Portfolio

JeeEun Lee MEBD | BArch | LEED GA

leejee58@gmail.com

JeeEun Lee

MEBD | BArch | LEED GA EDUCATION

PROFESSIONAL 2017

FREELANCE DESIGNER Design of a Multi-Use Building

MEBD

2016

PennDesign Scholarship

2015

; Master of Environmental Buidling Design University of Pennsylvania, US

FREELANCE DESIGNER Design of a Single-Family House

Research Assistant; TC Chan Center 2014

2013

DESIGNER

Hyundai E&C, South Korea

ENGINEER

Hyundai E&C, Korea 2012

BArch

2011

; Bachelor of Architecture Hanyang Univerisity, South Korea 2nd Prize, Graduation Work Exhibition

2010

INTERN DESIGNER

SAMOO Architecture and Engineering

National Science and Engineering Scholarship ; Merit-based, Full Tuitions, All Semesters 2009 Cum Laude Student Council

2008

2007 REGISTRATIONS 2006

LEED GA Industrial Engineer Colorist PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

2005

leejee58@gmail.com

Korea Construction Engineers Association Korea Association of NeuroArchitecture

contents

- Writing Sample -

DESIGNING COMFORTABLE SPACES BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION RESULTS DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

- Sustainability -

BIOCLIMATE HYBRIDS ANCHORAGE CLIMATE ANALYSIS ENERGY MODELING RESPONSIVE ORIGAMI SHADING PINE SHINE HOUSE

- Design -

JUNGDOK LIBRARY EXTENSION VOLKSWAGEN FLAGSHIP STORE PAVILION FOR PS1 MoMA PROFESSIONAL WORKS FORM STUDIES

WRITING SAMPLE Designing Comfortable Spaces Based on Environmental Simulation Results; thermally and visually JeeEun Lee University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US

accomplished by minimizing energy load early in the design process. Energy load refers to the amount of energy required to maintain a comfortable environment in a building. Reducing the load is essential for reducing energy consumption and augmenting the building’s resilience (Samuelson, 2015). In other words, a building with lower energy load is more likely to provide comfort to occupants during unexpected energy shortages.

The purpose can be further defined as (1) outdoor thermal comfort, (2) indoor thermal comfort, and (3) indoor daylight. Unusually, outdoor thermal comfort is considered primary for this project to harmonize with the hot and humid climate in New Orleans, where people enjoy the modest condition of shaded outdoor balconies.

Abstract This paper proposes a design workflow for an institutional building in New Orleans, Louisiana, based on parametric, climate-based analysis. This process aims to support the early design process with passive strategies to enhance occupant comfort inside and outside of the building as well as its energy efficiency.

The process has three goals: (1) outdoor thermal comfort, (2) indoor thermal comfort, and (3) indoor daylight.

These goals were achieved through three design strategies: (a) self-shading, (b) façade prototyping, and (c) multi-functional screens. From climate analysis to parametric design, the whole process utilized existing human comfort models and today’s advanced computational tools.

Site Analysis and Usage New Orleans, Louisiana, is located in Climate Zone 2A, which translates to relatively hot temperature and high humidity, according to the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) climate zone map (Figure 1).

The site is located at the edge of the French Quarter, from which the city evolved in the nineteenth century.

As New Orleans is regarded as a birthplace of jazz, the district is full of music bars and music festivals (Figure 2). The majority of buildings in the district are low-rise and of Creole (34%) and Greek revival (28%) styles, which create shaded areas with galleries and heavy lintel balconies, respectively. These styles reflect both the city’s history and the climate.

The institutional building is required to accommodate both office and residential spaces. In addition, based on site analysis, we added an outdoor music performance space on the ground level and balconies attached to the residential area.

Introduction In some practices, environmental simulation is applied at the last stage as a means of validating the suitability of building designs. When applied late in the process, the environmental analysis can suggest only a limited range of improvements because most building elements have already been determined interrelatedly. However, considering environmental factors from the earliest phase of design can significantly improve the quality and timeliness of environmental analysis. Moreover, it can accelerate the design process by making available appropriate evidence at each step of design decisionmaking.

This paper proposes a design workflow that associates environmental simulation results with the architectural design process, particularly in the early design phase.

The process was part of a mandatory course project for the Master of Environment Building Design (MEBD) at the University of Pennsylvania to explore the possibilities of the bioclimatic design process with environmental knowledge and computational simulation.

Because parametric analysis, intertwined with numerous factors, requires a large number of simulations, it presents some restrictions in terms of time and resources.

To streamline this process, we used advanced energy and daylight simulation engines such as EnergyPlus and Radiance and integrative platforms and plugins such as Rhinoceros3D, Grasshopper3D, Ladybug, and Honeybee.

Project Description Purpose The primary purpose of this process is to maximize annual comfort hours with passive strategies. This can be

Figure 1: IECC climate zones of the United States.

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee Early comfort models for indoor environments were based on the empirical approach of Fanger (1970), who developed the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) models2. These values display expected thermal satisfaction rates that consider environmental factors (dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, radiation, and wind speed). These comfort models can be applied universally regardless of local climate and cultural backgrounds.

Later, in the 1970s, Humphreys and Nicol developed the adaptive comfort model originally by accommodating the concept of adaptation, the gradual diminution of human response to reoccurring environmental conditions.

Adaptive comfort represents sensational thermal satisfaction calibrated by adaptation and categorized into behavioral (personal, technological, and cultural responses), physiological (generic adaptation and acclimatization), and psychological adaptation (relaxation of expectation) (de Dear and Brager, 1998).

After adaptive comfort was included in the 2004 edition of Standard 55, for reasons of practicality, it was further simplified by excluding the impact of humidity.

For outdoor comfort assessment, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) 3 indicates how people will perceive thermal conditions, the human physiological response to the environment. UTCI is an equivalent ambient temperature recalculated from dry bulb temperature, coupled with relative humidity, radiation, and wind speed.

This paper used adaptive comfort and UTCI as indicators of indoor and outdoor thermal comfort, respectively.

Figure 2: The site on the edge of the French Quarter (Orange: bars; green: music festivals; black: gallery).

Background Bioclimatic Design Bioclimatic design was dominant before the introduction of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and electric lighting in the early twentieth century. The availability of such electric devices obviated the need to respond to regional climate conditions with passive strategies. Advances in architectural structure and materials (e.g., steel structures and glass curtain walls) further allowed architects to shape buildings with less consideration of natural light and thermal comfort in unconditioned space.

Bioclimatic design became important once more when the first oil crisis in 1973 highlighted the seriousness of energy shortages, specifically with regard to fossil fuels.

Later, climate change and environmental pollution again reminded us of the importance of passive design strategies.

Although the installation of efficient HVAC can decrease energy consumption, minimizing a building’s energy load, during early design process, should be a priority to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Daylight Along with thermal comfort, daylight is another challenge of bioclimatic design. Affordable electric lighting disencumbered the building structure from the duty of distributing natural light to the deepest part of the indoor floor. Building layouts flattened and deepened because buildings could still provide a sufficient level of light without passive strategies such as high ceilings and large windows. Nevertheless, many studies once more emphasize the importance of daylight because of its positive impact on occupant health and performance (Heschong, 2002; Crowley, 2014).

Daylight quality can be evaluated in terms of daylight availability and visual comfort. Daylight availability can be assessed using the metrics; Daylight Autonomy (DA), Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI). DA indicates a climate-based daylight availability during the occupied hours when the daylight level on the working plane (the hypothetical plane, elevated 2’ 6", 0.762 m, from floor level) satisfies

Thermal Comfort Models ASHRAE 1 published standards to promote consensus regarding built environments among architectural designers and engineers. The standards are not enforceable, but some have been incorporated into building codes around the United States.

The comfort models included in ASHRAE Standard 55, “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy,” are pivotal criteria for calculating energy loads, the energy quantities required for retaining acceptable thermal conditions for a built environment’s occupants (ASHRAE, 2010).

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PMV and PPD comfort models are developed by Fanger

Developed by the World Meteorological Organization and International Society of Biometeorology for application in all outdoor meteorological settings and climate zones, from hot to cold.

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), https://ashrae.org/

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WRITING SAMPLE the target illuminance at a certain point in time in a given space. If the illuminance is not less than the target (e.g., 300 lux at a workplace), it will be considered as a daylit condition. The value of sDA is the percentage of the floor area of daylit space where the illuminance value reaches at least 300 lux for 50% of the occupied hours without artificial lights, as recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA, 2012). As this metric shows only whether the light is sufficient or not, Reinhart (2001) found that this metric appeared similar at different locations in North America. To examine the probability of visual discomfort or overheating, Nabil and Mardaljevic (2000) suggested UDI as an alternative. Useful daylight ranges from 100 lux to 2000 lux for a typical workplace.

Visual comfort is a complementary indicator to daylight availability: it includes metrics for Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP).

Intended to complement sDA, ASE is calculated as the percentage of floor area that reaches more than 1,000 lux for more than 250 hours a year. While ASE presents the potential for glare and heat stress, it does not reflect the human perception of luminance from the perspective of the human eye because ASE is calculated using the illuminance level of a horizontal grid. For glare analysis, the DGP is a useful metric for evaluating annual subjective discomfort based on an occupant’s given position and direction by calculating direct sunlight, specular reflections, glare sources, and vertical illuminance (Wienold and Christoffersen, 2006).

This project used daylight availability to examine, in the early stage of the design process, whether the building provided daylit space.

simulation with complicated geometries as long as Rhinoceros3D performs. It can process any angled or curvature geometries, in contrast to DesignBuilder, an engineer-driven platform, whose capacity for form generation is limited. For convenience of simulation, the plugins also coordinate a continuous series of automated simulations one by one according to the pre-populated data of parametric geometries.

Climate Analysis The environmental simulation is based on the weather database, EnergyPlus Weather (EPW)4. These Comma Separated Values (CSV) data consist of hourly values of weather data for the 8760 hours of a year, including temperature, humidity, solar radiation, daylight illuminance, precipitation, and wind speed and direction (Figure 3-1).

In contrast to the Test Reference Year (TRY) type, a single year data set, the Typical Meteorological Year 3 (TMY3) type EPW file is the most updated form of EPW file, which consists of hourly data of 12 months, from January to December, selected from multiple years.

For each month, a typical year’s data is selected from past years to represent the month’s typical weather.

Among the weather data files available for the New Orleans area, it seemed reasonable to select the TMY3 file recorded at New Orleans International Airport, at latitude 30.00° and longitude -90.25°, which has both geometrical proximity and similarity (Figure 3-2).

Methodology Rhinoceros3D and Grasshopper3D Rhinoceros3D’s accuracy and various applications make it one of the most preferred three-dimensional design tools for architectural designers. Designers can manipulate geometries by algorithms written in Grasshopper3D, which enables users to generate multiple design options using the program’s arithmetic calculation and its data management functions.

Figure 3-1: EPW file of New Orleans Airport.

Ladybug and Honeybee Ladybug and Honeybee are open source plugins for Rhinoceros3D/Grasshopper3D, developed to resolve the discontinuity of existing simulation platforms and integrate the overall process of environmental-analysisrelated design (Roudsari, 2013). The plugins allow users to associate the parametric geometry with climate-based simulation engines such as EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy), RADIANCE (Ward, 2004) and Daysim (Reinhart and Walkenhorst, 2001).

Ladybug is recommended for visualizing weather data for climate analysis and integrating weather data as a design process parameter. Honeybee allows users to build energy models and daylight analysis.

Its most profitable aspect is that it allows environmental

Figure 3-2: The location of EPW file on Epwmap.

Designers can visualize the weather data depending on the needs of users by connecting the EPW file to 4

The files can be downloaded from the website of EnergyPlus or Epwmap: https://energyplus.net/weather or http://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap/

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee Ladybug. As an example, the sun path and selected sun positions over the urban context can be generated with Ladybug (Figure 4). After generating charts with customizable settings, designers can interpret the weather data effectively and develop bioclimatic strategies.

Design Explorer When designers face tens or hundreds of optional geometries, making a clear decision is challenging because it is often subjective. If multiple aspects of options must be considered simultaneously, decisionmaking becomes quite complicated. DesignExplorer5 is a web-based application for comparing possible options easily and visualizing comparison results effectively (Figure 5). It requires users to upload recorded values from the series of iterations as a CSV file.

Design Process The whole process of this paper is as shown in Figure 6.

After the analysis of climate, urban context, and usage, we concluded design strategies and we performed first form study. The setting and assumptions for simulation are determined on the basis of the earlier analysis.

Because the form has been simplified for simulation efficiency, the further planning required another design derivation. The further modifications at the planning phase were based on the lessons that we learned through simulation process.

Figure 4: Sun path and solar radiation values at 12 pm on the 21st of June, March, and December.

Figure 6: Design Process Diagram This paper focuses on the simulation process, which is divided into three steps: (a) design for self-shading, (b) developing façade prototypes, and (c) adding the multifunctional screen. For each design step, we proposed the building’s purpose and strategies based on climate analysis. After running environmental simulations for parametric geometries, we compared the cases at DesignExplorer to determine the best option to adopt.

Figure 5: Example DesignExplorer visualization.

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DesignExplorer is developed by the CORE studio at Thornton Tomasetti. (http://tt-acm.github.io/DesignExplorer/)

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WRITING SAMPLE Step 1: Design for Outdoor Comfort Climate Analysis As the Psychrometric chart (Figure 7) shows, a significant number of hours are located outside of the comfort range (the red color means the highest frequency over the course of a year), the range demarcated by the thick line. Directing the most frequent hours of discomfort into the comfort area is a way to increase the annual thermal comfort hours. Excessive discomfort is determined by hot temperature and high humidity, especially during the daytime (Figure 8). It shows the values only when it is out of the comfort range.

Figure 7: A psychrometric chart of New Orleans.

Purpose This design step extends the thermally comfortable period to promote music festivals year-round and to enable occupants to relax in the building. The majority of the music festivals, held in New Orleans, occur during the spring months (Figure 9). If building design can ameliorate a summer day’s excessive heat, more festivals could be accommodated year-round.

Strategy New Orleans’s heat and humidity may prevent people from enjoying outdoor activities in the summer. In particular, the hottest two months are uncomfortable even in cloudy conditions, without direct solar radiation.

Because annual comfort hours vary from 47% to 57% depending on the presence of direct solar radiation, we expect self-shading of the building itself to increase comfort hours, encourage outdoor events, and prove a welcoming atmosphere for visitors. The variance makes a big difference, because 10% of a year equals 12 weeks of work hours.

Figure 8: 3D chart of New Orleans dry bulb temperature (up) and relative humidity (down).

Simulation Settings To produce useful analysis, simulations should be set up with awareness of climate conditions, expected usages, and urban contexts. We tested three cases of outdoor spaces: (1) the outdoor space on the ground level to accommodate musical performance events, which are a prominent feature of New Orleans life; (2) the outdoor space that serves city views to visitors and distributes daylight into the residential space; and (3) a small, communal open space for intimate relaxation.

The reason for dividing the outdoor simulation process into three cases was to limit the number of possible options. With no hierarchy, for example, the number of possible iterations for Case 1 could be 45,9276; however, the separation reduced the number of required simulation iterations to 225 7 . Reducing the simulation duration makes this parametric design process more practical and efficient.

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Figure 9: Annual outdoor comfort chart and festival schedule: shaded condition and unshaded condition.

(White: comfortable; red: extremely hot; blue: cold).

Decision-Making To evaluate and compare options, we could instantly visualize and categorize each input parameter and output value using DesignExplorer. Specifying the ranges of input or output data narrowed down our possible options.

(3x3x3x3) x (3x3x3x3) x (3x3x7) = 45,927 (3x3x3x3) + (3x3x3x3) + (3x3x7) = 225

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee Case 1: Ground level The open space on the ground level is necessary to welcome visitors to the building and accommodate music festival events. By creating a shaded area with its own building mass, we could increase the outdoor comfort hours a maximum of 10% from 47% (unshaded condition) to 57% (shaded condition).

We explored the thermal comfort analysis with 81 geometries generated with variations of width (W1) and depth (D1) of the building mass and the width (w1) and depth (d1) of the void on the ground level.

To narrow options, we determined criteria to achieve more than 50.5% of annual outdoor comfort and less than 121,000 m2 of residential floor area. Among the options in that range, we also considered the pedestrian traffic flow and potential locations of cores to finalize the selection (Figure 10-1).

Figure 10-1: Design iterations of 81 options in Case 1.

Case 2: City Balcony Level The city balcony is designed to attract visitors with city views and to distribute more natural light into the indoor space.

In this case, we tested the sDA together, along with outdoor thermal comfort, to reveal the impacts of void space on indoor daylight conditions. Considering daylight along with thermal comfort promotes the balance between indoor and outdoor conditions.

Four input parameters define the balcony’s dimensions.

The width (W2) and depth (D2) vary by 3 degrees separately, and the void space connected to the roof is changed in shape (S) and location (L).

The lesson from this step is that a deeper and wider balcony maintains more comfortable hours, while the middle void space provides more daylight availability.

When later design stages require additional geometric modification, these lessons can be instructive.

The selected geometry has a relatively larger floor area than the other options, and the above void is placed in the middle with the square shape. The criteria for this selection were the larger exterior surface area, the longer comfort hours, and the larger daylit floor area (Figure 10-2).

Figure 10-2: Design iterations of 81 options in Case 2.

Figure 10-3: Design iterations of 63 options in Case 3.

Case 3: Residential Level We planned another open space to provide a communal relaxing space and distribute daylight.

We manipulated the dimensions of depth (D3) and width (W3) along with the tilted angle (T) of the southeastfacing wall, widened or narrowed at an interval of 5°.

Here, a space with greater depth (D3), narrower width (W3), and a more tilted inward wall (T) provides better thermal comfort. This implies that the smaller opening on the elevation and the deeper space cuts off more unnecessary solar radiation. This fact can be applied when the need for additional small open spaces arises.

Additional criteria for this selection were the larger exterior surface for releasing heat from the indoor space to the outside (Figure 10-3).

Finalized Geometry We finalized the geometry through three series of simulations (Figure 11). Because simulation models tend to be simplified for efficiency, architectural design and planning should be conducted continuously to conceive a balanced project.

Figure 11: Outdoor comfort simulation results.

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WRITING SAMPLE Step 2: Design for Indoor Comfort Purpose The purpose of this step was to develop façade prototypes for residential units to enhance indoor thermal comfort and daylight quality. Once we matched the initial geometry with the floor plan outlines, we explored the enclosure details, such as the combinations of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), glass types, and the depth of shadings. The selected set of combinations can be arranged accordingly to the floor plans.

Strategy In this hot climate, a conflict exists between thermal comfort and daylight. Thermal comfort depends on reducing solar radiation, and daylight is related to the transmittance of adequate openings for daylight penetration.

To maintain a balance in these conditions, the enclosure must block unnecessary solar heat gain and distribute daylight using proper values in WWR, glazing performance, and shading depth. We tested the possible combinations of those three factors regarding thermal comfort and daylight availability. By assessing the options, we could determine prototypes to mix-match.

The arrangement of selected prototypes can shape the façade rhythmically.

Figure 12: Combination of WWR, glass type, and shading depth.

Simulation Settings The tested residential unit, with a southeast orientation, is 13 feet (4 m) wide and 30 feet (9 m) deep. We manipulated the façade’s glazing ratio (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%), glazing type (A, B, C and D)8, and shading depth (0.0 m, 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m) (Figure 12). Each type of glazing has varied values for U-Value (the rate of heat transfer through a material, the mathematical reciprocal of R-value), Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), and Visual Transmittance (VT, the fraction of visible light through a material) (Figure 12).

Using combinations of those factors, we tested the percentage of UDI areas and annual adaptive comfort.

Figure 13: Selected prototypes of residential units.

Step 3: Multi-functional Screen Purpose After shaping the building mass and façade details, we calculated the energy balance of the building to plan further improvements (Figure 14). According to the chart, the indoor space was still exposed to an excessive amount of heat attributed to opaque conduction, infiltration, and solar radiation. The psychrometric chart also illustrates the uncomfortable hours as determined by heat (Figure 15). By controlling three factors, we could significantly reduce both the building’s peak energy loads and its annual loads. The reason for considering peak energy load was to avoid peak-use tariffs and, ultimately, achieve savings on utilities (Samuelson, 2015).

Selection of Prototypes Through another upload, DesignExplorer indicated that the UDI value ranged from 16% to 58% and the annual adaptive comfort ranged from 57% to 65%. Because obtaining high values for both was almost impossible, some degree of compromise was unavoidable.

Regarding the balance between UDI value and adaptive comfort, we selected seven options (Figure 13). In the case of the selected combinations, the UDI ranged from 29% to 55% and the adaptive comfort ranged from 62% to 64%. By acknowledging the incompatibility, the criterion for prototype selection became balancing conditions properly rather than achieving best value in either UDI or adaptive comfort.

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Type A - Pilkington, ¼ Optifloat Clear, U-Value 0.93, SHGC 0.82, VT 0.88; Type B - Pikington, ¼ Solar E Clear, U-Value 0.5, SHGC 0.53, VT 0.6; Type C – Pikington, 1.4 Energy Advantage Clear, U-Value 0.49, SHGC 0.7, VT 0.82; Type D – U-Value 0.22, SHGC 0.41 VT 0.49

Figure 14: Energy balance chart after step 2.

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

Figure16-1: Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and radiation of New Orleans, US.

Figure16-2: Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and radiation of Tokyo, Japan.

Figure 15: Indoor thermal condition after Step 2.

Strategy To cut off solar radiation while still obtaining sufficient daylight, we proposed installing a screen system.

According to the differing programs for the upper and lower parts of the building, each part of the screen requires different functions that consider each occupancy schedule. To reduce opaque conduction and air infiltration, we also improved the materials of wall construction.

For the office, occupancy is concentrated in the daytime when the sunlight is relatively strong. The evaporative cooling function can augment the screen’s impact because excessive solar heat on the screen can be transformed to cooling effects of evaporation while the office workers are present.

In contrast, evaporative cooling would not be effective for the residential spaces, which are more likely to be occupied in the morning and the evening than in the daytime. Rather, the operable shading devices are more reasonable for customizing the daylight condition, depending on each resident’s preference.

Figure 17: Evaporative cooling effect calculated with cooling tower model.

Operable Shading Screen: Residential Units In residential units, the proposition of furniture and positions of occupants are not as predictable as they are in offices. Thus, an operable shading system is a practical way to prevent glare near the window and cut off excessive radiation.

We tested two types of operable methods: changing the tilted angle and changing the opacity. We processed this daylight analysis using simulation for the three times of the day (9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 3 p.m.) for the 21st of June, the solstice, when the sun is the highest in a year in the Northern hemisphere.

The tested room has a small bathroom in the middle and faces southeast. The tilted angles vary from 0° to 90° with 30° of increase, and the tested opacities were 50% and 100% (Figure 18). The objective of these iterations was to reveal which factor had more controlling power over the daylight condition. The operable function is useful for residential spaces where people may want to move the shadings around depending on sun position and individual preference.

The angle of the shading panels could cut off some of the direct sunlight, but the variation between cases is subtle. In this case, the opacity had a more significant impact on daylight condition than the tilted angle and it became an operable sliding shading system. The 50% opacity represents a single layer of the shading devices, and the 100% opacity represents the doubled shading devices, which occupants can create by sliding shadings manually.

Evaporative Cooling Screen: Office Some people might be skeptical regarding evaporative cooling in this humid climate. However, the Sony Research and Development Center in Tokyo, Japan, has an innovative exterior system called BioSkin, an adaptation of the evaporative cooling method that successfully decreased the building’s temperature and even that of the surrounded area by 1 to 2 °C (1.8 to 3.6 °F) (Yamanashi, 2011). Because Tokyo has even higher humidity and lower temperature than New Orleans, the probability of evaporation in New Orleans is more likely than in Tokyo (Figure 16-1, 16-2).

The screen consists of evaporative cooling pipes made from high water-retentive terracotta that also function as shadings. Replacing dry bulb temperature with 60% of the efficiency of wet bulb temperature reduced the temperature 2.7 °C from the baseline on the testing surface on June 21 at 12 p.m. This method was able to examine the evaporative cooling effect based on Penman’s evaporation rate equation, theoretically (Figure 17).

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WRITING SAMPLE welcome pedestrians and create a separate entrance for residences, offices, and rooftop garden, three cores are provided as vertical transportation, and the space between each core is shaped to induce pedestrians to walk into the open space (Figure 20).

Indoor Space Lower floors consist of an open-plan workplace that invites daylight and encourages an interactive work atmosphere. In response to the ceiling variation at ground level, we varied the office floor level and adjusted the space usage to the geometry, using the sloped floor as a part of workplace and auditorium.

The residential units are disposed to face the outside with the elevation prototypes. The linear balcony attached to the atrium provides a thermally and visually comfortable space for residents and suggests a vertical version of New Orleans building styles (Figure 21).

Screen: Evaporative cooling and shading The screen has multiple functions corresponding to the purpose of each space: evaporative cooling for offices and operable shading for residences.

Figure 18: Effect of tilted angle and opacity of checkpatterned shading devices.

Figure 19: The energy balance after Step 3.

Result The screen system, which provided both evaporative cooling and shading, significantly reduced heat gain from solar radiation, as the energy balance chart indicates (Figure 19). Although the reduced solar heat could increase the heating load slightly during the winter, this strategy resulted in a noticeable reduction in overall peak energy load.

Figure 20: A section-perspective view of the building.

Space Planning Purpose The aim of environmental simulation is to eventually design a better sustainable building. During the whole process of simulation and analysis, designers should keep the main goals of the design project in mind. To keep the design project realistic, we must keep in mind possible adjustment and modification of the design based on climate analysis and simulation results.

Outdoor Space The purpose of designing a large open space on the ground floor is to hold music festivals year-round as a means of welcoming visitors and vitalizing the building with New Orleans’s energetic and artistic atmosphere.

We considered pedestrian traffic flow and acoustic quality to be factors determining the space’s details. To

Figure 21: Residential space and attached balconies.

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee Discussion

Air-Conditioning Engineers, US. Brager, G. S., and R. J. de Dear (2001). Climate, comfort & natural ventilation: A new adaptive comfort standard for ASHRAE Standard 55. The proceedings of Moving Thermal Comfort Standards into the 21st Century, UK.

1. While generating the algorithm of parametric options, at the same time users should consider multiple factors such as climatic analysis, urban context, and human behavior in the building, because the geometries simulated in each process must be simplified in the interests of time-efficiency.

Crowley, S. J., T. A. Molina, and H. J. Burgess (2014).

A week in the life of full-time office workers: Work day and weekend light exposure in summer and winter. Applied Ergonomics, 46(A), 193–200.

2. Users should coordinate inputs with adequate intervals to include all possible forms but limit overall numbers of options, acknowledging the time requirements for each simulation method.

de Dear, R.J., and G. S. Brager (1998). Towards an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference.

ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1), 145–167.

3. Once users complete a series of simulations, they must interpret the hidden lessons from the results and adopt the knowledge when other adjustments or modifications are needed.

Fanger, P. O. (1970). Thermal comfort: Analysis and application in environmental engineering. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen.

Conclusion

Heschong, L., R. L. Wright, and S. Okura (2002).

Daylighting impacts on human performance in school. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 31 (2), 101–114.

This paper presents a potential workflow for decisionmaking early in the design process by scrutinizing possible options with a parametric design method and environmental simulation analysis. To achieve both thermal comfort and adequate daylight in the hot and humid climate of New Orleans, we conducted the climate and site analysis and performed the simulation based on the earlier analysis. After applying all of passive strategies, the energy consumption estimate is 31 kBTU/sqft based on the energy model built on Honeybee/EnergyPlus, which is similar to the LEED Platinum requirement (Figure 22). This design process can be adjusted and reconfigured depending on different design project goals and climates.

IESNA Daylighting Metrics Committee (2012). IES LM-83-12 IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), New York: IESNA Lighting Measurement.

Nabil, A., and J. Mardaljevic (2000). Useful daylight illuminance: A new paradigm for assessing daylight in buildings. Energy and Buildings, 32(2), 167–187.

Reinhart, C. F., and O. Walkenhorst (2001). Dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a fullscale test office with outer venetian blinds. Energy & Buildings, 33(7), 683–697.

Roudsari, M. S., and M. Pak (2013). Ladybug: A parametric environmental plugin for Grasshopper to help designers create an environmentally-conscious design. The Proceedings of BS2013: 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, August.

Samuelson, H. W., S. Claussnitzer, A. Goyal, Y. Chen, and A. Romo-Castillo (2016). Parametric Energy Simulation in Early Design: High-Rise Residential Buildings in Urban Contexts. Building and Environment, 101, 19-31.

Figure 22: Estimation of energy use: 31 kBTU/sqft.

Acknowledgement This project was assigned as the MEBD studio project under the instruction of Dr. William Braham, Brian Phillips, and Mostapha Roudsari. Each team selected different climates to share different strategies for managing how buildings respond to the given climates.

This paper is based on the design and analysis work conducted by team J/M2, consisting of JeeEun Lee, Mingbo Peng, and Shin-yi (Mimi) Kwan.

Ward, G. J. (1994). The RADIANCE lighting simulation and rendering system. Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, Orlando.

Wienold, J., and J. Christoffersen (2006). Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras. Energy and Buildings, 38(7), 743–757.

References

Yamanashi, T., T. Hatori, Y. Ishihara, N. Kawashima, (Nikken Sekkei Ltd), K. Niwa, and (Nikken Sekkei Research Institute) (2011), BIO SKIN Urban Cooling Facade. Architectural Design, 81 (6), 100–107.

ASHRAE (2010). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ASHRAE Standard 55-2010.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

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WRITING SAMPLE DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Daylight for Office Workers in High-rise Buildings JeeEun Lee University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US

new built environment cannot replace and daylight is one of them.

Abstract Since the Industrial Revolution, workers have been spending most of their daytime in indoor offices. This prevents workers from being exposed to sufficient amount of daylight for enough hours. Since daylight has positive impacts on human health and productivity, we need to have a better understanding of the relationship between daylight and human functioning. By doing so, we can discover the real meaning of well-daylit space, and design space to help workers work in healthy and productive environments.

We can easily measure light levels in an office with light meters and determine whether the light is adequate or not. As daylight has distinctive properties that cannot be imitated by electric light devices, proper daylight design of indoor workspace should be considered during the entire process of building design.

The scope of this research is limited to the offices in high-rise buildings because the application of daylight strategies has unique limits related to the type of building structures.

Keyword Daylight, Office, Workspace, Workers, Health, Productivity

Full-time

Background 2.1. Daylight and Building Structure

Introduction

Before the introduction of steel structures and glazed glass facades, allowing lighting into the interior of large-scale structures was one of the biggest challenges for architects because of the limitations of stone and brick structures. The Pantheon and Gothic cathedrals are representative examples showing how people considered lighting seriously in architecture and how lighting could make interior space impressive (Baker & Steemers, 2002) (Figure 1). For stone and brick structure buildings, the area and size of openings were limited under the law of gravity because the openings have to be a part of load-bearing walls.

For the last century, the built environment has been significantly changed with the innovation of architectural structure, the development of the economy and the invention of new technologies. These advances changed our lifestyles as well. The majority of full-time office workers spend at least 8 hours a day in offices at which fully functioning heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and electric lighting system are installed. Seemingly, human got adjusted to the new built environment with those advanced mechanical systems immediately. However, there are some values of traditional architecture that the

11

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 2.2 The Introduction of the Modern Office Between 1860’s and 1920’s, small farms and businesses in the Unites States became big corporates that hired numerous workers for various working positions in the office.

Railroad system reduced the cost of transportation and long-distance telecommunications enabled instant communication across the country so American businesses could expand markets with more offices spread all over the country. This situation precipitated the organizational form of companies (Saval, 2014).

Figure 1. Pantheon, painted by Giovanni Paolo Pannini in 125 AD (left); Gothic Cathedral, painted by Paul Vredeman de Vries (right).

As large corporations had multiple offices at distant locations, paperwork became a substantial task in companies, which meant the emergence of large office space with hundreds of office workers. Since people have not experienced working in large offices, offices easily became chaotic with papers and workers were confused with what they were supposed to do in proper ways.

In 1851, the Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition in Paris revealed the possibility of steel structures with the maximized size of glass panels that increased the transparency of the structure (Figure 2). Lighting coming into indoor did not have to be restricted by heavy structures anymore. With the application of steel structure, in the twentieth century, people conceived the glazed curtain wall.

Fagus Factory designed by Walter Gropius and the Glass Skyscraper proposed by Mies van der Rohe influenced modern buildings to have fully glazed building envelopes (Figure 2). These buildings’ aesthetic was fascinating for people of that time and now as well (Baker & Steemers, 2002).

As a means to deal with this chaos, Scientific Office Management, suggested by Frederick Taylor, was widely adopted by large companies. He broke down labors into homogeneous, minute tasks and assigned the simple tasks to multiple workers, and arranged office layout to be thoroughly managed by supervisors, in order to increase work efficiency. To monitor workers, stopwatches and cameras appeared in office to eliminate any unnecessary motions of workers. He also developed the concept of teamwork to reveal inefficient factors out of many workers. The invention of modern efficiency desk (flat metal table) in 1915 also helped managers to effectively look at what the workers are doing by simply walking through aisles (Figure 3).

Consequently, working spaces are dominated under multiple levels of management and hierarchy became strict among workers and managers (Saval, 2014).

Figure 2. Crystal Palace, Paris, 1851 (Left-top); Fagus Factory, Netherlands, 1911 (Left-bottom); Glass Skyscraper, 1921 (Right).

12

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WRITING SAMPLE DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS time was not effective as that of today. Also, the massive buildings drew enormous shadows on streets and adjacent buildings.

Particularly prior to Zoning Law of 1916, developed by New York City authorities, land owners endeavored to maximize the gross floor area which directly reflects financial profits out of given land areas by creating more floors (Figure 4).

Zoning law reshaped tall massive buildings into ‘wedding-cake’ skyscrapers by prescribing ‘set-back’. Also New York City Department of Health recommended 86 - 97 lux as adequate lighting levels in office. Later in the 1920s, it rose to 108 - 129 lux, and continued to be increased to 269 lux by the 1930’s.

Figure 3. A cartoon of office, Life Magazine (1925).

2.3 Needs for Daylight While office spaces became so-called systematic with the new management system, there was another movement in architectural structures.

The plans of the fully glazed building were able to be deeper and shallower by installing the fluorescent light, developed in the late nineteenth century. The flattened floor plans resulted in the uneven daylight distributions; excessive daylight reaches to the peripheral area, near the windows, but the central area of the office remained relatively dark. This problem became worse when Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) engineers discouraged higher ceiling to lessen the volume of the buildings. Especially, in busy urban conditions, lower ceilings apparently seemed more practical, allowing for more floors, within limited building volume and height.

Research

In the early twentieth century, in developed cities like New York, office workers in tall, massive buildings had inadequate exposure to the sky and natural light and limited artificial lighting levels (between 22 and 43 lux) because glazed facade had not been spread widely yet and the lighting technology of the

The geometry of the sun path is predictable.

Simply with latitudes and longitude of a location, we can predict the hourly sun position and calculate its Horizontal Shadow Angle (HSA) and Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA) (Figure 5).

Figure 4. The 1916 Zoning Law: Impact on tall building form and mass (source: Varnett, 1982) (Oldfield, Trabucco, & Wood, 2009) (left); Paramount Building, NY (right).

Daylighting

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MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS contexts. The measurement unit of illuminance is lux, and a lux is defined as the sphere of illumination cast by a one-candela point source on a surface on a meter away (Descottes & Ramos, 2011).

For annual daylight simulation analysis, Daylight Autonomy (DA), Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDLI), and Spacial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) are the metrics used to examine whether the space is daylit.

Generally, 300 lux is considered as daylit level of light for the calculation of DA and sDA and the range of UDLI is from 100 lux to 2,000 lux (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Sun path of Anchorage, AL, generated by Rhino/Grasshopper/Ladybug.

In the United States, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) established standards for lighting as follows: “the standard for natural light for all habitable and occupiable rooms shall be based on 250 foot-candles (2,691 lux) of illumination on the vertical plane adjacent to the exterior of the light-transmitting device in the enclosure wall and shall be adequate to provide an average illumination of 6 footcandles (64.58 lux) over the area of the room at a height of 30 inches (762 mm) above the floor level.”

Figure 6. An example of DA (left) and UCLI (right) grid-based analysis, in Anchorage, generated with Rhinoceros3D/Grasshopper3D/Ladybug.

In general, the sun is located the highest on June 21st and the lowest on December. From the sun path diagram, we can also notice that the hours of daylight are longer during the summer time than during the winter.

Daylight and Human There is a research about the relationship between views from windows and patients’ recovery speed (Ulrich, 1984). In this research, the researchers observed that patients tend to recover faster from surgery when they stayed in hospital rooms that has trees outside, rather than in rooms with windows facing brick walls. The assumption of this research was that two groups of patients were under the same conditions except for the window views, but the daylight could have been differed depending on the room directions and locations. If we remind the sun path diagram, we can see that the rooms with a view of trees are more likely to have fewer obstacles blocking daylight than those with the view of brick walls (Figure 7).

With the sun path and the weather data provided by the Department of Energy in the United States, we can simulate light conditions of the location with simulation programs, such as Radiance, Daysim, and Diva.

To examine lighting conditions, illuminance is often measured with light meters for a physical model or actual space, or with computational simulation for 3D models on the computer. Illuminance describes a quantity of light that lands on a given horizontal surface, after being emitted by a light source and reflected by surrounding

14

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WRITING SAMPLE DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS Lighting affects human health in two different ways. First is that lighting through the retina of human eyes affects human circadian rhythm and endocrine systems. Human bodies react differently depending on intensity or wavelength of light. Another way is that interaction between light and human skin is essential for the production of Vitamin D. This paper is mostly focused on the first way.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is commonly discussed to emphasize the impacts of daylight on human health. SAD is a term to describe the depression that people undergo when they experience the lack of daylight. Light therapy is often used for SAD patients. This therapy is effective only when the light is brighter enough, so early version of therapy light box was 2500 lux, which is three times brighter than typical office electric lights (Boubekri, 2008) (Figure 8). Another important factor of lighting therapy is the time of exposure to the light. When SAD patients are exposed equal period of time to 6,000 lux light, the effectiveness of therapy was better when it happened at 6 a.m. than 9 p.m.

Figure 7. The hospital plan, Ulrich’s research.

Figure 8. A lamp used for lighting therapy for SAD.

The influence of daylight to health in a workspace was examined (Harb, Hidalgo, & Martau, 2014). By measuring Cortisol and Melatonin level of subjects, he revealed that “with window” group had lower levels of cortisol and higher levels of melatonin than “without window” group (Figure 9). It means that lack of daylight by being without any window in a workplace is related to depression and poor sleeping quality (Crowley, Molina, & Burgess, 2014) (Figure 10).

Figure 9. Cortisol and melatonin levels of participants.

Daylight is not only related to health but also, it is important for human performance. A study revealed how daylight through windows affects student performance in Reading and Math. Students with maximum daylight could achieve a better score that those with minimum daylight. In this research, how daylight improves student performance has

Figure 10. An average daily schedule for full-time office workers during the summer and winter (C: morning commute times, L: lunch break times).

15

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS not been explained but the potential of daylight that could have improved performance in workspace was suggested (Heschong, Wright, & Okura, 2002).

the other advanced daylight strategies, such as skylight, light duct and light well, are not applicable for multi-story offices. In fact, the reflectance and shape of the ceiling can affect the lighting condition considerably. The ceiling helps daylight to be well distributed into non-passive areas, the deeper part of floor area, by reflecting the light so the reflectance of ceiling can make a difference in the light conditions of non-passive areas.

Lockheed Corporation can be a good example of the positive contribution of daylight for office workers. After moving to a new building designed for better daylight, the productivity of workers increased by 15% and the days of absence decreased 15% than when they were in the previous building.

Another way to improve daylight condition with ceiling design is designing slanted ceiling geometries. Figure 12 shows the difference that can be made by ceiling design.

With slanted ceiling, the deeper area of the floor has the higher level of daylight because the slanted ceiling allows taller window so the passive area can be extended.

Daylight Design Strategies for Offices in high-rising buildings As the necessity of daylight was illustrated by research in medical, the office workers need more hours to be exposed to daylight.

However typically full-time office workers work 8 hours a day during the daytime, it is often difficult to provide enough hours of daylight to them.

Table 1 shows the daylight hours per day for full-time office workers. Mostly in summer workers can be exposed enough time but it seems to be problematic during the winter (Boubekri, 2008). Regardless of latitudes, workers have only 1 hour of daylight, which must be the one-hour lunch break at midday.

Table 1. Total daylight hours (DH) per day on the 21st of each month and the daylight hours outside of an 8hour work schedule with a one-hour lunch break.

Since the existence of strong morning light is an effective factor to relieve SAD, providing daylight to offices from early morning would be helpful for office workers’ health.

For offices in high-rising buildings, side-lit through the window is the only source for daylight. In typical office space, daylight can reach to the floor for the limited depth, which is twice of the distance between the floor and the top of the window, and it is called Side Lit Passive Zone (Figure 11).

To maximize the daylit floor area, we need to maximize the height of the window top and consider the design of ceiling.

In offices of high-rise buildings, the ceiling seems to have weaker impacts on the lighting condition than other factors. It is because of

Figure 11. Passive and non-passive zones on plan.

16

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WRITING SAMPLE DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS With advanced daylight strategies, natural light can reach to deeper areas than only with side-lit windows and the ceiling design. One of the strategies will be light duct.

Figure 13 indicates that lighting duct extends the passive area more efficiently than the slanted ceiling in Figure 12. In this case, the space between the upper story’s slab and the ceiling can be maintained, equally. When the longer light duct is applied, light duct will be covered with false ceiling, but the space between slab and ceiling will be disturbed.

Since a part of a light duct is projected to outside, it will play a similar role with shading, so the excessive daylight near the window will be reduced. Eventually, the daylight will be more evenly distributed over the entire floor than without it.

Suggestion By acknowledging the backgrounds and case studies above, we suggested a possible enclosure of a high-rise building for welldaylit office space. This suggested system consists of lighting shelves, lighting ducts, and translucent glass floor near the window (Figure 14, 15). The dimensions and angles of this system can be adjusted or modified depending on the climate of each location.

Figure 12. Varied light levels depending on ceilings.

Figure 13. Light duct in a section view.

Figure 14. Section of the suggested light system.

17

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee DAYLIGHT FOR OFFICE WORKERS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

References Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2002). Daylight design of buildings: A handbook for architects and engineers. London, UK: James & James.

Barnett, J. (1982). An introduction to urban design. New York: Collins.

Boubekri, M. (2008). Daylighting, architecture and health: Building design strategies.

Amsterdam: Architectural.

Crowley, S.J., Molina, T. A. & Burgess, H. J. (2014). A week in the life of full-time office workers: Work day and weekend light exposure in summer and winter.

Applied Ergonomics, 46(A), 193-200.

Descottes, H., & Ramos, C. E. (2011).

Architectural lighting: Designing with light and space. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press.

Evans, B. H. (1981). Daylight in Architecture.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc. Harb, F., Hidalgo, M. P. & Martau, B. (2014).

Lack of exposure to natural light in the workspace is associated with physiological, sleep and depressive symptoms. Chronobiology International, 32(3), 368-75.

Heschong, L., Wright, R. L. & Okura, S. (2002). Daylighting impacts on human performance in School. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 31(2), 101-114.

Figure 15. Plan, elevation, and section diagram.

Discussion

Oldfield, P., Trabucco, D. & Wood, A. (2009). Five energy generations of tall buildings: A historical analysis of energy consumption in high-rise buildings.

Journal of Architecture, 14(5), 591-613.

Measurement of illuminance allows us to determine whether there is enough light or not quantitatively. However, illuminance level often fails to demonstrate the effects of the lighting condition precisely. In this vein, we need to include the work-time schedule in its considerations. If standards for lighting describe the different light value are needed depending on the time of a day, the daylight in offices can be more helpful for workers’ health and productivities than now.

Saval, N. (2014). Cubed: A secret history of the workplace. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery.

Science, 224(4647), 420-421.

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SUSTAINABILITY

BIOCLIMATE HYBRIDS

ARCH 708 Environmental Design Studio | MEBD, UPenn | Spring 2016

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

SUMMARY Course ARCH 708 Environmental Design Studio Instructors William Braham, Brian Phillip, Mostapha Roudsari Program MEBD, University of Pennsylvania Year Spring 2016 Work Teamwork of J/M2

; Mingbo Peng, Shin-yi Kwan Role Design, Rhino 3D Modeling, BIM Modeling,

Renderings, CAD Drawings, Diagram,

Climate Analysis, Lighting Simulation,

Outdoor Thermal Comfort Simulation,

Parametric Grasshopper Definition Type

Floor Area Location Climate Zone

Multi-Use Buidling ; Office + Residential + Commercial 50,000 ft2 (7 Stories) 500 N Rampant St., New Orleans, LA 2A; Hot and Humid

This project suggests a design method how environmental factors and design can be collaborative in the early design stage.

The main challenge is harmonizing the comfortable outdoor space for all-year-around festivals and the comfortable indoor multiple spaces, working space and residential space, in New Orleans.

The on-going festivals are mostly held during the comfortable period time of a year, definitely not in the hot summer. By extending the comfortable period to the summer, New Orleans can become more active with restorative outdoor events. At the same time, the indoor spaces should obtain thermal and visual comforts.

Since the office space and residential space have different time schedules and environmental requirements, the envelope of the building deals with the hot and humid climate in different ways, including shading and evaporative cooling.

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SUSTAINABILITY

CLIMATE ZONE: 2A

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CLIMATE ZONE: 2A (Hot&Humid) New Orleans, Louisiana is located in Climate Zone 2A, which translates to relatively hot temperature and high humidity, according to the climate zone map determined by International Energy Conservation Code (IECC).

Temperature

Residential

Relative Humidity

Core 2

Core 1

Precipitation Office

Core 3

Void 2

Path 1

Path 2 Void 3

Void 1

ED

SE

HAD S F L

PACE S N OPE

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

Psychrometric Chart of Thermal Comfort

ians

edestr ing P

m Welco

Stage 2 Stage 1

Rain Water

Green 1

Terrace

Roof

for View to North

Green 3 Green 4

Green 2

Pool 2 Atrium

for Natural Ventilation

Private Balcony Water Evaporation

Public Balcony

Pool 1

City Balcony

Shading Screen Evaporative Screen Acoustic Screen Absorbtion to Soil

CAL NS I T R VE RLEA O NEW

MIXED-USE PROGRAM

OS

RP U P I T MUL

N

REE E SC

RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTE PUBLIC

The institution building is required to accommodate both office and residential program. In addition to the requirement, outdoor music performance space on the ground level and balconies attached to the residential area were added based on the site analysis.

leejee58@gmail.com

SUSTAINABILITY Wh/m2 1000 900 800 700 600

Latitude Longitude

29.9500° N 90.0667° W

SUMMER

895 Wh/m2

SPRING

549 Wh/m2

WINTER

333 Wh/m2

500 400 300 200 100 0

Sun Path

SELF-SHADED OPEN SPACE

Simulation should be set up with awareness of climate conditions, expected usages and urban contexts, to produce useful analysis. There are three types of outdoor spaces tested; (1) the outdoor space on the ground level to accommodate musical performance event, which is a distinguishable feature of New Orleans, (2) the outdoor space serving city views to visitors and distributing daylight into the residential space, and (3) a small communal open space for intimate relaxation.

The heat and humidity in New Orleans might have precluded people from enjoying outdoor activities in the summer. In particular, the hottest two months are uncomfortable even in cloudy conditions without direct solar radiation.

Since annual comfort hours vary from 47% to 57% depending on direct solar radiation, self-shading of the building itself is expected to increase comfort hours and to encourage outdoor events and welcome visitors. It is a big difference since 10 % of a year equals to 12 weeks of work hour.

(under shading)

Outdoor Thermal Comfort (UTCI)

(without shading) + festival schedule New Mardi French Jazz & Wine & Orleans Gras Quarter Heritage Food St Parade Festival Festival ExperiPatrick's ence Day

Essence Music Festival

Voodoo Experience

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

Self-Shaded Stage

er

p ee

D

i W +

d

= er

r

B

e ett

The open space on the ground level is needed to welcome visitors of the building and accommodate music festival events. By creating shaded area with its own building mass, the outdoor comfort hours can be increased by maximum 10%, from 47% (un-shaded condition) to 57% (shaded condition).

STEP 1

The thermal comfort analysis was explored with 81 geometries, generated with variations of width (W1) and depth (D1) of the building mass, and the width (w1) and depth (d1) of the void on the ground level.

DESIGN EXPLORER

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SUSTAINABILITY

City Balcony Level

Residential Level

Facade Parameters

FACADE PROTOTYPES Through another upload, the DesignExplorer indicated that the UDI value ranges from 16% to 58%, and the annual adaptive comfort does from 57% to 65%. Since it’s almost impossible to obtain high values for both, some degree of compromise is necessary.

In regard of the well-balanced condition between UDI value and adaptive comfort, seven options were selected. In the case of the selected combinations, the UDI ranges from 29% to 55% and the adaptive comfort does from 62% to 64%. By acknowledging the incompatibility, the criterion of prototypes selection was intended to have the well-balanced conditions, rather than to achieve the best value in one of UDI and adaptive comfort.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

PUBLIC: OPEN STAGE ROOF ROOF GARDEN

7F

RESIDENTIAL: OPEN BALCONIES

VERTICAL BALCONY

VERTICAL BALCONY

6F

5F

4F 3F 2F 1F

LOBBY

CITY BALCONY

INSTITUTE: OPEN-FLOOR OFFICE

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SUSTAINABILITY

Effect of Screen and Material Previous

Improved

By controlling three factors, the building’s peak energy loads can be significantly reduced as well as the annual loads. The reason for concerning peak energy load is to avoid peak-use tariffs and achieve savings on utility cost ultimately.

MUSIC STAGE

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SCREENING

After shaping the building mass and faรงade details, the energy balance of the building was calculated to plan further improvement. According to the chart, the indoor space is still exposed to the excessive amount of heat attributed to the opaque conduction, the infiltration and the solar radiation. The psychrometric chart also illustrates the uncomfortable hours derived from heat.

LIBRARY

ATRIUM

MUSIC STAGE

LOUNGE

LECTURE

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SUSTAINABILITY

Section-Perspective

MEBD MEBD, + BArch BArch, + LEED LEEDGA GA || JeeEun Lee

Level 9 102' - 0"

Level 8 90' - 0"

Level 7 78' - 0"

Level 6 66' - 0"

Level 5 54' - 0"

Level 4 42' - 0"

Level 3 30' - 0"

Level 2 15' - 0"

Level 1 0' - 0"

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SUSTAINABILITY

ANCHORAGE CLIMATE ANALYSIS ARCH 753 Building Performance Simulation | MEBD, UPenn | FALL 2015

SUMMARY Course Instructors Work Program Simulation Type

ARCH 753 Building Performance Simulation Mostapha Roudsari Personal Work Rhino3D, Grasshopper, Ladybug, Honeybee Radiance, EnergyPlus Residential Space (300 ft2)

Climate Analysis

Dry Bulb Temperature

Cooling & Heating Loads

Glare Analysis

Global Horizontal Radiation

Sun Path

Location: Anchorage, Alaska IECC Climate Zone: 7 & 8 Climate: Subarctic Station: Anchorage-Merrill (TMY3) Latitude: 61.22°N Longitude: -149.85°

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

Strategies Orientation Study

Natural Ventilation

Shading Design; exploring 27 options

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SUSTAINABILITY

Design Assessment; Thermal & Visual Comforts Baseline

Adaptive Comfort

11.74 % 7.26 %

Indoor Temperature

PMV

sDA: 83.09 %

DayLight Autonomy

UDLI ( 100 ~ 2000 lux )

USDI ( > 2000 lux )

03/21 9 am

06/21 12 am

12/21 15 am

DGP = 0.30

DGP = 0.50

DGP = 0.16

Glare Analysis

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

With Orientation + Shading Design + Natural Ventilation

Adaptive Comfort

47.25 % 33.07 %

Indoor Temperature

PMV

sDA: 69.85 %

DayLight Autonomy

UDLI ( 100 ~ 2000 lux )

USDI ( > 2000 lux )

03/21 9 am

06/21 12 am

12/21 15 am

DGP = 0.30

DGP = 0.47

DGP = 0.14

Glare Analysis leejee58@gmail.com

SUSTAINABILITY

ENERGY MODELING

ARCH 754 Performance Design Workshop | MEBD, UPenn | Spring 2016

SUMMARY Course Instructors Work Program

ARCH 754 Performance Design Workshop Yunkyu Yi Personal Work Design Buiilder

This Project is an energy simulation of a entire building in the campus of University of Pennsylvania. This work is a report of energy caculation and calibration process, done by DesignBuilder.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

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SUSTAINABILITY

RESPONSIVE ORIGAMI SHADING ARCH 724 Data and Adaptation | MEBD, UPenn | Spring 2016

SUMMARY Course Instructors Work Program Type

ARCH 724 Data and Adaptation Mark Nicol Team Work (with Ritika Kapoor) Rhino3D, Grasshopper, Ladybug, Processing Interactive Design

Origami Facade is a system that reacts to sunlight and human motion, to provide comfortable space and reflect the activities indoor on the facade. To simplify the control system, Origami is used for its geometry.

There are three inputs that make the variations of the facade system. The first input is the light level indoor. If the illuminance level is not in the comfortable range, between 100 lux and 5000 lux, it will cause changes to bring the light conditions into the comfortable range. The second is the sun path that is able to be calculated and it breaks the space into three zones. Zone 1 is not reached by the direct sunlight, Zone 2 receives the direct light and Zone 3 is the closest area to the glass glazed surface. The last is the human motion. The shading’s height will be overwritten by the motion of people in Zone 2, in order to block the direct sunlight on their body. However, when the people get close enough to the window, the facade will be opened up for their view.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA SUSTAINABILITY | JeeEun Lee

leejee58@gmail.com

SUSTAINABILITY

PINE SHINE HOUSE

Professional Work | Design + Construction Management | 2015

SUMMARY Position Role

Designer + Engineer | Freelancer Design, Construction Management

Type Residentila; Single Family House Location Yangpyeong, South Korea Site Area 559 m2 (6,017 ft2) Gross Floor Area 199 m2 (2,142 ft2) Scale 2 story building Structure Reinforced Concrete Structure

This house is designed to accommodate a single family. The client asked for a passively designed house to maintain this building with minimized amount of energy use. There are three strategies used for this house design: self-shaded geometry, double insulation layers, and PV panel installation.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

2F

1F

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SUSTAINABILITY Energy from PV Panel July 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nov 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 January 1 2 3 3

Energy from Grid

2F

1F

-25

0

25

50

75

100

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee Monthly Energy Use (kW) 1,400 Energy Use (kW)

1,167 933

553

700 467 233

165 834

506

0 -233

550

810

800

222 672

638

550 200

530

420

400

500

650

650

March

April

-4 July

August

September

October

Energy from PV Panels

November December

January

February

Energy from Grid

THE FEASIBILITY OF PV PANEL AND OTHER SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES As shown in the left chart, the energy generated by the PV panels covers most of the energy use during the August, September, and October. However, as the sunlight is not strong as the earlier time during the winter, the building’s energy use is not quite covered. Also, there is another reason why more energy is needed from the grid during the winter is the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is bigger during the winter time in this part of Korea. (The monthly use of January, February, March, and April is estimated based on the solar availability and analysis of residents’ patterns.)

To deal with this situation, more PV panel installation or other renewable energy resources, such as geothermal heat, is required to be installed in order to avoid use the energy from the grid. Although, this building is still relatively sustainable with the thermal mass of the concrete structure and double layered insulation; outer insulation T100, concrete T200, and inner insulation T20.

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SUSTAINABILITY

Sunpath Studies

Glare Analysis

12 pm

Mar

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Jun 21

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0 Jun 21

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12 pm

Radiation Analysis on Floor Level

Dec 21, 12 pm

Except the 12 pm of the December, the glare proba comfort range. However, the important role of sunli more solar heat during the winter and avoid it during creating shading with the hallway of the second floo floor is exposed to the direct sunlight year-round exc

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee 3 pm

abilities are in the ight is absorbing g the summer. By or, the living room cept for summer.

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SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN

JUNGDOK LIBRARY EXTENSION

Architectural Design Studio 8 | BArch, Hanyang University | Fall 2010 | 2nd Prize, Graduation Work Exhibition

SUMMARY Course Instructors Program Year

Architectural Design Studio 8 Heejun Whang BArch, Hanyang University Fall 2010

Type Work Floor Area Location

Educational Building Personal Work 50,000 ft2 (7 Stories) Seoul, Korea

This project is an attempt to break down the stubborn wall of the conventional library through the extension and renovation project of a public library, consisting of three old school buildings in a row. The retaining wall of its elevated site isolates the library from the surrounding historical district of Seoul and the symmetrical layout of three buildings reflects the authoritative architectural style of the early twentieth-century Korean schools.

This design does not only extend the physical space of the library but also broadens its spatial spectrum. As a mean of welcoming pedestrians to the library, the tall retaining wall is widened to serve a pathway leading to the main buildings and a children’s library underground. The tightly controlled reading spaces are scattered to encourage unconstrained and relaxed reading atmosphere while maintaining quiet reading rooms and the continuous book shelves.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

SITE ANALYSIS The Jeongdok Public Library was originated as Gyeonggi High School. The buildings are typical of early twentieth-century Korean schools. The three buildings of the library are located near Gyeongbok Palace in Bukchon, in downtown Seoul, historically one of the busiest districts in the past. In 1927, the first building of Gyeonggi High School was constructed, and now it is the history museum. In 1938, the second library building and lounge building were constructed.

At the time, their style was up-to-date style with the latest steam-heating system. The first and second library buildings, history museum and lounge building are registered cultural heritage structures of Korea, meaning that they cannot be reconstructed.

THE THREE PRE-EXISTING BUILDINGS Three library buildings are placed in a row.

They have the same authoritative architectural style as schools and other institutional buildings. Even when the purposes of the buildings have been changed over time, as with this library, the layout has not. This extension project can serve as an example for the other buildings’ extension and renovation projects. Although the original layout of the three library buildings is maintained, underground space can serve as a pathway between them and, at the same time, convert a symmetrical place to a non-hierarchical one, providing a comfortable reading atmosphere for library visitors.

leejee58@gmail.com JeeEun Lee

DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

UNDERGROUND PROGRAM Since a library has to be comfortable and not intimidating, the retaining wall and the symmetrical layout were broken down, but retain the original shape.

In the hollowed space underground, there are a children’s library, parking lot, exhibition space and information desk. From the underground area, visitors can exit through the sunken garden, and they will face the unaccustomed view(portion) of the library buildings rather than the front facing facade. This is another way of neutralizing the symmetrical layout.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

LIBRARY PLAN Books used to be expensive and had to be protected from light and moisture.

However, as printing technology has improved, it is not necessary to keep them as treasures any more; some old books, still in need of protection, will be placed in the second library building where sunlight is blocked. It is more important to read books than to protect them. A reading room does not need to have strict rules anymore. People can bring the books outside, or even take desks out of reading rooms, for a more comfortable and pleasant reading atmosphere. My design will help readers to concentrate on their reading and enjoy their time. From the section view, it is recognizable that ‘the Reading Room’ and ‘the Book Hall’ are clear(recognizable). The separation of space provides different atmospheres depending on the space shape and will help readers to select their preferred reading atmosphere. On the left side of the Book Hall, there are desks and more private reading zones for calm reading.

In contrast, on the right side, the wide slope of reading area will enhance an active reading atmosphere while people can seat on the slope to read books and discuss with friends.

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DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

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SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN

VOLKSWAGEN FLAGSHIP STORE Architectural Design Studio 3 | BArch, Hanyang University | Fall 2007

The site of the Volkswagen Flagship Store is on the northeast corner of an intersection in Chengdam, which is considered as one of the luxurious neighborhoods in Seoul. Due to the driver-friendly character of the district, there are only few pedestrians but heavy automobile traffic. In order to give a strong impression to potential customers, the displayed cars should be noticeable to draw the attention of people even at the moment passing by this store by car. Also most customers or visitors will drive to the store.

Due to the driving-driven character of the site, of the cars on drivers on the street, and once the every driving moment needs to be planned

This project demonstrates that the continuou route, from the moment passing by the store the parking moment.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

SUMMARY Course Instructors Program Year Type Work

Architectural Design Studio 3 Heejun Whang BArch, Hanyang University Fall 2007 Commercial Building Personal Work

, the facade should leave the lingering imagery they visit the store, not only walking but also d to attract people.

us time frame should be a phase of exhibition to the moment staying inside, even including

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DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

OUTDOOR SPACE & ELEVATION VARIATION The outdoor space of this flagship store is quite important as a sequence of exhibition. Other flagship stores have only the visual facade and shopping area. However, for this automobile dealership, the exhibition sequence is the most important. Automobiles are durable consumer products so the brand reputation affects their sales. In the outdoor space, there are resting places for families and an experience place for kids. The outdoor space enhances the brand’s reputation and attracts prospective customers, including kids who will be customers in the future.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

The steel structure is a background for drawings of cars. The structure is composed of H-beams and X-shaped wires for structural stability.

The car is hung with base plates and wires, so that the transparency of facade will be obtained and the elevation of cars can be easily varied.

In addition, seeing cars in the air will give visitors a sense of unreality, and stick the image of Volkswagen in their mind.

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DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

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DESIGN SUSTAINABILITY

PAVILION for PS1 MoMA Digi Blast | MEBD, UPenn | Summer 2015

While lying down under trees, we can take a moment to feel a breeze by looking at shaky leaves. PS1 MoMa is one of the places that allow people in New York to take a breath and get refreshed. With the Breeze Tree, PS1 visitors can feel as though they’re under the shadow of trees, enjoying the breeze.

By stepping on the structure, people can enjoy the view of the courtyard from the height, feeling as climbing up trees. The lower part gives playground, and the upper part brings shadow for people underneath.

The frame structure consists of a grid from the top but, in fact, it’s waving in a breeze. The structure touches the ground only at three points, representing tree rooting points.

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

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SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN

PROFESSIONAL WORKS CONSTRUCTION + DESIGN Position

Engineer | Planning & Engineering Management Team

Participation

Construction Schedule Management, Design Change Documentation, Payment Claim, Material Selection, Sub-contractor Management

Type Healthcare (800 beds) Location Dongtan, South Korea Site Area 21,877 m2 (235,482 ft2) Gross Floor Area 98,878 m2 (1,064,312 ft2) Story 14 floors + 3 underground Structure Steel Concrete Structure + Steel Structure

HALLYM UNIV. MEDICAL CENTER | Construction Project, Hyundai E&C | 2011 - 2012

Position

Designer | Building Design Team

Participation

Design Concept, Presentation Preparation, Contract Paper Work, Design Schedule, CG and Model Management, Architecture Drawing Review, Design Book

Type Healthcare (700 beds) Location Changwon, South Korea Site Area 79,743 m2 (858,346 ft2) Gross Floor Area 105,966 m2 (1,140,608 ft2) Story 12 floors + 3 underground Structure Steel Concrete Structure + Steel Structure

GYEONGSANG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL | Turn-key Project, Hyundai E&C | 2012

Position

Designer | Building Design Team

Participation

Design Concept, Presentation Preparation, Contract Paper Work, Design Schedule, CG and Model Management, Architecture Drawing Review, Design Book

Type

Facilities + Church Location Pyeongtaek, South Korea Site Area 192,249 m2 (2,069,351 ft2) Gross Floor Area 52,061 m2 (560,380 ft2) Story 2 floors above ground Structure Steel Concrete Structure + Steel Structure

US ARMY DOWNTOWN FACILITIES | Design-Build Project, Hyundai E&C | 2013

MEBD + BArch + LEED GA | JeeEun Lee

FORM STUDIES

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JeeEun Lee MEBD | BArch | LEED GA