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โ€ซืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืขื™ืจ ืขื ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€ฌ


โ€ซืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช4โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช6โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช8โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืคืช ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช12โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช16โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช18โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจ ื ืชืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื” ืœืฉืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื•ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืจืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ืžืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื’ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื”ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื•ืชื ื›ื ืขืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืฆื™ืง ืฉืคื™ืจืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคืช ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืช โ€œืžืคื” โ€“ ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจโ€โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ืจืคื™โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืงืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช2โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžืจื‘ื“ ืคืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจโ€ฌ


โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื“ืจ ืชืฉืขโ€ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ โ€ช2012โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจื’ืœ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืคืชื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช โ€œื ืกโ€ช -โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ช -โ€ฌื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื•ืฃโ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืงืจื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืงื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืชืจื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช โ€“ ืคื ื™ื ืช ื˜ื‘ืข โ€“ ืจื›ืก ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืžื— ื•ืœื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืœื—ืžืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื›ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ื”ื›ืจื–ืชืŸ ื›ื’ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื—ื ื›ื ื• ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ โ€œื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ ื›โ€ช 30-โ€ฌืงโ€ืž ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืชืื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืจื›ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื˜ืคืก ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืฉื‘ ืจื•ื— ื ืขื™ื ื•ืžืจืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืจื— ืžืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืงื˜โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืฆืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช4โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ฌ


โ€ซืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—โ€ฌ


โ€ซื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืžืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื“ืกื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›โ€ช 150 -โ€ฌืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืžื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื ื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช โ€ข ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข โ€ช -โ€ฌื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืฉื˜ื—โ€ช 850 :โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืจื›ืก ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฆืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืฆืข ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืœืืžืฆืข ืžืจืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™โ€ช :โ€ฌืคืœืฉืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื‘ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื›ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืœืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸโ€ช-โ€ฌื—ื•ืœ ื’ื™ืจื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ (ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ื“ืœืช) ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื’ืจื’ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื” ื”ื ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืงื•ื•ืจืฅ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื™ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื) ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ (ืื‘ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—)โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸ โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืงื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื™ื“ืขืชโ€ช?...โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื”ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืกื”ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื*โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›โ€ช 2,388 -โ€ฌืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›โ€ช 7-6% -โ€ฌืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื›โ€ช 40% -โ€ฌืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืง ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื (ื™ื—ืกื™ืช)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืชืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืงืจืงืขื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌืืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื˜ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื ื’ืจ (ืžื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื) ื•ืžื™ ืงื•ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื”ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช6โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซ* ืžื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืžื™ = ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื—ื•ื ืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืฆืขื“ืช ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ โ€ช -โ€ฌื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื ื•ืฉืง ืœืคืจื“ืกื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืชืคืืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืคื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ื‘ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช (ืจืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื” ื‘ืขืžโ€™ โ€ช .)10โ€ฌื”ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆืขื™ื“ื” ื•ืจื™ืฆื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช โ€ข ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื›โ€ช 30-โ€ฌืงโ€ืžโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืžืชืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜โ€ช :โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื ืžืชื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื” ืขื ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ (โ€ช 76โ€ฌืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื)โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื—ืช ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸ (ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื” ื‘ืขืžโ€™ โ€ช.)10โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื˜ื™ื— ืื“ื•ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืžื ืช ืจื™ื— ืขืฆื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื“ืขืช? ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืจื•ืื•ืช ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจื’ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืื‘ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ืงื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืื™ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ โ€ช 90โ€ฌื“ื•ื ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืงืงโ€ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืงืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ ืชื•ืจืžื•ืก ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืžื™ ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ โ€ช -โ€ฌืื ื”ืชืขื™ื™ืคืชื ืžื”ื“ืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืจื’ื•ืข โ€œื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืžื™ ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื™ ืฉืงืžื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื ืคื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›โ€ช 12-โ€ฌืžื˜ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืงืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื”ื˜ โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ืงืช ืžื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19 -โ€ฌืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื“ืื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืื‘ื• ื ื‘ื•ื˜โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช8โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžืคืช ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืืจืง ื”ืžื“ืขโ€ฌ

โ€ซื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื•ืจื โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืื™ืจื•ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืจื’ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืกืœื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช = ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืชืฆืคื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจื›ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื = ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืฆืคื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜โ€ฌ

โ€ซืคื™ื ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืžืฆื™ืฅ ื ื˜ื•ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืฆื‘โ€ฌ

โ€ซื›ืœื ื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืžื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื•โ€ช :โ€ฌืงื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจืงืคืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืขื™ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื•ื˜ื ืฉืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืจื•ืชื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆืžื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืคืœื˜ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžโ€ช 150-โ€ฌืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื™ื“ืขืช ?โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืŸ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ืœืขืงื™ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข (โ€ช )IUCNโ€ฌื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฆื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžโ€ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื•โ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืฆืœ ืฉืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜โ€ื• ื‘ืื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ โ€œื—ืฆื™โ€ช-โ€ฌืื‘โ€โ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฆื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€œืœื—ืฆื•ื‘โ€ ื‘ืกืœืข ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ืืœื” ืžืืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ืชืโ€ช :โ€ฌืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื˜ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆืžื— ืงื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืžืงืฆืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืกื—ืœื‘ ืงื“ื•ืฉโ€ฌ

โ€ซืงื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจืงืคืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืกื•ืœื ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืชื ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืื–ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื•ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซืขื“ืขื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ืจื“ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ืœื’ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืืจื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœื•ื˜ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซื ื–ืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืคื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื›ืคื ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื™ืชื ื™ื” ืžืฉื›ืจืชโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ

โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื—ืงืœืื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืื–ื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ืœืžืกืชื•ืจ ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ืงืœืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืš ื•ื”ื—ืžืจื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื—ืคื™ืจืช ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื•ืขืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœืจืื•ืชืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืš ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื™ ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื›โ€ช 15-โ€ฌื–ื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืกื™ืงืกืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืคืจื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื“ื•ื—ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืง ืขื˜ื•ื™ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื“ืจืช ืื•ื›ืœื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื—ืจืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืงื•ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื• ื•ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืคืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ืฆื ื™ืช ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืžืื•ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื ืฃ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ืฆื ื™; ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื‘ ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื˜ืื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ืจื™ื–ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืคืจ ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ืื•ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœืžื—ื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฆื‘ืขื” ื›ืชื•ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื”ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื“ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื™ ืื•ืจืš ื•ืžื ื•ืžืจืช ื‘ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืžืชื—ืคืจืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื ืงืจืืช ืฉื ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ช -โ€ฌืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืขืจื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ืื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅโ€ช .โ€ฌื ืžืฆืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื โ€ช 37โ€ฌืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืจื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฆืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืชื—ืจื™ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืžื™ื“ืชื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื• ืžื—ื•ื“ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ื–ื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื“ืžื•ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฅ ืฆืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืฉื ื—ืคืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœโ€ช-โ€ฌื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื• ื ื›ืœืœื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืžื›ืจืกืžื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื•ืคื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืคืจื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฉื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืžื™ืข ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช-โ€ฌื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืฉื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืื“ื ื‘ืื›ืœื• ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืจื“ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจื™ืฆืชืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€ช 70โ€ฌืงืžโ€ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกืžืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืืจื ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 14โ€ฌืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ืžื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืืจื ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืคืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื—ืื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฆืคืข ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ

โ€ซื–ืขืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฆื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืขืคืจื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ืฅโ€ฌ

โ€ซืกื™ืงืกืงโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื•ื—ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืŸโ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฆืคืข ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืคืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืงืจืงืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืงื™ ื—ื•ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื• ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆืคืข ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฆืคืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฆืคืขื•ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆืคืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืฆืช ื•ืœื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆืคืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืกื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืขื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืงืช ื ืกื™ื•ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืขืžืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ืขืžืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ (ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›โ€ชโ€:โ€ฌื ื—ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€) ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื–ืขืžื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืฉืงืฉืื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื—ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ โ€ช 240โ€ฌืกโ€ืž ื•ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2โ€ฌืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืโ€ช .โ€ฌืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืขืžืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืชืžื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ืจื™ื– ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื•ืžืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœื˜ืื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื›ืจืกืžื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืืจืกื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืžืขืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื—ืฉ ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ื›ืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื ื–ืืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื ื–ืขืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืคืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื™ืœื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ืžื’ื ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›โ€ช 30 -โ€ฌืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅโ€ช-โ€ฌื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืจืฅ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืคืจื™ ื•ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ื—ืจืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขื ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืœืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืจืืฉื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื’ื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืฉืกืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื–ื“ืจื›ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืงื•ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื–ื•ื ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืงืกืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืงืกืง ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืžื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉืžื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฆืจื—ื” ื”ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื›ืžื•โ€ชโ€œ :โ€ฌืกื™ืงโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื™ืงโ€โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืกื™ืงืกืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื•ืฃ ืงืจืงืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ืคื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืชื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื• ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืกื™ืงืกืง ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฅ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืงื ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืขืฉื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 16โ€ฌื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ื–ืจืชื ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ? ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ื ืฉืืกืคืชื ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฆื™ืฆืช ื—ื•ื‘ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ื–ื” (ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช) ืื• ื—ืœืžื™ืช (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช) ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ึผื‘ื–ึธ ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื•ืจืขื ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื™ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื—ื™ ึถโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื? ืžื” ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื?โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื•ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช/โ€ฌื—ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืœึธ ึฐื—ืžื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื—ื ืขืจื‘ื™ ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ึผื‘ื–ึธ ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซึถโ€ฌ โ€ซืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื›ืœื• ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืจืื• ื ืฉื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ื“ืข ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื”ืขืœื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื”ืขืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืจื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื” (โ€ช 4โ€ฌืžื ื•ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1โ€ฌืงโ€ื’ ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2โ€ฌื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1/2โ€ฌื›ื•ืก ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2โ€ฌืฉื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื›ืชื•ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืœืคืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื˜ื—ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื˜ ืื’ื•ื– ืžื•ืกืงื˜ ืžื’ื•ืจืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ โ€ช -โ€ฌืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช18โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ืงื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฆื ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื“ืงโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื ืื• ืงืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืื‘ื•ืŸโ€ฌ


โ€ซืžืกืข ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืฃ ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”โ€ฌ


โ€ซืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืกื•ืก ื’ื™ื™ื–ืœโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื‘ื ื™ื โ€ช 9โ€ฌื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื” โ€ช 74071โ€ฌื˜ืœโ€ช ,08-09383838 .โ€ฌืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜โ€ชwww.nzc.org.il :โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืกโ€ช-โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ื ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ชABUDYDESIGNโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช,,โ€ฌื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืœืื™ืโ€ช,,โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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