WELD SOP
Figure 1 Brickpit Ring, SOP (Author, 2020)
Design Research Report for
Landscape WSUD Of Brickpit Site In Sydney Olympic Park LAND7313- Studio 6 Capstone Part 2 September, 2020 by Lei Zheng z5236279
- “Acknowledgement to the Wann-gal as the traditional custodians of the land on which Sydney Olympic Park is located. I also pay my respect to Elders past and present and appreciate their contribution to this landscape — its land, waters and skies.” (SOPA) Figure 2 Western Entry of Brickpit, SOP (Author,2020)
CONTENTS 01 FOREWORD - Research Journey and timeline
04
02 INTRODUCTION - Overview,Topic challenge, personal mission and goals & the subject site
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03 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND ASSUMPTIONS - The mission, design theories and research methods
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04 SITE ANALYSIS - Site analysis, opportunity and constraints & projections
18
05 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES - The overview of proposed design methods and its precedents
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06 DESIGN TESTING - Testing the design methods at the subject site - Brickpit SOP
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07 DESIGN RESEARCH FINDINGS - Synthesis and findings
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REFERENCE LIST
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01 FOREWORD Research Journey and timeline
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Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Foreword Water, it is considered as a most important nature resource that involves in the daily requirement of human. As the rapid urbanisation, increased human population and shortage on the potable water, these factors have facilitated the humankind to rethink of their way in the creation of future built form and urban planning. In order to sustain the human civilisation and future generation, save the water resource becoming a big challenge in the built environment design industry. Water Sensitive Urban Design, a design approach that has been proposed to mitigate the urban stormwater runoff, simulating the water cycle in the landscape setting and treat the stormwater to improve the quality before it flows back to the natural environment. With the increased demand on high quality outdoor open spaces, it is crucial to rethink how to enhance the spatial quality and experience of a WSUD project in relation to its users. This Design Research Proposal will review the relevant landscape WSUD design theories to put forward a theoretical framework for the implementation of future WSUD. A series of design methods and techniques will be utilised to test this framework in the selected subject site at Sydney Olympic Park. The framework will be optimised during the process and come up with the appropriate final theoretical framework, design principles and strategies for the future WSUD projects.
November 2020
Finalise and amend the proposed design based on the outcome of the design testing. Summarise the finding of this design research project
October 2020 Proposed design to subject site is based on the theoritical framework and use the design research methods to test the proposed design.
September 2020
Site visit, a series of detailed site analsys of Brickpit.
August 2002 Investigate the existing WRAMS system on site, site section changed to Brickpit .
July 2020
Exploring experiential landscape approach for informing the future design
June 2020 Investigate (Woo-la-ra) site potential in relation to WSUD theory
May 2020
Establish the theoretical framework and preliminary site selection - Woo-la-ra
April 2020 Literature review, Revealed the theories
Critical inquiry: WSUD, social experience and environmental benefit
March 2020
Research interest: WSUD. Case study investigation on Sydney Park
February 2020
Research project time-line - Key points
Figure 3: Project timeline 5
Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Proposed Project Program- time line Term Break - Weeks
Stages Further Case Study Investigation
1
2
3
4
Term 3 - Weeks 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Local precedent study (Sydney Park) quantitative & qualitative analysis environmental and social benefits, the outcome will be the reflection of the design measure were put in place. This can contribute to determine whether some of the design measure could be replicated in SOP. Site visit and on-site observation and social media analysis Visual and spatial analysis: mapping, photographing etc.
Site analysis, On-site Data collection
Land form analysis: topography, elevation & levels Existing accessibility, footpath connection mapping analysis Existing WSUD/WRAMS key elements design max capacity Existing water feature in SOP, view points,vegetation Existing stormwater catchment, water outlets,GPT analysis Estimate rainfall and total additional water volume/yr in catchment Opportunity and constraints analysis based on Site Analysis Draft the base context map for design Draft the 3D base model Review design research methods and techniques and precedents Propose sketch concept options to test the theoretical frameworks Refinement to preferred design option based on the received feedback Producting 3d model and perspectives for testing the theories.
Design concept/ resolution
Developing moodboards, materials and planting palette. Detailed spatial design based on experiential landscape key elements Develop detail design for landscape structure and art installation Producing illustrative landscape master plan Producing illustrative landscape detail plans (zoom-in plans) Producing Illustrative landscape sections and elevations Refining 3d model and bird view perspectives. Physical models if required Boards layouts and presentation preparation Figure 4: Project program to 27 Nov,2020
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Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
02 INTRODUCTION Overview,Topic challenge, personal mission and goals & the subject site
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Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Research project overview
The purpose of this design research project is to demonstrate the research design strategy, process and goals of Author for the final design project by utilising multiple research design methods to test the proposed design theoritical frameworks. The "Research Throught Design" process was begun with the “Design as research” critical inquiry to discover the answer to specific research question regarding a landscape architecture design topic in the contemporary world. It follows by “Research for Design” to review the definition of the focused design topic; then review the relevant precedent projects and to translate into design strategies as a reflection of “Research on Design”. Finally, the design theory and strategies were revealed need to be applied to the specific project. The following section will reveal the research question, discuss the challenge, mission and goals from a personal perspective to the topic area as a reflective practitioner. The author will explore the mission, potential landscape design theory and the design research methods in relation to the subject site and its contexturalised conditions in the Sydney OIympic Park; the following section will conduct a detailed site analysis of the subject site to explore the opportunities and constraints for contributing to the concept design in the next stage. Last but not the least, explore and test the proposed design based the theoritical frameworks at the subject site, to saught out whether the proposed theoritical frameworks has achieve the initial design intention and possibility for future implementation.
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Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 5 Brickpit Ring, SOP (Goolge map images)
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
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Topic challenge
Personal mission
In the recent years, the rapid development of urban spaces and the booming population become concerns to the humankind. It is believed that climate change as the result of the above mentioned issues has impacts on our vulnerable environment. The impacts are widely acknowledged by people as Urban Heat Island Effect, potable water shortfall and irregular rainfall patterns in difference areas etc. The acronym “WSUD� stands for Water Sensitive Urban Design; it is an urban planning adaptive design approach to the urban stormwater treatment solution. The idea of this approach is to provide a system in the landscape to capture/treat the stormwater runoff and reduce the water pollution in contemporary landscape architectural projects. It is observed that most of the stormwater management systems were designed in engineered concrete pipes and channels to treat the stormwater run-off, which is considered not appealing and well-integrated within the landscape in early days. I was always wondering, is there a better way to design the stormwater system so that it can well situate in the appealling landscape and also connect with the human activities? How to diversify the use of space? How can these spaces become evocative and attract people to come in and willing to spend the time with the nature environment? What if landscape can be vertical? how will that change people's perception of the space and also the landscape?
As a landscape architect, I am always interested in how to create well-thoughout, sustained and appealing landscape spaces to the public. My mission is to learn desgin theories for human experience and produce appropriate design for creating connections between natural environment and humankind, and also bring in potentional social, environmental and economic beneftis to the community in WSUD project.This is also useful for informing design of similar WSUD projects in my future career. In my opinion, landscape architects play an important role to integrate and recede the engineered stormwater system and spaces in order to make the spatial configuration become more usable and aesthetically attractive to the public. Therefore, it is critical for landscape architect to appreciate how the design approach of WSUD system works and then able to use the landscape design strategies to enhance the water treatment process as well as provide better experience to users while using the space. It is critical to balance between the functions, spatial configurations and human connections in the landscape design for WSUD projects.
Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Personal goals My goal is to develope my design knowledge in relation to landscape WSUD project and use the gained design strategies to test and infrom the final design as a Research Intepreter.This is in order to produce landscape design which should not only just deliver the stormwater management system, but also be integrated with human activities and given the respect to the history of site. While considering the environment,the design should also provide educational design elements in the landscape such as educational signage, public art installations in order to inform people with educational knowledge of making positive impact on the natural environment in different ways. The desired outcome is to redesign the ourdoor spaces and recreational parks to become a destination to public and its local community. As an attraction to leading people into the spaces and interact with the natural environment, the water, the planting and of course the animals.
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
The geographical context of Sydney Olympic Park Sydney Olympic Park, a 6 Green Star rating world class precinct which is located around 17 kilometers west to the Sydney CBD area, refer below Figure 6. It is famous for its legacy history of hosting the Olympic “Green Games� in the year 2000. The planning and design idea of environmental sustainability in Sydney Olympic Park have been established since 20 years ago for the success of the Games. Since the finish of the Games, the NSW government and Sydney Olympic Park Authority have carried on with the sustainability design ideas in order to achieve a more liveable place for its current and future community (Park, 2018). The Sydney Olympic Park is also falling under the Parramatta River and Humebush Bay Catchment, refer figure 10. Therefore, Sydney Olympic Park is an appropriate place whhich has great opportunity to establish the WSUD design for the purpose of this research project.
Parrama
tta River
Parramatta River
Woo-La-ra Newington Reserve
The primary site selection to test the proposed theoretical frameworks and design strategies is the brickpit, a former brick making site and the secondary site selections are the future Central and Parkview Precinct, refer Figure 7. The reason for this site selection will be unpacked in the following section.
Wentworth Point Development Rhodes Homebush Bay
Bay Marker
Brickpit Ring
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Sydney Olympic Park
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Wentworth Common
Sydney Olympic Park
Badu Mangroves
Old businese park
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Figure 6: Sydney Olympic Park in Greater Sydney context 10 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 7: Sydney Olympic Park context map(basemap Mapbox, 2020) Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Residential
Future demography and Built Form analysis
Commercial
Brickpit : E2 zone environmental conservation
Public Open Space Sports/Event
In the long-term development of Sydney Olympic Park, the State Government identified the need to upgrade this Olympic game legacy place to accommodate predictable booming population. The aim is to redesign the SOP to become a more active and vibrant town centre within the Greater Sydney Metropolitan. The target is to accommodate a total projected daily population of 82,500 people by 2030 and total 31,574 residence to 2042, From the predicted growth of population and on-going redevelopment of the site, there will be an increasing demand on the potable water at SOP by 2030. Therefore, the social groups of Workers, visitors, residents and students will be the major focused social groups of this design research project.
Education Hotel and serviced Apartment Community Mixed-use, event Commercial Key
Based on the future demography and built form analysis, the development will face the shortage of portable water and flooding issues as the increasing of population, as well as the creation of the hardstand surfaces. It is critical to plan for additional stormwater runoff catchment and WSUD system to mitigate the foreseeable water issues in this area to achieve a sustainable future for the development.
Transport/ Parking
Mixed Commercial & Residential
Future Central and Parkview Precinct Land Use (FLOMS, 2020)
Brickpit
Existing Built Form in the Old Business Park (Future Central and Parkview Precinct) Projected daily population 2030
TOWER ZONE
Brickpit
40-49 storeys 30-39 storeys 20-29 storeys 11-19 storeys 7-10 storeys
Key
4-6 storeys
Figure 8: SOP Population growth trend (Park, 2018) 11 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
1-3 storeys
Expected Future Built Form in Central and Parkview Precinct Figure 9: Land use and built form Source from Development Control Plan (Park, 2018)
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Stormwater runoff at Parramatta river catchment
BAULKHAM HILLS
Sydney Olympic Park Parramatta River Homebush Bay
BLACKTOWN
PARRAMATTA
RYDE
HOLROYD HUNTERS HILL
CANADA BAY
AUBURN STRATHFIELD
LEICCHARDT
BURWOOD
FAIRFIELD
Legend
ASHFIELD
SOP Boundary
BANKSTOWN
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CANTERBURY
Parramatta catchment Homebush Bay Catchment
Figure 10: Parramatta River Catchment map (AECOM,2010) 12 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Rainfall and Sea Level Rise analysis
Sydney Olympic Park Monthly Average Rainfall from 1961 - 1982 120 100 Rainfall,mm
80 60 40 20 0 Rainfall,mm
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
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Dec
99
101
112
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(Homebush Bay Catchment Stormwater Management Plan ,2020)
Sydney Olympic Park Monthly Average Rainfall from 2001 - 2020
Figure 12: Sea level rise 2100 (Coastal risk &FLOMS, 2020)
140
There are two critical water issues currently at Sydney Olympic Park based on the analysis. Firstly, from the data comparison of Sydney Olympic Park monthly average rainfall Figure 11, from 1961-1982 (Homebush Bay Catchment Stormwater Management Plans, 1999) and from 2001 - 2020, it is believed that the rainfall average in the recent 20 years becomes even more uneven throughout the years. This implies that as the developing of climate change, the monthly rainfall pattern will be keep developing in irregular amount. This consideration need to be taken in the design process how to maintain the water level through the draught period of time. The current existing recycled water demand is 2,640 KL/D and predicted future recycled water demand will be 6,983 KL/D by 2030 based on the residential development projections: 26,000 dwellings. (Listowski, 2014)
Rainfall, mm
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Rainfall, mm
Jan
Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep
Oct Nov Dec
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133 104
48
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Figure 11: SOP Monthly Average Rainfall in 20 years period (BOM,2020)
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The sea level rise, as the result of climate change and global warming, it is another key issue that Sydney Olympic Park will face in the short coming future. Refer Figure 12.As the time evolving, not only the environmental issues and challenges has become different from what people were facing twenty years ago, but also the WSUD design approaches and sustainable design strategies have also evolved overtime. Therefore, the current challenge is how are we able to apply the evolved landscape WSUD design approaches and strategies to mitigate the current environmental challenge, such as population growth, sea level rise, flooding and potable water shortage at Sydney Olympic park.
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
03 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND ASSUMPTIONS The mission, design theories and research methods
14 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Project mission
Key landscape design theory
Design research methods
The mission of this design research project is to seek a better way to design the landscape WSUD project and stormwater management system in the contemporary world. The end goal is to integrate the engineered system with the beautiful and evocative landscape that connects to human movement. The research process is deliberate to reveal the answer and further queries to research question of how can landscape design strategies be applied to enhance positive social experience a nd e nvironme nta l benef it s in Wat er Sensitive Urban Design project? The aim of this proposal is to find out the appropriate landscape design theoretical frameworks and design approaches to improve the social experience and provide environmental function in mitigating flooding issue and potable water shortage in Brickpit and its surrounding site at Sydney Olympic Park, ultimately to use the proposed theoretical framework as a reference to design the future landscape WSUD projects.
The this design research project, the key landscape design theories will be implemented are "Cues to care" in Messy Ecosystem, Orderly Frames by Joan Nassauer (Nassauer, 1995) refer Figure 17; "Spatial Practice" and "System Logic" in Landscape Theory in Design by Susan Herrington (Herrington, 2017) refer Figure 16.There is an identified gap in the literature review which is lacking of supportive design theory in social experience, the future research reveal the Experiential Landscape design approach developed by Ian Simkins and Kevin Thwaites in the book “Experiential landscape: An Approach to People, Place and Space” (Simkins, 2007) can fill the gap. It covers two design components which are spatial dimension and experiential dimension to help define and enhance the social experience in the design process. Within each dimension, there are a numbers of design terminologies, spatial dimension including Centre, Direction, Transition and Area; the experiential dimension: attachment of significance, orientation and awareness of the home ground. Refer Figure 16. The above mentioned landscape design theories were put forward by canonical landscape architects who worked in this field for many years and the theories have influenced and inspired lots of landscape architectural students. The System Logic theory will be the primary theory to lead the project as the stormwater system works holistically with its surrounding landscape area. After the foundation of the project is determined, the Space practice and “Cues to Care” theories will guide the design process and determine the design strategies to create appealling spatial and sensory experience to the space users.
In order to deliver the desired design outcome, the designer need to investigate and understand how is the stormwater system working in the landscape context and how does it associate with human activities, and then review the relevant design theory and precedent case studies: Sydney Park, Qiaoyuan Wetland Park and Weiliu Wetland Park to generate appropriate design strategies (Francis, 2001). This way can provide existing precedents of the appropriate landscape WSUD design that creates positive impact on social experience. The detail site context and perception analysis can also assist to interpret the needs of redesign, a few useful analysis in relation to focused topic will also be undertaken to assist the design process, such as social groups analysis, topography and hydrology analysis, existing WRAMS system mapping, existing stormwater cathcments in SOP, accessibility and circulation analysis etc. The outcome of the relevant site analysis will contribute to answering the preliminary design questions. Such as Where does the water come from and which direction it flows to; how does the users think of the existing site and what can be enhanced; what type of stormwater management system is existing and how to best utilise for my research project; How does people access to the site and from where; what design element can contribute to creates spatial and sensory experience; what about the frogs and birds etc. In the design testing section, the "Experiential Landscape approach (Simkins, 2007) as the design testing approach in order to assess whether the proposede design has carefully provide appropriate design outcome in relation to the focused topic and research questions.
Figure 13: Design vision
15 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Conceptual thoughts and research process
Figure 14: Thought process (Zheng, 2020)
16 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 15: Research process (Zheng, 2020)
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Theoretical frameworks and assumptions
Neatness WSUD System Logic
Ornamental lawns, tree in rows, Plants, clean and neat , maintained, no weed etc.
System theory, Cybernetics and Infrastructure
Cues to Care
Constructed wetland,
regenerative landscape, landscape urbanism,Instrumentalism,soil remediation
Stewardship Good conservation, terraces, no erosion, wind break, Pasture etc.
Social experience
Naturalness Apparent naturalness, habitat,development blends in, native vegetation, wildlife etc.
Environmental benefits
Figure 17: Cues to care – Design strategies for appealing landscape (Nassauer, 1995)
Spatial Practice
Cues to care Neat, Stewardship and Natural of landscape
Spatial Constructs,Phenomenology and Memory & space
Spatial Dimension Centre, Direction, Transition and Area
Cues to care native vegetation, animal habitat, soil remediation
Experiential Dimension Attachment of Significance, Orientation and awareness of the home ground.
Figure 16: Theoretical frameworks diagram. (Herrington, 2017b, McHarg and History, 1969, Nassauer, 1995, Herrington, 2017a, Simkins, 2007) 17 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design with Nature Curbless street, Drainage with open surface, wellretained softscape
Figure 18: Other potential dimensions will impact on social experience
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
04 SITE ANALYSIS
Site analysis, opportunity and constraints & projections
18 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
History and Cultural analysis
Re-habitation
1992 - 2004
Brick production
1982
2005 Brickpit ring
Wann-gal
1912
1992
Discovery frogs
Brick production
The traditional lands of the Wann-gal (Canada Bay Council, 2020)
Figure 19: Brickpit Re-habitation process (Park, 2018 Review, Zheng, 2020) The traditional land of custodian in Sydney Olympic Park is the Wann-gal people prior to all the industrial history that happened afterwards. The State Government commenced brickmaking at the State Brickworks in 1911 and the operation ceased 1988. The residual of brick pit was redeveloped to become the freshwater wetlands and also an adopted habitat for the discovered endangered frog species - Green and Golden Bell Frog. The freshwater wetland at Brickpit was also included as part of The Water Reclamation and Management Scheme for stormwater storage which was built in 2000. The constructed Brick pit Ring walk was opened in 2005. The Brickpit site acts as a stormwater storage reservoir and also treated sewage to provide additional supply for final treatment when there is high water demand. The reservoir contains up to 300 million litres which can be pumped into the Water Treatment Plant for final treatment. (Authority, 2020)
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Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Stormwater Catchment and existing outlets in SOP
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Homebush Bay
Homebush Bay
Haslams Creek
Haslams Creek
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Brickpit water storage
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Powells Creek
Legend
Non- Stormwater harvesting catchment
Stormwater Outlets GPT Location
Powells Creek
Drainage system Stormwater Drainage
Figure 20: Sydney Olympic Park SW Catchment (AECOM,2010)
20 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 21: Sydney Olympic Park SW Outlets map (AECOM,2010)
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Secondary effluent
Exsiting WRAMS system analysis in SOP
Stormwater Br
ic
e ag
w Se
5
1
Site selection The rational of the site selection is because the brick pit is a part of the existing WRAMS and WSUD system network, which will have consistent water levels through the year, refer Figure 22 & 23. In addition, this area and its adjacent future Central & Parkview Precinct do not form part of the stormwater harvesting catchment in Sydney Olympic Park, refer Figure 20 & 21. Based on the stormwater catchment analysis and the existing WRAMS system analysis. It is mentioned by David Martin from SOP that currently SOP is reviewing the possibility to harvest more stormwater from non-stormwater harvesting catchment in order to increase the water volume for solving the high water demand within the development. Potentially design resolutions could be tested and applied in this area for capturing the stormwater and connect it back into the existing WRAMS/WSUD system, or proposed extension of water system if required. Regarding the social experience and environmental benefits, the potential design solution should be focus on the place-making and how to integrate the existing water landscape with human activities and enhance the spatial experience and environmental benefits.
kp
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Recycle water Secondary effluent
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Figure 22: Existing WRAMS system process (H.Chapman, 2005) 21 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
5 Legend
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Existing pipeline
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Proposed new pipeline
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Proposed bridge pipeline
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Water treatment plant
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Brickpit - water storage
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Water reclamation plant
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Recycle water delivery system
Figure 23: Existing WRAMS system mapping Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Topography and stormwater runoff analysis From the topography analysis, the unique existing spatial configuration and level different will provide opportunity for the different dimension of view and spatial experience. Considerredirecting the stormwater runoff from Parkview Precinct due to level difference
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Brickpit Water storage site
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Figure 24: Brickpit topography with future built form
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Consider to redirect the untreated stormwater to brickpit Central and Parkview Precinct Water capture
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Figure 25: Brickpit topography analysis (GIS DATA FROM FLOMS, 2020) 22 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 26: Stormwater runoff pattern in Brickpit and its surrounding site
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Accessibility analysis
Existing water features mapping
Limited accessibility to existing site is a great opportunity to reconsider the access into the Brickpit.
The Figure 28 indicates the water features in current SOP and potential opportunity to integrate the proposed water feature into the existing water narrative.
Connect to Wentworth common Access to public
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Carpark
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Australian Avenue
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kway
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Northern water feature Recycled water landmark
Brickpit
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Water play Au lian
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Water narrative of using recycled water
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Inaccess to Murray Rose Avenue
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3 Olympic Cauldron
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Legend Accessible pathway
Future Central and Parkview Precinct
Inaccessible route
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Maintenance path
4 Figure 27: accessibility analysis mapping
23 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Bicentennial Park Water Feature
Figure 28: SOP existing water feature analysis (Google map images) Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Social media analysis Student Resident Worker
Enhancing the visual experience of water clarity
Potential for a better walking trail for worker during lunch break.
Potential Educational observation directly to groundplain and frogs
Reinforcing the history and water narrative in the design at Brickpit. Echoing the elevated structure as part of the design at Brickpit.
Additional elevated structure at different levels, s o that people can visit the ground plain of the Brickpit
Figure 29: Key words exacted from 157 Google visitor’s review of Brickpit (Google, 2020)
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Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Precedent case studies analysis
Sydne
y Park
Road
Contaminated fill Clean fill cap layer Wetland 2
Existing level
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Brownfield
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Circuit path
Secondary path
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Typical Cut & Fill section 02 NTS
(Turf Design Studio,2020)
Public Art & viewing platform
Public Art & Animal habitat
Circulation path & Water experience
ell
Sydney Park Site Plan - NTS
Photo by Ethan Rohloff
Figure 30: Sydney Park - Key characteristic and spatial experience diagram. (Turf Design Studio, 2020, Zheng, 2020)
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pb
Biodiversity and accessibility
Integration of water system and human activities
(Turf Design Studio,2020)
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Barwon Park
Typical Cut & Fill section 01 NTS Contaminated fill
Repaid urbanisation + Climate change
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Constructed wetland Pathway network Munni Channel Bioretention & native species GPT Water flows Water reuse Extent of works
To enhance the social experience in Sydney Park, the amenity of park is designed to become more attractive and appeal to its user from a multi-dimension perspective, such as promoting native vegetation, terraced landscape, variation in spatial design, educational art installation and well-maintenance as the design elements etc. The flows, sounds and smells of the water create a sensory experience to the visitors. This has strongly emphasis and expresses the water story and themes throughout the park. A circulation hierarchy pathway network and a series of open spaces were designed to provide user with water experience during secondary contact and social interaction opportunities. The design of Sydney Park wetlands has provide a great example of using adaptation WSUD design approach to manage the stormwater onsite and integrate with human activities. The above mentioned design elements and strategies are worth considering in the proposed desing for Brickpit.
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Avenue Weiguo Suitable planting
PH 6-8
2 5
Brownfield Saline-alkali soil
8
Polluted
Let nature work
Provide nice aesthetic place to users
(Turenscape,2009)
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13 14
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18 21 (Turenscape, 2009)
Adaptive vegetation in wetlands Design concepts
The play & observation space
The wetland & observation space
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Sponge City
Community
Viewing and rest platform
d orth Roa
Repaid urbanisation + Climate
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Kunlun N
Typical long section NTS
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oad han R Tians
22 ha
PH 4-9 PH 6-8 PH 5.5-7 PH 6.5-8 PH 6-8 PH 5.5-6 PH 7.5-8.5 PH 6.5-7.5 PH 7.5-8.5
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Lookout platform Water flows
Qiaoyuan Wetland Park Site Plan - NTS
Circulation boardwalk
Social gathering space
n sha
Constructed wetland Pathway network Social interaction
Photo by Turenscape
Extent of works
Under the design concept of “let nature work” (Turenscape, 2009),the implementation of ‘Cut and fill’ strategy for creating constructed wetlands in order to capture and filtered the acid stormwater runoff, simulating the nature process of the stormwater life circle,as well as providing the sustainable education purpose to park users. Some of the twenty-one constructed wetlands are completely dry and planted with native vegetation; some of the wetlands contain water and use native vegetation to enhance the water quality. A series of outdoor recreational spaces with varies materials (red asphalt, timber deck, concrete paving etc.) and accessible footpath, boardwalk and viewing platforms; A continues neat pedestrian boardwalk has been designed to connect each of the wetlands for providing access. These enclosure and defined spaces generate varies spatial experience to park users from different dimensions. The design strategies of Qiaoyuan have revealed the design frameworks of “Cues to care”(Nassauer, 1995) and “Spatial Practice” (Herrington, 2017a) in many ways. The regenerative landscape and educational signs in the park helps to accomplish the environmental benefits, which are considered a great design element to be implemented into the Brickpit design.
Figure 31: Qiaoyuan Wetland Park - Key characteristic and spatial experience diagram. (Turenscape, 2009, Zheng, 2020)
26 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Ecological degradation
125 ha
Recreational urban park with educational value for water & social interaction
Floodable park/ Flooding adaptive Varies of planting species Constructed wetlands
Repaid urbanisation + Climate change
Flooding Polluted water
iver
Constructed wetland to collect/cleaning/ reuse stormwater runoff and waste water
R Wei
Loss of rural landscape
Biodiversity Restoration
Integrated green infrastructure
(Landezine,2019)
(Landezine,2019)
Viewing and rest platform
The water play space
The wetlands & Social gathering
Native bird habitats
Circulation boardwalk
Photo by Yueyan JIN, Bo LUAN, Fang LI
The design has reserved the rural landscape spatial experience in order to differentiate the natural riparian area to the urban space. This design strategy is not only to retain the genius loci of this place, but also reserve the existing ecosystem and environmental characteristic of existing site. A numbers of gathering spaces have been constructed for social interaction and activities. The treated waste water goes through the wetlands enable the water play for children to explore and embrace the natural environment. The native bird habitat and circulation boardwalk are considered great opportunity to implement into the Brickpit design.
Figure 32: Weiliu Wetland Park - Key characteristic and spatial experience diagram. (Landezine, 2019, Zheng, 2020)
27 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Opportunities and constraints analysis Extend of works
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Potential for regenerative landscape Potential for additional water harvesting catchment Potential for water features as focal point Potential for educational public art installation
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The Opportunity and constranits map is produced based on the outcome summary of previous site analysis. This provide the critical guidence on what potential design opportunity and strateties could be implemented based on the theoretical frameworks and the proposed design will get tested in the design testing stage to determine whether the design has achieve the design goals. N
Figure 33: Opportunity and constraints at Brickpit map 28 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
The aim is to sought out the appropriate and suitable design solutions to brickpit and its surrounding area in order to achieving collect/treat/store/reuse more stormwater runoff, as well as enhencing the social experience and environmental benefits in this design project.
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
05 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
The overview of proposed design methods and its precedents
29 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Methods and techniques.
The proposed design methods to test the proposed design concept are plan mapping, landscape sections and photo montages. The aim of this testing is to use these methods to analyse the proposed design and determine whether it will enhance the social experience and environmental benefits to the subject site or it will need to be amended to achieve the desired outcome.
Experiential Landscape Frameworks Social imageability
Centre
Social interaction
Why do I need three methods to test the proposed concept at Brickpit?
Restorative benefit
Firstly, the key components of the design will be stormwater management system, social experience and it’s following environmental benefits. In order to design the stormwater system, it is very important to understand how water flows and what direction it flows so that the designed landscape can capture and treat the stormwater runoff efficiently. Section is a useful technique to test the water levels and landform changes in this case to test how the water flows, as well as to understand some of the landscape design elements in relation to its surrounding environment;
Movement
The design is also about enhancing the social experience at Brickpit, the experiential landscape approach is a great method to test the proposed design by using mapping experiential landscape vocabulary on the plan and it has been undertaken previously to analyse landscape project by the researchers; As the human experience can be multi-dimensional and the complexity level changes at Brickpit, the photo montages are considering useful techniques for designer to understand the spatial design and how the human experience will be after the proposed design get constructed. After this step, the analysis will be undertaken to assess whether the design need to be amended to achieve the desired outcome .
30 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Direction Centre
Direction
View Threshold
Transition
Corridor Segment Ephemeral
Area
Topic continuity Sound
Sensory Transition
Area
Figure 34: Experiential Dimension terminologies (Simkins, 2007)
Smell
Touch/feel
Figure 35: Experiential landscape framework (Simkins, 2007) Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Precedent project 1
Research project: Experiential Landscape as a Tool to Enhance Behavioral Response of users in Urban Parks Case Study of Al-Azhar Park In this precedent, the researcher has utilised the Experiential landscape as tool to examine human experience at an urban park to inform whether the design can be enhance to achieve better user experience of this park. The technique that was used is the experiential vocabulary and plan mapping, refer Figure 32 (Nassar, 2010). The reason being the experiential landscape approach is often being used in the design to provide positive spatial experience in a landscape project, the researcher has reversed the process and use it as a tool to examine the space in order to inform the design changes. It is crucial way to advise the design based on relevant design approach and/or theoriesas academic support. Therefore, this method is considered useful for testing the proposed design at Brickpit.
Figure 36: Experiential landscape analysis precedents 1 (Nassar, 2010) 31 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Precedent project 2 Copenhagen Strategic Flood Masterplan- Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl The precedent project has the similarity in stormwater management in relation to the scope of works at the Brickpit. The designer has utilised sections, section elevations, photo montages and bird views to demonstrate the level changes in landform and the methods to manage stormwater runoff in the flooding event. Refer Figure 33 (Dreiseitl, 2015). The reason being that the before and after montages express clearly how the floodable landscape will change in varies weather scenarios; the sections demonstrate the water and landform changes efficiently. As the flooding event may not apply to the Brickpit at SOP, therefore, photo montages and sections testing techniques from this precedents are considered relevant for testing the proposed design at Brickpit and assess whether the design as achieve the stormwater management intention and enhance the social experience.
Figure 37: Experiential landscape analysis precedents 2 (Dreiseitl, 2015) 32 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
06 DESIGN TESTING
Testing the design methods at the subject site - Brickpit SOP
33 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Design Principles Design Principle 1:
Design Principle 2:
Design Principle 3:
Provide addtional wetlands and bioretention stormwater management system in the brickpit to capture, treat and store the harvested stormwater runoff. Continue the reuse of water narrative at
Integrate the proposed addtional stormwater management system into the exisitng WRAMS system to best utilise the pre-existing system and
Provide multi-dimensional spatial and sensory design to enhance the social experience in the Brickpit.
increase the efficiency of the stormwater treatment.
the Brickpit.
Student
Cues to care
Spatial constructs WELD
Visitor
Sensory Resident
Existing WRAMS system Worker Spatial Practice
Access
Figure 40: Experiential landscape design intent Room for water
Design Principle 4: Provide habitats for birds and protect existing frog habitat to enhance the environmental benefits in the Brickpit. Birds
Proposed addtional system
For
Room for bioretention
34 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 39: Integration of water system design intent
Provide
Additional Habitat For
Figure 38: Wetlands and bioretention design intent
Integration to achieve better outcome
Protect
For
Terraced wetlands
Existing Habitat
Frogs
Frogs
Figure 41: Habitat protection and creation Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Secondary effluent
Design process and ideas
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Water treatment bioretention and wetland
Water capture through new street system Recycle water
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Proposed additional water system area Refer Figure X on the same page
Legend Captured Stormwater runoff Proposed pipeline
Water outlets GPT
Figure 42: System Logic - Proposed WSUD network 35 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Legend
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Brickpit - water storage
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Recycle water delivery system
Figure 43: Existing WRAMS system mapping Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Landform and wetlands
Existing landform
Proposed landform
“Direction”
Water fall
“Transition”
Pipe line
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Water Fall
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Bioretentions
Teired water features
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Figure 44: Proposed Wetland networks - Spatial constructs 36 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
“Direction”
Legend
“Transition” Wetlands
Cascade Wetlands
“Transition”
“Transition”
Teired water flow
Teired water flow
Wetlands
Wetlands
Section D - proposed
Figure 45: Proposed landform and defined wetlands typologie Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Planting strategies - Spatial, Instrumental and sensory
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Casuarina glauca
Cyperus alternifolius
Lepironia articulata
Ficinia nodosa
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1 Wetland species - permanentaly inundation Function : Water cleansing and spatial construct
Schoenoplectus lacustris
Bioretention planting species Function : Water filtering and spatial construct
Crinum pedunculatum
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Baeckea virgata
Lavender dentata
Imperata cylindrica
Stachys byzantina
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3 Function : water cleansing and spatial construct
Figure 46: Proposed Planting Typologies - “Area� 37 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
4
Semi-dry wetland species - Semi inundation
Ornamental and Sensory planting species Juncus usitatus
Function : Good visual and sensory experience
Westringia fruticosa
Figure 47: Proposed Planting Typologies & species Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Environmental benefit- Creation of birds and frog habitats
bioretention
bioretention
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Typical wetlands and bioretention - frog habitat “Area” in the Brickpit 2 metres nominal in width
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Galvanised Steel to match existing ring structure Function : Habitat for birds (Area and centre) Human observation point, Educational purpose for student
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Birds shelter art installation 01 Galvanised Steel to match existing ring structure Function : Habitat and food for birds (Area and centre) Human observation point, Educational purpose for student
Figure 48: Proposed Habitat location - “Area” and “Centre” 38 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
3
Birds shelter art installation 03 Galvanised Steel to match existing ring structure Function : Habitat for birds (Area and centre) Human observation point, Educational purpose
Figure 49: Proposed Habitats typologies - “Area” and “Centre” Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Boardwalk structure
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Viewing deck
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Elevated pathway with viewing deck -Transition and Area
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View
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Viewing boardwalk
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Carpark
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-Student, residents and visitors
Existing structure Proposed viewing deck Highest viewing deck
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Elevated path structure with glass surface - Transition and Direction
Figure 50: Proposed Elevated Boardwalk - “ Transition and direction� 39 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
4
Elevated path structure with arbour structure - Transition and Direction
Figure 51: Proposed Boardwalk Typologies Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Experiential landscape mapping testing on proposed design Experiential Landscape Legend Experiential place
Type
Symbol
Social imageability Centre Social interaction Restorative benefit
Direction
Movement
View Threshold Transition
Corridor Segment Ephemeral
Area
Topic continuity Sound
Sensory
Smell Touch/feel
Figure 52: Experiential landscape Legend (Simkins, 2007 & Nassar, 2010) 40 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 53: Experiential landscape mapping testing - Centre
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Figure 54: Experiential landscape mapping testing - Transition
41 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 55: Experiential landscape mapping testing - Direction
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
The purpose of the experiential landscape test mapping method is to use mapping technique based on the experiential landscape terminology to test the proposed design. The result of this mapping analysis can determine whether the proposed design has achieved enhancing the social experience or it will require further amendment in order to meet the objective. From the below Figure 53,54,55,56 and 57, it is clearly demonstrated that the proposed landscape design elements has enhanced the social experience to some extent; the four experiential landscape terminologies and their sub categories can all be identified throughout the proposed concept at the Brickpit.
Figure 56: Experiential landscape mapping testing - Area 42 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Figure 57: Experiential landscape mapping testing - Sensory Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Illustrative Landscape photomontage
View
Key Map
Area
Centre
Area
Centre
Direction Area
Area
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Transition Figure 58: Experiential landscape Photomontage 1 testing 43 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
View
Key Map
Direction
Direction
Area
Area
Centre
on
Area
Di
re cti
Area
Transition
From the photomontage Figure 58 and 59, it is clearly shown that the proposed spatial configuration is well engaged with the human activities and exploration. The proposed variation in planting species creates the sense of spatial constructs and forms the edge of the space; the proposed movement of the water fall expresses the water narrative of the brickpit to the users as well as creating the sensory experience; the proposed elevated boardwalk structure provide the transition and direction functions to the users and walk them through the site with dynamic experience; the upper boardwalk with shorter distance provide great opportunity for the workers from the business park to take a walk during lunch break and restored the busy mind. The proposed water features and public art installation are echoing the existing elements in the Sydney Olympic Park, such as existing ring structure and other water features. They are not only acting as instrumental habitats, but also becomes the centres and destination area in the brickpit, which attracts the people willing to travel to the park and enjoy the educational walkthrough experience. All the above creates a sense of place and experiential memories to the visitor.
Figure 59: Experiential landscape Photomontage 2 testing 44 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Illustrative Landscape Sections
Area Sensory Area
Direction Transition
Area
A
Direction Transition
B
Area Wa te
rd
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Key Map
on
Figure 60: Experiential landscape section A testing - 1:500 @ A3
Area Sensory Area
Direction Transition
Area Direction Transition
Wa te
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In order to enhance the water circulation in the brickpit area, the section Figure 60, 61 and 62 are provided to test how the water features situates in the brickpit in relation to its surrounding landscape elements. The landscape section testing shows the positive outcome of the water direction, movement and offered sensory experience to the user; the proposed boardwalk will be situated over varies of ground surfaces to create dynamic spatial experience; the regenerative landscape buffer and terraced wetlands also create a sense of area and centre to its user. With the existing landscape elements sits in the background of each sections, it is convinced that the proposed landscape elements are welded into the existing context at the brickpit. From the typical sections Figure 63 and 64, the typical street treatment of capturing of the stormwater runoff from the street are feasible and it should be considered and included in the testing stage as part of the proposed extended stormwater treatment system. It is clearly communicated how the grade of carriageway is falling for water to flow to low point and captured by the proposed raingarden and planting median within the road reserve. After that, the water should either follow the natural falls of the ground surface to the proposed GPT at brickpit or captured by a pipeline system to get pumped back to the brickpit. As the result of design testing advised that the proposed design achieved enhancing social experience objective. The following section will reveal the proposed design in illustrative master plan, sections, renders and bird views to gain further spatial experience.
Figure 61: Experiential landscape section B testing - 1:500 @ A3
45 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Area Sensory Area
Wa te
r di
Direction Transition Area
Direction Transition
rec
tion
C
Area
Key Map
Figure 62: Experiential landscape section C testing - 1:500 @ A3
Water runoff direction
Raingarden -Typical street stormwater runoff collection In Central and Parkview Precinct
Water runoff direction
Water runoff direction
Street median & raingarden -Typical Boulevarde stormwater runoff collection In Central and Parkview Precinct
Figure 63: Water street capture typologies
46 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
07 Design Research Findings Synthesis and findings
47 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Wentworth Common
Illustrative Landscape Master plan
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Parkview Precinct 48 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
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Businese park access
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Shaded carpark
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Existing ring structure
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Existing water storage Connect existing path Regenerative vegetation
Figure 64: Illustrative Landscape Master Plan Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Figure 65: Experiential landscape section D - 1:1000 @ A3
49 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Illustrative Landscape renders
View
Key Map
Figure 66: Proposed landscape render 1
50 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
View
Key Map
(Authority, 2020)
Figure 67: Proposed landscape render 2
51 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Bird views As mentioned previously, the key focuses of this research design project are promoting the landscape design strategies that can enhance social experience and environmental benefits in the Water Sensitive Urban Design projects. Based on the proposed theoretical frameworks and the site analysis, the proposed landscape design principles and strategies have been implemented in the design stage in order to achieve the positive outcome of the required three aspects. For the stormwater management, 1).proposed enlarged stormwater catchment to including future Central and Parkview Precinct for capturing additional water for treatment; 2). Direct and/or redirect the stormwater back to Brickpit for water cleansing; 3). Proposed additional water fall features to function during wet season, terraced wetland networks and vegetated bioretentions as part of existing WRAMS system to enhance the water circulation and filtering process at the Brickpit and store the water in the existing Brickpit water storage. For enhancing social experience at the Brickpit, 1). Proposed different planting typologies in the design in order to create vary spatial configurations and/or sensory experience, as well as an instrumental function for water cleansing purpose; 2). Proposed a series of elevated boardwalk, viewing decking and lookout point to provide both accessibility and visualisation experience to the Brickpit; 3). Proposed the animal habitat art installations as focal points an acting as destinations for people to approach in between the exploration journey. For the Environmental benefits, ideally the proposed wetland networks and vegetated bioretention is to enhance the water quality of the Brickpit and also provide additional habitat to water birds and frogs; 2).The proposed art installations provide habitat to birds and also create educational value to human being.
(Merton, 2012)
Figure 68: Proposed brickpit bird view 52 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
Findings and future implementation
In conclusion, it is believed that the design strategies based on the theoretical frameworks has achieved the intended design outcome for enhancing the social experience at the Brickpit during the design testing section. Regarding both environmental benefits and stormwater treatment, it is convinced that these design measure can potential achieve the design intention, however these only can be tested during different stages of the project. For the stormwater management system, there is some uncertainty around how much water volume could be captured form the extended stormwater catchment each year and how much water will be treated through the proposed wetland system. This process will require further investigation by water engineer to provide professional opinion from their professional perspective. For the environmental benefits, this is also relying on the post occupancy evaluation of the landscape performance in order to determine whether the proposed environmental design elements have achieved certain environmental benefits.
Experiential Landscape Frameworks WSUD System Logic
Social imageability
Centre
Social interaction Restorative benefit
System theory, Cybernetics and Infrastructure Constructed wetland,
Movement
regenerative landscape, landscape urbanism,Instrumentalism,soil remediation
For the future implementation, it is believed that the proposed theoretical frameworks and experiential landscape frameworks can enhance the positive social experience during the design stage in a landscape water sensitive urban design project. They could be potentially implemented into future WUSD and/or other landscape projects to guide the landscape designs process and evolve the design to enhance the positive social experience.
Direction
View Threshold
Social experience
Environmental benefits
Transition
Corridor Segment Ephemeral
Spatial Practice
Cues to care Neat, Stewardship and Natural of landscape
Spatial Constructs,Phenomenology and Memory & space
Cues to care native vegetation, animal habitat, soil remediation
Design with Nature Curbless street, Drainage with open surface, wellretained softscape
Topic continuity
Area
Sound
Spatial Dimension Centre, Direction, Transition and Area
Experiential Dimension Attachment of Significance, Orientation and awareness of the home ground.
Proposed Theoretical frameworks diagram. (Herrington, 2017b, McHarg and History, 1969, Nassauer, 1995, Herrington, 2017a, Simkins, 2007)
53 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Sensory
Smell
Touch/feel
Proposed Experiential landscape frameworks (Simkins, 2007)
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng
REFERENCE LIST AECOM, 2010. Parramatta River Estuary Processes Study. AUTHORITY, M. D. B. 2016. The triple bottom line framework. In: GOVERNMENT, A. (ed.). Murray‒Darling Basin Authority. AUTHORITY, S. O. P. Water Catchment [Online]. Sydney. Available: https://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/environment/water-and-catchments [Accessed 01.08.20 2020]. AUTHORITY, S. O. P. 2006. Urban Water Reuse & integrated water management. In: AUTHORITY, S. O. P. (ed.). Sydney. AUTHORITY, S. O. P. 2020. Sydney Olympic Park Education Standard Teacher Resource Kit 2020. In: AUTHORITY, S. O. P. (ed.). Sydney. AUTHORITY, S. O. P. 2020. Things to do - Wetlands and Woodlands [Online]. Available: https://www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au/things-to-do/learning-and-discovery/wetlands-and-woodlands [Accessed 31.10.20 2020]. BUYS, K. O. D. F. C. L. 2015. Renewable energy distribution in public space: analysing the case of Ballast Point Park in Sydney. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 10, 18-31. C.RADCLIFFE, J. 2019. History of Water Sensitive Urban Design/Low Impact Development Adoption in Australia and Internationally. Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design. COASTAL RISK. 2020. Sydney Olympic Park Flooding risk [Online]. Coastal risk. Available: http://coastalrisk.com.au/viewer [Accessed 08, march 2020]. CULLEN, G. 1961. Townscape, New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp. DREISEITL, R. S. 2015. Copenhagen Strategic Flood Masterplan. Landezine. GHD 1999. Homebush Bay Catchment Stormwater Management Plan. FRANCIS, M. 2001. A case study method for landscape architecture. Landscape Journal. FLOMS, 2020. Term 1 2020 Landscape Studio 5 group work. H.CHAPMAN 2005. WRAMS, sustainable water recycling. Elsevier. HERRINGTON, S. 2017a. Spatial Practice. Landscape Theory in Design. New York: New York, NY : Routledge. HERRINGTON, S. 2017b. System Logic. Landscape Theory in Design. New York: New York, NY : Routledge. LANDEZINE 2019. Weiliu Wetland Park by Yifang Ecoscape. Landezine. LISTOWSKI, A. 2014. Innovative Recycles Water Scheme – Challenges and Opportunities [Online]. Available: https://www.awa.asn.au/documents/Innovative%20Recycles%20Water%20Scheme%20 %E2%80%93%20Challenges%20and%20Opportunities.pdf [Accessed 01.08.20 2020]. MCHARG, I. L. & HISTORY, A. M. O. N. 1969. Design with nature, American Museum of Natural History New York. METEOROLOGY, A. G. B. O. 2020. Monthly rainfall Sydney Olympic Park. MERTON, M. 2012. An aerial photo of Sydney Olympic Park at Homebush Bay [Online]. Available: https://www.sydneyimages.com.au/media/4bee34b6-d6d5-11e1-bdd5-07058bc0ef88-brick-pit-ring-walk [Accessed 15.10.20 2020]. NASSAR, U. A. 2010. Experiential Landscape as a Tool to Enhance Behavioral Response of users in Urban Parks - Case Study of Al-Azhar Park. ResearchGate, 15. NASSAUER, J. I. 1995. Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape Journal, 14, 161-170. PARK, S. O. 2018 Review. Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan 2030. In: AUTHORITY, S. O. P. (ed.). Sydney. POLICY, S. O. P. A. 2016. Stormwater Management and Water Sensitive Urban Design. In: AUTHORITY, S. O. P. (ed.). Sydney. SIMKINS, K. T. I. 2007. Experiential Landscape: An approach to people, place and space, New York, Routledge. TURENSCAPE. 2009. Tianjin Qiaoyuan Wetland Park [Online]. Available: https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/339.html [Accessed 23.03.20 2020]. TURF DESIGN STUDIO. 2020. Sydney Park Water Re-use Project [Online]. Available: http://turfdesign.com/sydney-park-water-re-use-project/ [Accessed 23.03.20 2020]. ZHENG, L. 2020. Illustrated Design Research Proposal.
54 Landscape WSUD at Brickpit, SOP
Design Research Report by Lei Zheng