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Legend & Lore April 2011
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Mari uana Through the Ages
Including
Marijuana As Medicine
Hemp vs. Hemp: The DEA’s War on Innocent Plants
Reefer Madness Revisited
Compassionate Harvest Medical Clinic
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640 San Jacinto St., Suite B, Hemet 92543 Phone 951-473-3840 www.charvestmedclinic.com WHY USE MEDICAL CANNABIS? | A doctor's perspective. Compassionate Harvest Medical Clinic's Mission & Philosophy Cannabis works. It helps numerous emotional and physical symptoms and illnesses. It improves the quality of life of millions of people and has a safety profile far better than many common drugs (see below). We help people reclaim control of their health care by enabling them to use a powerful alternative medication without depend-ency on the pharmaceutical industry, being controlled by the medical insurance industry, or political and legal persecution. Patients have discovered that medical Cannabis can be a safe and effective substitute for numerous prescription pharmaceuticals, i.e. addictive sedatives such as Xanax and Valium, sleeping pills, stimulants such as Ritalin, Concerti, or Adderall, and, in particular, opiates such as Vicodin, Norco, Percocet, Tylenol #3, Methadone, Morphine, as well as Heroin and other illicit opiates. These are among the most addictive and dangerous drugs and cause thousands of deaths. Over 50% of all our patients have effectively used Cannabis to end or to decrease their dependency on Opiates alone. The ubiquitous OTC anti-inflammatory and anti-depression medications, which patients frequently replace with Cannabis, can also have serious or life-threatening side effects. Alcoholism can be treated with Cannabis. CHMC believes that anyone using these medications to treat an illness should be eligible to legally buy and use Medical Cannabis as defined by California statutes. We are amazed both by the number of medical conditions that people effectively treat with cannabis and alarmed by the expense and side effects of many prescription drugs and by the questionable ethics of the pharmaceutical industry that promotes them. We at CHMC also feel appalled that the financial interests of medical insurance companies control our healthcare and decide what tests and treatments we can have. Cannabis frees patients from complete dependency on the medical-insurance-pharmaceutical industry. We feel certain at CHMC that we provide the most compassionate, comprehensive, medically professional, and legally indisputable process of Medical Cannabis evaluation, follow-up, support, and verification possible. We do not expect our patients to 'prove' their diagnosis with documentation. Our doctor can determine your diagnosis based on your medical history and exam, but relevant medical records are helpful, always appreciated and will be reviewed. We try to address all of a patient's health issues and have discovered and treated scores of potentially life-threatening medical problems. CHMC evaluates many seniors and patients who have little or no experience with Cannabis. We work closely with these populations and try to give them all the help, support, and guidance we can. It is deeply gratifying for us if I can empower informed patients to safely, legally, and affordably control their own medical treatments. We give patients an alternative and the freedom to choose what works for them. A Note on Risk and safety: No prescription or alternative medication works for everyone or for every symptoms for which it is intended. Since Cannabis is an alternative medication, the patient must take responsibility when experimenting to ascertain its effect on them personally. There is no verifiable evidence that Cannabis causes dangerous and long term effects on any organ system, including the brain, if used prudently. However, we recommend using a vaporizer for inhalation. Cannabis is evidently not significantly physically addictive. The de-pendency engendered by excessive consumption of fast food or caffeine is probably a fair comparison. However, patients, regardless of their medical diagnosis, should be aware of the risk of excessive Cannabis use and the development of psychological dependency. The devastat-ing consequences of alcohol and tobacco abuse are not comparable to the risks of using Medical Cannabis. Overdose with Cannabis can cause temporary over sedation or acute anxiety and should be used judiciously. Cannabis naĂŻve patients should experiment with tiny doses until they are thoroughly familiar with the medication's affects. To avoid a DUI do not drive for eight hours after using Medical Cannabis. Medical Cannabis should be used privately and responsibly. If children are present the same precautions that apply to the use and storage of any medication are also applicable to Medical Cannabis. .
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j
Mari uana Through the Ages
Marijuana: Probably the most controversial drug in the world. Is it an addictive narcotic? Is it a panacea for the ill? Is it a danger to our children? Should its use be regulated, and if so, how? Herein we examine marijuana’s history as recreational and medical drug, as well as how and why it was made illegal in the United States. So Ugh is sunning himself at the mouth of his cave one day when his neighbor Ugh-Ugh shows up with a handful of dry leaves. Ugh-Ugh says, “Set these leaves on fire and breathe in the smoke and see what happens.” Ugh doesn't have any women to drag by the hair into his cave, or anything else better to do, so he sets the leaves on fire and breathes in the smoke to see what happens. Much to his amazement and pleasure, what happens is a feeling of euphoria and unprecedented knowledge about, and attachment to, the gods in the rocks and trees and sky. “Way coool,” says Ugh. “With this stuff, we can start a religion!” “Yeh!” says Ugh-Ugh. “We can start a religion!” He thinks for a moment and asks, “What's a religion?” It might not have happened this way, but archeological evidence strongly indicates our prehistoric ancestors regularly and possibly ritually partook of psychoactive drugs. The evidence is in cave paintings, petroglyphs, and grave goods found around the world.
Although many people, including the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, lump Cannabis under one heading-”marijuana”--there are actually three very different strains of Cannabis of interest to human beings. 1. Cannabis Sativa, which is indigenous to Europe, and which is often called today “industrial hemp.” This type of Cannabis is used for its fiber in making rope, textiles, plastic composites, and other useful stuff. It contains very little THC so is worthless for either fun or medicine. 2. Cannabis Ruderalis, which is native to central Asia and Siberia. This is a short variety, growing to only three feet or so, and its flower tops do contain enough THC to be medically beneficent, but its primary use is for livestock feed. 3. Cannabis Indica, which calls India and China its first home. This is the plant that contains enough THC to be both fun and medically effective. The word “marijuana” (or “marihuana”) is an invention of the early 20th century, firmly rooted in the widespread antiMexican sentiments of the time (particularly in California, Texas, Utah, and New Mexico, where the first anti-marijuana laws were passed). Throughout the articles in this issue, we will use the word “cannabis” whenever practicable to refer to any of the above three plants except in direct quotations.
More than religion, however, some writers even surmise that drugs laid the foundation for civilized behavior. According to Graham Hancock, in his book Supernatural:
A drug pipe pictured on a wall in the Temple of Hathor in Dendera, Egypt., carved ca. 1700 B.C. April 2011
Whether we find its traces in Australia, Asia Africa, or Europe, it is simply impossible to overstate the uniqueness and peculiarity of the evolutionary event by which we were drawn into fully modern consciousness Legend & Lore Magazine
and the fully modern capacity for symbolism and culture, religion, and art. No ancestor in the human lineage had ever made use of any form of symbolism before, and needless to say, no other animal species had ever done so either. But the switching-on of humanity's symbol-making capacity between approximately 100,000 and 40,000 years ago was the change that changed everything. Ethnomycologist Gordon Wasson surmised, “A prodigious expansion in Man's memory must have been the gift [from mushrooms] that differentiated mankind from his predecessors, and I surmise that this expansion in memory led to a simultaneous growth in the gift of language, these two powers generating in man that selfconsciousness which is the third of the triune traits that alone make man unique.” And Terence McKenna, building on Wasson's theories, hypothesized that the Stropharia mushroom, which contains psilocybin, led to better eyesight (an advantage for hunters), sex, language,
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951-925-3600 1260 East Latham, Hemet and ritual activity (religion among them), when eaten. McKenna suggested that the mushroom augmented the above traits by changing the behavior of individuals. These changes in behavior favored increased use of language, leading to an increase in vocabulary to communicate when hunting and gathering. Although evolution was occurring on the genetic level, due to increase in mutations, McKenna's theory is that mushrooms were largely responsible for early man's social evolution. Research indicates that cultures all over the world used mushrooms and other psychoactive drugs in religious and social contexts. In California, for example, writes Italian ethnobotanist Giorgio Samorini, “the rock art of the regions inhabited by the Chumash and Yokut, a polychromic manner of painting--particularly evident during the stylistic phase known as the ‘Santa Barbara Painted Style’--has been associated with the 'toloache’ cult centred around ‘Jimsonweed’ (a hallucinogenic plant of the Datura genus) known to have been used by a number of Californian and Mexican Indian tribes. Apparently, the first examples of Chumash rock art date back to 5,000 years ago.” His entire paper, “The Oldest Representations of
WHEN A NURSING HOME ISN’T THE ANSWER
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FROM YOUR EDITOR
A long, long time ago (say, the 1960s) in a galaxy far, far away (say, the University of Wisconsin), I was studying for a degree in geology. Geology is a science, and in my studies I learned about “the scientific method.” In the scientific method, a test is conducted, then conducted again and again to see if the results are always the same (or close thereto). In-Home Care If the results are always the same (or close We Specialize in You thereto), the scientist can be pretty sure he or Prepare meals Y she has come upon something that could be a Provide medication reminders Y Scientific Law to which he or she could attach Run errands and provide transportation Y his or her name or a Scientific Certainty (which Create a safe environment to live in Y is not quite the same), or a Scientific Maybe Provide companionship Y (an example of which is Global Warming). Light housekeeping Y As an extracurricular exercise, I decided to MD CARE respite provider Y apply the scientific method to marijuana. I Ask us about VA benefits Y smoked it in pipes and joints, ate it in Call Us Today for a FREE In-Home Needs Assessment brownies, and drank it in tea. Because the 951-244-8770 scientific method calls for repeated experiment licensed/bonded/insured to be sure the results are always the same (or ALZHEIMER’S DAY CARE CENTER NOW close thereto), I repeated my experiments many OPEN IN HEMET. times. CALL US TODAY!! By the time I earned my degree in geology 102 E. Mayberry, Hemet (and one in English, as well--with a high GPA in both, by the way), I had learned that Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in the marijuana by any means of administration World (Sahara Desert, 9000 - 7000 always made me high and gave me the B.P.),” is well worth reading. We have a munchies. Experiment over. I did not become addicted to marijuana (I link to it on our website. haven’t had any since my college years). The Although mushrooms seem to have use of marijuana did not push me into using been the earliest drug used by humans, heroin or other drugs. Marijuana did not turn Cannbis also shows its presence in me into a murderer, thief, or rapist. Marijuana did not kill any brain cells or my short- or prehistory. In 2008, the Journal of long-term memory. It just made me feel goofy Experimental Botany reported that and hungry. archeologists discovered in a 2,700Because of my college-era experiments with year-old grave in the Gobi Desert of marijuana, I’ve never understood why it is an illegal drug. Statistics show that marijuana has China nearly two pounds (789 grams) never killed anyone using it (you can’t of Cannabis. The grave's occupant was overdose on marijuana), although thousands of a “light-haired, blue-eyed Caucasian people are killed annually by tobacco (the one male” who was probably a shaman of addiction I will admit to), by alcohol, and by the wonder pills shoved on us by the the Gushi tribe. The Cannabis was pharmaceutical industry. tested and found to be rather low in I tell you all this so you’ll know, gentle THC. The archaeologists surmise the reader, that--even though I don’t use it today stuff was used for either ritual or and have no intention of using it--my personal bias is toward making marijuana legal to grow, medicinal purposes, or both. Similar sell, and use by anyone in this country. caches of Cannabis were found in other Even so, I’ve tried to keep our feature Gushi tombs. article about marijuana-as-medicine a simple This find leads us to considerations report without bias.
MY Choice
of Cannabis as medicine in prehistory.
Prehistoric Mazatec mushroom effigies. Mazatec shamans in southern Mexico still use mushrooms in their rituals.
Note
Early Use of Cannabis as Medicine According to some sources, Neanderthal Man, some 40,000 years ago, used Cannabis as medicine. This particular claim has yet to be proved. The supposition is based on the fact that a Neanderthal grave in northern Iraq contained the seeds of some plants that might have been used for ritual or medicine. But none of these seeds are of the Cannabis plant. Proponents say, “Well, there might have been….” That contention just doesn't wash. Legend & Lore Magazine
The puritan hated bear baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators. -- Macaulay
The use of Cannabis as medicine in prehistory seems to be valid, however, if one subscribes to the logical idea that many early written records were based on oral history. When it comes to the written evidence of Cannabis being used for medicinal purposes, the earliest found to date is in cuneiform tablets found in Mesopotamia (southern Iraq). Sumerian tablets dating to about 5,000 years ago April 2011
“Two of my favorite things are sitting on my front porch smoking a pipe of sweet hemp, and playing my Hohner harmonica.” – Abraham Lincoln
contain recipes for various concoctions containing Cannabis. In those days (and not too long ago in modern times), sickness was ascribed to both physical and spiritual causes. In these clay texts, Cannabis is called, “The drug that takes away the pain and drives away the evil Y Y demons [causing the pain].” Y Several papyri dating from 1700 B.C. Y onward have been found in Egypt that Y call for Cannabis as an ingredient in Y Y therapeutic mixtures. The earliest of Y these is the Rammesseum III Papyrus, which describes the use of a topical ointment containing Cannabis for treating vaginal problems, fevers, and inflammation In China, the use of Cannabis in medicine was put into writing by Shen Nung (ca. 2838-2698 B.C.) also known as the Red Emperor, in a book known as The Great Herbal. This book (amended over time) became the Bible of practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine today. According to one source, “Shen-Nung was said to have prescribed medical cannabis for a variety of illness including beri-beri, constipation, female problems, gout, malaria, rheumatism and senility.” Much later, sometime between A.D. 25 and A.D. 220, another Chinese medical writer by the name of Zhang Zhongjing included a recipe to combat constipation: Pills of Fructus Cannabis (Maziren Wan) Fructus Cannabis Radix Paeoniae Fructus Aurantii Immaturua Radix et Rhizoma Rhei Semen Armeniacae Amarum Pound the drugs into powder, and form pills the size of Chinese Parasol seeds with honey. Take ten pills three times a day. Gradually increase dosage until normal defecation is observed. According to most histories, Cannabis migrated west from China and into India, where it was used both as a “feel-good” drug and as a medicine. According to Hindu legend, however, sometime around 6000 B.C. the goddess Indra gave medical knowledge to man. This medical knowledge formed the April 2011
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basis of today's Ayurveda medicine, in which Cannabis plays a small part. The earliest written books concerning Ayurvedic medicine date to about A.D. 700. Some sources indicate, however, that the earliest written mention of Cannabis (ganja) in India is somewhere around A.D. 1300. Cannabis as medicine made its debut in the West with the Roman writer Pedacius Dioscorieds (A.D. 40-90), whose Materia Medica mentioned Cannabis seeds. He reports that eating the seed “reduces sexual activity, but being juiced when it is green is good for the pains of the ears.” Another Roman, Claudius Galen (A.D. 130-200), considered one of the Fathers of Western Medicine, included Cannabis in his medical texts. He was one of the first to describe Cannabis as a two-edged sword creating both good and ill: Legend & Lore Magazine
Hemp seeds are used to create a sort of warmth and are given to party guests to promote hilarity and enjoyment. Hemp cakes, if eaten in moderation, produce a feeling of well-being but, taken to excess, they lead to intoxication, dehydration and impotence. Later, in what we today call the Middle East, Arabic scholars, drawing largely from Greek and Roman texts, started writing medical works that included Cannabis preparations. One of the more notable was Avicenna (A.D. 980-1037), who in his Canon of Medicine wrote that Cannabis seeds were good for ear infections, skin rashes, and inflammation. Avicenna was the first writer to elucidate the principles of contagious diseases and the use of quarantine to prevent their 5
Reefer Madness Revisited: The Propaganda Behind the Propaganda The primary reason to outlaw marijuana is its effect on the degenerate races. Reefer makes darkies think they're as good as white men. --Harry J. Anslinger, America’s first Drug Czar. With the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 came the creation of the nation’s first War on Drugs in the form of the Treasury Department’s Bureau of Narcotics and the first Drug Czar in the form of Harry J. Anslinger. Anslinger’s appointment was ensured by several factors, not least, some say, his relationship by marriage to the duPonts (who wanted hemp of all kinds outlawed because it put a big dent in the market for nylon). He had previously been assistant prohibition commissioner in the Bureau of Prohibition, and in that capacity had testified in Congress in support of the Marihuana Tax Act as follows: “There are 100,000 total marijuana smokers in the US, and most are Negroes, Hispanics, Filipinos and entertainers. Their Satanic music, jazz and swing, result from marijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers and any others.” This statement echoed the sentiments of many in the United States at the time: Marijuana was an evil drug imported by non-white people who used it to feel good and to enslave white women and convert innocent white high school students into gibbering axe murderers. During his tenure, Anslinger published a series of reports he called The Gore Files, in which incidents purportedly culled from newspaper articles and police reports supported his views. If The Gore Files were to be believed, marijuana created a lot of axe murderers in the United States.
Anslinger’s message was, in short and in his own words, “Marijuana is an addictive drug which produces in its users insanity, criminality, and death. You smoke a joint and you're likely to kill your brother.” Interestingly, his attitude did a 180degree during World War II, when in an attempt to prevent soldiers from trying marijuana he stated, “Marihuana leads to pacifism and communist brainwashing.” You can’t have a soldier who under the influence of marijuana doesn’t feel like killing the enemy. Anslinger and others of his ilk did a good job in spreading the idea that marijuana turned innocent, pacific white youngsters into violent, crazed killers and rapists. The topic was a natural for film, and in 1936 a movie titled Tell Your Children was produced that portrayed young white teenagers trying “reefer,” with the result being murder, rape, and insanity. (Some people say the film was funded by a church group; others say it was the U.S. Army.) Tell Your Children was a straight, rather boring morality tale until a year or so later when Hollywood film producer Dwain Esper bought it. He inserted some more titillating, sex-oriented scenes and retitled it Reefer Madness. (He also released the film under other titles, including Dope Addict, Doped Youth, Love Madness, and The Burning Question. The idea that marijuana led to wild and sometimes violent sex was perfect for filmmakers of the 30s and 40s. At the time, the Hays Office censored anything sexual from films--unless the film was
Marijuana’s illegality was a boon to movie producers. They could make films that included salacious scenes the censorious Hays Office would otherwise not allow, and get away with it because the films were “educational.” 6
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Given its record of terrorizing, and sometimes killing, the innocent without apology, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) seems it can at least realize when it has embarrassed itself. Until 2006, the agency in annual reports boasted about the huge numbers of marijuana plants it “eradicated” in the United States. These reports divided the types of plants into “cultivated” and “ditchweed.” Ditchweed is wild “marijuana” that contains no appreciable levels of THC. You can smoke it til the cows come home, and all you’ll do is get a headache. Here’s the embarrassing part: More than 98 percent of marijuana plants destroyed by the DEA is ditchweed. So anywhere from $9 million to $13 million a year is spent by the DEA in eradicating a harmless plant. After 2006, the agency no longer made the distinction in its reports.
A plethora of comic books and other printed cautionary tales about marijuana hit the newsstands in the 1930s and 40s. A continued theme was the corruption of innocent white teenagers by Mexicans selling tacos (and joints) from taco carts.
“educational.” Therefore, under the guise of educating the pubic about the dangers of marijuana, a number of films with audience-satisfying sex scenes were produced. Not to be left out of the fun, the print media jumped on the bandwagon with any number of comic books conveying the same message. With lots of sex, of course. The evil schoolyard pusher existed for years. In 1962 (the same year President Kenney re-appointed Anslinger to yet another drug-fighting post), your editor’s 8th grade geography teacher warned her class that the boys who smoked cigarettes in the morning on the corner across from the school were in great danger of being given a marijuana cigarette to calm their nerves before a test. The first and second and maybe third marijuana cigarette would be free. But by then the cigarette-smoking boys would be hooked and craving the drug. That’s when the evil schoolyard pusher would start charging money for the joints. And the price would go up and up and up until, in her words, “You’ll start stealing sewing machines to support your habit.” April 2011
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spread, and even touched on neuropsychiatry. His Canon was used as the primary textbook in European medical schools until at least the mid1600s. Note that in all the medical texts we’ve cited so far, the seeds of the Cannabis plant are used in medical preparations, not the stems, flowers, or leaves. With the collapse of the Roman Empire came the collapse of a lot of other things, not least of which was medical science. Throughout the Dark Ages, the situation was one in which there were, in the words of Thomas Hobbes (1651): [N]o Knowledge of the face of the Earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continuall feare, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, April 2011
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408 S. Palm, Hemet 951-929-5958 solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short. The Renaissance in Europe, which started near the end of the 1300s brought Roman, Greek, and Arabic texts back, among which were the medical writings of Avicenna, Galen, Hippocrates, and others. So the use of Cannabis as medicine Legend & Lore Magazine
Bingen (A.D. 1098-1179), wrote that Cannabis was good for stomach ailments, and ca. 1277 Pope John XXI, who was also a physician, wrote a long medical treatise in which “hempe” was called for in treating fevers, “scabe,” and wounds. Insofar as the Western world is concerned, however, the widespread use of Cannabis as medicine didn’t happen until the mid-19th century with the publication of a paper concerning its medical efficacy by an Irish physician by the name of William Brooke O'Shaughnessy. The “Golden Age” of Medical Cannabis Dr. W. B. O'Shaughnessy had spent a number of years in India and the Middle 7
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Bear in mind that in the latter part of Some Facts about Hemp Paper One acre of hemp can produce as much the 19th century there were few good 7 Days a Week! paper as 4 to 10 acres of trees over a 20-year medicines for any of these ailments. So cycle, but hemp stalks only take four months to Cannabis was considered something of mature, whereas trees take 20 to 80 years. a wonder drug. Hemp paper does not require any bleaching, and so does not poison the water with dioxins (Although opium as a pain killer was or chlorine like tree paper mills do. The well known for centuries, aspirin, based We care about your family and helping chemicals involved in making hemp paper are on the salicylic acid naturally found in you meet the challenges of caring for a much less toxic; in fact, both paper made from loved one. At Seniors Choice we offer willow bark and wintergreen, wasn’t hemp hurd, and from the long bast fiber can FREE Guidance to Resources for: be made without any chemicals at all. Making created until 1899, and morphine didn’t paper from hemp could also eliminate erosion In-Home Care Services l show up until 1917.) Sr. Housing Options l due to logging, reduces topsoil loss, and water By 1920, on both sides of the End-of-Life Planning l pollution caused by soil runoff. Estate Planning l Atlantic there were literally thousands Until 1883, 75% to 90% of all paper in the Financial/Legal Consulting l world was made with hemp fiber. The of medicine manufacturers large and Living Arrangements l Gutenberg Bible, Thomas Paine's pamphlets, Hospice l small making (again, literally) tens of and the novels of Mark Twain were all printed Home Safety l thousands of concoctions containing on hemp paper. Both the U.S. Constitution and Medical Services l Cannabis. As an illustration, in that year the Declaration of Independence were drafted Insurance Services l Real Estate l on hemp, and then copied onto parchment. pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly had Veterans’ Benefits l 20 medicines containing Cannabis and and other senior-related services l Mexicans of today, they also took away the catalog put out by its rival ParkeCall Us Today! jobs from “white” Americans. Davis featured 74. 1-866-222-8700 One of their few pleasures was the 102 E. Mayberry Hemet, CA 92543 smoking of the recreational form of The Demonization of Cannabis Cannabis. This single indulgence led to While physicians and drug makers East investigating the usefulness of the outlawing of “marijuana” in the were happily dispensing Cannabis as various native remedies. Among these United States. Not because it was a medicine, the plant’s use for what we remedies was Cannabis. He conducted pernicious plant but because (the call today “recreational purposes,” was tests of Cannabis first on animals, then thinking went) if it were outlawed being eyed as a Menace to Society. on some of his patients. The results maybe the Mexicans would go home. That’s the party line, at least. The truth were positive. So in 1839 he wrote a To that end, by 1920 every border is much less savory. The “menace” paper, On the Preparations of the state had outlawed the cultivation and some powerful people saw was not Indian Hemp, or Gunjah (Cannabis use of Cannabis. Cannabis by that time Cannabis, per se, but its use by “the Indica); Their Effects on the Animal was purposely called “marijuana” so the degenerate classes,” meaning Mexicans System in Health, and Their Utility in plant could be touted as a vile Mexican and Blacks. the Treatment of Tetanus and Other importation. In reporting the passage of The Mexican Revolution of 1910 Convulsive Diseases, on these results an anti-Cannabis bill in Texas in 1923, drove many Mexicans into bordering and read it at a meeting of the Medical the Austin Texas Statesman wrote, for U.S. states because they didn’t want any and Physical Society of Calcutta. example, “Marihuana is a Mexican herb part of the turmoil. To stay in Mexico Two years later, O’Shaugnessy and is said to be sold on the Texaswas to be “drafted” into either Pancho returned to England, bringing his Mexican border.”). Villa’s forces or those of Villa’s foe, knowledge and some Cannabis Indica Illegality notwithstanding, the use of Alvaro Obregon. In either case, the with him, and the use of Cannabis as Cannabis spread to New Orleans (being chances of survival were slim or none medicine more or less exploded in that imported from Cuba and the West (and slim was out of town). country and the United States. The Indies), where Black jazz musicians These refugees lived in great primary uses for Cannabis boiled down picked up the habit. As jazz became poverty, and were despised and spit to its use as a sedative, as a pain killer, more popular, and spread to northern upon by the Anglos. Oh, yes: Like the and as an anti-spasmodic. cities such as Chicago and New York, so did Cannabis. This might not have been much of a problem, in the view of FREE
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some, so long as the enjoyment of jazz (and Cannabis) were confined to Blacks, but white people also liked jazz and went to the jazz clubs. And that was the rub: The next thing you knew, whites would be smoking “marijuana,” and that just couldn’t be tolerated. At the time, there was no federal legislation concerning Cannabis--only a number of state laws--but that was about to change with the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 By 1937 Cannabis was regarded as a “killer weed” that had to be outlawed at April 2011
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the federal level. Another factor, according to some, was the competition industrial hemp posed to industries controlled by Andrew Mellon, William Randolph Hearst, and Renee DuPont. As succinctly stated in the Wikipedia article on the Tax Act: Some parties have argued that the aim of the Act was to reduce the size of the hemp industry largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family. With the invention of the decorticator, hemp became a very cheap substitute for the paper pulp that was used in the Legend & Lore Magazine
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In 1909, Los Angeles County [Calif.] became the first jurisdiction in the United States to pass an anti-marijuana law. Interestingly, the law was not an anti-drug law, as we would understand it today, but an anti-poison law. The following newspaper article recounts the first arrest with a medicalmarijuana flavor made under the law. A careful reading of it reveals the unsettling underlying threads of racism and misinformation that persist to this day in the legislation that makes marijuana illegal. (By 1919, a number of other states had passed anti-marijuana legislation, in which the racist (read: anti-Mexican and antiBlack) undertones were no longer undertones, but blatant.)
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MEXICAN MAID INSISTS SHE RAISED MARIJUANA FOR STOMACH TROUBLE Santa Ana, July 5 [1919]--Estofina Diaz said she was raising marijuana for her stomach's sake and she must have been laying up a long-time supply, for a dozen plants were found in her garden and two of the stalks were more than fourteen feet high. All were cut down and confiscated, and Estofina was arrested under the county ordinance making it a misdemeanor to have marijuana in one's possession. Her trial was set for July 9. Marijuana is the weed which is to a certain element of Mexicans what opium is to the Chinaman. The leaves are dried and smoked. According to one of the arresting officers, “One puff makes a man's hair curl up, the second puff makes his head go round, and after the third puff he's a rarin', tearin' wild man seeking whom he may cut up or shoot up.” Culture of the weed was lessened considerably after the county ordinance against it was adopted, so that now the product is quite valuable, a small tobacco sack full bringing as much as $1.50. Estofina pleaded not guilty to the charge against her, declaring she was growing the plants for medicine, as she had been told tea from the leaves was good for stomach trouble. Officers discredit the story.
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Whether this assertion has basis in fact will probably never be proved one way or another. It makes for a good story, but the truth is that the U.S. hemp industry had already declined drastically because of synthetics and imported hemp. Even if industrial hemp had something to do with the Act, the push for federal legislation controlling, if not outright banning, Cannabis had been strengthening for more than a decade. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 didn’t measure up to what Cannabis opponents wanted; nor did the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act of 1925. In fact the Narcotic Drug Act specifically excluded “marihuana” from its list of dangerous drugs because “the manufacturers of drug products were strongly opposed to the inclusion of
Woodward, head of the American Medical Association’s Bureau of Legal Medicine and Legislation testified. Woodward said the AMA was against the Act for several reasons: 1) The AMA had not been consulted: “We cannot understand yet, Mr. Chairman, why this bill should have been prepared in secret for two years without any intimation, even, to the profession, that it was being prepared.”, 2 )and, “No medical man would identify this bill with medicine until he read it through, because marihuana is not a drug.....it is not a medical addiction that is involved....You may absolutely forbid the use of Cannabis by any physician, or the disposition of Cannabis by any pharmacist in the country, and you would not have touched your Cannabis addiction as it stands today, because there is no relation between it and the practice of medicine or pharmacy.” The chairman of the committee, Robert Lee “Farmer Bob” Doughton of North Carolina, responded with, “If you want to advise us on legislation, you ought to come here with some constructive proposals, rather than criticism, rather than trying to throw
Different pictures emerge, of the marihuana user in El Paso and San Antonio on the one hand and New Orleans and Galveston on the other. In the border towns, he was a Mexican laborer, indolent to some, volatile to others. In the port cities, however, the marihuana user was a "dope fiend," the basest element of American society. He was a narcotics addict, a pimp, or a gambler; she was a prostitute. In New Orleans, marihuana was simply another narcotic in a city with a major narcotic problem. It was always open to sensationalism. --from “History of Marihuana Legislation,” in the Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse.
cannabis under any criminal regulatory scheme.” The hearings by the House Ways and Means Committee lasted two days. The first day was taken up primarily by Harry J. Anslinger, commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Anslinger was rabidly anti-cannabis, and it is largely his own disinformation campaign featuring fictions about murderous youths under the influence that laid the groundwork for cannabis’s evil reputation that remains to this day. The next day, Dr. William SAN JACINTO VALLEY MORTUARY 250 S. State 951-654-2255
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Legend & Lore Magazine
April 2011
l
Cannabis As Medicine
Huntington’s disease name of Marinol. Doctors are allowed to The evidence is overwhelming that Parkinson’s disease prescribe this drug for AIDS-related weight marijuana can relieve certain types of l l l Note: Before you rush out to get a joint for loss and for chemotherapy-induced nausea pain, nausea, vomiting and other anxiety and other psychologically based and vomiting. The question then becomes, symptoms caused by such illnesses as why does the government allow one form of problems, you should be aware that THC multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS -- or THC (marinol) but not another (herbal often seems to make these problems worse by the harsh drugs sometimes used to treat Cannabis), when the government contends in many people. The Cannabis constituent them. And it can do so with remarkable that THC is a dangerous substance? that seems to work for anxiety, etc., is CBD safety. Indeed, marijuana is less toxic than Indeed, according to the manufacturer of (the “anti-high” component). Marinol, two of its “side effects” are the Another use of medical Cannabis is to many of the drugs that physicians same as those for herbal Cannabis: wean people away from opiates such as prescribe every day. --Dr. Jocelyn Elders, “elevated mood” and “unusual thoughts.” Vicodin, Norco, Percocet, Tylenol #3, and former U.S. Surgeon General
Furthermore, a U.S. patent was granted morphine. Anecdotal reports, as well as in February of this year a transdermal patch scientific studies, indicates that medical for the delivery of Marinol. Called the Cannabis is not anywhere near as addictive Medical Marijuana Patch, it’s made by as these opium-based painkillers. When Medical Marijuana Delivery Systems and, people who have become addicted to opiates about then, but we do know about now, and according to that company’s press release, start using Cannabis, they often lose their what we know now is that it seems to work “The Patch will be marketed under the opiate addiction, but do not become addicted for the same ailments Dr. O’Shaughnessy trademark TETRACAN and is expected to to Cannabis, and they do not have to keep wrote about in 1839: pain, muscle spasms, be available at medical marijuana increasing dosage to alleviate their pain. and nausea, among others. dispensaries across the United States by According to one clinical study, “In some Some of the more common ailments for year's end.” cases the effect of cannabinoids was stronger which medical Cannabis is used today are: You can be forgiven if you wonder why than with opioid preparations, and other Chemotherapy-induced nausea and the U.S. government allows drug companies researchers noted a flat response curve (i.e. vomiting to create and sell THC but jails ordinary once the effective dose level is reached, MS-related muscle spasms people who plant and use Cannabis. further dose increases cause no additional Weight loss associated with AIDS l Editorializing aside, from anecdotal effect).” Nerve-related pain evidence and from strictly controlled Research into the therapeutic Migraines scientific studies, the one conclusion that effectiveness of Cannabis is hampered in this l can be reached is that Cannabis is just as country largely by the Substance Abuse Act of Research, mostly outside this country, l effective as currently prescribed and over1970. The Act makes it nearly impossible for has indicated one or more of the the-counter drugs in treating many ailments. any Cannabis research. A researcher must, components of Cannabis seems to have a l Sometimes it’s less harmful and a lot less by law, get Cannabis from the National therapeutic effect on: addictive. Institute on Drug Abuse. Just the name of that .....Epilepsy agency tells you how easy that is. If a .....Diabetes (arresting onset) NOTE: This sidebar was written by a researcher gets Cannabis from any other Diabetic retinopathy (blindness caused layman and is not intended to be used as source, he is breaking the law and can be by diabetes) a basis for any kind of self-administered sent to prison for possession. So Cannabis Inhibition of brain-tumor growth use of Cannabis for any medical or research in the United States is practically Muscle spasms caused by multiple psychological condition. If you have a nonexistent, and most Cannabis research has sclerosis been conducted in other countries. condition that you think could be helped l Schizophrenia l Although the U.S. government has put so by medical Cannabis, consult a Depression l many stumbling blocks in the path of physician. Psychosis l legitimate research, the FDA has approved a l Sleep disorders l synthetic form of THC sold under the brand Anxiety l
l l Historical accounts show that Cannabis l was used as medicine perhaps as long ago l as 3000 B.C. But did it work? We don’t know
l
obstacles in the way of something that the Federal Government is trying to do.” The Act was made law by the House of Representatives on June 14, 1937. The only opposition came from congressmen who had no idea what marihuana was and desired further information before voting. In answer, one of the members of the Ways and Means Committee merely repeated uncritically the lurid criminal acts attributed by Anslinger to marihuana users at the hearings. After little debate, the Act passed without a roll call. The Tax Act did not actually outlaw Cannabis. It just put a tax on its cultivation, harvesting, and use. But “just put a tax on” is misleading. To get a tax stamp, a person had to already be growing Cannabis; but the law said you couldn’t grow Cannabis unless you had April 2011
the tax stamp. So for all practical purposes, the Act killed any and all commerce not only in “recreational” Cannabis but in industrial hemp, as well. The Catch-22 mentioned above was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, so the federal government came up with the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, under which Cannabis was still considered a dangerous drug. “Marijuana” is, under this act, a “Schedule I controlled substance.” Schedule I substances are defined as “having a very high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety data for use under medical supervision.” And that is where it stands today. Legend & Lore Magazine
Sudoku Solution
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All Hemp Is Not Created Equal Although many people (including the U.S. government, for some strange reason) use the terms “hemp” and “marijuana” interchangeably, hemp and marijuana are not necessarily the same thing. The difference lies in the amount and types of cannibinoids in the plants. Both plants are, broadly taxonomically speaking, Cannabis, but the cannabis plant used for industrial uses is of a different subspecies and variety from the cannabis plant used for medicinal and recreational purposes. Industrial hemp is characterized by containing less than 1% THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol) and high in CBD (cannabidiol). THC is what gives a person the drug “high.” CBD is sometimes called the “anti-high” compound because if you smoke it the most you’ll do is feel lightheaded from hyperventilation. Today, 30 countries cultivate industrial hemp and make a wide range of useful products from it. The United States is not one of these countries. The United States is the only developed nation in the world that bans the planting of industrial hemp. The DEA allows the importation of products made from hemp (so long as the THC content in those products is less than 0.03%), but because the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 defines all “hemp” as marijuana, the DEA says cultivation of industrial hemp is illegal and does not allow it. In a strange twist of logic, the DEA also says that to allow planting industrial hemp, which is not psychoactive, would send “the wrong message” to the youth of this country. That prohibition notwithstanding, nine states (Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Vermont, and West Virginia) have passed legislation allowing the culture of industrial hemp. In California, Gov. Schwarzenneger twice (in 2007 and 2008) vetoed bills that would allow California farmers to grow industrial hemp. The California legislature has not given up, however, introducing a new industrial hemp bill on Feb. 18, 2011. Hemp was at one time an important
crop in North America. In fact, during the can get the equivalent of forest and 1600s, laws were passed requiring mineral products in the annual growth farmers to grow it. Today, hemp is used of the hemp fields?” to produce many products. Among them Today, according to one source, are: more than 3 million cars on America’s l Paper roads today already contain parts l Textiles made from hemp plastics (these parts l Molded plastics are imported, of course). The same l Body care products source suggests that the United States’ l Construction products War on Drugs has had--by prohibiting l Livestock bedding the planting and use of industrial l Livestock feed hemp--the unintended effect of also l Food for humans being a War on the Environment. l Medicines (Visit our website for more information l Essential oils on the subject of industrial hemp.) l Nutritional supplements Proponents of industrial hemp say the plant can lead to greater energy selfsufficency because making biofuels from hemp is more efficient than making such fuels from grains (such as corn) better used as human food. Making plastics from hemp also saves a large amount of oil. The process of making paper from hemp not only saves trees, it does not require the use of chemicals that pollute the air and water. The environmentally friendly aspect of industrial hemp was seen early in the 20th century by Henry Ford, whose Model-T engine was designed to run on either gasoline or biofuel made from hemp. He asked, not so rhetorically, “Why use up the forests which were centuries in the making and the mines which required ages to lay down, if we
U.S. auto pioneer Henry Ford demonstrates the toughness of his hemp-bodied Ford in 1941 by clobbering it with an axe and leaving nary a dent. The only parts in this car not made from hemp products were the chassis and the engine. Ford also championed using hempderived fuel instead of gasoline for cars.
A sign outside an English industrial-hemp crop warns would-be poachers their predations will be in vain if they think these plants will make them “high.”
Japanese occupation of hemp-producing areas during World War II drastically cut supplies of hemp fiber used for ropes, clothing, and other items needed for the U.S. war effort. Therefore, the U.S. government made it legal (temporarily) for its farmers to grow hemp.
FOR MORE INFORMATION We used more than 100 sources in our research for this issue, and there is much interesting information we would have liked to print. But because of space limitations, we could only hit the high points of the subject of Cannabis history, legislation, and use. If you’d like to do so, you can consult the same works we did by going to our website, where we list all of our sources and links to their presence on the Internet.