Lexi Tsien by Lexi Tsien

LEXI TSIEN

EDUCATION 2013

Yale School of Architecture, New Haven, CT.

2013 Fall

Diller Scofidio + Renfro, New York, NY.

2015

Rubenstein Forum at the University of Chicago (SD). Pier 4, a Tishman Speyer residential project in Boston with art plaza and gallery connecting

Masters in Architecture. 2009

Columbia University GSAPP, New York, NY

Summer

Intro to Architecture, William Feuerman

2004-

Columbia University, New York, NY.

2007

Bachelor of Arts: Anthropology/Visual Arts, cum laude.

2006

School of International Training , Santiago, Chile.

Spring

Globalization and Economic Development Program.

2003-

Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

to ICA (SD, DD). ICA Bridge Extension in Boston (DD). Exhibition Design for Beyond Fashion: Charles James at the Metropolitan Museum of Art,liason with the Costume Institute for analysis of original pieces, full-scale physical mock-ups, and construction administration at Met. Fabrication of “Creepers” for Musings on a Glass Box, Cartier Foundation. Taubman Residence in East Hampton, NY (detailing and CD). Rosemary Hall Auditorium at Choate, CT (SD). Full-scale mockups for residence for David Geffen at 785 5th Avenue, NY. Presentation model for Tower

2004 Urban Studies Focus. 2002

Academy of Art San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.

Summer

Graphic Design

2013

Education Innovation Center at the American Museum of Natural History. Work on design section for Highline Book. 2013

Davies, Tang, and Toews, Brooklyn, NY.

Summer

Schematic Design for Minetta Lane renovation. Construction administration

Guest Critic

for EVF Row House in New York.

Yale School of Architecture, Drawing Architectural Form

2012

Conceptual design for a charter school in Chicago. Schematic

Yale School of Architecture, Junior Studio

Summer

Design and Design Development for a 50,000 sf redesign of Chester

Farm and associated structures into a live/work complex for artist Cai Guo

Xiang. Model-building and stair design for Eagle Street House.

2007 -

Bernard Tschumi Architects, New York, NY.

2010

Office manager, assistance on publications, symposia, and lecture

AWARDS AND TEACHING Fall 2014

D, Hudson Yards. Contribution to competition entry for Science and

Moulton Andrus Award Recipient, Yale School of Architecture. Annual award to graduating student who has achieved excellence in art and architecture.

2011-12

Teaching Fellow, Drawing Architecture, w/ Victor Agran.

Spring

Undergraduate conceptual and analytic drawing course.

2012

Teaching Fellow, Intro to Architecture, w/ Alec Purves.

Fall

Introductory undergraduate architectural drawing course.

2011

Teaching Fellow, Visualization II, w/ Sunil Bald and Kent

2004-

Neiman Center for Print Studies, Columbia University, New York,

Bloomer. First-year graduate course focusing on 2D and 3D

2007

NY. Shop management, press assistance for limited artist editions.

Spring

on behalf of Bernard Tschumi. Project and publications archivist. Responsible for RFQ/RFP submissions. Contributions to Prince George’s County African American Museum, Abu Dhabi Media Zone Masterplan, Singapore Mediapolis masterplan.

visualization of form. EXHIBITIONS AND PUBLICATIONS 2006

Sainsbury / Gatsby Foundation Independent Grant Recipient

2002

Most Outstanding Student, Graphic Design, Academy of Art, Summer

San Francisco, CA.

To Draw is to See: Drawings of Rome, Hearst Tower, New York, NY, March 2014

“Screenlapse,” Villa Giulia,

2012-2013 Retrospecta Museum for Manga Culture | Stacked Cs - A School for Life and Cooking Skills | Ricardo Bofill: Seeking Ruin

REFERENCES Sunil Bald, Advanced Studio Critic sbald@studiosumo.com

Big Plans Year End Exhibition, Yale School of Architecture, 2013 4000 CF 2011-2012 Retrospecta Routed Surface, Urbanism Studio | Fiction and Figures, Theory since 1968

Andrew Benner, Advanced Studio Critic, Williams-Tsien studio,

| “Screenlapse,” Villa Giulia, Rome: Continuity and Change | Sciagraphy,

andrew.benner@gmail.com Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, Advanced Studio Critics, tod@twbta.com, billie@twbta.com Bernard Tschumi, Bernard Tschumi Architects nyc@tschumi.com

Drawing and Architectural Form Rome Continuity and Change Exhibition, Yale School of Architecture, 2012

“Screenlapse,” Villa Giulia

Visualizing Form Exhibition, Yale School of Architecture, 2012

“Drawing to Building” | “3D Translation”

Visualization, The Study, New Haven, 2012 SKILLS

“3D Translation” | Peabody Drawings

3D Max, AutoCAD, Revit, Rhino, V-Ray, T-splines, Maxwell Renderer, Adobe

Drawing and Representation Exhibition, Yale School of Architecture, 2011

Creative Suite, Aftereffects, Microsoft Suite, 3D printing, Woodshop.

“Sciagraphy” | “Panorama”

2010-2011 Retrospecta

WORK

3D Translation, Visualization II | Ruin drawing, Visualization IV

2015 Fall

Barkow Leibinger, Berlin, Germany.

Last Gasp, Putting Lot design-build competition winner, Brooklyn, NY

Present

TRUMPF Production Facilities, Chicago, ILL (DD, CD).Design Development

Tablet, Fall cover and Spring issues, Columbia University, 2007

for Ballroom in Estrel Tower Berlin (SD, DD).

PROFESSIONAL WORK 1

T RU M PF CH I CAGO

Barkow Leibinger Chicago, IL

EST REL TOWER A ND BA LLROOM

Barkow Leibinger Berlin, Germany

RU B EN ST EI N F ORU M

Diller Scofidio + Renfro University of Chicago, Chicago, IL

PIER 4

Diller Scofidio + Renfro Fan Pier, Boston, MA

DU NES RESI DENCE

Diller Scofidio + Renfro East Hampton, NY

TOWER D

Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hudson Yards, New York, NY

CH A RLES JA M ES

Diller Scofidio + Renfro Beyond Fashion: Charles James Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

M U SEU M OF N AT U RA L H I STORY COM PET I T I ON

Diller Scofidio + Renfro New York, NY

CA I GU O X I A NG CH EST ER H ORSE FA RM

Chester, New Jersey Davies, Tang, and Toews

EAGLE ST REET H OU SE

Davies, Tang, and Toews Greenpoint, Brooklyn

PRI N CE GEORGEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S A F RI CA N A M ERI CA N M U SEU M

Bernard Tschumi Architects Washington, D.C.

Bernard Tschumi Architects Rolle, Switzerland

CA RN A L DOM E, LE ROSEY

M EDI A POLI S M AST ERPLA N

Bernard Tschumi Architects Singapore

PU B LI CAT I ONS

Bernard Tschumi Architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro

1 TRUMPF CHICAGO Barkow Leibinger Chicago, IL Work with Heiko Krech, Carles Figueras, Cecilia Fossati, and Jordan Berta.

B B' C

A PRESENTATION

4.7째

MULTIMEDIA

21'-6"

MEP

OFFICE SPARE PARTS

WS Area: 449,3

STORAGE

B B'

SECTION B2

4.7째

OFFICE

SECTION B1

PRESENTATION

4.7째 MEETING

CONFERENCE

KITCHEN

MULTIMEDIA

MEP

CAFE STORAGE

SPARE PARTS

SECTION BB

B B' C

SECTION AA A

MEP

SECTION CC

SECTION FF

SECTION GG

SECTION EE

SECTION DD

2 ESTREL TOWER AND BALLROOM Berlin, Germany Barkow Leibinger Work with Blake Villwock, Jordan Berta, Jan Blifernez, Martina Bauer, Lukas Weder, Nadja Jeske, Svetlana Curcic, Ulrich Fuchs, Carolin Lehnerer, Ulrich von T端rckheim, and Sebastian Awick.

3 RUBENSTEIN FORUM Diller Scofidio + Renfro University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Work with Charles Curran, Mike Robitz, Jack Solomon.

4 PIER 4 Diller Scofidio + Renfro Fan Pier, Boston, MA

5 DUNES RESIDENCE East Hampton, NY Diller Scofidio + Renfro. Work with Holly Chacon, Quang Truong, and Rolando Vega.

6 TOWER D Diller Scofidio + Renfro Hudson Yards, New York, NY Work with Kelsey Olafson, Justin Gallagher, Cameron Ringness.

7 CHAR LES JAM ES Beyond Fashion: Charles James Diller Scofidio + Renfro Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

26 MET - CHARLES JAMES 13017

Project Name: Project Number:

NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION

8 A M E R I C A N M U S E U M O F N AT U R A L H I S TO R Y Science and Education Innovation Center Diller Scofidio + Renfro New York, NY

9 CAI GUO XIANG CHESTER HORSE FARM Davies, Tang, and Toews Chester, New Jersey

concrete

stainless steel

cobalt tile 4.25” x 4.25”

douglas fir 5” wide

terracotta 4”x8” earthquake

teakwood 5” wide

stainless steel angel hair

galvanized stove pipe

plaster

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

white cedar siding and decking

douglas fir

stone

w e s t e le vat i on

stainless steel angel hair

galvanized stove pipe

plaster

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

stone

white cedar siding and decking

douglas fir

eas t elevati o n

stainless steel angel hair

plywood

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

white cedar siding and decking

douglas fir

stone

plaster

north e le vatio n

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

plaster

galvanized stove pipe

stainless steel angel hair

douglas fir

stone

plaster

white cedar siding and decking

s outh e le vation

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

existing to remain

douglas fir window trim

white cedar clapboard siding and BarndOOrs

plaster on cmU

guest wing | west elevation

stainless steel angel hair standing seam

existing to remain

douglas fir window trim

plaster on cmU

white cedar clapboard siding and BarndOOrs

guest wing | east elevation

10 E A G L E S T R E E T H O U S E Davies, Tang, and Toews Greenpoint, Brooklyn

* W O R K W I T H T R AT T I E D AV I E S , D A R I A S O LO M O N , A N D A M Y C H A N G

11 P R I N C E G E O R G E â&#x20AC;&#x2122; S A F R I C A N A M E R I C A N M U S E U M

12 C A R N A L D O M E , L E R O S E Y

Bernard Tschumi Architects

Washington, D.C.

Rolle, Switzerland

Work with Bernard Tschumi, Kim Starr, Chris Lee, Mitch McEwen, Thanasis Manis, Ciro Miguel, Taylor Burgess, John Eastridge

Work with Bernard Tschumi, Kate Scott, Athanasios Manis, W.Y. Frank Chen, Ciro Miguel, Kim Starr, Colin Spoelman, John Eastridge, V. Mitch McEwen, Taylor Burgess

13 M E D I A P O L I S M A S T E R P L A N

14 B T A P U B L I C A T I O N S

Bernard Tschumi Architects Singapore Work with Bernard Tschumi, Kim Starr, Mitch McEwen, Nefeli Chatzimina, Joel Rutten, Chris Lee, Francoise Akinosho, Taylor Burgess, Piyush Bajpai, Micheal Young

Work with Bernard Tschumi, Grace Robinson-Leo, and Colin Spoelman

WORK

3 C â&#x20AC;&#x2122;S: STACKE D GA R D E N S

A S C H O O L F O R L I F E A N D C O O K I N G S K I L LS

Tod Williams and Billie Tsien with Andrew Benner

Sao Paulo, Brazil

OTA KU PO P!

N AT I O N A L C EN T ER F O R M A N GA C U LT U RE

Sunil Bald

Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan

RO U TE D SU R FACE

Sunil Bald

Stamford, Connecticut

BCCA

B RO O K LY N C EN T ER F O R C O N T EM PO RA RY A RT

Brooklyn Navy Yards, New York, NY

FIGU R E A N D FIE L D

Socrates Sculpture Park, Brooklyn, NY

PLOT TE N SE

Ben Pell

Tobacco Warehouse, Brooklyn, NY

4000 CU BIC FE E T

Tobacco Warehouse, Brooklyn, NY

Martin Finio

Ben Pell

3 C ’ S : S TA C K E D G A R D E N S

*PUBLISHED IN 2012-2013 RETROSPECTA

Advanced Studio with Tod Williams, Billie Tsien,

and Andrew Benner

São Paulo, Brazil

A SCHOOL FOR LIFE AND COOKING SKILLS

The density of infrastructure in downtown São Paulo obscures a view of its varied topography and thick sectional ground. Income disparity creates a lower stratum of poor favelas to the rich above. The school hopes to reclaim this ground programmatically, by providing adolescents from favelas with the level of training to pursue careers in culinary services. The building also claims ground physically with three gardens that are tectonically clamped into the sectional datums of the site to create a series of platforms with frontages open to the public. These gardens provide the threshold between building and city, offering a slice of earth to its occupants, visitors, and the surrounding city.

Av. ﾃネvaro de Carvalho

e Julho

d Av. Nove

Via

e ed ov

lho

The building is sited on a 14 meter grade change (between Av. Nove de Julho and Av. ﾃネvaro de Carvalho) with a raised street level above (Viaduct Nove de Julho). Three clamps capitalize on this layering of infrastructure to negotiate grade change. In turn, each clamp extends sectional ground by offering a space and garden to the city.

GARDEN TO SKY

CAFE TO VIADUCT

EVENT TO STREET

The first clamp opens an event space to the public. It projects the various activities of the school (whether a graduation ceremony or a day market), while the garden softens its edge as an institution to the noise and traffic of Avenida Nove de Julho. The second C opens a garden and café onto Viaduct Nove de Julho. Teaching kitchens, classrooms, administrative programs, and counseling rooms on a second floor overlook the café to create a double height space. The last C is open to the sky, with 80 dormitory rooms surrounding a communal garden. Each double or single room offers students a skylight and a refuge from the city. The dormitory level cantilevers the exact width of the viaduct’s sidewalk to create an overhang for the café below.

S T U D E NT G A R D E N

E V E NT

VD OV .N E

O .N

DORMITORY

CAFE

CA F E

R VA

EVENT SPACE

Above: detail section model of lower street entry, to event space, cafe to viaduct, and dormitory level above. Left: Axonometric of the building absorbing public passage, coded in red.

1 EVENT SPACE TO STREET

CAFE TO VIADUCT

DORM ROOMS TO SKY

SECTION BB (longitudinal section looking east)

SECTION CC (longitudinal section looking west)

7 3

8 1 3

5 9

1 EVENT SPACE

2 MEDIA

1 PUBLIC ENTRY

1 OURTREACH / INTAKE

2 LOBBY

2 LIFE SKILLS WORKSHOP

3 TICKETS / INFO

3 CLASSROOM

4 AV BOOTH

4 COMPUTER LAB

5 EVENT SPACE

5 MEDIA LIBRARY

6 TERRACE 7 STUDENT ENTRY / SECURITY 8 LOADING 9 EVENT SPACE STORAGE

58 58

6 3

1 4

9 10

8 A M , W A K E UP: DORM ROOM

8:15 AM , SHOW ER: BATHROOM

8:30 AM , BREAKFAST: COM M UN AL AREA

8:55AM, C H A NG E: LOCKERS

9 A M , C O O K I NG C L A S S : T EA C H I NG K I T C H EN ( A )

11AM, ESL: CLASSROOM

3 P M , C O M M ER C I A L K I T C H E N: P R E P F O R D I NNE R

SCHE DUL E + TR AI NING PH A S ES janeiro

MONDAY breakfast shift

FL 4 FL 4 FL 3 FL 4 FL 3 FL 2 FL 5

8:30 AM 11:00 AM 1:00 PM 3:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 11:00 PM

line cook duties; preps breakfast in restaurant class in teaching kitchen LUNCH ESL DINNER movie night / media lab curfew

FL 4 FL 3 FL 3 FL 4 FL5 FL 3 FL 2 FL 5

9:00 AM 11:00 PM 1:00 PM 3:00 PM 5:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 11:00 PM

breakfast / free time line cook duties; preps lunch in restaurant LUNCH class in teaching kitchen ESL DINNER movie night / media lab curfew

dinner shift

FL 4 FL 4 FL 4 FL 3 FL 3 FL 3 FL 2 FL 5

8:30 AM 9:00 AM 11:00 AM 1:00 PM 3:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 11:00 PM

simple breakfast in cafe or on education floor class in teaching kitchen ESL LUNCH cooking duties; preps dinner in restaurant DINNER movie night / media lab curfew

cafe shift

broken up, so they take hours in between breakfast, lunch, dinner take Teaching Kitchen Classes with others when free

lunch shift

40 STUDENTS 10 BREAKFAST 10 LUNCH 10 DINNER 10 GENERAL CAFE STAFF

1 P M , C A F E : LU N CH 7 PM, CAFE: DINNER

AV. NOVE DE JUL HO

allowing for overlap between training phases, so students can teach each other fevereiro

marรงo

abril

maio

junho

julho

agosto

setembro

outubro

novembro

dezembro

TRAINING / CLEANING hospitality classes esl cleans dishes

WAIT STAFF food runner busser hostess bartender server

**during this 6 month period each student is on a rotating schedule:

classes cleans wait staff line cook

breakfast lunch dinner general cafe hours open to public and students

LINE COOK prepares food works grill, broil, fry recieves direction from chef or cook

PANTRY / PREP COOK pantry organization prepares food in kitchen cleans, cuts, stores, preps food recieves direction from chef, cook, pantry chef

while on kitchen duty, students eat the meals they have helped prepare or serve with the whole kitchen staff

TRAINING P HASE A

T RAINING PHAS E B

SOUS CHEF second to chef de cuisine runs kitchen provides instruction and training to cooks and kitchen staff

5 PM , FREE TIM E: COM PUTER L AB HOM EW ORK SKYPES PAREN TS

8 P M M O V I E NI G H T

janeiro

fevereiro

marรงo

abril

maio

junho

AV. ALVARO DE CARVALHO

6 PM MU SI C SCH O O L

julho

CHEF DE CUISINE daily kitchen operations manages line cooks works with chef assists with ordering and inventory

EXECUTIVE CHEF coordinates kitchen work creates recipes BUSINESS MANAGEMENT creates and adjusts menu monitors and controls costs and inventory Maitre D' works with GM on marketing initiatives oversees dining room experience cooks for events and fundraisers consults with GM and executive chef directs restaurant, communication between kitchen and dining room finance training in business incubator organizes events and fundraisers for school

GRADUAT ION!

OTA K U P O P :

*PUBLISHED IN 2012-2013 RETROSPECTA

Sunil Bald, Advanced Studio

Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan

OTAKU

POP

A N A T I O N A L C E N T E R F O R M A N G A C U LT U R E

In 2009, approximately US $120 million dollars was stipulated in Japan’s annual budget for a new national museum, The National Center for Media Arts. The museum became a political football, derisively dubbed a “state run manga café.” Taro Aso, the main proponent of the project, was ridiculed as an otaku (a geek with a passion for manga or animé). His party lost political power and the project was shelved. Working with the program developed by Japan’s national government, this project resuscitates the charge of the national museum, using the dynamism of Tokyo’s urban manga landscape to reconsider what a national museum could be.

AKIHABARA

OMOTESANDO

The building must also respect the die-hard otakus who live and consume manga in Akihabara, a former black market electronics district which seems to clash with the polished and sleek world of Japanese consumerism. C O S P L AY

This proposal wholly accepts these differences. Rather

GARDEN

OUTDOOR SPACE

than coding the building as otaku vs. non-otaku, the building interprets the world of Manga and the national culture of Japan as heterogeneous and ephemeral. The building is

RO L E P L AY I N G GAMES

ARCADE

AUDIO VISUAL HALL

MANGA CAFE

KITCHEN

PUBLIC CAFE / GIFTSHOP

meant to be in a state of metamorphosis, much like its users. Everyone may be an otaku.

RESEARCH

EVENT SPACE / STORAGE

FANZINES / COMIC MARKET

S TA C KS

R E N TA L SHOWCASE

STORAGE

E D U C AT I O N

LIBRARY

WHITE WALL GALLERY

Taking cues from Odaibaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bizarre breed of island urbanism, and the monorail and bridges the characterize its transit, the building hopes to absorbs the urbanity of Manga (and its corollary sites, such as Akihabara, Ikebukuro, the Harajuku bridge, etc.) to create an institution that respects both manga novice and die hard fan. Otaku and Pop are meant to intersect and impact one another. The hope is that the building can absorb and promote different forms of urbanity, and a transformation of personality.

OTAKU

POP

COSPLAY

PHOTO BOOTH

THEATRE

MANGA CAFE

GALLERY OTAKU EXHIBITION

AKIHABARA

C O S P L AY

OMOTESANDO

GARDEN

OUTDOOR SPACE

RO L E P L AY I N G GAMES

ARCADE

AUDIO VISUAL HALL

MANGA CAFE

KITCHEN

PUBLIC CAFE / GIFTSHOP

RESEARCH

EVENT SPACE / STORAGE

FANZINES / COMIC MARKET

S TA C KS

R E N TA L SHOWCASE

STORAGE

RENTAL SHOWCASE

A D U LT M A N G A

FANZINES

LIBRARY

ARCHIVE

E D U C AT I O N

LIBRARY

WHITE WALL GALLERY

COMIC MARKET

READING ROOMS

The National Museum for Manga Culture is an extension of this notion of transit and the surrounding buildings in Odaiba. Corollary programs are found between these two poles of influence in the project. Intermediary programs are found and sequenced so that the building can literally bridge to Odaiba, draw in its satellite districts, and all its corresponding â&#x20AC;&#x153;types.â&#x20AC;? The intent is to dissolve the typecast.

TIPHARES AND THE SCRAPYARD Manga is about transporting oneself into another world and inhabiting it. There are the dualities between good and evil, utopia and dystopia, formal and informal, static and active, and between its spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; between the white wall gallery and the cluttered otaku collection...

OTAKU WORLD Manga is about falling in love with another world. The otaku, or the manga-obsessed-nerd lives in his or her own bubble collecting, playing, becoming...

TRAIN MONSTER Tokyo commuters pack into trains, read manga, get off at their stop and leave a copy behind on the rack for the next passenger to pick up. You can ride the train and shed your business suit for a cosplay costume.

PROCESS MODELS

OUTOOR SPACE

MISANTHROPES: A HOUSE FOR AN OTAKU COSPLAY COSTUMES

How does one become an otaku? How does he or she live? This is a home for an Otaku named Nisan, and his 2-D girlfriend, Nemutan. The house

SLEEPING SPACE

is of similar dimension and programming as the museum. The strategy

PIN UP SPACE

is as much about function as it is about falling in love, from collecting

READING NOOK

characters, to drawing them, to becoming them. The form reflects this transformation through a simple twist.

MANGA COLLECTION

KITCHEN TOY DISPLAY ANIME VIEWING

OUTOOR SPACE

OUTDOOR SPACE

3 7 4

PIN UP SPACE

MANGA COLLECTION

TOY DISPLAY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ENTRY COAT CLOSET TOY DISPLAY EATING NOOK UNDERCOUNTER FRIDGE AND SINK PROJECTION AREA DVD COLLECTION

1 2 3 4 5

COMPUTER SPACE MANGA COLLECTION DRAWING EQUIPMENT STORAGE READING NOOK

1 2 3 4

ROLE PLAY AREA COS PLAY DISPLAY STORAGE / BUREAU SLEEPING SPACE

OUTDOOR PATIO / PHOTO STUDIO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

ENTR COAT TOY D EATIN UNDE PROJ DVD

MONORAIL

MAINSTREAM

PROGRAMMING HOUSE TO MUSEUM

MARKET

OTAKU

TWIST EXPERIMENTS

U R B A N P L A T F O R M : The building folds in the trajectories of transit, making a building that is both architecture and urban design. The building is seen as a collecting point, layering personality vectors and trajectories of the site.

NCMOA | 55

METABOLISTS: experiments with twisted forms

OMOTESANDO FASHION: issey miyake and origami

COMPILING RESEARCH: re-writing program

NOVICE

Manga culture, and its genres of consumption are organized as a branching path, much like they are divided into urban districts for women (Ikebukuro) and men (Akihabara)...

EARLY M ANGA MAINSTREAM MANGA

児童漫画 KODOM O ( CHI LDRENS M ANGA AGES 4-10)

少年漫画 S HONEN ( BOYS MA NGA AG E S 1 0-17)

少女漫画 SHOJO (GIRLS M ANGA AGES 13-17)

児童漫画 S E I NE N ( YOU NG ME N’S MA NGA)

女性漫画 JOSEI / REDIKOM I (YOUNG W OM EN’ S M ANGA)

G/PG/X-RATED 変態 HENTAI (M EN’ S PORN)

OTAKU

漫画 YAOI ( WO ME N’S BOY LO VE)

FA N MA NGA FE MA LE OTA KU

FAN M ANGA M ALE OTAKU

IKEBUKURO + AKIHABARA

1 2 3 78

path breaks skin, connects to site / monorail / exterior ramp floorplate is punctured, creating views static space connected to path in plan

READING ROOM

LIBRARY (CIRCULATING)

IKEBUKURO

COMIC MARKET

FANZINES

EARLY MANGA

AKIHABARA

PREPARATION

MONORAIL LOBBY

VIDEO INSTALLATION INFO / TICKETS

INFO / TICKETS

VIDEO INSTALLATION

INFO / TICKETS

EARLY MANGA COAT CHECK

COAT CHECK

SHOWCASE RENTAL SHOWCASE RENTAL EXHIBIT OTAKU GALLERY PREPARATION GALLERY PREPARATION

EARLY MANGA

COAT CHECK

RENTAL SHOWCASE OTAKU EXHIBIT

TOY DISPLAY

OTAKU EXHIBIT

CONSUME

DISPLAY

comic market | circulating library | fanzines

toy display | gift shop | video installation

TOY DISPLAY

COLLECT COLLECT COLLECT

DISPLAY DISPLAYDISPLAY

installation in | video shop shop | video gift sho |toygift display display toy display | gifttoy

nstallation

HARAJUKU FASHION

HARAJUKU FASHION ART MARKET

ART MARKET

EDUCATION

TICKETS

COSPLAY COSTUMES

FLEX SPACE

PRIZES / TICKETS

FLEX SPACE

STORAGE

ADMIN

ADMIN CLASSROOM

ARCADE

SERVICE

MARKET

ROLEPLAY

art market | harajuku fashion | emerging manga

cosplay space | gardens

SERVICE

ENTERTAINMARKET MARKET

PLAY

fashion | outdoor | harajuku | harajuku fashion market space cosplay | garden art art market

space | outdoor | CLASSRO cosplay | garden research resea

RESEARCHRES 81

STATIC SPACE

STORAGE SPACE

MOVING / BROWSING SPACE

TOKYO TRANSIT N AT I O N A L C U LT U R E SHIBUYA CROSSING

FFLAT L A TSLAB SLAB

PPEEL E E LSLAB ED SLAB

VVERTICAL E R T I CSURFACE AL SURFACE

THICKENED WALL / STHICKENED T O R A G SURFACE E

BUBBLE BUBBLE 82

Two systems are at play as they relate to program. (1) A system of interconnected floor plates provides external connections to site and accommodate internal programs for moving / browsing space: bookstore, archive, library, lobby. (2) A system of bubbles that accommodates static programs: reading space, gallery, role-playing game, and cosplay pod.

PLAY cosplay | garden | outdoor space

DISPLAY audio visual hall

ENTERTAIN DISPLAY

RPG PODS

toy collection

CONSUME OTAKU DISPLAY

manga cafe | kitchen | giftshop

flexible gallery space

HISTORICAL ARCHIVE library (non-circulating) organized by genre

LOBBY information | coat check | bookstore

LIVING ARCHIVE library (non-circulating) organized by genre

RESEARCH research | education | administration | storage

READ reading room

BUY / BORROW comic market | circulating library

BUBBLE TRANSIT

Gallery view with graphic wrapper

Cosplay roof

The envelope is responsive to both systems, acting as a membrane that twists around the building, responding to the slabs, while also warping from its bubbles. The slab extends an arm to connect across to the monorail, drawing urbanity into the building.

section

est

facing w

The roof bubble lets the sky in to create a cosplay garden...

Main lobby entrance

Clockwise from below: Final sectional model, reading room, view of roof, reading room, audio-visual hall, balcony, cosplay bubble.

ROUTED SURFACE * P UB L IS H E D IN 2 01 1 - 2 0 1 2 R E TROS PE CTA

Sunil Bald, Urbanism Studio

Stamford, Connecticut

This project intends to stitch the divided districts of North and South Stamford (bisected by I-95 and a rail station) back together while extending the Mill River Corridor. Our team saw infrastructure as opportunity rather than impasse. Capitalizing on an existing transportation route our intervention intends to create transaction through programmatic thresholds. The design subsumes the platform and the station. The spine created from north to south has the potential of an invisible masterplan - as light as a gesture as the sign for a bus, or as thick as the layer of paint on the road.

*WORK WITH TALITHA LIU

93 93

95 95

PROCESS WORK:

catches rainfal catche

center community community center live

live

play

gray watergray water building as building environment as environment

a program potentials (site 1):

COLLAGE METHODOLOGY:

cues from context (motifs)

Pulling in from site context, our method was to juxtapose content and create an event on each site.

combining corporate parks in surrounding context to create a space for the public. like the podium typology greenscape can be elevated to a higher urban plane that crosses over the highway / rail motifs

urban datums

a greenspace and a monorail could provide public transport and pedestrian infrastructure. this would link to existing urban corridor along waters edge.

podiums + bridges elevated urban plane

bringing streetscape into the block

UNFOLDED ELEVATION: Soft infrastructure with embedded program acts as an institutional spine

program potentials (site 5): greenspace recreation sports facilities park recreation marina pier bridges

ll es rainfall STAMFORD TRANSIT STAMFORDCENTER TRANSIT CENTER

ARTS CENTER ARTS CENTER bioswale bioswale

UCONN TRACK UCONN TRACK

INTERSTATEINTERSTATE

in lowdrain points; drainplanting between beds planting beds drains in drains low points; between

unfolded unfolded elevation elevation soft n ifras trsuct ofturn i efras witthruct m eu be re dde widthpro m egr be am dded program actingas a nacit ns ing titut asional a n ins spin titut eionalspine

EVENTS AND THRESHOLDS: Events and thresholds are mediated by a bus system that is embedded with the architecture.

FROM LINE TO (W)EDGES: Blurring the hard edge of the route by weaving surfaces of program - (park) (commercial) (institutional) (financial) through the extension of the Mill River Greenway, bracketed by the river.

ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE WATER

LINE

(W) EDGES 97

The intervention is intended to have radial effects over time.

zoneheterotopia

Program is heterotopic

private slab

public tube

convention public amphitheatre

retail platform meeting space

library light commercial / industrial

corporate housing corporate offices commercial recreatiom event space

zoneheterotopia

DOUBLE HOOK

Convention center and public amphitheater that brings together corporate and public institutions

EXTENDED PLATFORM

From the train station we extended the platform to connect to the bus line. A retail surface stitches the street to the Mill River greenway.

WEDGE

To respond to the Southern district context we added public program to light commercial and industrial zones.

ROUTED SURFACE

We identified urban surfaces to create adjacencies that juxtaposed program, but also created a conjunctive gesture along a route.

TUBES THROUGH TISSUE

We created a corporate housing and office complex that punctured through a connective tissue of retail and recreational facilities.

100

Above left: Convention Center on north site Above: Bus route with an extendable platform Left: Library overlooking Washington Street, on Wedge site

101

B C C A : B R O O K LY N C E N T E R F O R CONTEMPORARY ARTS

Martin Finio, Public Building Studio

Brooklyn Navy Yards, Brooklyn, NY

As an extension of the Brooklyn Navy Yard pier, an artist-inresidency program interlocks with a space of display through the passage of the visiting public. This public has direct connection to an installation in the second level atrium that is curated by a resident each term. The tectonic interlock creates shears (in plan and section) allowing for variable light conditions, and visual and physical porosity between gallery and resident programs.

102

ARTIST: 1

multipurpose space

working gallery

PATRON: A

to office spaces/ education

public circulation

video installation 103 103

104

Daylighting model

Drawing precedent: Wiel Arets and Theo Van Doesburg

1 5

5 9

106

S y m posi a S pa ce / Ba ck of Hou se

M ain Lo b by / Wo rking Ga lle ry

1 SYMPOSIA SPACE

1 MAIN LOBBY

2 JANITORIAL STORAGE

2 CAFE

3 TRASH ROOM

3 BOOKSTORE

4 METAL SHOP AND STAFF LOCKERS

4 LOUNGE

5 WOOD SHOP

5 MEDIA LOUNGE

6 CLOSED STORAGE

6 FLEXIBLE INSTALLATION

7 THEATRE STORAGE

7 WORKING GALLERY

10 2

3 5 1

7 10

V i si ti n g A rti st I n sta l l a ti on / S taff Office s

Art ist St ud io s / Learning Sp ac e s

1 VISITING ARTIST INSTALLATION

1 M U LT I P U R P O S E S P A C E

2 STAFF BREAK ROOM

2 M U LT I M E D I A L E A R N I N G C E N T E R

3 CURATORS OFFICES

3 EDUCATION DIRECTOR OFFICE

4 REGISTRAR OFFICE

4 ARTIST STUDIOS

5 FLAT FILES

5 STAFF OFFICES

6 OPEN OFFICE

6 ARTIST WORKSHOP

7 OFFICES / MEETING ROOMS

7 CLASSROOM

VIDEO INSTALLATION / DIGITAL MEDIA

8 LEARNING SPACE

PRINTS

9 ARTIST STUDIOS

10 OVERLOOK ON WORKING GALLERY

107 107

B 8'

Guard Rail

Water Proofing 4"Rigid Instulation Facade Sub-Structure 1" Natural Stone Facade Panel 6% Slope

T/ROOF EL.+69'-02" T/STEEL EL.+68'-07"

Drop Ceiling Hanger HVAC Drop Ceiling 3/4" = 1'

1.5" = 1'

Air Diffuser

CMU Block Wall Metal Runner

Water Proofing

2 Layers Gypsum Board

Gutter Flushing

Polished Conrete Floor Finish

Gutter Drainage

LEVEL 02 EL.+46'-02" T/STEEL EL.+45'-07"

Skylight Glazing Gypsum Interior Finish

Composite Floor Decking Steel Gerter 3/4" = 1'

Spray Insulation

6% Slope

LEVEL 01 EL.+23'-02"

1.5" = 1'

T/STEEL EL.+22'-07"

3/4" = 1'

LEVEL 00 EL.+00'-00"

3/4" = 1'

LEVEL -01 EL.-23'-00"

+ 7 7 '- 6 "

+ 6 9 '- 0 "

+ 4 6 '- 0 "

OPE RA BLE DAYLIGHTING OVE R MU LTIPU RPOSE SPA C E

Basement Slab

+ 2 3 '- 0 "

Gravel FIRE E X I T

Foundation Wall

F RE I GH T E N TRA N CE CAFE ENTRANCE

Pillar Cap Beyond Pillars Beyond

GRA NITE TILING S YS TE M 150 mm

3000 mm

WOOD

BL A CK GRA NITE

GL A S S

108 3/4" = 1'

1 basement level structure

* S YS T E M S I N T E G R AT I O N , C O N S T R U C T I O N S E Q U E N C E A N I M AT I O N , W O R K W I T H A A RO N D R E S B E N A N D T E O M A N AYA S

2 first level structure and ductwork 3 second and third level structure and ductwork 4 roof structure and ductwork 5 interior steel stud wall 6 reinforced cmu wall 7 air water vapor barrier, facade clips 8 rigid insulation and steel sub-structure 9 natural stone, rainscreen cladding system

9 109

5.1 P L O T T E N S E

Ben Pell Studio

Tobacco Warehouse, Brooklyn, NY

TENSION:

TENSION BASED UPON:

incline parralel

a : the act or action of stretching or the condi-

structural support The Warehouse tion Tobacco or degree of being stretched tobecomes stiffness : a space devoted to the tautness spectacle, performance, and culture of the body. Studying ele-

VISUAL REFERENCE:

PROGRAMMATIC RELATIONSHIP:

BRIDGE + WAREHOUSE

ACTIVATES

ments of dance, the frame of the warehouse is the stage for an 2a : either of two balancing forces causing or

architectural intervention negotiated by tension: tending to cause extension

b : the stress resulting from the elongation of

1)anbetween elastic body the building and the bodies of its users 2) between the building and the Warehouse walls : inner striving, or imbalance 3)3abetween theunrest, building and often the Manhattan Bridge with physiological indication of emotion b : a state of latent hostility or opposition

stretch gravitational pull between figures taut stability

FIELD / FIGURE

inextricable knot

INDOOR THEATRE BACK OF HOUSE

Field acts as by figures an

Field can be quences of v Field can ind

between individuals or groups c : a balance maintained in an artistic work between opposing forces or elements 4 : a device to produce a desired tension (as in a loom)

STAGE

proximity to surfaces that repel (inducing performance of user)

GALLERY TO LOBBY?

reciprocal inflection

INDOOR THEATRE OUTDOOR THEATRE

Force users t curvilinear to creates dyna

Reciprocity a strata / datu

P A R A L L A X : â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;changeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, displacement of the apparent position of a body, due to a change of position of the observer cantilevered bodies

110

LOBBY TO THEATRE

Suspending t tion, creates ing to a floa

From top: Entry to second floor View from Water Street View of circulation tube from second level 111

112

113

GREEN ROOM

BACK OF HOUSE

ET TRE K S DOC NEW

MEDIA ROOM / CLASSROOM

ARTISTS ENTRANCE

DANCE STUDIO 1

GALLERY SPACE (2000 SF)

TICKETS

COATROOM

STREET ENTRANCE

114

OUTDOOR AUDITORIUM BACK OF HOUSE

DRESSING ROOM INDOOR AUDITORIUM (200 SEATS)

WC STORAGE LOADING DOCK VIEW TO OUTDOOR AUDITORIUM SPILL SPACE

CAFE BAR

SCULPTURE GARDEN

INDOOR CAFE

OUTDOOR TERRACE

RETAIL / BOOKSTORE

LOBBY

PRIMARY ENTRANCE

115

5.2 S E A M :

FIGURE FIELD

Ben Pell Studio Socrates Sculpture Park, Brooklyn, NY A small building for Socrates Sculpture Park accommodates three constituent populations: boat storage, indoor gallery, and bicycle rental. Engaging the conditions of water, park, and considering the orientation, speed, and frequency of each program results in a field that negotiates with the figure of the building. The seam condition of water to land on this site also creates juxtapositions amongst program so each complements or unfolds upon one another.

116

117

118

2 7

6 4

1 BIKE PARKING 2 L O C K E R S T1O R A Gbike E parking 3 K A Y A K R E N2T A L locker A N D S T Ostorage RAGE 4 SHOWER

kayak rental and storage 3 5 LAUNCH DOCK shower 4 6 CAFE launch dock 5 7 INTERIOR GALLERY cafe 6 7

interior gallery

119

5.3 4 0 0 0 C U B I C F E E T

Ben Pell Studio

Asked to design a system of enclosure for a total volume of space measuring 4,000 cubic feet, a single tectonic surface differentiates a series of spaces, and mediates thresholds for light, view,, and passage. The tectonic is a unit square, scored, and manipulated so it is able to flex. It is pinched to various degrees to allow for the aggregated surface to modulate, and become structural to negotiate grade change of the site.

taxonomy

bending distorts surface. this produces depth, and varies directionality. “bent right”

base module

“bent left”

“fold family”

pinch = decrease in surface area increase in aperture increase in module depth

range of motion (stronger pinches, bends, and folds increase aperture, and depth of module 0

kit of parts

120

121

122

123

DRAWING

Drawing Architectural Form

Visualization I-IV

Rome: Continuity and Change

Drawing Projects

THEORY AND RESEARCH

Ricardo Bofill: Seeking Ruin

The Critical Sublime

Fiction and Figures

EntrepĂ&#x201D;t Urbanism: Dubai Ports World

Materials and Meaning

Formal Analysis

DRAWING ARCHITECTURAL FORM with Victor Agran *Pub li sh e d in 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 2 R etrospecta *E x h i b i t e d in “ V i s u a l iz in g Form ”, Ya l e S chool of A rchi tectu re, S pring 2012

126

Sciagraphy and reflections 127

*E x h i b i t e d in â&#x20AC;&#x153; V i s u a l iz in g Form E xhi bi ti on â&#x20AC;?, Ya l e S chool of A rchi te ct ure, Sp ring 2012

Panorama

Pieroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Other Perspective Method 129

Surface Study: Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, Pier Luigi Nervi

Brook Taylorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Perspective Method 131

V I S U A L I Z AT I O N I with George Knight and Joyce Hsiang

Linonia Court, Yale University

132

Study of the round tower: plate 3 of Carceri by Piranesi

Object translation: compass 133

V I S U A L I Z AT I O N I I with Sunil Bald and Kent Bloomer *Exhibited in “Drawing and Representation”, Yale School of Architecture, Spring 2011 *Exhibited at the Study, New Haven, Spring 2011 *Published in Retrospecta, 2010-2011

2d - 3d translation

134

From drawing to building From building to drawing

135

Handedness

136

IPMS 137

*Exhibited in “Drawing and Representation”, Yale School of Architecture, Spring, 2011

138

Beinecke Library invades Noguchi 139

*Exhibited at the Study, New Haven, Spring 2011

Peabody Drawings 140

141

V I S U A L I Z AT I O N I V with George Knight and John Eberhardt *Pub li sh e d in 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 R etrospecta

Toyo Itoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sendai Mediatheque imagined as a ruin

Animation of column concept

142

*WORK WITH LINDA LEE, AND CHRISTINA ARGYROS

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY with Alan Organschi

*WORK WITH LINDA LEE

Sectional detail model of Toyo Ito’s Sendai Mediatheque

143

ROME: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE with Alec Purves, Bimal Mendis, and Stephen Harby *E x h i b t e d a t R ome Con ti n u i ty a n d Cha n ge, Yale Sc h ool of A rch i te ctu re, S pri n g 2 0 1 2

At Villa Giulia, movement through the central axis is subverted by its hemicycles in plan, which are bracketed by triumphal arches in elevation. The layered elevations of the triumphal arch impel one forward but then pull one back. This refrain repeats, but with ample experimentation, overlay, and superimposition. Procession through the Villaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sequence is carefully punctuated by sectional shifts, so oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view is calibrated through a series of framed screens that lapse, delaminate, curve, and sink into the ground. Drawing in situ enhanced the episodic unfolding of its assemblage in a continual play between vantage and convention.

Above: Initial sketch

144

145

146

147

148

149

RICARDO BOFILL: SEEKING RUIN Fragment and the Absolute with Emmanuel Petit *Pub li sh e d in 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 R etrospecta

“The destructive character sees nothing permanent. But for this very reason he sees ways everywhere… Because he sees ways everywhere, he always stands at a crossroads. No moment can know what the next will bring. What exists he reduces to rubble – not for the sake of rubble, but for that of the way leading through it. ” - Walter Benjamin, The Destructive Character, p. 10.

If postmodernism has been reduced to rubble we can inhabit its ruin to find a way through it. Postmodernism can be retheorized as possessing an existential core and critical operative techniques, rather than cast-off or forgotten as a closed historical moment. One modality of reference - arguably the apotheosis of the postmodern condition - is nostalgia. This

LA MURALLA ROJA (1970-1975)

LA MANZANERA (1969)

ruin as abstraction

ruin as vernacular

research looks at the works of Ricardo Bofill, using the ruin as a leitmotif throughout to confirm particular ways in which nostalgia can be used as a critical tool. Nostalgia is argued for as an attitude and a technique, as a perception and a

THE CITY IN SPACE (1970)

procedure. THE CITY IN SPACE / WALDEN (1970-1975)

The ruin creates a continuum where certain essential KAFKA CASTLE APARTMENT BUILDINGS (1968)

parts are missing, whether interrupted by nature, physically destroyed, or stripped of sign. On one end, there is the primordiality of natural elements, the flow of nature, the passing of clouds, and a space of temporality which is disconnected from humans. Then enters architecture, which is human’s very sad attempt to arrest time for a moment. Building and destroying through ruin allows us to straddle the problem of our historical moment and the past that haunts us from both ends. Nostalgia via the ruin allows us to work with a rigor and a forgivable tolerance, so we do not lose architecture or ourselves in the process. We use forms to refer to a place that will not exist, exposing rather than imposing a world. Ruin, as a noun and a verb, as an object and a process, exemplifies a mode of working that can be historically materialist, poetic, allegorical, and above all, critical.

150

ERODED MASS

AS PART OF THE EARTH

PLEXUS APARTMENTS (1968)

DESTRUCTION

INHABITED MONUMENTS

THE CRITICAL SUBLIME Architectural theory: 1750 - 1966 with Marta Caldeira

An investigation into whether the sublime can be pursued as a contemporary and critical method. Starting from Vidler’s Notes on the Sublime, from Boullée, to Superstudio’s Reflected Architecture to today.

151

FICTION AND FIGURES Architectural Theory since 1968 with Ariane Lourie Harrison *Pub li sh e d in 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 2 R etrospecta

A ( B R I E F ) C H R O N O LO G Y O F ARCHITECTURAL FICTION ( A N D I T S R E S U LT A N T C A R E E R S )

Bernard Tschumi born (Jan. 1944) Lausanne, Switzerland. son of architect Jean Tschumi

Tschumi + Price at the Fun Palace

Roof Piece by Trisha Brown: dancers are positioned blocks apar t transmitting improvised movements

1970-79: Tschumi teaches at the AA

1973-6: collaboration with Roselee Goldberg

MAY 1968 PARIS La città come ambiente significante Casabella repor ts on urban research conducted by IAUS – Emilio Ambasz contributes influential interpretation of the American metropolis, par tly based on essays of Walter Benjamin.

IAUS FRIE Superstudio and Archizoom shown at MOMA

INSTITUTIONS / ETHER / CONTEXTS

Exodus published in Casabella 378 June 1973 1967: Peter Eisenman founds IAUS

“Manhattan may reveal an unforeseen potential for conceiving of a quite different notion of city.”

July / August 1972 – Boyarsky organizes a Summer Session on Manhattan. Koolhaas leads a conference entitled “Berlin Wall. Casabella Entry”

[ REM + UNGERS] [HARKNESS FELLOWSHIP]

Koolhaas comes to IAUS with Vriesendorp (while continuing to write screenplays with Daalder)

Rem Koolhaas born (Nov. 1944) in Rotterdam father: novelist, critic, and screenwriter grandfather: modernist architect PASTS:

Rotterdam is recovering from the devastation of Hitler’s 1940 bombing. The heart of Rotterdam is almost completely destroyed by the Luftwaffe;

They begin to study sources that unfamiliar or popular aspects of ism brochures and postcards, fo paranoid-critical method)

900 civilians killed and 80,000 made homeless. UNGERS

The City rebuilds itself from 1950s to 1970s

152

ROWE

Tschumi meets Peter Eisenman in 1975 at the

Screenplays

Conceptual Architecture Conference in London,

Ar tists Space exhibition “Architectural Manifestoes I” including Adver tise-

organized by Peter Cook’s Ar tnet.

ments for Architecture (1977) and early drawings for Manhattan Transcripts (1976-1981)

“We had both been invited to speak. I remember Peter asking me,”What are you doing now?” and I said that I happened to be coming to New York for a few months. He asked, “What are you going to do in New York,” and I

Joyce’s Garden with AA studio

said “I don’t know yet.” And then he invited me to spend time at the Institute. I started in January 1976.”

Transcripts published in Great Britain by

Wins La Villette Competitio

Architectural Design

Tschumi exhibits Transcripts at P.S. 1

Tschumi par ticipates in ReVisions: Joan Ockman and Christian Huber t launch group of younger architects who initially met under auspices of Institute.

S FELLOWS AND ENDS

Tschumi contributes to May / June 1980 issue of Skyline (IAUS’ newspaper)

Tschumi comes to NY, teaches at IAUS, and Princeton

Rem Koolhaas + Wallace Harrison, 1977 The Sparkling Metropolis exhibition show at Guggenheim museum

1975-1980: Koolhaas teaches at the AA

Publication of Delirious New York. The book became an instant classic. Critics hailed it as a must-read on the subject of modern architecture and society.” founds Office for Metropolitan Architecture in London

t reveal NY (tourollowing the

Madelon Vriesendorp Flagrant Delit.

153

ENTREPÔT URBANISM: DUBAI PORTS WORLD City-Making on the Arabian Peninsula with Todd Reisz

HAMBURG + DUBAI + LIFESC "We think that the two economic profiles of a huge potential for cooperation, especially and green technologies but of course also in healthcare and life sciences."

DP WORLD HAS THE WIDEST REACH, AND IT IS PROVING TO BE THE MOST PROFITABLE

-AMEinfo, H.E. Prof Dr Hans-Jorg Schmidt-Trenz

COMPETITORS IN THE GLOBAL RISK GAME:

LOGISTICS PARK PORT POWER STATION

2012-2013 PROFIT

1. Hutchinson Port Holdings (Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China)

15.5%

World’s biggest port and telecommunications outfit, with 23 ports in 14 countries. Business also includes retail, property development, and infrastructure. Current port assets include those in Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Korea, Malaysia, and the UK.

2. PSA International (Singapore) PSA participates in 29 port projects in 17 countries across Asia, Europe and the Americas.

3. DP World (Dubai, UAE) DP World operates more than 60 terminals in over 30 countries, and across six continents.

11.5%

DP WORLD’S “SLOW BURN” PROJECT

21.0%

LONDON GATEWAY 36,000 jobs £3.2 Billion ($5.09) to the U.K. economy a year

“Dubai Ports operator DP World reported a 21 per cent increase in 2012 net profit, as it sold assets and benefited from emerging markets growth. This has helped DP world, the star performer of struggling conglomerate Dubai World, outperform other logistics companies since the financial crisis struck.”

- “Asset sales help lift DP World Profits”, Financial Times, March 20, 2013 - “Emerging

markets boost DP World traffic” , Financial Times, October 25, 2011

Antwerp Gateway, 6

Southhampton, 4

Buildings designed to clients detailed specifications floorplates up to 1.3 m square feet, 118 feet heights save US $300 / per container by reducing road mileage

Le Havre, 6

Germersheim, 3

DB Schenker, largest rail freight terminal attached directly to port, connecting to the rest of Europe

- “DP World surprises amid gloomy industry”, Financial Times, January 31, 2012 - “Creditors urge Dubai World to accelerate asset sales”, Financial Times, May 2, 2012

DUBAI’S ISTHIMAR BUYS / INVESTS

- “Focus on emerging markets lifts DP World”, Financial Times, August 29, 2012

DP WORLD EMERGING MARKETS 6.8 BILLION (bought US ports company, then sold to AIG GLOBAL Investment)

“With a pipeline of expansion and development projects in key growth markets, including India, China and the Middle East, capacity is expected to rise to around 95 million TEU over the next ten years.

Delwaide, 3

Twice the size of the financial city of London 8 Story high office accommodations Connected to 8 lane motorway network

Vancouver, 2

2006 DP WORLD US CONTROVERSY

Knickerbocker Hotel (NY) Barneys New York ($943.3 mil), then sells two years later for half price MGM Mirage W Hotel Mandarin Oriental Hotels Queen Elizabeth II luxury liner 450 Lexington Avenue

(B) ORAN WATERFRONT “It will include a marina, an aquarium and a sea museum, as well as two five-star hotels, office space and high-end residential units.”

American CEO of Jafza-South Carolina, Chuck Heath serves as adviser to Economic Zones World

The company constantly invests in terminal infrastructure, facilities and people, working closely with customers and business partners to provide quality services today and tomorrow, when and where customers need them.” - dpworld.com

Algiers, 2

1) EIIC (investments): (A) DOYUNA PARK “The project will include high-end commercial and residential complexes, a shopping centre, an international school and a hospital.”

SANTEE, SC 2009 - LOGISTICS PARK DEAL

FAILED GULF MODEL EXPORTS

Dubai’s Emaar closes its Algeria office as projects stall on $20 billion worth of projects - Reuters, Jul 4, 2009

3) Exceed (Industry)

‘Amid the land rush, questions persist about the prudence of property deals. In many cases, the terms are not disclosed, making it difficult to determine their benefit to host countries. In other cases, the terms appear to be vague and unenforceable.’

Abu Dhabi redesigns global portfolio in Algeria around five business ventures: 1) EIIC or Emirates International Investment Company (investments)

(B) land purchase for large-scale milk farm, Mahassil. First example of Emirati investment in agricultural sector, to produce an annual total of 100m litres of milk and 3000 tons of meat.

Caucedo, 3

REALIGN INDUSTRIES

(A) Cable production facility called Cablet El Djazair, aiming to produce an annual 45,000 tons of copper, and 7,000 tonnes of aluminum cables

PORTS, FOOD, PROPERTY, AND FREE ZONES

Fos, 4

Tarragona, 2

DP WORLD 2011 GROWTH IN AFRICA : 30.5%

2) BLOOM (properties) 3) EXEED (industry)

Dakar, 2

From the view of a country in need of development, who wouldn’t invite these development leaders to their land? Increased production, thanks to Gulf technology and infrastructure, promises to heightened productivity, benefiting not only the importer but also the host country.

“The reaction in the United States has occurred in no other country in the world” - Ted Bilkey, CEO for Dubai Ports

infrastructure laid, the host countries also have the potential to boost local trade and employment opportunities.

6.8 Billion acquisition of U.K.’s Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Co. sparks political outrage over what some politicians deem to be Arab control of strategic U.S. assets

But the concern is what will remain when the land grabbers leave.

The impending acquisition of P&O by DP World would leave "a country with ties to the September 11th hijackers with influence over a maritime industry considered vulnerable to terrorism."

And on top of being fed, the host country might also score a new port or much needed infrastructural work. With food production increased and

- Al Manakh 2, Food Security, Jonathan Hanahan

Paramaribo, 3

SURINAME DP World taps into Surinam in view of the diversified natural resources-sector of the country. Dubai is funding gold refineries in Suriname, allocating up to $20

"We always stated that we want to go back to the U.S., provided we are welcome. If the U.S. authorities say don't, then we won't. In today's world, if the market is right and the price is right, it could happen.”

KEY: Text size corresponding to number of Berths

MILLION...

- DP World CEO Mohammed Sharaf, as quoted in the Wall Street Journal “DP World Is Riding Out the Global Storm”, Nov 11, 2012

CONTAINER TERMINAL

DAKAR SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE When the government invited tenders for the management concession at the port in 2006, the incumbent operator, France's Bollore group, could not offer to build a new terminal as quickly as the Dubai investors.

4) RISE (trading) 5) PETROMAL (energy) - Global Arab Network, Nov 3, 2009

WHEAT, MAIZE, AND POTATOES UAE Government is investing in 378,000 hectares of farmland in various Sudanese States. Khartoum is supposedly providing the land for free.

WHAT SOUTH SUDAN COULD GET "We would like to utilise Dubai World's expertise to regulate the borders and develop infrastructure to be able to implement Customs regulations," - Dr. Machar, Vice President of South Sudan

- tradearabia.com

TERMINAL DEVELOPMENT

DUBAI WORLD / DP WORLD ECONOMIC CONNECTIONS

Port du Futur (under development)

South Sudan is keen on UAE development projects, including an airport for its new capital (opening trade and economic exchange with Emirates, Etihad, Lufthansa, and British Airways) and a hospital, both of which UAE companies would operate for up to 25 years. The Al Ain Zoo project is slated to build luxury hotels and tented resort camps in Boma National Park, marketed to up-maket safari companies. Some conservationists wonder if the visitors may be looking for big-game trophies, despite a general ban on hunting in the south.

Callao, 2

Icon size corresponding to amount of investment

COAL FIELDS

Hwange, Zimbabwe

NATURAL RESOURCES Santos (under development)

RESIDENTIAL

DUBAI WOR

Shamwari Game R Sanbona Wildlife Jocks Safari Lodg Nkomazi Wilderne Pearl Vallery Golf

April 4th, 2011

TECHNOLOGY

Callao Dockworkers paralyze port over the lack of labor rights in a concession contract to DP World.

FOOD**

DP World refuses to deal with the dockworkers union (SUTAMPORPC) leaving the dockworkers completely unprotected.

LAND

Buenos Aires, 2

V&A WATERFRONT Victoria and Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town, South Africa. Resort destination with shopping, leisure and business facilities. Dubai World sells its stake, for 1.33 bn.

HOSPITAL Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum

AIRPORT

South Africa is also the 13th largest food source for Dubai.

Prime Minister, UAE Vice President, UAE Constitutional monarch, Dubai

PARK LOGISTIC PARK FREE ZONE*

0% CORPORATE TAX FOR 50 YEARS 0% IMPORT OR RE-EXPORT DUTIES

WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

POLITICAL TURMOIL

PORTS & FREE ZONE WORLD

DP WORLD SELLS

“The roots of Dubai World’s descent lie partially within its over-reliance on the clustering model, a universal term that could also be called the Dubai Model.” - Al Manakh 2, Diversification, Clustering and Risk in Dubai, by Stephen Ramos

*Free Zones are established to turbo-charge industrial development and agro-processing to feed Dubai. **The UAE imports more than 80 percent of its food, spending 25.5 billion UAE dirham (about R61.8bn) on food imports in 2010. Dubai has more than 13, 500 food establishments and imports food from more than 150 countries.

DP WORLD SUES ITS OWN STRIKING WORKERS IN SOKHNA, EGYPT

Dubai is seeking investment in the oil, timber, gold, and housing

1200 workers with Platinum Maritime Services - a subcontractor

sectors of Suriname. Suriname is also keen to solicit investment.

at Sokhna - demand employment contracts with DP World.

Suriname President Bouterse helpd a bilateral meeting with the

DP WORLD BUYS

DEVELOPMENT CANCELED

“PROGRESS” IN SURINAME GUYANA WANTS IN TOO

The cluster model is also followed by DP World, and is complemented by other companies under the Dubai World umbrella, thus proliferating the Dubai model in its ventures abroad.

UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs, Shaikh Abdullah Bin Zayed Al

A few months later, DP files charges against striking workers,

Nahyan. Dubai is also helping Suriname to set up its own mint,

accusing them of costing the company LE40 million in just five

as well as a gold refinery.

days. Workers demand that the Sokhna Port come back under the management of the Red Sea Port Authority.

Guyana is opening an embassy in Kuwait, with the hopes that Middle Eastern investment will also come.

“Workers' rights and human dignity were respected when the port was under government management. Port revenues were also

South American trade with the Arab Gulf has increased by 300%

much higher." -Hamada Kamel, head of the port’s independent

in the past five years.

workers’ syndicate, aswatmasirya.com The majority of losses accrued came from fines by shipping companies. The company claimed the losses also harm the Egyptian economy.

4231b | City Making on the Arabian Peninsula | Todd Reisz | Spring 2013 | Lexi Tsien

154

CASE STUDY: AFRICA AND THE GULF

This is an investigation into Dubai Ports World and its DP WORLD IN DJIBOUTI realigned global strategy into emerging markets The relationship between thecorporate Gulf and Africa, although exciting is currently narrow and shallow. Oil flows in one direction, labor in the other. Gulf countries and their corporations need to reach beyond the sectors that usually attract foreign investment, such as communi-

cations, consumer goods,to and infrastructure. Can they offer more than the classicPort imperialist development commodities model of taking profits in the that is proving be more profitable. development of a difficult environment? How well can they hold their ground? Currently, DP World is the largest contributor to

Djibouti’s economy. Emerging markets in Africa, and particularly in Djibouti are also proving highly profitable for DP World as well. is complemented or preceded by investments in

infrastructure, human and Ethiopian Shipping Lines (ESL) - the leading development, indigenous hipping company within the commonproperty, Market for Eastern and which Southern Africa

However, how much of this development belongs to Ethiopia, and to what degree has the country sold itself away? In 2009, state-owned (COMESA) - requested dedicated access to two of the 15 berths at the port. DP World argued that granting berth access to ESL would

CIENCES?

deny the port the flexibility for further development and investments (Newafricanmagazine.com, and Addisfortune.com) . The With a little are welcomed and often solicited by host countries.

Dubai and Hamburg offer in the fields of maritime finance, logistics,

more political turmoil, would Djibouti follow Aden’s example??

concern is what will remain for the host country when DP It appears unlikely. Ethiopia’s government is considering selling Ethiopian Shipping Lines, Ethio Telecom, Ethiopian Airlines Enterprises

z, CEO, Hamburg Chamber

(sub-Saharan Africa’s second-biggest carrier), the Ethiopian Insurance Coporation, and the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. We have to

Worldwonder “refocuses” its elsewhere, ornews) refuses to let what will be left of Ethiopia that interests actually belongs to Ethiopia? (Jan 11, 2012, Bloomberg go of its grip...

11 BILLION

2000 20 YEAR AGREEMENT

ZAGORODNY KVARTAL

GREAT DOMODEDOVO CANCELED

“Step out of the city, step into nature”

44,000-acre project $11 Billion in project’s first phase A Dubai World spokeswoman said the company was not going ahead with the project. No reason was given. (Reuters, November 10, 2008)

In 2000, DP World and the Djibouti Government establish a joint venture, signing a 20 year concession to operate the Port of Djibouti.

VOSTOCHNY PORT SOLD

2002 DP WORLD MANAGES DJIBOUTI’S INT’L AIRPORT

DP World sells off port of Vostochny for $230 million “as part of efforts to dispose of non-core assets.” (Reuters, Oct 22, 2012)

Constanta, 5 Yarmica (under development)

“Representatives of DP World expressed their readiness to apply their broad experience in logistics, industrial and trade operations in Kazakhstan.” - Apr 19, 2013, tengrinews.kz

SEPT 2005 - 2006 CUSTOMS REVENUE INCREASES BY 31%

Qingdao, 19

Tianjin, 4

Kazakhstan strikes deal with DP World

Qingdao (under development) Yantai, 2

Djibouti customs is under management of Dubai Customs World; Jafza managing logistics and communication

FEB 27, 2006 OIL TERMINAL

Pusan, 6

DP World invests $30 million in the Doraleh Oil Terminal Project, a causeway over 1 km long. DP World is contracted by the

SANAYA AMMAN POSTPONED

Sokhna, 3 IN AL-SOKHNA STRIKE

Djibouti government to manage the 240,000 metric tonne facility overall, working with Shell, Mobil, Total, commercial and non-

5 million lost in revenue

Fujairah, 5

Jeddah, 6

KARACHI PORT, $211 MILLION INVESTMENT

Jebel Ali, 22

SPONSORING GOLF Hong Kong, 1

DP World sponsors the DP World Tour Championship played at Jumeirah Golf Estates, the Hong Kong Open, The Race to Dubai, and the BMW PGA Championship at the Wentworth Club.

business for

$742 MILLION

Logistics center sold to Australian Goodman Group for $463 m

Sells to HK’s CSX World Terminals for $279 m = NET GAIN OF $151 MILLION

BUYING OTHER TRANSPORT

AIRPORT FREE ZONE

DP World has moved swiftly into related transport areas. Dubai World subsidiary Isthithmar world

Aden, 2

Djibouti, 3 Doraleh, 3

Aviation bought Djibouti’s national carrier Daallo Airlines in early 2008, and oper-

Laem Chabang, 4

ates Djibouti’s airport. (Arabian Business and Djibouti Free Zone website)

VALLARPADAM PORT The new port is facing protests and strikes by

WOULD DP WORLD KILL ONE OF ITS OWN?

major trade unions of the existing Cochin Port, who are demanding job security

Manila, 3

“We are working on the development of pioneering project in the African continent by providing an air-sea-land trade link for neighboring land-locked states through an airport free zone, and

Ho Chi Minh City, 2

another SEZ in the near future.”

ADEN VS. DJIBOUTI DP WORLD + LIMITLESS VIETNAM

The Supreme Committee for Combating Corruption in Yemen recently demanded an end to the Dubai Ports International Company contract, accusing

DUBAI WORLD

Kigali Golf Course and housing development Akagera National Park Gorilla’s Nest Lodge Gisakura Tea factory

the company of derailing Aden Port operations at the advantage of competing ports, like Djibouti, that the company is in charge of.

Ho Chi Minh port development with Limitless $550 million Halong Star Project, five star hotel, conference facilities, residential units, recreational, cultural and educational facilities

JUNE 25, 2007 DJIBOUTI FREE ZONE PHASE II

On the day of the contract termination, unidentified armed men attempted to assassinate Badeeb in Khoor Maksar, in Aden, while en route to the port on official business.

Jafza International, the subsidiary of Economic Zones World,

550 MILLION

inaugurates the development of light industrial units, warehouses, and office facilities.

Surabaya, 6

DP World sells 50% of its stake in Aden just four years into their 30-year management deal. DP World receives $27 MILLION from the Yemen Gulf of Aden Ports Corporation.

JULY 5, 2007 DJIBOUTI AUTOMOBILE AND HEAVY EQUIPMENT ZONE (DAHEZ) Dubai Customs (DC) World outlines services for DAHEZ including as customs operations, automobile servicing, vehicle auctioning and accessories, leasing, insurance, registration services, warehousing, banking, shipping agencies and retail food outlets.

2010 - DP World sells 75% Bilene Hotel

of its Australian port

RLD

Reserve Reserve ge ess f Estate

commercial customers, including the US and French navies.

Dubai World sells stakes in two Hong Kong container terminals and logistics

operations to Citi Infrastructure Investors

Maputo, 2

MAPUTO IS A LIFELINE

Brisbane, 4

1.5 BILLION

FEB 7, 2009 DORALEH CONTAINER TERMINAL Djibouti men and women dance during the opening ceremony of

port links regional production, mining and commercial centers to the markets of South East Asia

DP World’s Doraleh.

Fremantle, 3

main shipping terminus for land-locked regions such as Gauteng in South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Malawi

Sydney, 3 2008 DRINKING WATER

Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique (CFM), the Mozambique Ports and Railway Authority holds a 40% share of operating company, with DP owning 60% UAE extends contract with Maputo until 2033

DP World donates 170 water storage and filtration units to more

Melbourne, 4

than 60 rural communities across Djibouti. - Joe Sita, CEO of Nakheel Hotels “Dubai World reportedly backing bid to buy New Zealand farms, through contracting a group of indigenous Maoris.” - Deutsche Press Agentur

FEB 8, 2009 FIRST FIVE-STAR HOTEL Nakheel announces completion of Djibouti Palace Kempinski, Djibouti’s first five-star hotel, resort, with apartments “The expansion of both our hotel and DP World’s Port of Djibouti reflects growth in business travel and investment in East Africa.” - Joe Sita, CEO of Nakheel Hotels

JUNE 21, 2009 DP WORLD REJECTS ETHIOPIAN FLAGSHIP

ADEN VS. DJIBOUTI

ADEN TAKES BACK ITS PORT

"Immediately after the signing, DP

World increased the tariff for container handling by 80 percent and

Yemen’s government takes responsibility for running the port as a

decreased the tariffs at other regional ports it operates," an

major, practical efforts to reconsider the deal, described by

official said on condition of anonymity, because the deal

economists as “completely unfair and illegal.”

sovereign national project. Since 2011, the government has taken

included a "secrecy provision."

ping lanes, to

in rerouting important ship-

DP World announces an initiative (with USAID and the Republic of Djibouti) to deploy a series of hybrid rest-stops and clinics along the transport corridor linking Djibouti’s ports with Ethiopia. The SafeTStop facility includes private examination rooms, a

According to officials, the House of Representative rejected this "Increasing the tariff resulted

JULY 15, 2010 REST-STOPS / CLINICS

deal, but it was signed without constitutional permission.

Djibouti, though the Aden container terminal is

recreational center, a training room with internet access, HIV/AIDS and malaria treatment.

naturally better and so close to these lines," the official said.

said.

CONTAINERS RECEIVED (IN 100,000)

"The two shipping lines accounted for about 70 percent of total operations at our port, and the result of rerouting is the loss of about 12 billion U.S. dollars a year," the official

503,000 493,000

OCT 11, 2011 COMMUNITY STATION

382,000 370,000

180,000

DP World upgrades SafeTStop to support micro-businesses, include telecommunications access, health-related software,

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

information on road conditions, cell phone charging stations, and telephones to call relatives. Funded by grants from DP World, its supplier, South Africa-based IT provider Dimension Data, with Economic Zones world, and Intersat, Dubai.

155

M AT E R I A LS A N D M E A N I N G with Deborah Burke and Jennifer Newsom Carruthers

The traditional chidori joint consists of three different types of cypress timber, each having a different section which can be interlocked threedimensionally to create a strong structure without bolts or nails. This was an experiment in material, interlocking wood, acrylic, and foam. The provocation was that the substitution of acrylic could change the material properties of the structure to transmit light, and foam could lower cost of production. Kengo Kuma, Studies in Organic (p. 301)

156

INVESTIGATIONS IN PLASTIC Re-imagining the cedar siding of the canonical Gwathmey Residence and Studio as plastic (left: the original, then in plastic - by day, and by night). The monolithic form is made ephemeral, such that the balloon and stick framing can be illuminated to

create a different reading of the building.

B A L LO O N F RA M I N G D E TA I L 3 /4 ” CH R O M A GH O S T | S ANDB L AS TED ACR Y L IC 1 /2 ” ACR Y L IC

3 /4 ” DUO GH O S T L ED FACADE L IGH TING S Y S TEM

W I N D O W D E TA I L 3 /4 ” CH R O M A GH O S T | S ANDB L AS TED ACR Y L IC

1 /2 ” ACR Y L IC 3 /4 ” CH R O M A GH O S T | S ANDB L AS TED ACR Y L IC 1 /4 ” ANCH O R B O LTS

3 /4 ” CH R O M A GH O S T | S A N DB L A S T E D A C R Y L I C 3 /4 ” P LY S CO R D S H EATHI N G 2 ” FIB ER GL AS INS UL AT I ON 1 ” x 4 ” CEDAR S IDING

2 ” x 4 ” B O T TO M P L ATE TER M ITE S H IEL D CO NCR ETE B LO CK FO UNDATIO N WAL L 3 /4 ” “ DEX- O -TEK” FLO O R FINIS H 1 /2 ” TH ER M AL B AR R IER 2 ” R IGID INS UL ATIO N 4 ” CO NCR ETE S L AB M EM B RANE WATER P R O O FING

4 ” GRANUL AR FIL L CO NCR ETE FO O TING

REVISED SECTION SC A L E: 1- 1/2” = 1’- 0”

T YP I C A L S E C T I O N SC A L E: 1- 1/2” = 1’- 0”

157

F O R M A L A N A LY S I S with Peter Eisenman

Lexi tsien-Shiang

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Sansovino Scamozzi (sprezzatura) Bernini and Rainaldi, Piazza del Popolo (plasticity) Bramante (corners, organism and its autonomy) Serlio (origins of mannerism) Borromini (surface continuity)

158

Lexi tsien-Shiang

REPRĂ&#x201E;ESENTATIONSPAVILLON Readings of contextual contingency and the slipping image

A diagrammatic analysis of Mies van der Roheâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s German Pavilion for the Barcelona Exposition of 1929

DIAGRAM 2: Enclosure and Wall Mies frames site between two symmetrical screens. The space of the pavilion itself is organized and cut by two dimensional frames that shift across axes of symmetry.

DIAGRAM 1: The formation of a new type Mies rejects an axial positioning across from the French National Pavilion. His choice of site is something apart from the crosshairs of classical monumentality.

Formal Analysis Peter Eisenman Jonah Rowen (TF)

Lexi Tsien-Shiang December 17, 2010 A

DIAGRAM 4: Structural Dissonances

DIAGRAM 3: Reading Mies through revisions in plan.

Top: Columns are a notation of an AAA bay pattern, however this is offset from the orthagonal grid of the podium

Top left across and down: Reading shifts and rotations from first preliminary scheme to second preliminary scheme.

Bottom: Structural ambiguity between the roof and column. Columns do not hold the roof up, but hold it down.

DIAGRAM 5: Cruciform columns are a notational device of space, reversing a reading of negative void as presence.

Bottom right: Final scheme highlighting the broken corner of the Pavilion perimeter.

Final project analyzing the Barcelona Pavilion.

DIAGRAM 6: Mitosis of elements allows for a double reading space: a. final plan b. roof to roof / pool to pool and their resultant forces c. wall arrangement splits into two figures, both centripetal, enacting a movement between two dymanic center points d. voids excised from podium mass e. columns split into two rows, and in section, two corners

DIAGRAM 7: Wall plane axonometric

159

DRAWING PROJECTS with Turner Brooks

160

caption 161

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