October/November 2017
Best Management Practices for
Turf Insecticides and Pollinators Managing (and Living with) Rose Rosette Disease Plus, Program for the
52nd Annual TTA Conference and Tradeshow, January 8–10, 2018
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
TABLE OF CONTENTS October/November 2017
18
FEATURED ARTICLES
12 18 22 26 30
Upcoming Event — 52nd Annual TTA Conference and Tradeshow, January 8–10, 2018 Cover Story — Best Management Practices for Turf Insecticides and Pollinators Landscaper’s Corner — Managing (and Living with) Rose Rosette Disease Spotlight on Pests — Commercial Turf Insect Control, Part 1
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Water Feature — Support Biological Lake and Pond Management with “Probiotics”
DEPARTMENTS
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From the TTA President, Theo Lankford
6
From the TVSTMA President, Connor Schutzman
8
From the MAGCSA President, Casey Nerren
10
University of Tennessee Turf Team
32
Index of Advertisers
33
Calendar of Events
34
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017
30
From the TTA Presid ent
Conference It’s
Theo Lankford
Time! It
is once again that time of the year to start planning to attend the 52nd Annual Conference and Trade Show that will be held January 8– 10, 2018, at Embassy Suites in Murfreesboro. Our education committee has been hard at work putting together a great lineup of speakers and topics. The sessions range from turfgrass science seminars, professional development, golf turf, sports turf and hands-on workshops. Take a moment and flip over to pages 12–16 for a detailed conference agenda. This year’s keynote speaker at the Awards Ceremony will be Charlie Rymer. Charlie was born in Cleveland, Tennessee, and spent more than 10 years playing golf as a professional. In his broadcasting career, he has put in countless hours for ESPN, ABC, CBS, USA Network and now on Golf Channel as a part of the popular show, Morning Drive. Our conference is an excellent opportunity to network with your peers and learn from the experts in our industry. I hope to see you in January! Doers DO!
Theo Lankford
2016–2017 TTA President
The mission of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association To promote the turfgrass industry through education, scholarship and research. 6
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
Tennessee Turfgrass is the official publication of The Tennessee Turfgrass Association 400 Franklin Road Franklin, Tennessee 37069 (615) 465-6339 info@ttaonline.org www.ttaonline.org Published by Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 Fax (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Editor Dr. James Brosnan TTA OFFICERS President Theo Lankford Kormac, LLC (615) 519-2701 Vice President Jason Pooler Tri-Turf Sod Farms, Inc. (731) 642-3092 Secretary/Treasurer Doug Ward Belle Meade C.C. (615) 292-6752 Past President Paul Carter, CGCS Bear Trace at Harrison Bay (423) 344-6374 Executive Director Melissa Martin Tennessee Turfgrass Assn. (615) 465-6339 TTA 2017 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ryan Blair, CGCS Cal Hill Joe Hill Jeff Kuhns Timothy Long Mickey Lovett Bill Marbet Richard Pavlasek, CGCS Jason Sanderson Chris Sykes Paul Webb Scott Wicker TTA ADVISORY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Bill Blackburn Dr. Jim Brosnan Dr. Brandon Horvath Lynn Ray Jeff Rumph, CGCS Dr. Tom Samples Dr. John Sorochan Dr. Wes Totten
From the T VSTM A President
Connor Schutzman
TTA
Conference
Coming Soon! By
now you should have received the information about TVSTMA’s future meetings and the Commercial Sponsorship opportunities. I hope that the forward planning by your TVSTMA board members
encourages many of you to take advantage of the sponsorship capabilities as well as attend as many meeting as possible. A great event coming soon is the annual TTA Conference and Trade Show in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The event will
begin on January 8 and end on January 10. If you have not attended in the past, I strongly encourage you to do so. This event is a great way to hear phenomenal speakers and see new equipment and products, as well as support your local vendors. Do not delay — register today for this great event held by the TTA. I hope that all of you who overseeded were blessed with an abundance of healthy ryegrass or bluegrass by now. As we all know, winter is right around the corner! Make sure you have taken the proper steps in preparing your fields for the possible harsh weather. If you are responsible for snow preparations/removal, now is the time to make sure that all of your equipment is ready to go. Don’t forget to be mindful of your salt distribution, as it can have an impact on your plant health! Lastly, it is never too early to start formulating a plan for next year. There are always new technologies available to turf managers. Make sure you are up to date with the new products that can improve your facility.
Connor Schutzman, CSFM 2017 TVSTMA President
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
From the M AGC SA Presid ent
Casey Nerren
Another Great Year for MAGCSA As
the holidays approach, another year is in the books for the MAGCSA schedule. The year provided great educational opportunities and networking events for all members. A good balance of social and educational opportunities has proved to be a good fit for the chapter. Member turnout was great again this year, setting the tone for an exciting 2018 schedule. Topics this year surely had something for all members. Speakers from several southeastern universities were able to make their way to Memphis to share the latest and greatest information available for area superintendents. The schedule started off with a social event at Spring Creek Ranch. March proved to be the perfect time for a crawfish boil and allowed supers to gather and discuss the upcoming season. Our first official meeting was at TPC Southwind with Dr. Bruce Martin from the University of Clemson discussing a problem that many supers are battling in the Memphis area, nematodes. Our
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second meeting, at Colonial C.C., featured Dr. Scott McElroy from the Auburn University who discussed growing degree days. Our third meeting of the year brought us to Winstead Turf Farms, which gave members the opportunity to see some the newest turfgrasses available. August brought our final educational meeting to Glen Eagle Golf Club. Dr. John Sorochan from the University of Tennessee discussed mower configurations. September was our Annual Bushwood Classic. Professor Segar from the University of Tennessee at Martin briefly discussed the current status of the UTM turf program. Not only has the Bushwood become a great way for members to enjoy a round of golf with peers, but it also provides the MAGCSA Chapter the chance to give back to its members. Net and gross winners are given the opportunity for continuing education of their choice and to participate in the GCSAA Championships. One of the largest events of the year was the Annual Scott McNeer Scholarship
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
and Research Tournament at Memphis National Golf Club. The event was a huge success because of the participation of our members and commitment from local vendors who help make it a great fundraiser tournament each year! The season concluded with our annual skeet shoot and shrimp boil. Thank you to Bubba Jones for making this event possible! A big thank you to those who served on the board with me for the last two years. Next year, joining new president David Johnson and vice president JD Boyce are three new board members: Andrew Foster (Windyke C.C.), Jason Bradley (Memphis C.C.) and Bubba Jones (Greenville Turf and Tractor). Good luck to everyone as you continue the path forward for MAGCSA.
Casey Nerren
2017 MAGCSA President Course Superintendent Memphis National Golf Club
Upcoming Event
52nd Annual Conference & Trade Show GCSAA Continuing Education Credits Available and Pesticide Points Available for TN, KY, GA, SC and MS.
January 8–10, 2018 Embassy Suites Murfreesboro, TN Don’t miss our keynote speaker on Tuesday, January 9 —
Morning Drive co-host Charlie Rymer! For more information or to register, visit us online at www.ttaonline.org. 12
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Upcoming Event
52nd Annual Conference & Trade Show
We
invite you to join us at this year’s TTA Conference and Trade Show at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro. This year’s event features an excellent education program and an expanded tradeshow floor, plus our annual awards, recognitions with a keynote speaker! This is a conference you will not want to miss!
GCSAA Continuing Education The following continuing education credits are available for attendance for full attendance each day. Monday, January 8 — 0.60 Continuing Education Credits Tuesday, January 9 — 0.35 Continuing Education Credits
Hotel Reservations
Wednesday, January 10 — 0.30 Continuing Education Credits The TTA has reserved a block of rooms at a special rate at The Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro, TN, until December 8. After December 8, reservations will be subject to availability and regular rates. The room rate is $149. Please call 615-890-4464 and reference the Tennessee Turfgrass Association room block to get the group rate or use the group code TUF. You can also make your reservations online by going to www.ttaonline.org and clicking on events.
More information For more information, call the Association office at 615-9287001, email info@ttaonline.org, or visit www.ttaonline.org. GCSAA Continuing Education Credits are available and Pesticide Points are available for TN, KY, GA, SC and MS.
Both attendees and vendors may register online at www.ttaonline.org, under Events.
Conference Schedule Monday, January 8, 2018 Turfgrass Science Workshop GCSAA Continuing Education Credits (full-day attendance): 0.60 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12, and 1 pt. in C06
8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.
Meteorology Today… the Good, the Bad and the Ugly Mr. James Spann, CBM, ABC 33/40
9:30 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.
Break
9:45 a.m. — 11:00 a.m.
Pest Management Update Dr. Brandon Horvath and Dr. Jim Brosnan, University of Tennessee
11:00 a.m. — 11:15 a.m.
Break
11:15 a.m. — 12:30 p.m.
Optimizing PGRs for Bentgrass and Bermudagrass Greens Dr. Brandon Horvath and Dr. Jim Brosnan, University of Tennessee
12:30 p.m. — 1:30 p.m.
Lunch (on your own)
1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Communicating with Confidence, Clarity and Credibility Ms. Laura Katen, Katen Consulting
Professional Development Workshop
Annual Meetings 4:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
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TGCSA and TVSTMA
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Upcoming Event Tuesday, January 9, 2018
8:30 a.m. – 9:10 a.m. 9:10 a.m. – 9:20 a.m. 9:20 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – 10:40 a.m. 10:40 a.m. – 10:50 a.m. 10:50 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
11:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.
Golf Turf Workshop
Sports Turf Workshop
GCSAA Continuing Education Credits: 0.35 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
North American Golf Innovation Symposium: Agronomy in Perspective Mr. Chris Hartwiger, United States Golf Association Break A Golf Professional’s View of the North American Golf Innovation Symposium Mr. Chad Anderson, Tennessee Golf Association Renovations at Memphis Country Club Mr. Jason Bradley, Memphis Country Club Break A New and Improved Maintenance Facility at Belle Meade Country Club Mr. Doug Ward, Belle Meade Country Club
Hands-On Workshop
Optimizing Nozzle Selection and Sprayer Setup to Maximize Pest Management Effectiveness Mr. Aaron Johnsen, WinField United New Bermudagrasses for Athletic Fields: A Comprehensive Workshop Dr. John Sorochan, University of Tennessee; Dr. Yanqi Wu, Oklahoma State University; Mr. Jeff Salmond, CSFM, University of Oklahoma; Mr. Chris May, CSFM, Georgia Tech
Recruiting Interns in Today’s Industry Mr. Thomas Ashfield, Quaker Ridge Golf Club
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 2 pts. in C01, C02, C03, C05, C06, C10 and C12
Break Irrigation Troubleshooting and New Technologies for Golf and Landscapes Mr. Clint Hickman and Mr. Greg Welk, Smith Turf & Irrigation; Mr. Brian Burns and Mr. Steve Ryan, Keeling Company TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 1 pt. in C03, C10 and C12
Trade Show (with lunch) Cocktail Function TTA Annual Business Meeting and Awards Ceremony with Keynote Speaker: Morning Drive Co-Host Charlie Rymer (Dinner on your own)
Wednesday, January 10, 2018 Golf Turf Workshop
Sports Turf Workshop
GCSAA Continuing Education Credits: 0.30 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
Golf Course Architecture Mr. Rob Collins, King Collins Golf
Field Maintenance for the World Baseball Classic Mr. Anthony Defeo, Tennessee Smokies Managing a Multi-Sport Complex Mr. Chad Robinson, Choccolocco Park, Oxford, Alabama
8:30 a.m. – 9:15 a.m. 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
9:15 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Break
10:00 a.m. – 10:15 p.m. 10:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.
Break
11:00 a.m. – 11:05 a.m.
11:05 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.
12:00 p.m.
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Daily Challenges of Managing Synthetic Turf Mr. Ryan Storey, Vanderbilt University
Preparing for Championships Mr. John Zimmers, CGCS, Inverness Club
Sports Turf Round Table Discussion Facilitated By: Mr. Kyley Dickson, Univ. of Tennessee Mr. Bill Marbet, Southern Athletic Fields Mr. Connor Schutzman, The Ensworth School
Golf Course Renovations Mr. John Zimmers, CGCS, Inverness Club Conference Adjourns Have a safe trip home!
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Cover Stor y
Best Management Practices for
Turf Insecticides and Pollinators
By Jonathan Larson, Ph.D., Extension Entomologist, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; David Held, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Entomology, Auburn University; and R. Chris Williamson, Ph.D., Professor, Extension Specialist, Turfgrass and Ornamentals, University of Wisconsin–Madison
P
ollinating insects are valuable organisms that we rely on for pollination services for crops, backyard vegetable gardens and certain ornamental plants. In the last decade, there has been concern about declining populations of bees and other pollinators. A general decline in pollinator numbers has been driven by the combined negative effects of habitat loss, diseases, para-
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sites and misapplied insecticides. All of these issues must be addressed if we are to help pollinators recover and mitigate future impact. In the turfgrass industry, managers must be aware of these issues and be proactive to ensure that their methods do not contribute to losses in pollinator populations. To that end, researchers have developed rational, scientifically based
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
recommendations for best management practices (BMPs) that promote healthy landscapes, while conserving and enhancing pollinator health.
Follow label precautions, and practice insecticide stewardship. Turfgrass stands are rarely devoid of weeds. Flowering weeds, such as the com-
Coneflower.
Bee Balm.
Black-eyed Susan.
mon dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and white clover (Trifolium repens) among others, provide an important food source for pollinators, particularly as early-season forage for bees that emerge in spring. Weeds in cool-season grass (bluegrass, fescue, ryegrass) lawns host 50 to 100 different species of bees, butterflies and flies. This demonstrates the need for us to consider the hazards to these insects from insecticide applications in turf. There are simple ways to reduce pollinators’ exposure to insecticides. First and foremost, read and follow the label
instructions on the insecticide you have selected. The wording on many insecticide labels has changed recently relative to pollinator conservation. The most common precaution is to avoid using insecticides on areas of turf with actively blooming weeds (i.e., mow the turf first). This recommendation is the best way to minimize hazard from liquid insecticide applications that would coat flowers and taint pollen and nectar with insecticides. This is particularly important if you have a weedy patch of turf that needs an insecticide application.
Maximizing the surrounding landscape for pollinators Habitat loss is one of the biggest contributors to pollinator decline. Bees need flowering plants for both food and spaces to nest. As natural habitats disappear, so do food and nesting resources. To help combat this problem, provide the best possible habitat for these important insects by planting a diversity of flowering plants in your landscape. This ensures that pollinating insects with differing food preferences will have a variety of shapes, colors,
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Cover Stor y and sizes to choose from and that there will be plants in bloom throughout the growing season. Past research has shown that plants like New England aster, bergamot, blackeyed Susan, purple coneflower, plains coreopsis, prairie coneflower and lanceleaf coreopsis can be quite attractive to a diverse array of pollinators. If you want to learn more about how you can successfully create your own pollinator gardens, you can contact your local university Extension service to learn more about which flowering plants are suitable for planting in your area. In addition, the Pollinator Partnership offers free planting guides tailored to specific parts of the country at www.pollinator.org/guides. Finally, be sure to include resources for pollinators to use as nesting sites. For bees, you can construct domiciles out of pieces of hollow bamboo, or purchase premade “bee houses” to station in your
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gardens. Plans for building bee domiciles are available online. To help out butterflies and moths, you will need to include larval food resources such as milkweed for monarchs or parsley for black swallowtails. You can learn more online about caterpillar food preferences.
Fast Facts • Populations of pollinating insects have been reduced by habitat loss, disease, parasitic mites and misapplications of insecticides. We can take proactive steps to conserve these beneficial insects. • Avoid applying liquid insecticides to the blooming portion of flowering weeds like dandelions or clover. To accomplish this in turf, mow before application or use a granular product. • You can provide foraging habitat and nesting spots for pollinators by planting a diversity of blooming plants that
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
provide flowers at different times in the growing season. • If you are treating for below ground pests, consider using a granular — or spreadable — insecticide formulation. Granular products ensure that the insecticide residues go into the soil rather than into the blooms of flowering weeds. • If you must treat with a liquid insecticide formulation, mow the area you will be treating immediately before application.
Mowing removes the majority of flowers, thereby reducing foraging pollinators. While some modern insecticides are systemic, current research for weeds in turf has demonstrated that any systemic transfer of insecticides into weeds poses no hazard to pollinators. • Controlling flowering weeds prior to or post-bloom with an herbicide before the application of an insecticide will also reduce the chances of directly contaminating flowers with an insecticide.
Note to readers This publication was originally developed during the National Pollinator Summit for the Development of Best Management Practices to Protect Pollinators in Turf (August 21–22, 2016, Sheboygan, Wisconsin). The authors, in collaboration with more than 60 university researchers, Extension specialists, industry stakeholders (including lawn care professionals, golf course superintendents, managers and consultants) and product manufacturers have summarized and synthesized research and recommended management practices that protect pollinators in turf systems. This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Crop Protection and Pest Management Program through the North Central IPM Center (2014-70006-22486). For more information about the development of this publication document, contact Susan T. Ratcliffe at sratclif@illinois.edu or by phone at (217) 333-9656. To download an electronic version of this article, visit ncipmc.org/action/fast factsbmpturf.pdf. T
Landscaper’ s Corner
Rose Rosette Disease Managing
(and Living with)
By Mark Windham, Ph.D., Alan Windham, Ph.D., and Frank Hale, Ph.D., Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee
R
ose rosette disease is a serious threat to the U.S. rose industry and poses significant challenges to the future use and success of shrub rose plantings in residential and commercial landscapes. In Tennessee alone, this disease has been responsible for the death of thousands of roses (Photo 1) and has led numerous landscapers to abandon the use of shrub roses in their projects.
What causes rose rosette disease? Rose rosette disease is complex, consisting of a viral plant disease, Rose Rosette Virus (RRV), that is vectored by the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus. Although the disease has been known since the early 1940s, the virus was not fully characterized until 2011. Genetic studies placed the virus in the genus, Emaravirus. Other members in this genus are transmitted only by grafting and possibly by eriophyid mites. Like other eriophyid mites, P. fructiphilus is very tiny (about the size of a dust particle), conical in shape and wingless, and it has four legs (Photo 2). This mite is known to infest Rosa species and brambles (Rubus species).
What does a plant with rose rosette look like?
1
After initial symptoms of rose rosette disease appear, canes will die during winter months. In this photo of ‘The Fairy’ shrub roses, 100% of plants are symptomatic for rose rosette virus, and cane death was apparent in many shrubs. All photos by Mark and Alan Windham.
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Symptoms of rose rosette disease can appear in many forms. The most common symptoms associated with rose rosette are large witch’s brooms that develop on virus infected plants (Photo 3). These witch’s brooms can be numerous on the same plant and may reach the size of a bushel basket. The weight of the witch’s broom may cause canes on the plant to lean and distort the shrub canopy. However, for management purposes, an observation of witch’s brooms comes too late to be of practical use. Close discrimination is needed to catch key initial symptoms, including thin (strapped) leaves, increased thorniness of stems, thickening of stems and distortions of flower buds (Photo 4).
Phyllocoptes fructiphilus eriophyid mites are commonly found under immature sepals and at the base of leaves on the stems. In this image, the floral sepals have been peeled away to expose the mites. In the insert, the mites can be seen to be conical in shape, are wingless and have four legs.
2 4A
4B
The most recognizable symptom of rose rosette virus is a large witch’s broom. The witch’s broom also harbors large populations of the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus.
3 4C
4D
Initial symptoms include (A) unusually thin leaflets, (B) increased stem thorniness, (C) distorted flower buds and (D) thicken stems. If a rose has two or more of these symptoms, it likely is infected with rose rosette virus. For confirmation, contact your county agent.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Landscaper’ s Corner Once these symptoms appear, management action is needed to reduce the impact of rose rosette. At this stage, mite populations have not yet increased to the life stage when ballooning (mites moving in air currents) occurs. Infected plants can be removed before they become a source of inoculum for other plants in the bed. If plants are not culled when symptoms appear, cane and root death will become apparent in subsequent years. Rose plants usually die within two to five years after symptoms appear.
Where can rose rosette virus hide? The most common weedy host plant for RRV and P. fructiphilus is Rosa multiflora, multiflora rose or ‘Seven Sisters’. Multiflora rose can be found in pastures, forested areas and in eroded fields. During the 1930s, millions of multiflora rose plants were planted in Tennessee for
erosion control. This practice also occurred in many other southern states. A mature multiflora rose plant may produce up to 250,000 seeds annually. The seeds usually do not germinate as long as seeds are shaded by the mother plant. Still, viable seeds may persist in soil for 20 and more years. This can make eradication of multiflora rose difficult. In the western U.S., RRV and P. fructiphilus may also be found on Rosa californica and R. woodsii. Rose rosette virus and P. fructiphilus may also persist for years in large commercial plantings of shrub roses. It is not uncommon to find new outbreaks of rose rosette disease in rose plantings within sight of other roses that have been symptomatic for several years. The virus and mite can also be spread in commerce through infected/infested plants that do not have symptoms (latent infections). In the latent condition, plants have been shipped from nurseries in areas where rose rosette was known to be a problem.
5
Research plots located at the University of Tennessee Plateau Research and Education Center located near Crossville, TN. Current research includes screening roses for resistance to rose rosette virus and the mite that vectors the virus, efficacy and application timing of miticides, mite ecology and effectiveness of antiviral compounds.
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Indeed, these hidden infections are considered responsible for outbreaks of rose rosette disease in Florida and Louisiana.
How can rose rosette virus be managed? The first step to a rose rosette management plan is early detection. Plants should be inspected on a regular basis (at least monthly) for initial symptoms of rose rosette disease. Plants with at least two of the initial symptoms should be culled, or rogued. Plants adjacent to the location of a rogued plant should be tagged and observed closely for several months. To prevent mites that carry the virus from spreading to other plants in the garden or landscape bed, plants flagged for removal should first be covered with a large, heavy-gauge plastic bag, with the stem severed at the soil line. After removal of the bagged plant, the root system can be dug and removed, and this portion may remain unbagged. When diseased plants are rogued, not only is the grower removing a source of the virus, but a source of the vector is also destroyed. Eriophyid mites are more likely to be found in high populations on the witch’s brooms of infested plants than on healthy foliage. A new rose can be planted in the same site (hole) one week after plant removal. Miticides (bifenthrin, fenpyroximate, spiromesifen and spirotetramat) have recently been found to prevent rose rosette disease. Consult with your county agent to determine which miticide is labeled for your greenhouse, nursery or landscape roses. Since the eriophyid mite vector is wingless and passively rides on air currents (ballooning), obstructions such as wood fences, buildings and/or large non-host plants can serve as a barrier that will intercept mites ballooning on air currents. From our recent work, green barriers of Miscanthus sinensis that were planted on the windward side of rose beds reduced rose rosette incidence by 77%. Barriers, by themselves, will not prevent the introduction of rose rosette disease into a garden, yet they may reduce the rate of spread of the virus.
We also evaluated pruning to manage RRV. When symptomatic canes were pruned (removed at detection of initial symptoms), symptoms did not reappear in the pruned plants for at least 12 months among 68% of pruned plants. If symptomatic canes are allowed to persist on the plants for 4 to 6 weeks after detection, then 72% of the pruned plants developed symptoms of rose rosette disease within one year. Despite some reductions in RRV persistence that occurred when diseased canes were pruned, attempting to save diseased plants by pruning out diseased canes is recommend only if the rose cultivar is rare or the plant has extreme sentimental value (i.e., the only surviving clone of “great grandmother’s rose�). When a plant is rescued from rose rosette disease via pruning, the plant should be quarantined for at least one year. If symptoms reappear, the plant should be destroyed.
Who is working on rose rosette virus, and where can I get more information? In 2014, the USDA Specialty Crop Research Initiative funded a multi-disciplinary grant on rose rosette disease for five years. This proposal is headquartered at Texas A&M University and also includes scientists with USDA-ARS, University of Arkansas, University of Delaware, University of Florida, Oklahoma State University and University of Tennessee. The role of the University of Tennessee is to evaluate Rosa species, rose cultivars and rose seedlings from breeding efforts (currently more than 450 entries in a replicated trial, see Photo 5), testing new miticides for control of rose rosette disease, determining optimum rates and timing of application of miticides for maximum control, evaluating novel antiviral compounds for their success in imposing immunity to naturally susceptible plants and to study mite ecology. As new strategies to manage rose rosette disease are developed, they are first reported on the Combating Rose Rosette Facebook page (http://www.face book.com/CombatingRoseRosette). T
Spotligh t on Pests
Commercial Turf Insect Control Part 1
By Rick L. Brandenburg, Entomology Extension, NC State University Note from editor: The following is republished from the NC State University Extension publication titled 2017 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers (AG-408), which is directly downloadable from the TurfFiles website (www.turffiles.ncsu.edu). It supplies up-to-date information on pesticides used to control pests in turfgrasses. This is part one of two articles that detail information on commercial insect control.
Use
pesticides safely to protect people and the environment. Begin by properly diagnosing your pest problem. If a pesticide is needed, select the proper one. Always follow all label directions, and obey all federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning pesticides. Recommendations of specific chemicals are based on information on the manufacturer’s label and performance in a limited number of trials. Because environmental conditions and methods of application by growers may vary widely, performance of the chemical will not always conform to the safety and pest control standards indicated by experimental data. Recommendations 26
for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services does not imply endorsement or discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations, and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. Tennessee Cooperative Extension agents may also be of assistance.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
Bees and Wasps (Burrowing) carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP pyrethroids1 (Advanced Garden, Battle, Deltagard, Menace, Scimitar, Talstar, Tempo)
1.5 fl. oz. See label.
Billbugs bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) chlorpyrifos1
0.25 to 0.5 fl. oz. 0.184 to 0.46 fl. oz.
For use on golf courses. See new label.
(Dursban) 50 WSP, Pro
chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GCSC LC SC GC G LC G deltamethrin (Deltagard) G imidacloprid1
(Merit) 75WSP
lambda-cyhalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara) thiamethoxam (Meridian) 0.33 G 25 WG Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG zeta-Cypermethrin, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (Triple Crown)
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
14 to 22 oz. 0.15 to 0.22 oz. See label. 0.27 to 0.44 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2 3 to 4 level tsp. See label. 60 to 80 lb./acre 12.7 to 17 oz./acre 1 oz./1,000 ft2
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
1.2 to 2.4 oz.
Commercial and residential turf only.
Cutworms/Armyworms Make application prior to egg hatch. Observe restrictions near water. Optimum control when applied from peak flight. Also suppresses chinch bugs and mole crickets.
acephate1 (Orthene T, T&O) 75 S azadirachtin1 (Neemix, Turplex) bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available Bt products, various labels.
carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP and baits
10 to 20 fl. oz./acre
See label. 0.18 to 0.25 fl. oz. See label.
0.75 to 1.5 fl. oz.
Chinch Bugs acephate1 (Orthene T, T&O) 75 S chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GC SC LC SC GC G LC G cypermethrin (Demon) TC chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban), 2E, 4E, 50 WP, Pro cyfluthrin (Tempo 2) deltamethrin (Deltagard) G lambda-chalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara) permethrin1 (Astro) Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG zeta-Cypermethrin, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (Triple Crown)
1.2 to 2.4 oz. 0.184 to 0.46 fl. oz. 0.25 to 0.5 fl. oz.
Suppression. Use GC formulation for golf courses.
2.5 to 3 oz. 1.4 to 1.8 lb. 0.2 to 0.3 oz. See label. 0.27 to 0.44 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.5 lb. 0.33 to 0.65 fl. oz.
0.2 fl. oz. 2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2
See label.
0.4 to 0.8 fl. oz. 1 oz./1,000 ft2 20 to 35 fl. oz./acre
For use on golf courses; check new label. Home lawns only. Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried. For suppression.
chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4E, 2 ES, 50 WSP, Pro chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GCSC LC SC GC G LC G cyfluthrin (Tempo 2) deltamethrin (Deltagard) G
Treat in late afternoon. Apply in adequate water for good coverage, but do not flood or water in. Do not cut grass for 1 to 3 days after treatment.
0.046 to 0.092 fl. oz. See label.
For use on golf courses. See new label. Cutworms only.
1.4 to 1.8 lb. 0.2 to 0.3 oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 0.143 fl. oz. 2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2
entomogenous1 nematodes
See label.
indoxacarb (Provaunt) SC
0.0625 to 0.25 fl. oz.
lambda-chalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
See label.
spinosad A + D (Conserve) SC trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) 80 SP Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
Home lawns only. Reed and follow special application instructions. Effective only against small cutworms. Not labeled for use on sod farms Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
1.25 fl. oz. 1.5 to 3 oz. 1 oz./1,000 ft2
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Spotligh t on Pests Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
0.5 to 1.2 oz.
Water in immediately after application.
Fall Armyworms acephate1 (Orthene T, T&O)
0.046 to 0.092 fl. oz.
indoxacarb (Provaunt) SC
0.0625 to 0.25 fl. oz.
See label.
pyrethroids (Advanced Garden, Battle, Deltagard, Menace, Scimitar, Talstar, Tempo, Cyonara)
See label.
spinosad A + D (Conserve SC)
1.25 fl. oz.
For use on golf courses. See new label. Not labeled for use on sod farms.
Rate varies with size and species.
Grasshoppers acephate1 (Orthene T, T&O)
0.5 oz.
deltamethrin (Deltagard) G
2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2
See label.
Do not mow turfgrass for at least 24 hours after application. Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
White Grubs (May Beetles, Chaffers, Green June Beetles and Others) Bt subspecies galleriae (GrubGONE! G) 100 to 150 lb./acre chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) zeta-Cypermethrin, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (Triple Crown)
0.184 to 0.367 fl. oz. 20 to 35 fl. oz./acre
chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GCSC LC SC GC G LC G imidacloprid1 (Merit) 75 WP
Optimal control when applied at egg hatch. Use higher rates in summer. Mole cricket suppression.
14 to 22 oz. 0.15 to 0.22 oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 3 to 4 level tsp.
thiamethoxam (Meridian)
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Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
White Grubs (June Beetles Only)
chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4E, 2 ES, 50 WSP, Pro
lambda-chalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
0.33 G
60 to 80 lb./acre
25 WG
12.7 to 17 oz./acre
trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) 80 SP Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG
3.75 oz. 1 oz./1,000 ft2
Bt subspecies galleriae (GrubGONE! G) 100 to 150 lb./acre 1 to 1.5 fl. oz. carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn)
0.184 to 0.367 fl. oz.
chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 50 WSP, Pro
See label.
chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50 WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GC SC LC SC GC G LC G
Mole cricket suppression.
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.6 lb.
imidacloprid1 (Merit) 75 WP
3 to 4 level tsp.
thiamethoxam (Meridian) 0.33 G 25 WG
60 to 80 lb./acre 12.7 to 17 oz./acre
Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG
1 oz./1,000 ft2
Make application prior to egg hatch. Offers some suppression of caterpillars. Do not use on sod farms. Optimum control when applied from peak flight of adults to peak egg hatch. Also suppresses mole crickets and chinch bugs.
White Grubs (Japanese Beetles) Bt subspecies galleriae (GrubGONE! G) 100 to 150 lb./acre zeta-Cypermethrin, bifenthrin and 20 to 35 fl. oz./acre imidacloprid (Triple Crown) carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP 3 oz. chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn)
Make application prior to egg hatch. Offers some suppression of caterpillars. Optimum control when applied from peak flight of adults to peak egg hatch. Also suppresses mole crickets and chinch bugs.
14 to 22 oz. 0.15 to 0.22 oz.
Optimal control when applied at egg hatch. Use higher rates in summer. For use on golf courses. See new label.
chlothianidin (Arena) .5G 50WDG chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GCSC LC SC GC G LC G
0.184 to 0.367 fl. oz.
14 to 22 oz. 0.15 to 0.22 oz.
Mole cricket suppression.
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz. 1.8 to 3.6 lb. 1.8 to 3.6 lb.
imidacloprid1 (Merit) 75 WP
3 to 4 level tsp.
thiamethoxam (Meridian) 0.33 G
60 to 80 lb./acre
25 WG
12.7 to 17 oz./acre
trichlorfon (Dylox, Proxol) 80 SP
3.75 oz.
Dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG
1 oz./1,000 ft2
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Optimal control when applied at egg hatch. Use higher rates in summer.
Make application prior to egg hatch. Offers some suppression of caterpillars. Do not use on sod farms. Optimum control when applied from peak flight of adults to peak egg hatch. Also suppresses mole crickets and chinch bugs. Apply at egg hatch. Can be used with some success as a rescue treatment in August and September
Water F eature
Support Biological Lake and Pond Management with
“Probiotics” By Erin Stewart, Aquatic Biologist, SOLitude Lake Management
T
here are many sustainable options for the management of lakes and ponds, so it can be difficult to determine which direction to turn when a water-quality issue occurs. This is especially true for waterbodies used for irrigation, stormwater runoff and/or recreational activity — or any location where pesticides or other traditional management methods may be less desirable or restricted. However, all water-bodies can benefit from proactive applications of natural and biological products. Beneficial bacteria-based products can be used as a pesticide alter-
native or used in conjunction with other products and methods to enhance the efficiency of the treatment. Bacteria may sound like a bad word in some situations, but these organisms are the foundation of most biological processes within a waterbody. Think of them as probiotics or yogurt for your lake or pond; they are responsible for breaking down and processing organic material in a process called biological augmentation. When properly introduced, biological augmentation can help limit the impact of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous,
which tend to enter waterbodies through runoff that contains fertilizers, animal waste and other organic materials. Without proper management, these materials may accumulate as sludge at the bottom of your waterbody, causing noxious odors, promoting nuisance algae and weed growth and expediting the waterbody’s rate of aging. Over time, costly dredging will be required to restore the health and overall volume of the aquatic resource. When beneficial bacteria are in place, they convert nutrients to forms that cannot fuel nuisance plant growth; they also promote
Beneficial bacteria act much like a natural probiotic for your lake or pond, aiding with the efficient decomposition of organic materials and excessive nutrients, which can help prevent the development of nuisance algae and vegetation and facilitate the growth of healthy organisms.
30
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
efficient decomposition and prevent the accumulation of organic materials. This, in turn, can help diversify the biological community structure by facilitating the development of “good” algae, diatoms, zooplankton and healthy fish. Regular applications of these biologicals can be incredibly favorable and help keep beneficial bacteria concentrations and activity high throughout the year. Depending on the particular water-quality or vegetation issues within your waterbody, a professional may recommend different forms of probiotic bacteria, including liquid, pellet or powdered applications. Liquid bacteria blends are considered high performance due to their ability to rapidly neutralize excessive nutrients that are located within the water column. Liquid blends can help to quickly enhance water clarity and quality. Pellet or granular beneficial bacteria applications contain bacteria that naturally settle to the bottom of a lake or pond to reduce organic materials that cause bottom sludge. In moderate or warm climates, the resulting reduction in accumulated sediment can be significant. Beneficial bacteria are an excellent solution for the reduction of excessive, nutrient-rich organic matter that causes bottom sludge and nuisance vegetation, but they don’t have to be utilized independently. When applied by a licensed professional, some biological products can also be used in conjunction with herbicides to aid in the decomposition process of submerged and emergent vegetation. A professional will determine the rate and frequency of beneficial bacteria and/ or herbicide applications by conducting water chemistry tests or considering the targeted issue. However, the best way to achieve your overall lake or pond goals is to ensure that the proper products are being utilized. Many selections are available on the market, so it is very important to choose a quality option with field data and science supporting the claims. Always rely on your lake and pond management company for beneficial bacteria recommendations, as well as guidance on strategies to improve aeration, beneficial buffers, water quality and native wildlife populations. Your water will thank you. T
Over time, organic runoff builds up as muck at the bottom of lakes and ponds. As part of a proactive management plan, biological augmentation can be used to naturally and sustainably limit the accumulation of materials while improving the water quality and beauty of the waterbody.
Erin Stewart is an experienced aquatic biologist with SOLitude Lake Management, an environmental firm providing a full array of lake, pond, wetland and fisheries management services and solutions. She can be reached through the website at www.solitudelakemanagement.com.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
31
The Turfgrass Team at the Univers ity of Tennessee Scott Boyle Communications Coordinator The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-6730 sboyle1@utk.edu
James Brosnan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Weed Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-8603 jbrosnan@utk.edu
Tom Samples, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Extension The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-2595 tsamples@utk.edu
William Dan Strunk, Ph.D. Research Associate I The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-2988 wstrunk@utk.edu
JosĂŠ Javier Vargas AlmodĂłvar Research Associate II Turf & Ornamental Weed Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974.7379 jvargas@utk.edu
Frank Hale, Ph.D. Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211-5201 (615) 832-6802 fahale@utk.edu
John Sorochan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7324 sorochan@utk.edu
Alan Windham, Ph.D. Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211-5201 (615) 832-6802 awindham@utk.edu
Greg Breeden Extension Specialist, The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7208 gbreeden@utk.edu
Brandon Horvath, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-2975 bhorvath@utk.edu
John Stier, Ph.D. Assistant Dean The University of Tennessee 2621 Morgan Circle 126 Morgan Hall Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7493 jstier1@utk.edu
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Index of Advert isers A & W Southern Sod Farms................................. 31
Harrell’s LLC............................................................ 3
Sigma Organics, Inc.............................................. 32
Brouwer Kesmac................................................... 15
McCurdy Sod Farms.............................................. 33
Smith Seed Services............................................. 33
Buy Sod........................................ Inside Back Cover
Mid Tenn Turf, Inc.......................................... 21, 33
Southeast Turf Maintenance.................................. 7
BWI Companies.................................................... 17
Mid-Atlantic STIHL, Inc........................................... 9
Southern Athletic Fields....................................... 33
Carolina Green Corp.............................................. 33
Modern Turf, Inc................................................... 32
Sur-Line Turf, Inc................................................... 25
Coosa Valley Turf Farms......................................... 7
North Georgia Turf Company, Inc......................... 20
Syngenta Turf........................................................ 17
Covermaster, Inc................................................... 11
Progressive Turf Equipment, Inc........................... 11
The Turfgrass Group............................................... 5
Crossroads Sod Farm, LLC.................................... 34 Ewing Irrigation & Landscape Supply.................. 13
Pure Green Sports Turf........................................... 6
Tri-Turf Sod Farms.................................................. 8
Greenville Turf & Tractor, Inc................. Back Cover
RD Murphy, LLC.................................................... 34 www.rdmurphy.com
Turf Mountain Sod................................................ 25
Regal Chemical..................................................... 29
Turfgrass of Tennessee........................................ 21 Winstead Turf Farms...................Inside Front Cover
awssod.com
www.kesmac.com www.buysod.com
www.bwicompanies.com www.cgcfields.com
www.coosavalleyturffarms.com www.covermaster.com www.ewing1.com
www.greenvilleturf.com
www.harrells.com
www.mccurdysodfarms.com www.midtennturf.com www.stihldealers.com www.modernturf.com www.ngturf.com
www.progressiveturfequip.com www.puregreenllc.com
www.regalchem.com
www.SigmaTurf.com
www.smithseed.com
www.southeastturf.com www.safdirt.com
www.surlineturf.com
www.syngentaprofessionalproducts.com www.theturfgrassgroup.com www.triturfsod.com
www.turfmountain.com
www.winsteadturffarms.com
Digital Marketplace Scan the QR code: Download your favorite QR reader to your phone and scan the code to learn more about these companies.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
33
Calendar of Events December 14
NC State Turfgrass Research Symposium NC State University Club Raleigh, NC
January 8–10, 2018
52nd Annual TTA Conference and Tradeshow Embassy Suites Murfreesboro, TN
January 15–19
Green & Growin’ Show (NC Nursery & Landscape Assn.) Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, NC
January 16–19
STMA Conference and Exhibition Fort Worth, TX
February 2–8
Golf Industry Show Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center San Antonio, TX
February 12–15
TPI International Education Conference & Field Day (Turfgrass Producers Intl.) Westin LA Paloma Resort Tucson, AZ
The Tennessee Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee Turfgrass Magazine, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2017 by the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Tennessee Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Nashville, TN. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee Turfgrass allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS October/November 2017 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org