Urban Pastoralism by Lenka Rajmont

how sheep represent a disconnect from survival landscapes

Lenka Rajmont ENVT1104

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

CONTENTS

3 4 8 9

word count: 1880

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

ABSTRACT URBAN PASTORALISM REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES

Urban Pastoralism is a way of introducing grazing animals into the urban environment. Grazing animals have been moulding societies since the Neolithic period. Only after the industrial revolution, they have been pushed out of the landscape by urban environments. This essay looks at how is Urban Pastoralism successful in re-introducing the sheep into an urban landscape. Specifically the landscape of the Pyrenees which used to be of highly pastoral use. With the examples set in major cityscapes. It briefly describes the history of different pastoral landscapes and their influence on societies. Then, it looks at two particular examples of urban pastoralism in the Pyrenees. Firstly, the Clinamen Collective Paris, which uses sheep for monthly urban greenery management in the outskirts of Paris. Secondly, Fiesta de la Trashumancia a festival in Madrid with the context of the transhumant history of the area. The essay highlights the systemic and historical disconnect between the grazing x landscape process and the human as well as briefly touching on the romanticised nature of pastoral history. A conclusion based on the dissection of said examples, the sheep is framed as a tool of occupation and technology for urban greening and eco-politics.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

ABSTRACT

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

Key-words: Pastoralism, Urban Pastoralism, grazing animals, cohabitation

Modern agriculture has allowed us to dismiss the pastoral landscape. Still, the idea of the pastoral lives on, in folklore, tradition and identity. It has been romanticised through history. It has been the allure for urban audiences with no experience of the pre-industrial revolution rural lifestyle. The human condition in the urban no longer relies on the pastoral landscape and processes involved in it for survival or security. Yet the introduction of grazing livestock, particularly sheep is on the rise. Under what conditions are we re-introducing the grazing animal into our urban environments? Is urban pastoralism the way of recohabiting the landscape with the animal and connecting us to the natural process?

Fig. 1: afnewsagency. (2014) Animal farm with Lambs. Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/ sheep-lambs-market-farm-animal-678196/ (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Sustainable pastoralism especially in the urban is a complex issue above the scope of this essay. Some benefits of Urban Pastoralism according to GreenSheep.fr have promoted biodiversity, attractiveness to visitors, promoting a trendy and innovative image of the city, economic – the cost is up to a quarter lower compared to traditional mowing, improved wellbeing of residents. (GreenSheep, n.d.) Though important to mention, the benefits of Urban Pastoralism and eco-grazing are not a part of the question. The most daring promise from Urban Pastoralism is the return of nature into the environment. This is particularly interesting in the case of cities, which have historically been a pastoral landscape.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

URBAN PASTORALISM

For the purpose of this essay, a survival landscape is a landscape that is a key element in the process of survival and ensuring security for a society that inhabits it. In the specific example of pastoralism, such landscapes include pastures, high and low pastures, migration routes and transhumance routes.

Fig. 2: ILC Rangelands Initiative. (2018) Sheep in the northern mountains of Spain bearing up to winter snows. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/41050913035 (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Pastoral societies interacted directly with the landscape they inhabited and moved through. This interaction and action of the movement were key to socio-ecological services. Pastoral societies have created an environment that depended on them, and they depended on it, with the grazing animal a keystone in the affair. This production of socio-ecological services has not only provided the resources needed for the survival of pastoral societies but has created a nomadic culture deeply ingrained in the landscape and biocentric identities. The Landscape was enriched by animal’s manure and by the time the herd returned, it provided all necessary nutrients back. The key in the pastoral landscape has been the co-habitation of the animal and the human within the environment.

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

Firstly, let us define pastoralism. Pastoralism is a “way of keeping animals such as cattle, sheep, etc. that involves moving them from place to place to find water and food” (Schoof & Luick, 2018) The movement from place to place, being the key phrase in the definition. The said movement to find food has connected pastoral societies, nomadic or transhumanistic to the survival landscape. The food search is what made the landscape survivalist in the first place.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

Probably the most famous example of the Sheep in an urban environment is Clinamen Collective Paris. Known as the Urban Shepherd of Paris, Julie-Lou Dubreuilh has been taking her sheep inside the border of Paris to graze. Joulie says, “We go to the border of Paris twice a month, to graze in the course. Daily, the herd grazes an immense 400-hectare park in La Courneuve. And five days a month, they eat in the city on circuits of 9-15km, in an urban area north of Paris that extends from Aubervilliers to Garges-lès-Gonesse.” (Guardian 2019) In the summer of 2019, she got the authorisation to take shepherding activities inside Paris. She was allowed to take her sheep on a 144 km journey, lasting 12 days. The trip arrived at the Invalides, through Trocadero and the Eiffel Tower. Duberuilh said in an interview with The Guardian: “Generally, people are happy and especially children because for most of them, it’s their first time in life to see real sheep. We occasionally pass by a group of snobbish people, who look down on us. However, I feel quite comfortable with my sheep in such fancy places – that is my little revenge against capitalism.” (Guardian 2019) Though maybe revenge against capitalism on a personal scale, the act is still constricted by the authorities. This makes me think the re-introduction of sheep into a city-dwellers landscape can be described as an act of ecological fear and consumer guilt, rather than a genuine goal of co-habitation with the grazing animal and the pastoral continuum. In this case, the sheep are physically taking up public space in the urban environment. The sheeps’ lack of agency in the action, further amplified by the inaccessible agency of their shepherds shows how constrained and strictly defined their presence is. The sheep does not fit into the urban environment plainly, because its agency over finding grazeland and occupying the landscape as a part of a natural grazing process is not allowed.

As seen in Paris, the socio-ecological benefits, once ensuring basic survival, now rely solely on grazing management. Any type of urban greenery management in an urban environment requires a detailed understanding of land use, by animals as well as humans. In an already established urban environment, such as London or Paris, land use is a total arrangement of activities, inputs and outputs on a specific land type. Allowing the sheep to follow natural patterns of grazing, as it did in nomadic pastoral societies, would inevitably disrupt the inner workings of an urban landscape.

Fig. 3: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) Tourists flock around sheep in central Paris. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/theurban-shepherd-of-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 4: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) Sheep guided around Paris. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/the-urban-shepherdof-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 5: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) The sheep graze with Paris in the background. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/theurban-shepherd-of-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

Raymond Williams in the book Country and The City describes how the pastoral has been used in direct opposition to the urban environment and transformed in the eyes of the indweller. “Yet ‘pastoral’, with its once precise meaning, was undergoing in the same period an extraordinary transformation. Its most serious element was a renewed intensity of attention to natural beauty, but this is now the nature of observation, of the scientist, of the tourist, rather than of the working countryman.” He continues, “The other main element was very different: pastoral became theatrical and romantic in the strict senses.” (Raymond 1975) Reflectively, the sheep calmly grazing under the Eiffel tower, admired by onlookers, are a romanticised view of the pastoral. It is what we wish, Urban Pastoralism could be, therefore that is all we allow it to be.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

The urban environment has always been designed to accommodate for structured, strict and efficient movement patterns, always beneficial to the human condition. Even planning of cities, which arose from a pastoral landscape did not consider the grazing patterns. Not only haven’t they taken into consideration grazing patterns and nomadic pastoralism, but they have also dismissed transhumance. Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock, between fixed summer and winter pastures. The word itself is from French and derives from the Latin words trans – across and humus – ground. (Arnold 2006) In the Pyrenees, there is proof of transhumance movement in the landscape since the late Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic periods. (Geddes 1983) The tradition has been continuing, but since the industrial revolution has been in steep decline. An example following the disruption of transhumant routes by the urban environment and vice versa can be Madrid’s pastoral history and its annual festival Fiesta de la Trashumancia. The migratory grazing routes found in Spain are known as The Cañadas Reales - Roads for Drovers. It used to be a network of paths over 80 000 miles long. Every year since 1994 the sheep farmers have paraded their animals through the city. Now seen as a tourist attraction, the procession began as a way to defend ancient rights to move livestock to pastures. The route used to be an undeveloped countryside, a fraction of The Cañadas Reales. A way through the rural landscape to the south of Spain where winter grazing pastures are located. This route has been used since medieval times, with defined land use as a herding path. Until the 13th century, these routes have been protected from urbanisation and long-term occupation. Only in the 1960s they have been occupied and disconnected by infrastructure and urbanised areas. The newly developed areas failed to reflect the importance and presence of these routes in their system and design.

Currently, the path starts in Casa de Campo. The largest public park west of central Madrid. Once a royal estate with a hunting ground and farmland. (Madrid 2021) Then continues onto Puerta del Sol, the main square. And ends by the town hall. The wool and sheep industry is strongly connected to the history of Madrid and the Spanish economy. Not only that, but migration and sheep raising has been a part of the countries folklore. The image of the pastoral and symbolism of herding has made its way into religion in the form of bishops, representing a shepherd to God’s people. It has been a significant theme in the history of arts. (Costello 2018)

Fig. 7: Pozo, Oscar Del for AFP. (2019) Sheep in front of Madrid City Hall on October 20, 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-europe-50115974 (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Fig. 8: Aguirre, Antxon. (1998) Climb to the mountain Aia (Gipuzkoa). Available at: https://atlasetnikerenglish.wordpress. com/2019/05/17/spring-summer-transhumance-and-transterminance/ (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Fig. 10: Pozo, Oscar Del. (2019) Sheep in front of Madrid City Hall on Sunday. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50115974 (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

Fig. 6: Own image. Transhumance routes in Spain.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

To conclude, urban pastoralism as we know it now, doesn’t fulfil the promise of reconnection of humanity to the pastoral process. A peaceful and harmonious cohabitation of grazing livestock in the urban environment would require a large number of changes in the early stages of urban planning or as the urban fabric arises from the rural.

Fig. 11: Grover, Paul. (2017) TV cook Merry Berry drives sheep across London Bridge. Available at: https://www.woolmen. com/sheep-drive/ (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

The presence of the grazing animal is always under the strict control of the authorities. There is a very specific intention for bringing the animals into the environment. Be its ecological services or a celebration of pastoralism. Firstly, the sheep serves as a symbol of status. Secondly, the sheep has become a representative tool, rather than a part of the natural process. The sheep in the Anthropocene is perceived as a resource of economic value or its ecological services. If the sheep are not able to graze freely, the landscape cannot benefit from the process. The survival does not depend on the presence of the animal. The sheep becomes a token of ecology and green urban infrastructure. None of the Case studies has shown successful incorporation of the herds natural grazing behaviour. The sheep are highly controlled and their behaviour is moulded to human-thought grazing management systems, which only benefit the desires of the urban fabric and human condition. This sheep’s lack of agency over movement and behaviour is in direct conflict with the philosophy of cohabitation. The dichotomy of the rural pastoral and urban is to stay. Urban Pastoralism, as it is now, is a romanticised view of the pastoral, moulded to the eye of the city -dweller. It is a much more complex issue, reaching into ecopolitics and ethnobiology, worth more time and deeper research.

Fig. 12: FarmingUK. (2015) More than 800 Freemen of the City of London, affiliated to one of the 110 City Livery Companies, will join forces next Sunday (27th September) to exercise their long-established right to drive sheep across London’s oldest river crossing. Available at: https://www.farminguk. com/news/sheep-will-be-flocking-to-london-bridge-to-re-enact-historic-freemen-s-trading-right_37145.html (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

Not only mentioned examples share the same set of elements. Another, more local example of exercising rights using sheep is the Annual Great Sheep Drive in London. “In medieval times, sheep farmers drove their sheep across London Bridge into the City of London to sell them at the market. Freemen of the City were excused the bridge toll that had to be paid by other people crossing the bridge, in recognition of their status as local traders.” (SheepDrive 2021) This materialises the sheep as a tool of physical occupation to prove status and power. It is my view that the lack of genuine connection of the human psyche, degrades the presence of the animal to a tool of ecotechnology. This statement is supported by Leo Marx’s Machine in the Garden, where he defines the links between progressive and pastoral in contemporary society. (Marx 2000)

references Arnold, E. a. G. H., 2006. The origins of transhumant pastoralism in temperate Southeastern Europe.. Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, pp. 243-252. Clear, N., 2013. The persistence of the pastoral. Architectural Design, 83(3), pp. 86-93. Costello, E. a. S. E., 2018. Transhumant pastoralism in historic landscapes: Beginning a European perspective. s.l.:s.n. Dictionary, O., 2021. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/ english/pastoralism [Accessed 13 April 2021]. Geddes, D. S., 1983. Neolithic transhumance in the Mediterranean Pyrenees. World Archaeology. Goldman, R. L. B. H. T. a. G. C. D., 2007. Institutional incentives for managing the landscape: Inducing cooperation for the production of ecosystem services. Ecological Economics. s.l.:s.n. GreenSheep, n.d. Green Sheep. [Online] Available at: http://greensheep.fr/ [Accessed 10 April 2021]. Guardian, T., 2019. The urban shepherd of Paris - Photo essay. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/29/paris-urban-shepherd-photo-essay [Accessed 10 April 2021]. Leung, M., 2013. Surviving vs Living. Architectural Design, pp. 56-59. Madrid, B. a., 2021. Turismo Madrid Casa de Campo. [Online] Available at: https://www.esmadrid.com/informacion-turistica/casa-de-campo [Accessed 10 April 2021]. Marx, L., 2000. The Machine in the Garden. 2 ed. s.l.:Oxford University Press. Raymond, W., 1975. The Country and the City. s.l.:Oxford University Press, USA. Schoof, N. & Luick, R., 2018. Pastures and Pastoralism. SheepDrive, 2021. Sheep Drive London. [Online] Available at: https://sheepdrive.london/about/ [Accessed 10 April 2021].

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

bibliography Abalos, I., & Mateo, J. L. (2008). Natural metaphor: an anthology of essays on architecture and nature. Zürich, ETH. Bieling, C., & Plieninger, T. (2012). Resilience and the cultural landscape: understanding and managing change in human-shaped environments. New York, Cambridge University Press. Kardulias, P. N. (2015). The ecology of pastoralism. Boulder, Colorado, University Press of Colorado. http://site.ebrary.com/id/11038540. Orff, K. (2016). Toward an urban ecology. New York, The Monacelli Press. Retamero, F., Schjellerup, I., & Davies, A. (2016). Agricultural and pastoral landscapes in pre-industrial society: choices, stability and change. Titman, M. (2013). The new pastoralism. Architectural Design Architectural Design / Profile. London, Wiley.

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1: afnewsagency. (2014) Animal farm with Lambs. Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/sheep-lambs-market-farmanimal-678196/ (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 2: ILC Rangelands Initiative. (2018) Sheep in the northern mountains of Spain bearing up to winter snows. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/41050913035 (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 3: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) Tourists flock around sheep in central Paris. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/the-urban-shepherd-of-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 4: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) Sheep guided around Paris. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/the-urban-shepherd-of-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Fig. 5: Eassa, Abdulmonam. (2019) The sheep graze with Paris in the background. Available at: https://www.abdulmonameassa.com/the-urban-shepherd-of-paris (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 6: Own image. Transhumance routes in Spain. Fig. 7: Pozo, Oscar Del for AFP. (2019) Sheep in front of Madrid City Hall on October 20, 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc. co.uk/news/world-europe-50115974 (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Fig. 9: Pozo, Oscar Del for AFP. (2019) Flocks of sheep and goats are herded in the city center of Madrid on October 20, 2019. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50115974 (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 10: Pozo, Oscar Del. (2019) Sheep in front of Madrid City Hall on Sunday. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ world-europe-50115974 (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 11: Grover, Paul. (2017) TV cook Merry Berry drives sheep across London Bridge. Available at: https://www.woolmen.com/ sheep-drive/ (Accessed: 10 April 2021). Fig. 12: FarmingUK. (2015) More than 800 Freemen of the City of London, affiliated to one of the 110 City Livery Companies, will join forces next Sunday (27th September) to exercise their long-established right to drive sheep across London’s oldest river crossing. Available at: https://www.farminguk.com/news/sheep-will-be-flocking-to-london-bridge-to-re-enact-historicfreemen-s-trading-right_37145.html (Accessed: 10 April 2021).

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

COLLATED TASKS

site observations 2 chapter review 3 self-guided walk methodology photographic essay 5 map for photo essay 6 pecha kucha 7 diagram 8

DAY TWO

DAY THREE

16th jan 18:47 6 ° overcast

18th jan 13:02 12 ° partly sunny, humid

20th jan 19:32 10 ° light rain, cloudy, windy

A man is eating a sandwich.

Its already so dark

He seems to be in a hurry. Where to?

And cold.

It feels kinda warm sitting here.

I wish I brought an umbrella.

The trees are rustling.

(paper wrapper flies across street)

(cold whift of wind)

Thames is pretty bright

The raincoat is not sufficient

I think Midpoint - a restaurant- closed. They turned off the lights.

A family parked their bikes.

The concrete is cold.

A woman carrying a coffee is on a loud call

A cyclist in a reflective raincoat passed. Deffo doing it for the sport.

ballast quay

So many runners, group of 5. A dog, slightly moppy. Owner is not. cute sweater PINK I hate coop compostable bags. Someone is carrying two.

The plants around look happy. Another doggo! This one is fluffy and white

The family ordered coffee at Midpoint

ballast quay

The pigeons are under the sculpture

Not on a leash though

A couple is sitting on a sculpture and looking at the thames.

When do they empty these bins?

Seagulls are so loud again.

The lights are getting blurry.

So many costa cups

A fast cyclist passed by

Thames is muddy and dark

Another runner. They have cool gear

More fast walking people on calls. Pretty sure they’re at work

Jogger passes by slowly.

A police boat on the Thames

The sun is shining through the leaves of the Planes

My glasses are really fogging up.

The seagulls are marching around

Family has ordered their drinks

The world is bokeh now yay

A parent with a child on bikes. They both have helmets yay

A Deliveroo driver bike parked beside them.

(wipes glasses with a scarf)

The thames smells horrible today.

Deliveroo driver is standing by, on his phone

A man walking slowly with a Weiner dog.

I wish Midpoint was open, id like a coffee.

(loud car honking in the distance)

A woman in a large coat, with a coffee

Some offices across the Thames are lit up.

The man doesn’t have a raincoat. He probably got caught in the rain.

Damn i wish i had the coffee.

First dog! Its a labrador.

A man walking 3 Chihuahuas.

(Liquor bottle rolls on pavement)

A Deliveroo driver pulled up on a motorbike. Is checking phone

Couple holding hands, they were talking about curtains

The bins are full again.

A cyclist on a Boris bike

The Deliveroo driver got a big paper bag.

A pigeon arrived at my feet.

PIGEONS again.

Pigeon flew away.

A really quiet minute or so.

They look damp and fluffy

Looks at me briefly

The dog has a tiny raincoat so adorable

(rain intensifies) I am pretty sure I look insane. Or goth. This type of rain is annoying to me.

(Loud wind swoosh)

I like how the raindrops stay on the leaves of Planes though.

(cold whift of wind again)

I think its lunch time for people

I am cold

The seagulls are loud.

The couple sitting by the sculpture got up.

A dog barking in the distance

An old lady with a walking stick sat on a bench in front of me.

(gets up and walks to raining on the edge of path)

Scared by a child on a bike. The parent followed

Sight of Canary wharf reminds me of capitalism

I cant see Canary wharf.

ballast quay

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

DAY ONE

A runner passes The pigeons are still at the same spot.

A couple with a pram. Its pink. I hope it doesnt get muddy.

No seagulls in sight.

A young woman tried to stuff a coffee cup in the bin.

The bins are still full

It fell out.

A dog with a LED collar! Stay safe buddy

I cant see the moon, its too cloudy.

Its owner is behind him. Another man.

A Thames clipper on the Thames. I thought they were suspended?

They have an umbrella though. Id like to drink tea here in the rain. The droplet sound is calming.

site observations

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

(coffee cups rattle and roll across path)

with Henry Reed

Rome as formerly urban

Detroit and the tools of architecture Architecture lost its tools that could shape urbanism and landscape as a result of decentralisation, decreased density, increased horizontality This is in the writer's opinion a byproduct of economic shift

1990’s - the detroit vacant land survey was published, showing the extent of vacant spaces within the city that had to be redesigned. The recommendations of the report was to demolish the vacant buildings. Something that had already been taking place to a large extent anyway. The idea was to then return these sites back to nature (Something that still happens to this day).

Disabitato - an Italian term for abandoned urban land/ empty land

Reconstruction and re-inhabitation of Rome came hand in hand with the Italian Renaissance and 16th century Catholic capiton reconstruction

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

CHAPTER FIVE: URBAN CRISIS AND THE ORIGINS OF LANDSCAPE

Detroit and the tools of architecture

Vast amounts of detroit were subjected to this urban erasure, both through the illegal and planned demolitions.

Emergence of Landscape urbanist profession

Evidence of the disabitato from sketches and maps by Claude Lorraine

Could we argue that this is a result of architecture?

The representation in the au planair drawings served as a basis for the Western perception of landscape 19th Century disabitato - a fight between native wild species and aggressive exotic species, this to an extent informed what tourists saw as the classical tradition

“Simultaneously, the city privately corroborated the arsonists’ illegal intent by developing, funding, and implementing one of the largest and most sweeping demolition programs in the history of American Urbanism.” - This shows to what extent the city’s officials were willing to go to in order to provide the space for redevelopment. Therefore allowing the city to then evolve into a more modern city.

Claude Lorraine’s work and perception of landscape

“At the turn of the twentieth century, as the claims of landscape as urbanism were first manifest, at least seventy urban centers in the United States were engaged in an ongoing processes of abandonment, disinvestment, and decay.”

“Landscape urbanist practices emerged directly in response to structural transformations in the industrial economy of urbanization”. - It talks about how landscape urbanists started to increase within the city as the style of the economy within it changed.

“The origins and epistemologies of the design disciplines reveal foundational ideological investments in models of growth, expansion,and ongoing development.” - to my understanding it talks about the idea of urbanism and its aim of evolving the urban environment through growth and development.

First mentions of landscape and consequences

The Picturesque garden was perceived through the abandonment of Rome pictured by Claude Claude's mirror - Landscape painting tool, created muted tones and colour palette, an ideal for landscape painting

Conclusion

First mentions of landscape - Flemish landscape paintings 1521

Landscape existed as an objective state, through portrayed through the subjective medium of paint 19th century - Refashioning the land with focus on admiration and perception

chapter review

For a long time, English landscape gardening was the very image of landscape, however post industrialisation society changed that view. It’s now evolved into being a buffer of some sorts between society and the effects that architectural tools on the landscape itself.

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

16th century - Landscape existed as a genre of painting

self-guided walk methodology

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

I will be following markers of underground infrastructure. Every time I encounter a pothole cover or any cover of a similar kind I believe is connected to hidden underground infrastructure , I will examine it and try to identify or speculate what it is a cover of. Map the covers and my assessment. At each pothole, I will look around to find the nearest one and go in its direction. My walk can only happen in my local area, in compliance with gov guidelines. I wont be trespassing and will stick to areas that I can legally access.

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

METHODOLOGY

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

photographic essay 5

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

trainline

greenwich park

map for photo essay

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

my route 6

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

KNEPP WILDLANDS

KNEPP WILDLANDS rewilding in West Sussex

From left: conservationists Barbara Promberger, Christoph Promberger, Paul Lister, Hedi Wyss, Sir Charles Burrell and Hansjörg Wyss, in the sitting room at Knepp Castle, West Sussex

“process-led”

The vision of the Knepp Wildland Project is radically different to conventional nature conservation in that it is not driven by specific goals or target species. Instead, its driving principle is to establish a functioning ecosystem where nature is given as much freedom as possible.

pecha kucha

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

provide the webbing that will one day connect them together on a landscape scale

soil compaction and erosion prevention

grazing animals

nitrogen cycle

animal forage

presence

animal products

consumption by grazing animals

increased yield

PRESENCE OF GRAZING ANIMALS

citizen reminders

sustainable tool

manure urin

aesthetic purpose

disease resistance

vegetation

ENVT1104 Contemporary Theories of Landscape

PASTORAL LANDSCAPE

greener upkeeping

ANIMAL FORAGE

sense of care

connection

mature greens

stems

promotion of ecological thinking

dry leaves

dry stems

diagram

movement

Lenka Rajmont, BALA Y2, University of Greenwich

green leaves

Urban Pastoralism

Articles inside