Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 2, ISSUE 2, pp: 55-58
(ISSN: 2455-1716)
Impact Factor 2.4
MARCH- 2016
Research Article (Open access)
Comparative Analysis of Census of Tiger (Panthera tigris) with its sympatric species Leopard (Panthera pardus) in Corbett Tiger Reserve from 1987, Ramnagar, India Sanjeev Kumar1*, Dr. Kamad Kumar2 1 2
M.Sc, FISCA, Dept. of Zoology, Govt. P.G. College, Ramnagar, Nainital (Uttrakhand), India
Associate Prof. & Head, Dept. of Zoology, Govt. P.G.College, Ramnagar, Nainital (Uttrakhand), India
ABSTRACT- The effect resulted in the mapping of tiger occupancy and relative abundance, prey abundance indices, anthropogenic pressure indices and habitat quality across 17 states known to harbour tiger populations. Both the big cats i.e. Tiger & Leopard show territorial behavior. Leopard is sympatric to tiger and more furious than tiger. Leopards have good habit or quality to survive in human-dominated landscape while on the other hand tiger occasionally move in human-dominated area .It may be for livestock predation etc. Mortality is very high in tiger on the other hand we can say that survival rate is low in tigers. Inter-specific as well as intra-specific struggle is more in these animals. Fragmentation of habitat, ecological pressure, vital need, breeding season etc. are the cause of conflict and mortality etc. This study depicts the comparative analysis of tiger & leopard census which ultimately provides the idea of dynamics of population of both the big cats.
Key words- Fragmentation of habitat, Ecological pressure, Vital need, Inter or intra specific struggle -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR-----------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION Felids like Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Leopard (Panthera
The natural fighting is very common and mortality rate will
pardus) are the umbrella species of a ecosystem. Presences
increase generally. Territorial fight and fight for breeding is
of big cats in forest are the healthy sign of habitat. There
very common. Some time it happen extreme injured tiger
are many ecological cum sociological reasons of mortality
come out from core to human-dominated landscape for
among tiger and leopard. Mostly natural and sometime
search of easy prey and shelter & ultimately this situation
anthropogenic stress (Harihar et al., 2009) leads mortality
may brings the conflict (Cardilio et al., 2005) which may
while on the other hand ecological causes like carrying
be negative for both man and tiger. Sometime this situation
capacity and inter or intra-specific struggle. During
leads very dangerous situation. For this study I had taken
breeding season (Nov-Feb).
near about 30 years data of big cat’s census (Tiger &
*
Address for Correspondence:
Leopard) with detail. Corbett is a land of roar. The survival
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar
rate is very low in the big cats , ecological need
Research Scholar
(Madhusudhan, 2004) and vital requirements (Bagchi et
M.Sc, FISCA,
al., 2003) are highly needed in wild for wild eco-services
Department of Zoology,
like water hole and prey species conservation (Baidya,
Govt. P.G.College, Ramnagar, Nainital (Uttrakhand), India
1980) are major factor by which chances of survival will
Received: 18 Jan 2016/Revised: 06 Feb 2016/Accepted: 26 Feb 2016
increase.
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Page 55
Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VoL 2, Issue 2
MATERIAL AND METHODS Census data had been collected from Corbett Research Range (Shod range). Both the data of tiger and leopard were analyzed. In 2007-08 tiger census were not facilitated. It was done again in the year 2010. From 1976 to 1991 the data were not shown area wise but after 1991 right from 1992 census was categorize in Park area, buffer zone and KTR (Kalagarh tiger reserve) in Table-1. Analyzed properly and comparatively both the carnivore species from data provided by the Corbett Research zone. All data shows that tiger census with its sympatric one that is leopard. Study area- Corbett Tiger Reserve is chosen for this study. Corbett is itself famous all around the world for its wild beauty & tiger with other marvelous wildlife.
Table-1 Details of Tiger & Leopard census in Corbett Tiger Reserve from 1976 TIGERs YEAR
Total
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199042 1991
♂ 25 27 36 37 34 42 39 38 35 36 34 29 39 43 42 35
♀ 23 31 37 39 39 41 45 48 49 49 51 51 50 42 43 45
CUB 9 15 6 11 14 6 7 6 6 6 4 10 3 6 7 11
P.A BUF.Z KTR Total
36 1 10 47
50 3 14 67
6 1 1 8
P.A BUF.Z KTR Total
32 3 11 46
51 5 15 71
5 1 7
P.A BUF.Z KTR Total
33 4 9 46
52 6 17 75
5 1 1 7
P.A BUF.Z Sn.S Total
31 9 9 49
51 12 11 74
8 3 11
P.A BUF.Z KTR
42 11 5
43 17 5
6 4 5
UN 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 -
LEOPARD
Total
57 73 79 87 87 89 91 92 90 91 89 90 92 91 92 91
♂ 17 14 16 15 11 15 16 17 19 15 22 22 23 18 18 16
♀ 8 18 17 20 9 21 23 25 23 26 18 19 19 23 23 20
CUB 3 3 1 -8 8 6 1 1 1 1 2
UN -
28 35 33 36 20 44 47 48 43 41 41 41 42 41 42 38
92 5 25 122
17 4 16 37
22 7 27 56
2 1 2 5
-
41 12 45 98
88 9 26 123
16 4 16 36
24 9 26 59
2 1 2 5
-
42 14 44 100
90 11 27 128
15 7 18 40
24 9 24 57
1 2 2 5
-
40 18 44 102
90 24 20 134
14 22 6 42
23 33 6 62
2 3 1 6
-
39 58 13 110
91 32 15
16 20 6
21 32 4
3 7 -
-
40 59 10
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VoL 2, Issue 2 Total
58
65
15
P.A BUF.Z
39 13
43 17
12 2
KTR Total
6 58
9 69
14
P.A BUF.Z
29 16
44 19
KTR Total
5 50
10 73
-
138
42
57
10
-
109
94 32
17 20
21 38
2 5
-
40 63
-
15 141
3 40
5 64
7
-
8 111
10 1
1999 -
83 36
14 23
22 30
7
-
36 60
11
-
15 134
3 40
8 60
3 10
-
14 110
85 30
17 23
14 24
2 2
-
33 49
1998 -
2001 -
P.A BUF.Z
32 11
44 17
9 2
KTR B.San Total
8 51
14 75
11
-
22 137
4 44
13 4 55
2 6
7 7
17 13 112
P.A BUF.Z
33 18
51 17
8 2
2003 -
92 37
26 18
18 30
1
1 -
45 49
Sn.S B.San Total
5 56
8 76
1 11
-
14 143
3 4 51
6 5 59
4 5
2 3
9 15 118
P.A BUF.Z
28 12
54 18
10 -
2005 -
92 30
18 17
20 30
1 1
-
39 48
Sn.S B.San Total
7 47
12 84
10
-
19 141
4 5 44
5 5 60
2 4
4 4
9 16 112
In 2007 tiger census were completed by WII Dehradun with the help Camera trapping and total 164 tiger were found in 1524 Sq. Km. Landscape in which the number of cubes were not included.
P.A BUF.Z Sn.S B.San Total
2008 Tiger (Panthera tigris) census were not facilitated only the Leopard( Panthera pardus) census were Completed. In 2010 the tiger census were done By WII through camera trapping in 1524Sq.Km In Corbett Landscape and resulted 214 tigers.
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13
24
2
-
39
21
24
2
-
47
6 4 44
8 8 64
2 3 9
-
16 15 117
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VoL 2, Issue 2
RESULT AND DISCUSSION Overall 39 years data of census (Tiger& Leopard) were analyzed for this study. From 1992 the data were arranged and categorized in area or zone wise like Park area, buffer zone, kalagarh tiger reserve and from 2001the Sonanadi and Binsar sanctuary are included. At spot there are total 214 tiger + 117 leopards in the area of 1524 Sq .km. So total 331 big cats are dwelling in the park both are sympatric to each other. Here if we can divide the area by number of individuals than we can get the area for one big cat that is 1524/331=4.6 sq.km/per tiger or leopard. Ecologically which are not fit for the vital survival? There are fewer possibilities to fulfill the all vital cum ecological needs of these big cats. Ultimately the carrying capacities of the area/park are in trouble at all.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The mortality rate is very high in tiger or leopard
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and
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Inter-
specific
or
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