: $25 Register at www.tennesseeturfgrassweeds.org. Discounted registration rates are available for employees of the same business — two or more employees: $20 per person.

Registration on-site: $35 Two or more employees of the same business: $30 per person. T

C OVER STORY

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

By Tom Samples, Ph.D., Brandon Horvath, Ph.D., Alan Windham, Ph.D., John Sorochan, Ph.D., and Jim Brosnan, Ph.D., The University of Tennessee

Daily

temperatures in excess of 90°F during June, July and early August have taken their toll on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) greens throughout Tennessee, and temperatures through this fall are projected to be higher than normal. Although several newer varieties have improved high-temperature tolerance, creeping bentgrass grows best at air temperatures from 60°F to 75°F. The growth of shoots (leaves, tillers and stems) and roots of this cool-season turfgrass slows as air temperatures rise above this optimum range. Unfortunately, when exposed to prolonged periods of high temperatures, bentgrass thins, and plant leaves become weak and may turn dark green, as one or more physiological processes are disrupted. Eventually chlorophyll is destroyed, and aerial shoots turn yellow, then brown.

Heat’s effect on bentgrass Depending on the species and variety, direct high-temperature kill of coolseason turfgrasses usually occurs when the temperature of plant tissue reaches 100°F to 130°F. The high-temperature hardiness of creeping bentgrass is most often superior to that of creeping red fescue and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), but less than that of tall fescue. The actual lethal temperature depends on the amount of time plants are exposed and the hardiness level and type of plant tissue. Generally, at a given extreme high temperature, the degree

of injury increases with increasing relative humidity. Since the optimum soil temperature range (e.g., 50°F to 65°F) for root growth of creeping bentgrass is lower than that for shoots, the leaves and stems of plants suffering high-temperature stress may continue growing while roots do not. When carbohydrates become limited, root cells have a lower priority than the cells of leaves and stems, where photosynthesis is taking place. The roots of plants experiencing severe heat stress for an extended period of time usually become spindly and brown before the walls of plant cells finally collapse and plants die. Roots mature more rapidly as the soil temperature increases above the optimum range. In a research study in New Jersey, when the roots of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass were exposed to a soil temperature of 95°F and shoots were kept at 68°F for 10 days, root production and the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, while root mortality increased. After 15 days at a soil temperature of 95°F, the growth, photochemical efficiency and relative water content of the shoots also decreased. It is difficult to consider turfgrass heat stress independent of soil-moisture status. During hot summer months, creeping bentgrass commonly experiences heat stress in combination with a lack of transpiration. When turfgrasses are actively growing and the soil is moist, water moves from soil pores into root hairs and is transported through the plant to leaves by way of

vascular tissue, or xylem. Although some water is required in support of photosynthesis, most of the water taken up by turfgrasses eventually moves into the atmosphere through small openings (stomates) in the leaves. Since energy is consumed as water vaporizes from the surface of leaves, the transpiration of water by turfgrasses results in a cooling effect. Evapotranspiration or ET (the return of moisture to the air through evaporation from soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration by plants) helps maintain favorable internal plant temperatures by cooling through the latent heat of vaporization. Drought-stressed turfs, though, are very prone to high-temperature injury. When plants exposed to high temperatures become overheated, the leaves often curl, the stomates close, and evapotranspiration is restricted. Plants that are not transpiring water may not take up or transport mineral nutrients and pesticides. Too much water is also very problematic. A bentgrass rootzone containing excessive organic matter that holds water may eventually become anaerobic. Several species of bacteria thrive in soils low in oxygen. The activity of some (cyanobacteria) results in the formation of biofilms that impede water drainage, creating an anaerobic environment and contributing to the eventual development of a metal sulfidecontaining and toxic “black layer.” Creeping bentgrass golf greens are “syringed” in an effort to prevent both direct and indirect high-temperature

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

C OVER STORY injury. Indirect high-temperature injury of creeping bentgrass usually occurs when plants are exposed to high temperatures (air temperature greater than 85°F and soil temperature above 75°F) below the lethal temperature (about 120°F) for a prolonged period of time. Routine and very light applications of water (syringing) during the day may temporarily reduce the temperature of leaves and the air surrounding leaves by several degrees. The positive results of syringing, however, can be very short-lived. For example, research conducted at Michigan State University on ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass revealed that when 1/4" of water was applied at noon, the canopy temperature was reduced from 2°F to 4°F for two hours following the application. In North Carolina, in the absence of wilt, syringing a ‘Penncross’ creeping

bentgrass green at 11:00 a.m. or 1:00 p.m. had little effect on the canopy temperature one hour after water was applied. In New York, applications of 0.12" of water between 11:30 a.m. and 3 p.m. resulted in a canopy temperature reduction of 8°F two minutes after syringing and only 1°F after 10 minutes. More recently, research conducted in Alabama suggests that the use of fans to direct air (e.g., at the rate of ~ 5.6 ft./sec. or ~ 3.8 mph) across greens surfaces, along with syringing, may significantly lower the temperature of the bentgrass rootzone compared to syringing alone. Indirect high-temperature stress is often the primary cause of an initial decline in quality of creeping bentgrass greens. However, as the supply of carbohydrates is exhausted due to an imbalance between the rate of photosynthesis and

that of respiration, secondary stresses may also occur. For example, indirect high-temperature stress may lead to a decline in the viability of bentgrass roots, followed by root dieback and an accumulation of fresh organic matter at the soil-thatch interface. This may result in less soil water infiltration, greater moisture retention near the turfgrass crowns and a reduction in the amount of oxygen in the soil. Also, populations of fungal pathogens may increase in response to an abundance of undecomposed organic matter and weakened plants. Eventually, algae and summer annual weedy grasses may invade as the shoot density of bentgrass declines.

Helping your greens survive Several maintenance practices in addition to syringing and the installation and use of fans may help creeping bentgrass survive heat stress in summer. Considerations when managing creeping bentgrass suffering from heat stress include the following.

Elevate the cutting height. Mowing too short removes leaf area that could be available for photosynthesis. Closely mowed turfs are often prone to heat stress, as energy reserves become depleted in response to an increased demand for carbohydrates resulting from greater respiration and less production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis. Additional foliage may help insulate and buffer the soil against extreme high temperature.

Alternate mowing and lightweight rolling. Research here at The University of Tennessee has demonstrated that alternating mowing with lightweight rolling three days each week can reduce total maintenance cost (particularly for courses using walkbehind mowers) without compromising overall turf quality or bentgrass greens speed during summer. The use of grooved rollers should be avoided when mowing creeping bentgrass greens suffering from high-temperature stress.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

CONTINUED Hand-water the greens. In summer, creeping bentgrass on golf course greens often suffers midday wilt. During periods of high ET, an internal drought stress develops as the rate of water loss from the plants exceeds that of water uptake from the soil. Rather than activating the irrigation system to apply water to the entire green surface, the possibility of over-watering areas of a green with adequate soil moisture can be reduced — and water can be conserved — by hand-watering. This supplies bentgrasses with more water than syringing, and it raises the leaf-water potential (a measure of plant-water status — the lower the leaf-water potential, the greater the internal drought stress) for a longer period of time compared to syringing.

Distribute use patterns to reduce soil compaction and wear injury. Turfs that are weak and thin as a result of heat stress generally recover slowly from wear injury. Frequent changing of cup locations can help prevent excessive wear and compaction due to concentrated foot traffic. Similarly, changing the direction of mowing, and turning the mower on greens surrounds rather than on the surface of the green, may reduce wear injury and soil compaction.

Apply judicious nitrogen fertilization. Limiting nitrogen fertilization of creeping bentgrass greens during hot summer months by no means implies a need to avoid supplemental nitrogen applications. However, applying nitrogen at a rate beyond that which is normally recom-

mended (e.g., 0.1 lb. N/1,000 sq. ft. per week) may not result in improvements in overall turfgrass quality. Research in Iowa has shown that an application of iron rather than nitrogen to cool-season turfgrasses growing in sandy soil may be more beneficial to improve the color of chlorotic, heat-stressed cool-season turfs. However, applications of iron before plants became chlorotic did not prevent tissue from yellowing.

Topdress carefully. Many sands contain particles with sharp edges that can damage leaves. To limit injury to heat-stressed plants, topdress in the early morning or in the evening when it is cooler and when light is less intense. Irrigate to incorporate the sand into foliage, rather than matting or brushing the newly topdressed turf.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

C OVER STORY Avoid abrasive cultivation practices. The combination of high temperature and poor soil aeration may quickly lead to a decline in the quality of bentgrass greens. Turfgrass roots have a greater demand for oxygen as temperatures increase. Conven-

tional vertical mowing and aeration with large-diameter coring tines, however, are too aggressive when creeping bentgrass is suffering severe heat stress. Routine hydraulic aeration or spiking (e.g., with 1/4" diameter hollow tines or solid quadratines)

to vent greens improves the balance of air and moisture in the root zone.

Remove dew, and use preventative fungicide programs on turf areas with a history of disease problems. Turfs growing on shaded sites with limited air circulation are often prone to disease. The surface of turfs shaded in the morning may remain moist for several hours after sunrise. This moist environment may be conducive to the development of algae and several diseases. Increased relative humidity resulting from poor air movement restricts transpirational cooling and also favors disease development. Early-morning dew removal and preventative fungicide applications may reduce the severity of certain diseases, including dollar spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola).

Consider applying a plant growth regulator (PGR). Research conducted for two years on a ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass green in New Jersey suggests that sequential applications of the PGR Primo® (trinexapac-ethyl) at 0.04 lb. active ingredient per acre (e.g., 0.125 fl. oz. Primo® Maxx per 1,000 square feet) per application on two-week intervals from late June through August may improve turfgrass performance in summer. On several sampling dates, the foliar application of the PGR resulted in significant improvement in overall turf quality, stand density, tissue chlorophyll content and the rate of photosynthesis. Avoid combining treatments with PGRs such as Primo®, flurprimidol (Cutless® 50W) or paclobutrazol (Trimmit®) along with treatments of a dimethylationinhibiting (DMI) fungicide. The growthregulating properties of a DMI fungicide in addition to those of a PGR may limit bentgrass growth during and recovery after high-temperature stress. Fenarimol (Rubigan®), myclobutanil (Eagle®), triadmefon (e.g., Accost® and Bayleton®) and triticonazole (Trinity® and Triton®) are DMI fungicides. T 14

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

T U RFGRASS SAFETY

the afternoon of July 21, 2011, 18-year-old Cody Johns was helping his stepfather on a landscaping job at a residential subdivision in Louisville, Kentucky, when he started feeling disoriented and sick from the heat. Although he was treated for more than an hour at the hospital, where his body temperature was recorded at 110°F, he was pronounced dead at 7:20 p.m. that evening. The coroner said his death appeared consistent with hypothermia.

Editor’s Note: The information below is a compilation of information on heat-related illness from OSHA. Anyone can succumb to the effects of heat. Work tasks involving high air temperatures, high humidity, strenuous physical activities, radiant heat sources and direct physical contact with hot 16

objects have a great potential for inducing heat illnesses — even death — in employees. In the Southeast, such places can be found almost anywhere, especially in outdoor work operations such as agriculture and landscaping. Below is information to employers on measures they should take to prevent worker illnesses and death caused by heat stress.

Factors that may cause heat-related illness • High temperature and humidity • Low fluid consumption • Direct sun exposure (with no shade) or extreme heat • Limited air movement (no breeze or wind) • Physical exertion • Use of bulky protective clothing and equipment • Poor physical condition or ongoing health problems

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

• Some medications • Pregnancy • Lack of previous exposure to hot workplaces • Previous heat-related illness

What are heat-induced disorders? Heat stroke Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related health problem. Heat stroke occurs when the body’s temperatureregulating system fails and body temperature rises to critical levels (greater than 104°F). This is a medical emergency that may result in death! The signs of heat stroke are mental confusion, loss of consciousness and seizures. Workers experiencing heat stroke have a very high body temperature and may stop sweating. If a worker shows signs of possible heat stroke, get medical help immediately,

and call 911. Until medical help arrives, move the worker to a shady, cool area, and remove as much clothing as possible. Wet the worker with cool water, and circulate the air to speed cooling. Place cold wet cloths, wet towels or ice all over the body, or soak the worker’s clothing with cold water.

Heat exhaustion Heat exhaustion is the next most serious heat-related health problem. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are headache, nausea, dizziness, weakness, irritability, confusion, thirst, heavy sweating and a body temperature greater than 100.4°F. Workers with heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot area and given liquids to drink. Remove unnecessary clothing, including shoes and socks. Cool the worker with cold compresses to the head, neck and face, or have the worker wash his or her head, face

and neck with cold water. Encourage frequent sips of cool water. Workers with signs or symptoms of heat exhaustion should be taken to a clinic or emergency room for medical evaluation and treatment. Make sure that someone stays with the worker until help arrives. If symptoms worsen, call 911, and get help immediately.

Heat cramps Heat cramps are muscle pains usually caused by physical labor in a hot work environment. Heat cramps are caused by the loss of body salts and fluid during sweating. Workers with heat cramps should replace fluid loss by drinking water and/or carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement liquids (e.g., sports drinks) every 15 to 20 minutes.

Heat rash Heat rash is the most common problem in hot work environments. Heat rash is

caused by sweating and looks like a red cluster of pimples or small blisters. Heat rash usually appears on the neck, upper chest, in the groin, under the breasts and in elbow creases. The best treatment for heat rash is to provide a cooler, less-humid work environment. The rash area should be kept dry. Powder may be applied to increase comfort. Ointments and creams should not be used on a heat rash. Anything that makes the skin warm or moist may make the rash worse.

Preventing heat illness It is difficult to predict just who is more prone to heat-induced disorders or when they will be affected. Individual susceptibility depends on age, weight, degree of physical fitness, degree of acclimatization, metabolism, use of alcohol or drugs, and a variety of medical conditions such as hypertension. Even the type of clothing must be considered.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

T U RFGRASS SAFETY Employers who have employees working in outdoor and hot environments should develop and implement a Heat-Injury Prevention Program. The best way to prevent heat illness is to make the work environment cooler. In outdoor situations, this may be done by scheduling activities during the cooler times of the day. However, very early starting times may result in increased fatigue. Also, humidity tends to be higher in the early morning hours. Provide air-conditioned or shaded areas close to the work area, and allow frequent rest breaks.

What else can employers do? Employers who have employees working in outdoor and hot environments should develop and implement a Heat-Injury Prevention Program. The company’s Heat-Injury Prevention Program should include engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, environmental assessments and medical surveillance. The Heat-Injury Prevention Program should include ways to reduce convective, radiant and evaporative heat by implementing engineering controls. A variety of engineering controls, including general ventilation and spot cooling, can be utilized. Protection from radiant heat sources can be achieved by shielding. Air conditioning can reduce temperatures and lower humidity. Fans can also increase evaporative cooling if the temperature is lower than 95°F. Metabolic heat is not a major contributor to the total heat load. However, it does contribute to an extra load on the circulatory system and can be a critical component in high-heat exposures. Equipment modifications, the use of power tools and power-assisted lifting equipment reduces manual-labor activities. Work practices such as providing plenty of drinking water at the workplace and allowing for unscheduled breaks to drink or rest can help reduce the risk of heat-induced disorders. Other useful 18

practices are to utilize relief workers, pace the work and create a “buddy system” so that workers can monitor each other for heat-stress symptoms. Alternating work and rest periods, with longer rest periods in a cool area, can help workers avoid heat stress. If possible, heavy work should be scheduled during the cooler parts of the day or at night. Acclimatization to the heat through short exposures followed by longer periods of work in the hot environment can reduce heat stress. The number of days someone needs to acclimatize to his or her work environment may vary, but an employer must think in terms of weeks, and not days, for full acclimatization. For new employees or others who may have lost their acclimatization due to absence or illness, the acclimatization period should begin with 20% of the normal workload and exposure time the first day, and gradually build in 20% increments to 100% of the workload and exposure (NIOSH 1986). The Heat-Injury Prevention Program should also establish criteria for declaring a heat alert for indoor or outdoor temperature extremes. In addition to environmental monitoring, employees working under extremely hot conditions, at extreme metabolic loads or in semi-permeable or impermeable clothing, should be personally monitored. Personal monitoring can be done by checking the heart rate, recovery heart rate, oral temperature or extent of body water loss. The employer should also provide personal protective equipment. Some cooling

personal protective equipment can be simple to use and very inexpensive, while other systems (although more effective) can be complex, more costly and may limit worker mobility. Types of personal protective equipment include reflective clothing (to reduce the absorption of radiate heat) and body-cooling equipment such as ice vests, wetted clothing for high-temperature and low-humidity situations, water-cooled garments and air-cooled systems. Employee involvement in the selection of equipment is key to employee acceptance and usage.

What do employees need to know? First, employees should know the signs and symptoms of heat-related illnesses. Training is essential to successfully recognizing and treating a heat-induced disorder. Employees need to know, at minimum, information on the hazards of heat stress, heat-stress symptoms, awareness of first-aid procedures for heat-induced illnesses, the health effects of heat stroke and employee responsibilities for avoiding heat stress. Employees must also be aware of the need to replace fluids, the use of hazard controls and the dangers of using both therapeutic and illicit drugs. Workers must also understand the use and limitations of protective clothing, actions to take during a heat alert and the environmental and biological surveillance programs.

Heat-illness prevention checklist • Train workers and supervisors about the hazards leading to heat stress and ways to prevent them.

Employees need to know, at minimum, information on the hazards of heat stress, heat-stress symptoms, awareness of first-aid procedures for heat-induced illnesses, the health effects of heat stroke and employee responsibilities for avoiding heat stress.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

• Monitor weather reports daily, and reschedule jobs with high heat exposure to cooler times of the day. • Schedule frequent rest periods with water breaks in shaded or air-conditioned recovery areas. • Provide workers with plenty of cool water in convenient, visible locations close to the work area. Water should have a palatable (pleasant and odor-free) taste, and water temperature should be 50°F to 60°F, if possible. • Remind workers to frequently drink small amounts of water before they become thirsty, to maintain good hydration. Simply telling them to drink plenty of fluids is not sufficient. During moderate activity, in moderately hot conditions, at least one pint of water per hour is needed. Workers should drink about 6 ounces or a medium-sized glass-full every 15 minutes. Instruct workers that urine should be clear or lightly colored. • Be aware that it is harmful to drink extreme amounts of water. Workers should generally not drink more than a total of 12 quarts of fluid in 24 hours. • Reduce the physical demands of the job, such as excessive lifting, climbing or digging with heavy objects. Use mechanical devices, or assign extra workers. • Workers are at an increased risk of heat stress from personal protective equipment (PPE), especially from wearing semi-permeable (penetrable) or impermeable clothing (such as Tyvek or rubber), when the outside temperature exceeds 70°F or while working at high energy levels. These types of clothing materials trap heat close to a worker’s body. Workers should be monitored by establishing a routine to periodically check them for signs and symptoms of overexposure.

Additional information For more information on this and other health-related issues affecting workers, visit the following OSHA web pages: www.cdc.gov/niosh/86-113.html www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatstress/index.html www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatstress/ recognition.html T

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

W EED WATCH

By Gregory K. Breeden, Extension Specialist, and James T. Brosnan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Weed Science, The University of Tennessee

White

clover (Trifolium repens) is a perennial broadleaf weed found in both warm- and cool-season turf. There are numerous clover species, but white clover is the most common species found in turfgrass. White clover can persist at most mowing heights and in areas of full sun to partial shade.

A leguminous weed, white clover is commonly found in areas of low nitrogen fertility. Legumes are plants that have the ability to fix (i.e., obtain) nitrogen from the atmosphere; thus, white clover can persist in areas that have not been fertilized enough to sustain dense, vigorous turf growth. While not one of

the more difficult-to-control broadleaf weeds in Tennessee, it is often perceived as one of the most persistent.

White clover identification White clover is a prostrate, spreading, perennial legume that spreads from stems and stolons that root at the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

Photo 1. (Above right) White clover (Trifolium repens) in turf. â&#x20AC;˘ Photo 2. (Above left) White clover (Trifolium repens) leaf.

nodes (Photo 1). It can be found in clusters or mats throughout the year, but it grows most vigorously in spring and fall. White clover leaves are arranged in a trifoliate structure; three oval- to elliptical-shaped leaflets comprise a single trifoliate leaf (Photo 2). Leaves often have a white watermark that partially encircles the base of each leaflet. Leaves are also slightly toothed along the margins. White clover produces circular white flowers (sometimes with a pink hue) on long stems that appear during the spring and fall (Photo 3).

CONTINUED Table 1. Postemergence herbicides for white clover (Trifolium repens) control. PRODUCT NAME

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

RATE/AC

TURF SPECIES

Blindside

metsulfuron + sulfentrazone

3.25 – 10 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Celsius

thiencarbazone + dicamba + iodosulfuron

2.5 – 3.75 oz.

Bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Confront

triclopyr + clopyralid

1 – 2 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Corsair

chlorsulfuron

1 – 5.33 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Drive XLR8

quinclorac

2 qts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Escalade II

2,4-D + fluroxypyr + dicamba

2 – 3 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Katana

flazasulfuron

0.5 – 3 oz.

bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Imprelis

aminocyclopyrachlor

3 – 4.5 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Manor

metsulfuron

0.125 – 1 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Millennium Ultra 2

2,4-D + clopyralid + dicamba

2 – 3 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Momentum fx2

2,4-D + triclopyr + fluroxypyr

3 – 4 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Monument

trifloxysulfuron

0.53 oz.

Bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Onetime

quinclorac + MCPP + dicamba

64 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Powerzone

carfentrazone + MCPA + MCPP + dicamba

2 – 4 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fesuce, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Q-4

quinclorac + sulfentrazone + 2,4-D + dicamba

7 – 8 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass (dormant)

Solitare

quinclorac + sulfentrazone

16 – 32 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Speedzone

carfentrazone + 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba

3 – 5 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Spotlight

fluroxypyr

0.67 – 2.5 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

SquareOne

carfentrazone + quinclorac

8 – 18 oz.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass

Surge

sulfentrazone + 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba

3 – 4 pts.

Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass

Three-way Selective, Trimec Classic, Trimec Southern, Triplet, others

2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba

Product-dependent

Turflon Ester

triclopyr

0.5 – 1 qt.

Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

W EED WATCH

Photo 3. White clover (Trifolium repens) flower.

that favor turf often discourage the growth of white clover. Increasing nitrogen fertility and reducing soil moisture will help create an environment that is better suited for turfgrass growth and less conducive for white clover. Additionally, conduct soil tests regularly, and apply nutrients according to soil-test recommendations. While cultural practices can be used to help discourage white clover infestations, they will not provide complete control. Herbicide applications will be required for complete eradication.

Herbicide options

White clover control options Cultural practices The best defense against any weed infestation is maintaining a dense, vigorous stand of turfgrass. Growing conditions

No preemergence herbicide options exist for control of white clover. Numerous herbicide options, however, exist for postemergence control of white clover. Herbicides that contain three or more phenoxy (or phenoxy-type) herbicides

can be used to control white clover in established turf. Herbicides containing the active ingredients aminocyclopyrachlor, fluroxypyr, triclopyr or quinclorac have performed well in research at The University of Tennessee. Aminocyclopyrachlor can be found in the herbicide Imprelis®. Fluroxypyr can be found in herbicides such as Spotlight® (fluroxypyr) and Escalade II® (fluroxypyr, 2,4-D and MCPP), while quinclorac can be found in herbicides such as Drive XLR8® (quinclorac) and Solitare® (quinclorac + sulfentrazone). Most of these herbicides can be used on both warm- and cool-season turfgrasses grown throughout Tennessee. Many of the sulfonylurea herbicides also control white clover in warmseason turf, including chlorsulfuron (Corsair®), flazasulfuron (Katana®) and trifloxysulfuron (Monument®). Metsulfuron can also be used for white clover control. Metsulfuron can be applied alone (Manor®) or in combination with other herbicides such as sulfentrazone (Blindside®). See Table 1 for a complete list of herbicides active against white clover. Regardless of the herbicide option chosen, follow-up applications may be needed for complete control.

Final thoughts Incorporating improved cultural practices with timely herbicide applications will provide long-term control of white clover. Always refer to the product label for specific information on proper product use, tank-mix compatibility and turfgrass tolerance. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. For more information on turfgrass weed control, visit The University of Tennessee’s turfgrass weed science website at http://tennesseeturf grassweeds.org. T

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

N E WS FRO M THE TTA Who Would You Select As TTA Professional of the Year?

you know an outstanding turfgrass professional in Tennessee who deserves the recognition of his or her peers? If so, now’s the time to let the TTA know who you believe should receive one of the association’s highest honors — the TTA Professional of the Year Award — at the TTA Annual Conference and Tradeshow this coming January. Please take a moment to mail in the nomination form below. Nominees will be reviewed by the TTA Awards & Scholarship Committee, which will make a recommendation for approval by the TTA Board of Directors. Nominations must be postmarked no later than October 28, 2011.

TTA Professional of the Year Nomination Form

Nominations must be postmarked no later than October 28, 2011. Please send entries to: TTA Awards Program Paul L. Carter 8919 Harrison Bay Road Harrison, TN 37341 (423) 344-6374 paul.carter@tn.gov

Person Being Nominated:_________________________________________________ Person Making the Nomination:_ ___________________________________________ Reason for Nomination:_ _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Correction to 2011 TTA Resource Guide

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Joe Hill, TTA board member, was inadvertently left off the TTA membership list in the newly published 2011 TTA Resource Guide. TTA regrets the omission. Joe’s contact information is below: Joe Hill ProSolutions 1643 Cavet Drive Maryville, TN 37803 WORK: (865) 983-1454 FAX: (865) 983-6947 jhill@ourprosolutions.com

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

2012

TTA Environmental Stewardship Award

The

Tennessee Turfgrass Association (TTA) would like to recognize outstanding contributions by individuals, organizations, businesses, educational institutions and agencies for successful projects or activities designed to improve the environment through wildlife-habitat preservation, water and resource conservation and reduction, and educational outreach. Through our Environmental Stewardship Award, we can create greater knowledge and awareness of environmental and conservation practices and projects by members of TTA who have demonstrated outstanding contributions to environmental protection and improvement. All entry materials must be submitted according to the procedures outlined below. The TTA Awards Committee, consisting of highly regarded TTA professionals, will independently judge the entries. The winner will be notified in November 2011, and the Environmental Stewardship Award will be presented at the TTA Awards Ceremony at the 2012 TTA Annual Conference.

Criteria for Consideration The following criteria must be met to submit for the TTA Environmental Stewardship Award: • Property must be fully managed by an active and in-good-standing member of TTA. • Property must have been in use for at least two years. • All materials must be submitted in one application packet.

How to Apply In order to be considered for the TTA Environmental Stewardship Award, the following materials must be submitted to the TTA Awards Committee no later than October 28, 2011:

1. A type-written essay, no longer than one page in length, that includes the following information: • Name and location of the property • Name and contact information of the person in charge of the property • A detailed account of how the property has improved, protected and/or promoted environmental protection and conservation. The Awards Committee is looking for unique and innovative ways in which individuals have changed practices or programs on the property to either reduce the use of (and conserve) natural resources, improved or created natural habitats, or encouraged environmental awareness through outreach and education. 2. A minimum of two original photographs of the property, with captions. The committee encourages creative photos that show how actions and activities on the property have improved or benefitted the environment. Documentation of environmental certifications from Audubon International, The Groundwater Foundation or the Environmental Institute for Golf is encouraged. Materials prepared for education and outreach, as well as any published articles or case studies promoting environmental stewardship, are also encouraged. Photos of wildlife, unless unique in nature, should not be submitted. ALL ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED NO LATER THAN OCTOBER 28, 2011. Please send entries to: TTA Awards Program Paul L. Carter 8919 Harrison Bay Road Harrison, TN 37341 (423) 344-6374 paul.carter@tn.gov

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

N E WS FRO M THE TTA

2012

TTA Golf Course of the Year Award

The

Tennessee Turfgrass Association (TTA) recognizes that golf course superintendents make personal and professional contributions to our industry and to the organizations/golfers that they serve. Therefore, the TTA would like to distinguish golf courses across the state with the Golf Course of the Year Program. Through this program, we are able to greatly further one main element of our mission: To gain acknowledgement for the professionalism of our members. This year, based on the results of the judging, the following awards may be presented at the TTA Awards Ceremony at the TTA Annual Conference in January 2012: • TTA Private Golf Course of the Year • TTA Public Golf Course of the Year All entry materials must be submitted according to the procedures outlined below. The TTA Awards Committee, consisting of highly regarded TTA professionals, will independently judge the entries. Winners will be notified in November 2011.

Criteria for Consideration The following criteria must be met to submit for the TTA Golf Course of the Year Awards Program: • The golf course must have had two full seasons of play. • All materials must be submitted in one application packet.

How to Apply In order to be considered for the TTA Golf Course of the Year Awards Program, the following materials must be submitted to the TTA Awards Committee no later than October 28, 2011: 1. A type-written essay, no longer than one page in length, that includes the following information:

• Name and location of the golf course • Level of play (i.e., private, public) • Name and contact information of the golf course superintendent • An explanation any special challenges faced by you and/or your team. These challenges may include funding, lack of labor, weather, drought, event preparations/conversions or anything else that you feel the Awards Committee should know about why this golf course should be recognized as Golf Course of the Year. Include anything unusual or new that you have done to overcome these challenges. The Awards Committee is looking for innovative solutions to turfgrassmanagement problems. 2. A minimum of two original photographs of the golf course, with captions. The committee encourages creative photos — photos that show the versatility of the course, display unique characteristics of the course and show the crew’s unique talents. Focus on issues specific to your golf course that tell the story (issues such as drainage, environmental stewardship, weather, etc.). Do not simply provide “beauty shots” of the course, as they do not reflect the true struggles and triumphs of you and your crew. ALL ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED NO LATER THAN OCTOBER 28, 2011. Please send entries to: TTA Awards Program Paul L. Carter 8919 Harrison Bay Road Harrison, TN 37341 (423) 344-6374 paul.carter@tn.gov » Article continues on page 28.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

N E WS FRO M THE TTA

2012 TTA Sports Field of the Year Award

The

Tennessee Turfgrass Association (TTA) recognizes that sports field managers make personal and professional contributions to our industry and to the organizations/ athletes that they serve. Therefore, the TTA would like to distinguish athletic fields across the state with the Sports Field of the Year Program. Through this program, we are able to greatly further one main element of our mission: To gain acknowledgement for the professionalism of our members. This year, based on the results of the judging, the following awards may be presented at the TTA Awards Ceremony at the TTA Annual Conference in January 2012: • TTA Professional Sports Field of the Year • TTA Collegiate Sports Field of the Year • TTA Public High School Sports Field of the Year • TTA Private High School Sports Field of the Year • TTA Municipal Sports Field of the Year All entry materials must be submitted according to the procedures outlined below. The TTA Awards Committee, consisting of highly regarded TTA professionals, will independently judge the entries. Winners will be notified in November 2011.

Criteria for Consideration The following criteria must be met to submit for the TTA Sports Field of the Year Awards Program: • For the purposes of this program, a “field” constitutes ONE natural grass playing surface. • A field must have had two full seasons of play (may be concurrent — i.e., football and soccer on the same field in the fall, etc.). • All materials must be submitted in one application packet.

How to Apply In order to be considered for the TTA Sports Field of the Year Awards Program, the following materials must be submitted to the TTA Awards Committee no later than October 29, 2011:

1. A type-written essay, no longer than one page in length, that includes the following information: • Name and location of the field • Level of play (i.e., professional, collegiate, high school – public, high school – private, municipal) • Name and contact information of the head turf manager • An explanation any special challenges faced by you and/or your team. These challenges may include funding, lack of labor, weather, drought, event preparations/conversions or anything else that you feel the Awards Committee should know about why this sports field should be recognized as Field of the Year. Include anything unusual or new that you have done to overcome these challenges. The Awards Committee is looking for innovative solutions to playing-surface problems. 2. A minimum of two original photographs of the field, with captions. The committee encourages creative photos — photos that show the versatility of the field, display unique characteristics of the field and show the unique talents of the crew. Focus on issues specific to your field that tell the story (issues such as drainage, environmental stewardship, weather, etc.). Do not simply provide “beauty shots” of your field, as they do not reflect the true struggles and triumphs of you and your crew. ALL ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED NO LATER THAN OCTOBER 29, 2011. Please send entries to: TTA Awards Program Paul L. Carter 8919 Harrison Bay Road Harrison, TN 37341 (423) 344-6374 paul.carter@tn.gov

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS August/september 2011 Email TTA at: tnturfgrassassn@aol.com

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

ADVERTISERS Bayer..................................... Inside Back Cover www.bayerprocentral.com

September 13 MAGCSA Scholarship & Research Tournament Mirimichi Lakes Millington, TN

OCTOBER 27–29 Green Industry & Equipment Expo Kentucky Exposition Center Louisville, KY

JAnuary 10–14, 2012 STMA Annual Conference & Exhibition Long Beach Convention Center Long Beach, CA

September 13 MTGCSA Meeting Henry Horton State Park GC Chapel Hill, TN

November 15 MAGCSA Meeting Irene Golf & C.C. Memphis, TN

FEBruary 27– March 2, 2012 Golf Industry Show & GCSAA Conference Las Vegas, NV

September 15 UT Turfgrass Field Day University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN

November 15 MTGCSA Fall Educational Seminar Gaylord Springs Golf Links Nashville, TN

Jackson Sand................................................30 www.jacksonsand.com

November TBA TVSTMA Field Day and Annual Meeting Middle Tennessee TBA

Kirk Grading and Sodding...............................24

OCTOBER 17 MTGCSA Scholarship & Research Tournament Brentwood Country Club Brentwood, TN OCTOBER 18 ETGCSA Scholarship & Research Tournament Cherokee Country Club Knoxville, TN OCTOBER 18 MAGCSA Meeting Kirkwood National Olive Branch, MS

January 9–11, 2012 46th Annual TTA Conference and Trade Show Marriott Cool Springs, Franklin, TN

Covermaster, Inc...........................................29 www.covermaster.com Ewing Irrigation..............................................15 www.Ewing1.com FMC Professional Solutions..............................7 www.fmcprosolutions.com Greenville Turf & Tractor, Inc..........................23 www.JohnDeere.com

John Deere Landscapes.................................13 www.johndeerelandscapes.com Kesmac, Inc...........................Inside Front Cover www.kesmac.com Mid Tenn Turf................................................27 www.midtennturf.com Modern Turf, Inc............................................14 www.modernturf.com Quali-Pro..........................................Back Cover www.quali-pro.com Redexim Turf Products...................................12 www.redexim.com Sigma Organics, Inc.......................................27 www.sigmaturf.com Sur-Line Turf, Inc...........................................29 Syngenta Turf & Ornamental..........................19 www.syngentaprofessionalproducts.com The Pond Lady..............................................19 www.thepondlady.com The Turfgrass Group........................................5 www.theturfgrassgroup.com Turf Mountain Sod, Inc...................................14 www.turfmountain.com Turfgrass America.........................................22 www.turfgrassamerica.com Unimin Corporation .......................................19 Winstead Turf..................................................3 www.winsteadturf.com Wood Bay Enterprises, Inc..............................27 www.woodbayturftech.com

The Tennessee Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee Turfgrass Magazine, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright ©2011 by the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Tennessee Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Postage guaranteed. Third-class postage is paid at Nashville, TN. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee Turfgrass allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.