Host diversity of mealybugs in kerala state by SSR-IIJLS JOURNAL

Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(3): 973-979

RESEARCH

ARTICLE

MAY 2017

Host Diversity of Mealybugs in Thrissur District, Kerala State, India Juvin Jose* Neelankavil (H), Choolissery. P.O., Thrissur-680541, Kerala, India

Address for Correspondence: Mr. Juvin Jose, Neelankavil (H), Choolissery. P.O., Thrissur- 680541, Kerala, India Received: 19 February 2017/Revised: 16 March 2017/Accepted: 21April 2017

ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the

family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony. Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district

INTRODUCTION

Around the world mealybugs are now common pest group. The cosmopolitan pest risk increases in each annual turns. It is a small white insect with wax covering. They always hide and attached underneath of stem and leaves. But certain species prefer roots of the plant host. After successful attachment they started sap feeding using their piercing mouthparts. During this succeeding duration they secrete honey dew (A sugary solution). This makes ants attentive in their colony. Parallelly ants give protection from predation. The sporadic pest show high fecundity and wide host range. These are major factors of their invasiveness and colonization. The sap feeders generally prefer warmer climate for their localisation. In some instance mealybugs acts as vector of plant virus and transmitting diseases. In Uganda certain mealybug species transmits banana streak virus, this will makes their induced affect on plant host more worst [1]. In phytogeography of Kerala ravage of the coccoidean species now common. The hemipetran pest damage all floral diversities include agricultural, ornamental and wild. Every season a fringe of floral richness damaged due to the polyphagous species. So an area wise cataloguing is necessary. The relevancy is put forth in this study. Access this article online

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Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.3.2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Survey conducted in 2014 and 2015 from February to May. Collections sites were documented with Garmin GPS 60. Pest incidence photos recorded with NIKON COOL PIX AW120. Collected samples are preserved in 70% alcohol with proper label. Label comprises name of location, date of collection and name of collectors. In field diary the following attributes also recorded viz. climate of the day, name of the host, infested plant part, nature of damage and ant movement. Plant host species confirmed using Flowering plants of Kerala ver. 2.0 database of Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Ant identification and conformation done using keys of research report entitled ‘Invasive Ant Risk Assessment’.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thrissur is midland district of Kerala. Its coordinates lies between 10 oN latitude and 76 oE longitude. Total land area 3032 km2 of the district covered with rich vegetation. Tropical monsoon climate and different agro-ecological fringes are other important factors of the Thrissur district. Considering the warmer climate affinity survey conducted in two summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The survey revealed 24 coccoidean species from different floral diversity of Thrissur district and belongs to Monophlebidae and Pseudococidae family (Plate 1 to Plate 24). It again spread over to four tribes Iceryini (5 species) Phenacoccinini (8 species) Pseudococcinini (10 species) Rhizoecini (1 species) respectively (Fig. 1). Generally these species are polyphagous. They commonly located and hide in underneath of the leaves and stem. From terminal bud to root hairs its incidence documented in this survey. Reduced vigour, leaf crinkling and yellowing were the general symptoms showed plants during initial stages of attack. Dieback and premature leaf drop are major

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severity effects of mealybug infestation. Across all plant types such as herb, shrub or tree its opportunistic infestation noted. During the survey in 55 plants family mealybug infestation recorded. Maximum plant host reported in Asteraceae family followed by Fabaceae, Malvaceae and remaining plant families. The successive distribution on wide host range accomplished by mutualistic interaction of ants. Apart from this ant gives protection from predation also. Mealybugs secrete a honey dew secretion from its body this makes ants attentive in mealybug colony. Simultaneously the honey secretion causes sooty mold growth on plant host which makes plant host dingyblack appearance. This effect Plant photosynthesis adversely. Aside from this they inject toxic saliva into plant body by piercing mouth part and feed plant juice. Sometimes they act as vector of viral pathogens and inducing viral diseases. The integral adversity resulted in mass destruction of plant flora.

Systematic Account Superfamily: Coccoidea Family: Monophlebidae Subfamily: Monophlebinae Tribe: Iceryini

MAY 2017

1. Crypticerya jacobsoni Morrison, 1928 [2] Host: Mangifera indica, Bridelia retusa, Ficus religiosa, Morus alba and Cleistanthus collinus 2. Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas, 1890 [2] Host: Codiaeum variegatum, Ficus religiosa and Gliricidia sepium 3. Icerya pilosa Green, 1896 Host: Cymbopogon nardus 4. Icerya seychellarum Westwood, 1855 [2] Host: Aporosa cardiosperma, Areca triandra, Bauhimia purpurea, Bridelia retusa, Ficus heterophylla, Hemidesmus indicus, Hi biscus rosa sinensis, Limnophila aromatic, Mecaranga peltata, Musa sp, Ocimum sanctum, Psidium guajava, Rosa damascene, Rosa indica, Solanum melongena, Vernonia ci nerea and Calopogonium mucunoides. 5. Perissopneumon ferox Newstead 1900 [3] Host: Dioscorea esculenta, Ixora coccinea, Brideilia retusa, Eupatorium odoratum, Tectona grandis, Jasminum sambac, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Azadirachta indica and Vigna unguiculata.

Family: Pseudococidae Sub family: Pseudococcinae Tribe: Phenacoccinini Fig.1: Tribe wise number of species reported

Combinative incidence is seen certain species and they belogs to the tribes Pseudococcinini and Phenacoccinini i.e Ferrisia virgata and Paracoccus marginatus from Manihot esculenta, Paracoccus marginatus and Pseudococcus longispinus from Manihot esculenta, Icerya seychellarum, and Coccidohystrix insolita from Solanum melongena, Pseudococcus longispinus and Ferrisia virgata from Musa. These are combinative species observed in different locations. Three root mealybugs were reported in this survey, which are Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae. Dysmicoccus brevipes spotted from roots and fruits of Ananas comosus. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes spotted from Musa paradisica. Geococcus coffeae documented from Tricosanthes anguina and Plectranthus rotundifolius. Anoplolepis gracilipes, Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ant species observed different mealybug colony. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata were the ants observed associated with Coccidohystrix insolita. Oecophylla smaragdina seen associated with Icerya seychellarum and Paracoccus marginatus.

6. Coccidohystrix insolita Green, 1908 [2] Host: Cajanus indicus, Clitoria ternatea, Commelina benghalensis, Cyclea peltata, Physalis angulata, Sida acuta, Sida cordata, Sola num aculeatissimum and Solanum melongena. [2] 7. Nipacoccus viridis Newstead, 1894 Host: Ailanthus excels, Artocapus heterophyllus, Bridelia retusa, Cajanus indicus, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clitoria ternatea, Euphorbia hirta, Gliricidia sepium, Hemidesmus indicus, Jatropha multifida, Leucas aspera, Mimosa pudica, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus emblica, Rauvolfia serpentine, Rosa santana, Urechites lutea, Urima lobata and Ziziphus oenoplia. 8. Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 [2] Host: Abelmoschus esculentus, Abutilon indicum, Aerva lanata, Agerotum conyzoids, Amaranthus viridis, Amarathus tricolor, Blumea lacera, Boerhavia diffusa, Capsicum annuum, Cosmos sulphureus, Cuccumis sativus, Datura wrightii, Desmodium tortuosum, Dipteracanthus prostratus, Eleutheranthera ruderalis, Emilia sonchifolia, Eupatorium im patience, Eupatorium odorata, Euphorbia hirta, Glandularia pulchella, Gomphrena globosa, Gossypium herbaceum, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Indigofera tinctoria, Justicia gendarussa,

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9. 10. 11.

12. 13.

Lantana camara, Lycopersicum esculentum, Manihot esculenta, Mikania micrantha, Passiflora foetida, Portulaca grandiflora, Pothos scandens, Psidium guajava, Ruellia tuberose, Ruellia tweediana, Ruta chalepensis, Scoparia dulcis, Sida acuta, Sida cordata, Sida cordifolia, Solanum indicum, Solanum melongena, Solidago Canadensis, Spinacia oleraceae, Synedrella nodiflora, Tagetes erecta, Tridax procumbens, Urena lobata, Vernonia cinerea, Vicoa indica, Wedelia trilobata and Zinnia elegans Phenacoccus maideirensis Green, 1923 [4] Host: Tithonia diversifolia Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, 1924 [5] Host: Solanum melongena and Abelmoschus esculentus Rastrococcus iceryoides Green, 1908 [2] Host: Amaranthus viridis, Bridelia retusa, Buxus microphylla, Clerodendrum viscosum, Codiaeum variegatum, Cucumis sativus, Ficus hispida, Holoptelea integrifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Bridelia retusa, Mangifera indica, Mecaranga peltata, Mimosa pudica, Morus alba, Murraya koenigii, Piper nigrum, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Pouteria sapota, Roystonea regia, Solanum melongena, Tectona grandis, Thespesia populnea, Wrightia tinctoria, Ziziphus iraminia, Nephelium lappaceum and Cucumis sativus Rastrococcus invadens Williams, 1986 [2] Host: Mangifera indica, Musa paradisica, Citrus reticualta and Ficus benjamina Rastrococcus ornatus Ferris, 1954 [2] Host: Helichonia spathocircinata

Tribe: Pseudococcinini

14. Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, 1893 [6] Host: Ananas comosus 15. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsely, 1959 [6] Host: Musa paradisica 16. Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, 1893 [2] Host: Acalypha hispida, Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus viridis, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Andrographis paniculata, Arachis pintoi, Artocarpus hirsutus, Bauhimia acuminata, Caesalpinia pulcherima, Calendula officinalis, Calotrpis gigantic, Cassia angustifolia, Celosia argentea, Citrsus X limon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clitorea ternatea, Codiaeum hybrid, Codiaeum variegatum, Colocasia esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbito pepo, Cyclea peltata, Dioscorea opposita, Dipteracanthus prostratus, Ficus heterophylla, Ficus religiosa, Gliricidia sepium, Hevea brasiliensis, Hyptis captitata, Ixora coccinea, Jatropha pandurifolia, Justicia adhathoda, Lantana camara, Licopersicum esculentum, Licuala grandis, Lycopersicon lycopersium, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Mecaranga peltata, Mimosa

MAY 2017

diplotricha, Morus alba, Musa, Nelumbo nucifera, Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Pongamia pinnata, Portulaca gradiflora, Psidium guajava, Rauvolfia tetraphylla, Scoparia dulcis, Solanum melongena, Tagetes erecta, Tecoma stans, Tectona grandis, Urena lobata, Vigna unguiculata and Ziziphus iramina 17. Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, 1908 [2] Host: Couroupita guianensis, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Mangifera indica, Mimosa pudicaand Ocimum sanctum 18. Paracoccus marginatus William & Granara de Wilink, 1992 [7] Host: Androgrphis paniculata, Calendula officinalis, Carica papaya, Chasalia curvifolia, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clitoria ternatea, Erictites wieracifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Jatropha multifida, Lantana camara, Lectuca serriola, Ludwigia perennis, Manihot esculenta, Pentas lanceolata, Plumeria pudica, Salvinia coccinea, Solanum melongena, Syndrella nodiflora, Tagetes erecta, Vernonia cinerea and Mussaenda phillipic 19. Planococcus citri Ferris, 1950 [2] Host: Anacardium occidentale, Annona reticulate, Annona squamosa, Bridelia retusa, Citrus reticulata, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clitoria ternatea, Gliricidia sepium, Ixora coccinea, Mecaranga peltata, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa diplotricha, Mucuna pruriens, Rauvolfia serpentine, Rauvolfia tetraphylla, Solanum melongena, Syndrella nodiflora, Tagetes erecta, Theobromo cacao, Triumfetta petandra and Vigna unguiculata 20. Pseudococcus cryptus Hempell, 1918 [8] Host: Coccos nucifera, Bauhimia purpurea, Musa and Tectona grandis 21. Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell, 1905 [2] Host: Ailanthus excels, Annona reticulate, Arica vestiaria, Avicennia marina, Bauhimia acuminata, Bridelia retusa, Cucumis sativus, Glyricidium sepium, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Licula grandis, Theobroma cocoa and Saraca asoca 22. Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni-Tozzetti,1867[2] Host: Abelmoschus esculentus, Bauhimia acuminata. Cucurbita pepo, Eleutheranthera ruderalis, Ficus benjamina, Gliricidia sepium, Hemigraphis repanda, Hibiscus mutabilis, Limnophila aromatic, Manihots esculenta, Malvaviscus penduiflorus, Portulaca grandiflora and Tagetes erecta 23. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpell and Miller, 1996 [2] Host: Manihot esculenta and Musa paradisiacal

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Tribe: Rhizoecini

24. Geococcus coffeae Green, 1933 [2] Host: Tricosanthes anguina and rotundifolius

Plectranthus

Family-wise list of number of plants infested 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Acanthaceae-8 Amaranthaceae-1 Amaranthaceae-3 Anacardiaceae-2 Annonaceae-2 Apocynaceae-5 Araceae-3 Arecaceae-6 Asteraceae-19 Avicenniaceae-1 Balsaminaceae-1 Bignoniaceae-1 Bromeliaceae-1 Buxaceae-1 Caricaceae-1 Commelinaceae-1 Cucurbitaceae-3 Dioscoreaceae-1 Euphorbiaceae-6 Fabaceae-16 Lamiaceae-1 Lamiaceae-3 Lecythidaceae-1 Malvaceae-12 Meliaceae-1 Moraceae-3 Moraceae-4

Musaceae-1

Myrtaceae-1 Nelumbonaceae-1 Nyctaginaceae-1 Oleaceae-1 Onagraceae-1 Passifloraceae-1 Periploceae-1 Phyllanthaceae-1 Phyllanthaceae-2 Piperaceae-2 Plantaginaceae-1 Poaceae-1 Portulacaceae-1 Rhamnaceae-2 Rosaceae-3 Rubiaceae-4 Rutaceae-4 Salviniaceae-2 Sapindaceae-1 Sapotaceae-1 Scrophulariaceae-1 Scrophulariaceae-1

51. 52. 53. 54.

Scrophulariaceae-1 Simaroubaceae-1 Solanaceae-7 Ulmaceae-1 55. Verbanaceae-4

MAY 2017

Table. 1: showing collection site coordinates A to V (22) with number species recorded

Point of interest

Coordinates

10.683020000N 76.034320000E

10.759930000N 76.258160000E

E F

G H I

10.805800000N 76.193620000E 10.657380000N 76.189500000E 10.593940000N 76.131820000E

10.772080000N 76.344680000E 10.360330000N 76.196370000E 10.476480000N 76.112590000E

10.330600000N 76.348800000E 10.249530000N 76.396870000E 10.506250000N 76.267950000E 10.551140000N 76.333520000E

10.654270000N 76.086850000E

10.423810000N 76.421590000E

U V

4 1

10.217100000N 76.281510000E

10.483230000N 76.377640000E

10.537240000N 76.436690000E

N P

10.248180000N 76.230700000E

10.570990000N 76.265030000E

Number of species recorded

10.749400000N 76.176800000E 10.646580000N 76.355670000E 10.597990000N 76.030200000E

5 6 1 1 2 5 1 9 5 1 3 2 2 7 4

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Fig. 2: Peninsular India showing collection sites

Fig. 3: enlarged view of collection sites

[Geo-coordinates mapping: Open street platform]

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Fig. 4: Plate 1 to Plate 24: Showing identified mealybug species Copyright ÂŠ 2015-2017| IJLSSR by Society for Scientific Research is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License

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CONCLUSIONS

The surveillance data is adequate for revealing its key pest status in vegetations of the district. Their wide host range indicated its adaptability and surviving capacity in different hosts. So their damage is definitely major threat to floral system of the district. If proper control and attention not given, in near future it will migrate as major pest from its minor status.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to show my great gratitude and acknowledge to Dr. Sunil Joshi, Principal Scientist, NBAIR, Bangalore, India for expert identification and conformation. Also I thank my friends assisting for this study.

REFERENCES

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MAY 2017 Williams D.J, Hamon AB. Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, a possible injurious mealybug recorded for the first time from Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Insecta Mundi- Scientific Notes. 1994; pp:16. John W. Beardsley, Tsong Hong SIP, F.L. McEwen, and Dan Gerling. Field Investigations on the Interrelationships of the Big-Headed Ant, the Gray Pineapple Mealybug, and Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Disease in Hawaii. Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1982; 24(1): 51-67. Mendel, Z, Watson G. W, Protasov, A. and Spodek, M. First record of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), in the Western Palaearctic. EPPO Bulletin. 2016; 46(3): 580-582. Didem Holat, M. Bora Kaydan and Murat MuĹ&#x;tu. Investigations on some biological characters of Pseudococcus cryptus (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on four citrus species. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 2014; Supplement 6. pp:35-40.

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How to cite this article:

Jose J: Host Diversity of Mealybugs in Thrissur District, Kerala State, India. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 2017; 3(3): 973-979. DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.3.2 Source of Financial Support: Nil, Conflict of interest: Nil

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