LANDSCAPE URBANISM LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED Cheryl | Chloe | Matthew | Yong Kiat | Zi Qing
AGRICULTURE CROPLAND Strategies for a resilient food production system in the Lal Bakaiya watershed
SUTD OPTION STUDIO 2016 LANDSCAPE URBANISM Cheryl | Chloe | Matthew | Yong Kiat | Zi Qing
special thanks to: Eva, Federico, Ignacio
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED Population Density Rautahat covers an area of 1,126 km2 and, according to the 2001 census, has a population of 545,132 living in 88,162 households
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED River and Main attractions The map on the right shows the nearest airport and the river watershed regions, along with the Lal Bakaiya and neighbouring Bagmati river.
Lal Bakaiya River
Bagmati River
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
PROBLEM STATEMENT Problem
Mapping
Indexing
Livestock environment
Exports Trade path
Possibilities/Potential
Livestock + Fodder Crop + Residential
Residential SelfSustaining Systems
River Braiding Shifting of settlements
Land ownership
Limited Road networks
Outcome
Clustering settlements Improved Road Networks Intra Trade paths Agro-Industrial Corridor Algae Farm Systems Movement of ppl Flood damage Highlands and lowlands (spatial distribution of plateaus)
Fish Farm Systems
Wastewater network
Soil types
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Reforestation
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site context
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
OLD INDEXING STRATEGIES Flooding / Topography The mountainous areas on the higher ground of the terrain results in sudden inflow of water into the flat regions where there are the rate of surface runoff is much higher. With less paths to redirect the waters away, the flat region is highly likely to be collect the sudden gushes of water from the higher region during monsoon seasons.
Less steep
More steep
Lower ground
Higher ground
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING STRATEGIES Flooding / Topography As seen in the diagram on the right, there is a very clear distinction between the high lands where the source of the river is at and the lowlands, where agriculture is more abundant. Also, this poses a problem where the lower regions are more prone to flood risks due to the gentle terrain. Hence, we decided to look at the lowlands to resolve the pressing problem of flooding in an agricultural driven society.
Steepest
High Flood Risk
Gentler slope
Low Flood Risk
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING STRATEGIES - ROAD HIERARCHY Road Network The existing road network runs mainly from north to south, in a largely haphazard manner that clusters around existing settlement areas. The roads are usually just gravel or soil paths which are vulnerable to the flooding issues, where routes could be washed away by severe floods. Little or no hierarchy of roads is made to the nearby landmarks such as the airport other than the national highway. Major Settlements Hypothetically, the big settlements distributed across the intervention area are assumed as the major nodes. We assume that the big settlements contain more resources as well as more advanced technology. Hence, the big settlement will become the congregation area for the adjacent small settlements
Relative sizes of the settlements
Airport (Simara Airport)
Train Station (Bairgania Station)
Road Condition of the Intervention Zone // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING STRATEGIES International Trade Path Based on this road network, we inferred that the international trade paths are mainly related to the nearest airport. The international trade paths that are usually used by the locals would be the national highway and railway that stretches through the India region. Both paths are linked together by a secondary road and informal roads which cut through the intervention zone. Also, the big settlements distributed across the intervention area are assumed as the export nodes.
Airport (Simara Airport)
Simara Airport 0 // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
INDEXING STRATEGIES International Trade Path Compared to the distances of travelling to Simara Airport, transporting goods towards the train stations in the south allows for shorter distances travelled. Hence less time and resources will be used on the transport of goods and people, cutting down the operating costs if the goods were to be transported to the south. This would mean it would be a more favourable option for the natives to utilize the southward road networks instead. Thus the project will focus more on the southern region of the given area.
Train Station (Bairgania Station)
Bairgania Station 0 // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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OLD INDEXING STRATEGIES Crop Productivity Resilience of agricultural production in times of flood To ensure that crop production continues even during flooding, the area left available is crucial in ensuring that food production continues. The resilience of the region in its food production is being looked at by the width in between the two rivers, Lal Bakaiya and Bagmati RIver. Towards the india-Nepal border where trade between the two neighbouring countries takes place often, the the rivers comes as close to each other as about 4.5km apart, leaving the villagers in the low flood risk zone only two directions to move to obtain their food resources. This is aided by the main connection spine, the secondary road running from the North to South of the site. During flooding, people from the affected villages may escape to settlements in the ‘sandwiched’ zone, causing an increase in population density, hence increase in demand for food supplies as well. 13.5 km
4.5 km
Areas likely to continue crop production in times of flood
Areas unlikely to continue crop production in times of flood High flood risk zone (at a flood level of 1 m) Main road connection (secondary road) Main road connection (tertiary road) Other road connections Settlement clusters
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
OLD INDEXING STRATEGIES Identifying potential along the river in different flood risk zones Settlements in the Terai region continue to live in high proximity with the rivers due to the fact that minerals from the water can easily leak into the soil, hence naturally fertilising their crops. Along the river, if well-controlled, water-related activities including transport and trading can be carried out, bringing revenue to the inhabitants of the settlements by the river. Several settlements are identified according to their capacity in supporting larger human flow, which can possibly be used as trading or transport nodes.
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As a way to minimise destruction when a flood occurs, the settlements along the middle-low flood risk zone were identified as areas whereby the land is naturally well-irrigated and ideal for farming, at the same time that are relatively safe zones where people can escape easily in rare cases of extreme flood. The major settlements that potentially can act as agricultural nodes are also identified.
Low flood risk zone Medium flood risk zone High flood risk zone Lal Bakaiya and Bagmati River
Major settlements
Other affected settlements
Settlements out of the flood risk zone
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3
1. Overall flood risk analysis 2. Villages that can potentially thrive on water trade 3. Villages with well-irrigated land suitable for farming
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INDEXING STRATEGIES Economic Damage Destruction caused by floods Colour gradient shows the extent of the area that will experience different frequencies of inundation. Due to the need for crop irrigation system, the settlements are usually situated along the Lal Bakiya River as well as the Bagmati River, which are exposed to flood risk. Hence, the local government will encounter severe economic damage from the affected village. Similarly, the road connection will disrupt since majority of the road systems are damaged by the flood. However, the secondary road that cuts through the heart of the land is almost unaffected by the flood.
Pre-flood Villages and people
During flood Villages and people
Unaffected Area
High Flood Risk Area
River Unaffected Roads Post-flood- Villages and people
Affected Roads
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1km
1
2
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indexical maps settlement | slope analysis | connectivity
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OLD INDEXING SETTLEMENT INDEXING
Cluster
Connectivity Closest 3 Neighbours
Linear (2km)
OLD INDEXING SETTLEMENT INDEXING
PATH THROUGH LARGEST TOWNS
PATH THROUGH LARGEST CLUSTER NODES
RADIAL CONNECTIONS - 10 LARGEST TOWNS
OLD INDEXING SETTLEMENT INDEXING
RIVER-ROAD INTERSECTIONS
ROADS AFFECTED 1m
ROADS AFFECTED 2m
OLD INDEXING SETTLEMENT INDEXING ROADS AFFECTED 3m
ROADS AFFECTED 4m
Above 3m the areas of flood-affected roads do not seem to increase significantly, possibly due to the steep terrain along the river
OLD INDEXING SETTLEMENT AREAS Villages closer to the rivers have higher chance of being affected by floods and resultant property damage and crop loss.
Legend 1m flood level 2m flood level 4m flood level Existing settlements Existing rivers
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OLD INDEXING PROXIMITY TO RIVER Based on this diagram, we wanted to determine the significant route to evacuate the affected villages to the adjacent villages during the flood season. The travel distance is approximately less than 1000 m.
High Risk Flood Prone Zone
Medium Risk Flood Prone Zone
Escape Route in High Risk Zone
Escape Route in Medium Risk Zone Escape Route in Low Risk Zone
Roads in Unaffected Region
Existing River
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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OLD INDEXING Flood plains width and correspondence to different activities The varying width of the river plains and its intersections with the road networks shows Lal Bakaiya watershed’s potential as a trading node. Areas where the width of the plains are wider are being identified to be potential water trade points, Based on the points identified, the shortest paths from the existing villages to the river are being examined, and potentially could be clustered together in terms of their proximity with the nearest harbour.
Potential piers and harbours
Settlements
50m
200m
River width
Shortest walk paths to settlements (nearer to highway)
Shortest walk paths to settlements (nearer to center of the region)
Shortest walk paths to settlements (nearer to Nepal-India border)
Other existing road networks
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
OLD INDEXING Using length of immediate roads to flood prone region to estimate lowering of optimal level in transport
In a case of flood, assuming that all the roads within the flood zone is affected and unusable, there will be incoming traffic that have yet to know about the flood. During this lag time, incoming traffic continues, resulting in congestion issues and reduction of network relations (for trade, transport etc.)
Region identified as high flood risk zone Lal Bakaiya (Left) and Bagmati River (Right)
Less lag time
More lag time
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
OLD INDEXING CROPLAND OWNERSHIP Based on the reports of USA Land Tenure Nepal Profile along with Joint Land Ownership in Nepal, croplands are mainly determined by land size.
Legend
Land Plot Area
Ownership
%
< 0.5 ha
Private Land (Subsistence Farming)
31.6
0.5-0.66 ha
Joint Land Ownership
25.1
> 0.66 ha
Government
43.3
River Settlements Cropland
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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OLD INDEXING FLOOD RISK - EVACUATION The diagram hypothesizes which roads would be used for evacuation routes during floods as they provide the shortest path based on the existing road network to the closest towns situated in the safe zone. These roads would have a threat of being congested during the flood periods and should be adjusted to cater for potential traffic jams
River Settlements Cropland Roads likely to be used during floods
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// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
IMPROVED PROBLEM STATEMENT Problem
Mapping
Exports Trade path Limited Road networks
Intra Trade paths Clustering settlements
Road Hierarchies
Indexing
Possibilities/Potential
Outcome
River Braiding Improved Road Networks
Settlement Distribution
Overall Mesh
Projected Settlement Distribution
Settlement Sizes
Sinuosity of River
Flood damage
Algae Farm Systems
Agro-Industrial Corridor
Flood Risk Zones
Slope Analysis of Topography
Fish Farm Systems
Water Catchment areas
Forest Buffers
Topography and Water Runoff
Livestock + Fodder Crop + Residential
Residential Self-Sustaining Systems
Highlands (>2m)
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INDEXING Relative Height of the Gentle Slope Regions Our site is mainly informed by the gentle slope (steepness less or equal to 5 degrees) which is suitable to place various programmatic spaces such as the wetlands, algae farms, fish ponds as well as livestock region.
Contour lines (equal or more than 2m height)
Relative height of the gentle slope regions
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Relative height of the plateau regions
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INDEXING Gentle & Steep Slope Region Other than gentle slope region, our site also contains steeper slope condition which may lead towards soil erosion during the flood season. Hence, reforestation can be implemented at the steeper areas to anchor the soil as well as use as windbreak to protect the crops and poultries.
Steep slope region (more than 5 degrees) Gentle slope region (1 to 5 degrees) Flat region
Contour lines (equal or more than 2m height)
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING Settlement distribution Towards the Nepal-India border where Lal Bakaiya resides, the Bagmati River appears at the highest proximity of 6 km away from it. Gaur, the main municipal of the Rautahat district is situated right at this area, making it vulnerable to flood and low in productivity during the monsoon season.
Relative sizes of settlements (area(sqm) | population size(number of people)) Waterways (Lal Bakaiya (Left) | Bagmati River (Right)) Floodplains
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INDEXING Connection System Due to the poor road conditions, the average travel speed across the site is comparatively slow which will decrease the chance of interaction in between the settlement. The average time taken to travel through the settlement is approximately set in between 3.0 minutes until 20 minutes. Hence, it is still possible to improve the trading activity in between the settlements in order to improve the livelihood across the intervention.
Intersection at secondary road with settlement
Intersection at motorable road with settlement
Intersection at footpath with settlement
Main connection in between clusters
Existing Road Network
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Average time taken to travel through different road hierarchy in Nepal: Secondary road - 80 km/h Motorable road - 60 km/h Footpath - 20 km/h
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
INDEXING Relative Sizes of the Settlement at Lower Region towards the Adjacent High Land The site is interspersed by the significant amount of high lands as well as the settlements. From our research, the region below the 2m highlands are the areas which are vulnerable to floods. Therefore, the settlements situated at those lower regions should be relocated to the adjacent highlands to mitigate severe economic damage during flood season. The value shown in the diagram is calculated based on the relative sizes of the settlements at lower region (area| sqm) towards the sizes of the adjacent highland regions (area| sqm). The value lower than 1.0 indicates the respective settlement at the lower region is lacking of effective assessment towards the adjacent highland regions.
Lack of access to the adjacent highland area to the respective settlement at the lower region
Settlement cluster
Effective way to access to adjacent highland regions (Less than 1 km)
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// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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AM09
INDEXING Relative connectivity of highland By identifying the existing 2m plateaus throughout the site, several prevailing paths that connecting the highlands together are being highlighted. Hypothetically, the highlighted paths can be seen as the effective paths to affiliate the highlands. Potentially, they also can be used as intra-trading paths to enhance the economical status in the local context.
AM22
AL05 AM06
AM15
AM10
AM20
AL03
AR28
AL02 AL04 AM19
AM07
AM14
AM21
AM16
AM23 AL01
AM12 AR25 AM11 AM08
AM18
AR27
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2m plateau
Effective way to connect the highland regions 0
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
AM09
INDEXING Potential intra-trading nodes By highlighting the important paths that connect the plateaus together, we proposed that the adjacent islands along the important paths can be joined together to form a larger highland region to accommodate more usable areas for the local people
AM22
AL05 AM06
AM15
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AM07
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AM13 AR26 AM24 AM17
2m plateau
Effective way to connect the highland regions 0
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Joined islands
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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improving road networks
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Road Network Map Process Road Network The existing road network is quite haphazard and mostly takes into account the settlement and their internal divisions. This makes the current situation prone to road damage from the flooding by river and monsoon rains. However, by taking into account the water runoff present on site and designing a new road system based on runoffs we are able to mitigate the damages done to the road connections.
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// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Road Network Map Process Road Network Given the runoffs were considered to be important on how they would influence the flooding regions especially during the monsoon season, we adapted the main splines of the water runoff indexing onto the existing road network that would aid in draining off water as well as aligning the roads more to the topography to improve the connections between the two rivers, and the islands between them.
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// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Road Network Map Process Road Network Main splines of runoffs were extracted based on the density of runoff lines generated by the topography of the area. The highest areas were also included for potential ring roads which would be least affected by excessive runoffs.
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
1
3
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Road Network Map Process Road Network The existing roads were centred around the old settlements. By shifting the settlements towards the modified islands to avoid extensive flood damage, the roads would need to be rerouted to adapt to the new topography as well. However, one must not so brutal to change the entire road system, but to preserve some of the existing roads for easier implementation of the new system onto the current site.
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
1
3
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
water diversion flood mitigation | ecological sustenance | connections
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING Sinuosity of the rivers Along the relatively flat terrain that Lal Bakaiya and Bagmati River flows through, the sinuosity of the river reflects the tendency of where flooding will occur and subsequently help in predicting how the course of the river will alter.
Sinuosity
=
Length of meander Displacement of meander
Predicted course of river every 10 years based on curvature of original course
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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INDEXING Erosion and deposition Following the curvature of the river, the zone of erosion and deposition can be identified due to the varying speeds of the water flowing along the inner and outer banks of the river.
Zone of Erosion
Highly fertile Land
Zone of Deposition
Zone of Erosion Zone of Deposition
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
River Braiding Process The higher the sinuosity of the river, the more likely it is for the river to further deviate from its course and flood. Points on the river whereby the tangent vectors starts to increase in its rate of change of direction are used as possible opening points of on the river. These points are where water is being re-channeled towards a new path. This speeds up the natural process of river-braiding, where floods that occur suddenly to create the braided river is being avoided.
Potential areas for hard physical structures eg. Algae beds Trees Fertile land for crops Projected water flow direction
Relative speed of water (in relation to curvature of river) Fast
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Slow
Re-channelling water to mitigate flood
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
New river path Aversion of highlands and going in between higher grounds With the flooding risk zone superimposed onto the predicted water runoff from site, areas sandwiched between highlands can easily collect water. Creating a river path into and out of these ‘valleys’ can mitigate flood and waterlogging issues. At the same time, areas bounded by the river may tap on its ecological potential.
Plateaus in high proximity (less than 300m) to potential river opening) to rivers that may result in an outburst of water Waterways (Lal Bakaiya (Left) | Bagmati River (Right))
Construction lines
Flood risk zones based on tangential vectors of the river (tendency to flood with a maximum limit of 1 km away from the river)
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
New river path Defining flood risk zone and predicting water runoff direction With the flooding risk zone superimposed onto the predicted water runoff from site, sites sandwiched between highlands can possibly be waterlogged. Directing water flow into and out of these ‘valleys’ can mitigate flood and waterlogging issues
Flood risk zone Surface Runoff Higher ground
Lower Ground
Less steep
More steep
Topographical lines (0.5m | 1m | 2m | 4m) 0
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
RIVER BRAIDING Water Catchments Possible areas of water catchments are being identified and the water runoff patterns are being studied. The higher the number of congregating water flow paths, the more likely it is for the area to collect water during, for instance, monsoon season.
Potential water catchment areas
Areas where water is likely to congregate
Water runoff paths
0
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
RIVER BRAIDING Determining boundaries of water catchments through steepness of the land
Water catchment boundaries proposed for the site Lower grounds
Higher grounds
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
RIVER BRAIDING Possible uses of water catchments for agricultural irrigation and different land fertility. By modifying the topography to create natural land raises, different types of crops can be proliferated along the site. The varying depth of water in the catchment due to to occurrence of dry and monsoon season can determine both the kind of crops planted as well as programmes happening around there. For instance, during the dry season, this dry area can be used for production of dry goods as well as for recreational areas.
Raised land of 0.3m to retain water runoff for crop irrigation
Non flood-resistant crops Less flood-resistant Flood-tolerant crops crops Water catchment
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Tree s
Flood-tolerant crops
Water catchment
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
agro-industrial corridor algae production | fish rearing | agriculture
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Diverge
Sponge & Filter
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Converge
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SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Algae Biofuel
Algae
Fuel
Food
Chemicals
Biodiesel Ethanol Methane Oil
Protein (Spirulina) Oil Animal & Fish Feed
Cosmetics Fertiliser
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Fish FISH MEAT PROCESSING
Fodder Trees/ Bush/ Grass
FISH FOOD FACTORY
LIVESTOCK FOOD FACTORY
Food Crop
Fertiliser
Algae
ALGAE RECOVERY
ALGAE EXTRACTION
Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas
Power Generation
Water POWER TO GRID Back to factories
Algal Oil PHYTOREMEDIATION Thalia Cattail Papyrus
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Biodiesel
Glycerol
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Agricultural Arrangement Along the River Braid Sharp turns in the river can be used to manipulate flooding.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Uneven flooding generated
A ’
Crops that benefit from seasonal flooding.
A
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Industries that require to be safe from flooding.
A ’
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algae farm
Sunlight
Motorized Paddle
Carbon Dioxide Water Nutrients
Basic Algae Pond System
Attaching Ponds to River System
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Algae Farming Conditions
algae farm
Parameters
Range
Optima
Temperature (°C)
16-27
18-24
Salinity (g.l-1)
12-40
20-24
1,000-10,000 (depends on volume and density)
2,500-5,000
Light intensity (lux)
Photoperiod (light: dark, hours)
pH
16:8 (minimum) 24:0 (maximum) 7-9
8.2-8.7
Level of Water Transparency (amount of algae in fish ponds)
Optimal depth of water for algae production
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Gaur Weather Conditions
algae farm
winte r
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
spring
summer
autumn
winter
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Types of Pond Systems (Clockwise from Top Left): Racecourse, Open Pond (outdoor) Closed Pond (indoor) Tubular System Plastic Bag Systems
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Algae Farming System Comparisons
Type of comparison Amount of Water required in 1 pond (tons)
algae farm
Open Pond
Closed Pond
Tubular Systems
Plastic Bag Systems
100
100
100
100
50m x 5m x 0.3-0.4m Length: 8m - 50m Width: 3 - 5m
50m x 5m x 0.4m
1200 with 30cm radius acrylic tubes
1200
Slope (%)
0 - 5%
0 - 5%
0 - 5%
0 - 5%
Soil Type
Nil (concrete pond)
Nil (acrylic tubes)
Nil (plastic bags)
18m
18m
Volume requirement (m3)
Proximity from Forest buffer (m) Water Salinity (%) Daily Production (kg/m2/day)
Vertisols / Low Permeability (Clay Soils)
18m
18m
Brackish/Saline Water
Brackish/Saline Water
0.14
0.14
0.066
0.05
++++
++++
+++
+++
+
++
++++
+++
+++
++
++++
+++
Profits ($/kg) Maintenance Costs Productivity Stability (season, temp, sunlight, etc) Energy Requirement // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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fish
Basic Fish Pond System with Algae
Attaching Fish Ponds to the Algae Farms
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Types of Pond Systems (Clockwise from Top Left): Cage System, Pond Systems, Tank Systems, Raceway Systems
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Fish Farming System Comparisons
Type of comparison Area requirement (m2)
fish
Cage System
Pond Systems + Algae
Tank (indoor) Systems
Raceway Systems
4050m - 20200m (or 1-5 acres), 5m in btn cages
20m x 50m - 200m x 500m
Ø 2.56 - 24.74m, 5 - 481 m²
30m x 2.5-3m
Depth (m)
2.5-4m
0.5 - 1.7 m
>1.5m
1m
Slope (%)
1 - 2%
0 - 5%
1 - 2%
1 - 2%
Soil Type
15% clay - Infertile land (Loam > Sandy Loam > Clay)
15% clay - Infertile land (Loam > Sandy Loam > Clay)
nil
nil
In ocean
In river or outside
In river or outside
In river or outside
5% - 11.5%
5% - 11.5%
5% - 11.5%
5% - 11.5%
30-50
3-6 kg/m3
-
-
Proximity to River Water Salinity (%) depends on fish type Daily Production (kg/m2/yr)
Note: When investigating water quality, it must be remembered that in the flood season the water may be less toxic than in the dry season, when, because of evaporation, the concentration of toxic elements will increase. If such a water source is used, the reserve water supply should be used in the dry season.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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fish
POND SETUP FOR ADJACENT FISH POND AND ALGAE BED
algae farm
During periods of good algal growth, the fish and algae can be grown and harvested concurrently, both industries being able to produce enough for export. However, during the colder months of the year when algal production is decreased due to unfavorable temperature conditions, a gate mechanism can be used to allow the fish farm to expand its size to grow more fishes after draining the algae to be re-cultivated when conditions improve for the algae. This would allow the sale of increased fish volume to compensate for the loss of income from the decreased algal by-product production.
Fish pond Reused water for low algal growth period) Algae Processing plant
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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PROGRAM SITING- EXPLORATION
fish
algae farm
Diagrams on the right show some methods of how we could allocate the programs of fish farming, algae farming, processing plants and even methods to transport the processed items to other areas in the vicinity, or for export. The radial distribution of facilities is preferred to its ability to adapt to the curvature of the river, and allow for protection of the more important production facilities from flood damages as they would be located more inland compared to the algae beds and fish farms. Linear Distribution
Fish Pond Zone Algae Bed Zone Processing Facilities Radial Distribution
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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PROGRAM SITING- PLAN
fish
algae farm
Diagrams on the right show some methods of how we could allocate the programs of fish farming, algae farming, processing plants and even methods to transport the processed items to other areas in the vicinity, or for export. Placing the agro-industrial corridor in a radial method would allow for a more standardized resource movement system, raw materials towards inland and eventually for local consumption or exports.
Linear Distribution
Fish Pond Zone Algae Bed Zone Processing Facilities Radial Distribution
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Distances between Algae and Fish farms - Factories - Residential
15m
80 - 500m
Algae / Fish Farm
Factories
Carparks 1. 2. 3.
Water Road Electricity
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Roads
Residential
Carparks 1. 2. 3. 4.
Water Road Electricity Materials to be processed
Roads
1. 2. 3.
Water Pavements / roads Electricity
Forests
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Algae Production Process 1 Buffer Zones within River Braids
0
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Algae Production Process 2 Tangent Circles along buffer
0
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Algae Production Process 3
Demarcated Lines
0
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Algae Production Process 4
Units
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
1
3
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Algae Production Process 5 Units according to site conditions
Beside River Braid High Flood Risk zone
Beside Existing River Neutral (non-flood risk zones)
Mid Flood Risk zone
High Flood Risk zone
Low Flood Risk zone
Mid Flood Risk zone
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Low Flood Risk zone
0
1
3
5 km
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PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT EXPLORATION
fish
algae farm
LEGEND A - Algae Farm F - Fish Farm AF - Algae Factory FF - Fish Factory L - Loading Bay River // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT EXPLORATION (WATER NETWORKS)
fish
algae farm
LEGEND A - Algae Farm F - Fish Farm AF - Algae Factory FF - Fish Factory L - Loading Bay River Water Collection Point // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT EXPLORATION (ROAD NETWORKS)
fish
algae farm
LEGEND A - Algae Farm F - Fish Farm AF - Algae Factory FF - Fish Factory L - Loading Bay River // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT EXPLORATION (REVISED NETWORKS)
Water networks
fish
Extended Water networks
Road networks
algae farm
Extended Road networks
LEGEND A - Algae Farm F - Fish Farm AF - Algae Factory FF - Fish Factory L - Loading Bay River // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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POSSIBLE INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY EXPLORATIONS (SLOPES)
fish
algae farm
Pond Adjacency (section) Fish Farm
Algae Farm
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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POSSIBLE GEOMETRIC MESH DEFORMATIONS (PLAN)
fish
algae farm
Outline of Mesh
Potential Water Catchment areas
Further demarcations of mesh
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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FINAL PROGRAMMATIC ARRANGEMENT Near the river
fish
algae farm
Algae farm : Fish farm : Fish Factory : Algae Factory 30 : 8 : 1 : 1
Water networks
Road networks Beside River Braid Low Flood Risk zone Beside Existing River Low Flood Risk zone Neutral (non-flood risk) zone
Beside River Braid Mid Flood Risk zone Beside Existing River Mid Flood Risk zone
Neutral (non-flood risk) zone
Beside River Braid High Flood Risk zone Beside Existing River High Flood Risk zone
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Algae Production Process 6
Prototypes in Units
Beside River Braid High Flood Risk zone
Beside Existing River Neutral (non-flood risk zones)
Mid Flood Risk zone
High Flood Risk zone
Low Flood Risk zone
Mid Flood Risk zone
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Low Flood Risk zone
0
1
3
5 km
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Algae Production Process 7 Factories
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Algae Production Map 8 Algae + Fish Farm + Factory + Agriculture overall map Phase 0: River Braiding geology means
through
natural
Phase I: Agriculture, Farm units and Factories within the river and river braid Phase II: Agriculture and Farm Units outside the river
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Production Movement Road Hierarchy
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Safe Zones Areas with an elevation of more than 2m are considered as safe from flood as flood level will normally reach a maximum height of 2m. These areas will be termed as ‘highlands’ in our project. Hence, we propose to shift the villages to the highlands to ensure the safety of the villagers during the monsoon season. The naturally found highlands in our site are too small in area to accommodate all of the settlements. Hence we have expanded the highland area with the earth excavated from the construction of our river braid to be large enough to hold all of the settlements in our site.
3m 2m 1m 0m
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Safe Zones Apparently, the natural highlands in our site are not adequate to accommodate all the settlements. Hence we expanded the highland regions with the soil which is excavated from the construction of the braided river in order to accommodate more settlements.
0
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Forest Buffers We aim to create more productive agricultural lands across our site. Hence, we recognise the need to protect the fertile soil from soil erosion. During monsoon seasons, soil erosion and surface runoff will frequently happens at the sloped regions which causes a huge amount of economical damage. Hence, we introduced reforestation at the sloped regions to mitigate the damage from the soil erosion.
Re-Foresting the Land in patches is not effective against reducing soil erosion from runoffs
Re-Foresting the Land in bands that run perpendicular to runoffs will act as a better form of protecting against soil erosion.
Therefore, bands of forests are introduced into the sloped region to slow down the surface runoffs. The amount of inserted forest bands is based on the steepness of the slopes to effectively slow down the water runoff.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Forest Buffer Logic
Set up the Contour Lines and Runoff Lines
Perpendicular Connection As these forest buffers will eventually be used in the formation of new roads, new road connections will be formed in between the disconnected forest buffers.
Measure runoff lines in between the contour lines. Longer runoff lines are represents the land with gentler gradient and vice versa.
Divide the runoff lines according to their degree of slope. The number of the division increases with respect to the steepness of the slope.
Connect the division points to form lines that guide the growth of the forest buffer. However, the lines are disconnected due to the uneven of the divisions.
Parallel Connection Connections that run parallel to the runoff direction will result in roads that will accumulate runoffs which leads to flood issue during the monsoon seasons.
Hence the forest buffers will run continuously across the landscape which is perpendicular to the runoff direction.
On the other hand, connections that run perpendicularly to the runoff direction will alleviate this problem.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Forest Buffers The forest bands will form layers of protection on the new highlands to protect the agricultural land from soil erosion.
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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3
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Crops and Flood Tolerance Food crops are chosen based on their prevalence of being grown in the region, and then segregated into bands in terms of their survivability towards flooding. Rice and maize are able to grow in flood conditions. Hence they are suitable to occupy the low-lying regions which is nearer to the water bodies and along with the river which are not occupied by the algae and fish farms to create more usable areas. Wheat and sugarcane are the potential cash crops and hence, growing them will aid in economic growth of the area. Lentils can be planted at the higher regions as they are a cash crop. Also, a legume can re-fertilize the lands to create more fertile lands at the higher regions. The right diagram displays the levels of different crops that can be grown in our region. The crops also varied in their productive areas that required by a family to generate a minimum wage income. A calculation was made to estimate the amount of area required for crops of a specific type to farmed for the Nepalese minimum wage (USD 1.85)
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
Minimum Wage Farming Plots
Rice 5000 m2
Maize 4000 m2
Sugarcane 2000 m2
Wheat 6000 m2
Potatoes 800 m2
Lentils 5000 m2
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Combining Crops and Pasture Pasture land, especially pasture used with rotational grazing, is useful in retaining land cover as livestock such as goats and cattle do not uproot plants as the graze and browse on the field. Rotational grazing works by dividing browsing or grazing pasture for goats and cattle and allowing the livestock to move from pasture to pasture over with a managed schedule that will allow plants in the pasture that is not being used to regrow.
Rotational Grazing Plots showing different growth densities of grass.
Rotational grazing works well by planning the rotation schedule based on the type f plant in the pasture and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth period.
Source: http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/collect/ukedu/index/assoc/ii01ee/p010.gif // LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Combining Crops and Pasture It is recommended that farmers make use of rotational grazing and situate their crops and pasture in bands that lie perpendicular to surface runoff to help with reducing erosion.
Forest Buffer
Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff slowed by layers of forest buffer and pasture land.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Crops and Flood Tolerance The crops are arranged on site with the crops that are more flood tolerant being at a higher risk flood zone ( elevations of less than 2m) and crops that are less flood tolerant being at an elevation safe from flooding or ponding.
Crops are arranged between the forest buffers according to their flood tolerances. Rice will be closest to water bodies and Lentils will be furthest away in the safer inlands.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
The land will then be divided by the area required for the minimum wage crop plots.
Using the territorial divisions and forest buffers, we can come up with a new transport network that will follow these division lines.
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1 Roads, Footpaths, Land Divisions The boundaries of the individual, family owned crop lands and the boundaries of the forest buffers were further developed to create a network of Roads, Foot paths and land divisions. These networks will have forest buffers on their sides, creating a green transport corridor throughout our productive agricultural highlands. The thickness of the forest buffers beside these networks will vary according to their use. The forest buffers beside the vehicular roads will be thicker as more plants are required to absorb vehicular pollution and to protect the weak ground that the heavy vehicles will be compacting during operation. The forest buffers beside will be the thinnest as the land divisions are less commonly walked paths.
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Phase 1 Resettlement As we aim to mitigate the economical damage from the flood hazard, the relocation of the settlements from the lower region to the adjacent highland is a necessary. In terms of that, the locations of the new settlement are aligned along the forest band which is connected by the road network.
Existing settlement at lower region (Phase 1) Proposed highland (Phase 1)
settlement
at
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Phase 2 Resettlement As we aim to mitigate the economical damage from the flood hazard, the relocation of the settlements from the lower region to the adjacent highland is a necessary. In terms of that, the locations of the new settlement are aligned along the forest band which is connected by the road network.
Existing settlement at lower region (Phase 2) Proposed highland (Phase 2)
settlement
at
Phase 1 resettlement
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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mesh road network | agro-industrial corridor | residential croplands
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Connection of Highlands and Riverside production facilities Roads + Agro-industrial Corridor The modified road network had to account for being the link between the new highlands and the production facilities to form a cohesive whole between industry and the urban centers for a smooth movement of resources throughout the site. Road hierarchies are then determined by the frequency of usage of certain roads over the others due to shorter distances travelled.
Roads more frequently used to transport resources from factories to central trading node
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Connection of HIghlands and Riverside production facilities Roads + Residential The modified road network had to account for being the link between the new highlands and the production facilities to form a cohesive whole between industry and the urban centers for a smooth movement of resources throughout the site. Road hierarchies are then determined by the frequency of usage of certain roads over the others due to shorter distances travelled.
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Overall Mesh Roads + Agro-industrial Corridor + Resi Utilizing the modified road network, we were able to link up the mesh of the production facilities to the intermediate suburban areas to the highlands found within the site, allowing for eventual cohesive integrated system that would boost the livelihoods and standard of living for the locals in the region.
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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conclusion future potential | mapping phases
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Conclusion Phase I Highlands are created through the piling up of land at the demarcated areas to form larger islands that are safe from the threat of flooding 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
River Braiding process to mitigate flood Algae/Fish Farms along the River Braids Building of forest buffers and roads in the highlands Shifting of first 50% of settlements to highlands Creation of new and more efficient road networks
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Conclusion Phase II Remaining settlements are shifted up to the highlands to consolidate the city areas, suburban areas, and the intensified production zones along the river 1. 2. 3.
Using the soil from river braid to create joined islands Algae/Fish Farms outside the river + Factories Last 50% of settlements are moved onto the highlands
0
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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model pictures Indexical modelling | meshing
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent Water Runoff
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent Water Runoff Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent Water Runoff Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid Settlements
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent Road Networks and Hierarchies
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
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Topography and Water Tangent Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
108
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Topography and Water Tangent Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid Settlements
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
109
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Topography and Water Runoffs Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
110
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Topography and Water Runoffs Agro-Industrial Corridor and River Braid Settlements
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
111
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
Topography and Water Runoffs (close ups)
// LAL BAKAIYA WATERSHED // AGRICULTURE CROPLAND AND SOIL TYPES
112
SUTD SUSTAINABLE OPEN STUDIO 2016 // LANDSCAPE URBANISM NEPAL //
fin.