Freedom From Fear - QRT 1 by Local Governance Support Program in ARMM

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FREEDOM FROM FEAR Undestanding VAW, Reproductive Health, and the Role of Local Government

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Freedom from Fear: Establishing a Quick Response Team for Violence Against Women A Guide for Local Government Undestanding VAW, Reproductive Health, and the Role of Local Government Copyright ÂŠ 2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) All rights reserved The Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program encourages the use, translation, adaptation and copying of this material for non-commercial use, with appropriate credit given to LGSP. Although reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the publisher and/or contributor and/or editor can accept any liability for any consequence arising from the use thereof or from any information contained herein. ISBN 971-92687-2-7 Printed and bound in Manila, Philippines Published by: Philippines-Canada Local Government Support program (LGSP) Unit 1507 Jollibee Plaza Emerald Avenue, Pasig City 1600 Philippines Tel. Nos. (632) 637 3511-13 www.lgsp.org.ph This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

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SA KABUH AAN AY IW A

AT PAPAUNLA D PAG

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

MBANSANG PA NG PA

A JOINT PROJECT OF

L IK A N G P ILIP I

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)

Canadian International Development Agency

IMPLEMENTED BY

Agriteam Canada www.agriteam.ca

Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) www.fcm.ca

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foreword The Department of Interior and Local Government is pleased to acknowledge the publication of the Philippines Canada Local Government Support Program, Freedom From Fear: Establishing a Quick Response Team for Violence Against Women. A Guidebook for Local Government. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s political and social environment has created an ever-expanding space for discussion of womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights and concerns, including the important discourse on violence against women, in national development and governance. In this light, the mainstreaming of gender issues in local governance is an increasingly urgent challenge facing local governments, one that many LGUs remain unprepared to confront. At present, not many local governments are willing and/or able to integrate gender issues, such as violence against women (VAW) in their agenda. Freedom From Fear offers local governments an easy-touse tool and a comprehensive manual with which to take up this challenge. By providing a guide to setting up a local government mechanism for responding to violence against women and reproductive health issues, Freedom From Fear provides LGUs with a strong foothold to tackle a real gender-based issue. We hope that in using this manual, LGUs will be inspired and empowered to strategically persist in addressing VAW resulting in a more gender responsive and efficient local governance. The DILG, therefore, congratulates the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program for this milestone in its continuing efforts to mainstream gender-responsiveness as an essential quality of good governance.

HON. JOSE D. LINA, JR. Secretary Department of Interior and Local Government qrt 1

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preface Freedom From Fear: Establishing a Quick Response Team for Violence Against Women. A Guidebook for Local Government represents an important stride in the continuing efforts of the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP) to enshrine gender-responsiveness as a hallmark of good governance. It also represents the fruit of a multi-stakeholder partnership in the Philippines addressing violence against women forged by local governments (Bacolod, Sipalay and Escalante) and non-government organizations like the DAWN Foundation, Inc. with support from LGSP. The initial successes of the DAWN Foundation in establishing a Quick Response Team (QRT) to address VAW in Bacolod City, their attempts to replicate it with the assistance of the Local Governments of Sipalay and Escalante and the success shown by other community-based quick response teams in others parts of the Philippines provide the spirit behind this manual. Given the wealth of experience and the enormous potential of a QRT in presenting a viable and effective means for addressing VAW and reproductive health issues at the municipal and community level, the development of Freedom From Fear as a QRT capacity building tool and replication manual was seen by LGSP as an essential step in promoting gender responsive and effective governance. The manual thus hopes to serve as an advocacy tool that can contribute to the emergence and strengthening of community efforts at raising awareness and building sustainable community structures to address violence against women in particular and promote community empowerment in general. Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program

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contents Acronyms

Part One: Understanding VAW and Reproductive Health VAW is a widespread reality

Limited understanding of VAW leads to poor response Defining VAW 17 VAW is a human right violation 18 VAW as a component of RH 18 VAW has far-reaching consequences

VAW leads to poor reproductive health 19 VAW inflicts grave harm on women 20 VAW diminishes society 20 VAW contributes to the breakdown of peace, families and communities 21 Why does VAW Occur? 21 What about VAW that occurs in the family or at home? 22 Domestic violence and family violence as serious forms of VAW 22 What exactly constitutes domestic or family violence?

Part Two: The Role of Local Government 25 Responding to gender and family issues is government policy 27 LGUs are in the best position to address these issues 28 LGUs are addressing VAW and family violence and your LGU can learn from them 29 A Final Note 30 References 31

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acronyms AWIR CEDAW DAWN DV FV LGU NCRFW NSCB PNP QRT QRT1 RH VAW

Abuse of Women in Intimate Relationships Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Development through Active Women Networking Foundation, Inc Domestic Violence Family Violence Local Government Unit National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women National Statistics and Coordinating Board Philippine National Police Quick Response Team Freedom From Fear: Book One Reproductive Health Violence Against Women

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What is Violence Against Women? How does it relate to Family Violence and Reproductive Health? Why do we need to understand it?

partONE Undestanding VAW and Reproductive Health

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violence against women (VAW) is a widespread reality

VAW is a widespread reality, a pressing social issue and a local governance concern. As a local government official or staff member, you, at one time or another, have been called upon to respond to VAW cases in your community. Quick Response Team (QRT) 1 discusses the following dimensions of this problem: ◗ Limited understanding of VAW leads to poor government response ◗ VAW has serious costs and consequences for women, families, communities, and local governments ◗ VAW is the responsibility of local government units and communities

◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

6 out of 10 women are victims of pre-marital rape by their present husbands/live-in partners and this forces them into early marriages 6 out of 10 women reported being abused by their present partners during their boyfriend-girlfriend relationship 9 out of 10 survivors reported that their abusers are also abusive toward their children verbally, emotionally, physically and sexually Alcohol, jealousy and drug abuse were cited by battered women as factors that aggravated/triggered abusive behavior by their partners 4 out of 10 women reported suffering miscarriages as a result of being abused 1 out of 6 reported having unwanted pregnancies 3 out of 10 went into premature birth

Findings of the Women’s Crisis Center’s Feminist Action Research on the Impact of Violence Against Women on Women’s Health ( 1995-1998)

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Violence Against Women is known as the most widespread form of human rights abuse in the world today. Statistics only give a partial picture of the extent of VAW, because many cases go unreported or undocumented. 6860 cases of violence against women were reported by PNP in 1999. 44% were cases of physical injuries and wife battering. The picture gets bleaker over time with VAW cases rising.

VAW Cases Reported to PNP 1999 Source: NSCB

2000 Source: NSCB

2001 Source: NSCB

Total Number of Cases

6860

Physical Injuries/ wife battering

3001

9638 44

4621

9903 48

5658

1st semester, 2002 Source: NCRFW #

4190 57

2833

67.6

In the first semester of 2002 alone, there were 4190 VAW cases reported by PNP, 2833 or 68% of these cases were physical abuse.

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limited

understanding of VAW leads to poor response

While Violence Against Women (VAW) is real and widespread, it is, however, often not adequately recognized as an urgent concern. Because of this, it is not properly and fully addressed. Often, the reason is a limited understanding of VAW, what causes it, what factors contribute to it, how widespread it is, what its consequences are for the community and for women, and what actions can be taken. Understanding VAW better, then, is the key to more effectively addressing it.

Defining Violence Against Women “Violence Against Women is any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.” As the definition says, violence against women is not only limited to the physical. It can be sexual, emotional, psychological or even economic in nature. It is violence that is directed against women because they are women.

Women’s Rights I have the right not to be abused or maltreated. I have the right to be angry when I suffer violence. I have the right to change the situation. I have the right to freedom from fears of abuse. I have the right to request and expect community and police support. I have the right to share my feelings and not be isolated from others. I have the right to want a better role model of communication for my children. I have the right to be treated like an adult. I have the right to leave an abusive environment. I have the right to privacy. I have the right to express my own thoughts and feelings. I have the right to develop my individual talents and abilities. I have the right to legally prosecute the abusing spouse. I have the right not to be perfect. I have the right to live in an atmosphere of respect and dignity. In Ball, P. & Wyman, E. (Battered Wives and Powerless Loss: What can counselors do? In Sinclair, D. Understanding Wife Assault.

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1VAW is a human rights violation. Violence against women occurs when the human rights of women are violated. This includes the right of women to such basic necessities as food, clothing, shelter and education. When women are deprived of equal work opportunities and equal pay simply because they are women, that is violence against women. When women are physically injured, raped, beaten, held captive, forced to work or provided services against their will, that is violence against women. When women are trapped in violent marriages or homes, repeatedly battered, verbally abused and completely under the control of their husbands or partners, that is violence against women.

2VAW is a component of Reproductive Health.

Reproductive health refers to “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmities in all matters relating to the reproductive systems and its functions and processes.” RH is a relatively new concept and arose out of a growing recognition that women have unique health needs because of their reproductive functions (child-bearing, child-rearing, sex and reproduction) and that these health needs have been largely neglected. It is also a product of greater recognition of women’s sexuality and sexual needs. More recently, it has been recognized that men also have reproductive health needs because they do have reproductive functions as well.

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Thus we now have what are called "reproductive rights," which refer to the rights of couples and individual women and men to: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

have information regarding reproductive health and human sexuality have access to services on caring, developing and improving reproductive health and sexuality have or not to have children plan the size of their family have information and services on how to do so safe, affordable and appropriate family planning/ contraceptive methods have a healthy and safe pregnancy have a satisfying sex life be free from reproductive-related, sexually-transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS

Elements of Reproductive Health 1. 2. 3.

Family planning Maternal and child health Adolescent sexual and reproductive health 4. Men’s reproductive health and involvement in RH 5. Education and Counseling on sexuality and sexual health 6. Infertility management and sexual health disorders 7. Reproductive tract infections 8. Breast and Reproductive Tract Cancers and other Conditions 9. Prevention of Abortion and Management of its Consequences 10. Violence against women

RH has 10 elements and one of them is VAW. Why is VAW linked to RH? Because it has been widely recognized that VAW is a strong factor in determining the state of women’s reproductive health. When women suffer violence, their reproductive health suffers as well. Victims of VAW have their reproductive rights violated and their reproductive health damaged.

VAW has far-reaching consequences.

While there are no statistics that fully capture the extent of VAW, there have been ample studies that reveal the direct and indirect consequences of this reality. VAW leads to poor reproductive health If women are battered at home, raped and molested, sexually harassed and discriminated against in the workplace, trafficked for prostitution and forced labor, their lives and reproductive health are seriously damaged. In

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effect, VAW deprives women the capacity to have control over the reproductive and other aspects of their health and lives. Poor reproductive health can lead to more infants and more mothers dying during pregnancy or child birth, more children with birth defects, more complications during delivery and bigger requirements for medicines and other health services. Poor reproductive health as a result of VAW can mean a reduced capacity on the part of women and men to exercise family planning, decide the number of their children, and provide for their families. It can mean unwanted pregnancies, forced abortions and medical complications and death associated to such procedures. This, in turn, can lead to parents being unable to care for their families and children growing up malnourished, unable to go to school and find productive employment. VAW can also lead to more women and men being vulnerable to sexually-transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and contribute to the spread of such deadly diseases in the community. VAW inflicts grave harm on women Women make up half of the population, half of an LGUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s constituency. Violence against women, if un-addressed, therefore, endangers and harms this half of our communities. It results in the death and physical and emotional disability of large numbers of women. VAW diminishes our society Because VAW cases are crimes against humanity, their continued occurrence diminishes our humanity and our society. A society and a culture that neglects or tolerates VAW is a society that tolerates brutality, inhumanity and discrimination.

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VAW contributes to the breakdown of peace, families and communities Because VAW is a crime, it affects peace and order and contributes to the breakdown of families and communities. VAW can also reduce the productivity of people in the community. Women who fall victim to violence may be rendered unable to work, care for their families, develop their potential and contribute to the community.

VAW occur? Are women simply more vulnerable to violence? Why does

People explain VAW differently. One perspective explains VAW as simply the result of aberrant or abnormal behavior caused by vices or psychological disorders suffered by individual men. In short, individual men who have psychological problems inflict violence on individual women. The cause of VAW, however, lie deeper and is not rooted only in personal behavior. Throughout history, different societies across the world have treated men and women differently. Men and women are assigned different types of work in the home and in the community, with men assigned to do the productive work and women seen as doing reproductive work (work in the home). Because of this gender division of labor, men and women are also made to take on different roles, with men seen as the strong, able provider and women as the vulnerable care-giver that have to be provided for. The gender division of labor and genderized roles translate to gender inequity. Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s status and labor are given a higher status and more importance than the status and work done by women.

Violence Against

Women is any act of gender-

based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivatin of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life. (CEDAW)

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Productive work done by men is seen as primary and essential and compensated with money or other material rewards. Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reproductive and productive work is not compensated materially and often not recognized as work at all. Men are seen as stronger and are accorded more freedoms and rights. Women, on the other hand, are seen as weak, and their rights and freedoms limited. Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s abilities, skills and work contributions are not acknowledged and credited to them. The lower status given to women, the traditional perspective that they have lesser rights than men results in women being treated as the property or possession of men. The lack of recognition for the rights, work contributions and equal status of women directly results in violence against women. Without rights and status, they are vulnerable and prey to violence. Again, because of their lack of status and rights, the violence committed against them is not seen as a crime and go unpunished. It is violence that is rendered invisible or condoned and even encouraged by society.

Then we do need to address VAW! But what about VAW that occurs in or in the home? Is this a public issue

the family as well?

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND FAMILY VIOLENCE ARE SERIOUS FORMS OF VAW

One form of violence against women that has been most difficult to address is DOMESTIC and FAMILY VIOLENCE. While there have been laws enacted that recognize other forms of VAW as crimes punishable by law, violence in

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the family or the domestic sphere is still not recognized under the law. Only in 1985 did the United Nations make its first resolution on the problem, calling on member states to conduct research and formulate strategies to combat violence in the home. This was followed in December 1995 by the passage by the United Nations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). In the Philippines, only recently have forms of abuse within the family and domestic spheres been recognized, such as marital rape and forms of child abuse. The AWIR bill or the Abuse of Women in Intimate Relationships is still pending in congress. This strongly indicates that VAW within the home sphere is still largely seen as a private matter. Local government officials, police and communities regard forms of DV and FV as family problems, to be resolved within the family and that the government or outsiders have no right to interfere. Women themselves often suffer in silence rather than speak out because they fear it will affect their family and reflect on their capacity to take charge of the home. Statistics show, however, that a majority of VAW cases actually occurs in the home or domestic sphere. This means that the bigger number of VAW cases are not recognized, not legally actionable, and that victims are left with little means of redress or support. For these reasons, this form of VAW requires greater attention, where the resources of the community and the local government are most required.

The lack

of recognition for the rights, work contributions, and equal status of women directly

results in violence

against women.

A Majority of Cases of Violence Against Women (64%) Occurs in the home 1998

1999

House

Office/School

Uninhabited Place Motel/Hotel/Inn

Rice Field

Abandoned Place

Public Place

Others

VAW Cases Reported to the PNP by place of Commission

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What exactly constitutes domestic

or family violence?

Domestic Violence (DV) is an act of violence ◗ Committed within the family and the domicile or household ◗ It includes wife-beating, marital rape, child abuse, incest, sibling violence, abuse of elderly and disabled relatives, abuse of female household help. ◗ Most common and frequent form of DV is wife abuse. ◗ Specified by its physical location – inside the domicile or household. ◗ Not limited to members of the family, but includes household help and other non-relative inhabitants of the household. ◗ Often not an isolated act, but a repeated pattern of violent behavior. Family Violence (FV) is a form of violence ◗ Where ties of blood relate the victim and the perpetrator to each other, though not necessarily living together. ◗ Can occur within or outside the household or home. ◗ Under the law, the family is the unit that consists of parents, their children, and other members related by blood or marriage. ◗ A larger definition of the family, however, sees it as a social unit, of people living together, sharing income and performing certain tasks for each other. For the purposes of this manual, we use the term Family violence as defined above because it includes domestic violence and encompasses more dimensions of VAW in the private sphere: ◗ It is not limited within the physical domicile ◗ It is not limited to blood relatives but includes other people living in the home

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What role and responsibility do LGUs have in relation to these issues?

partTWO The Role of Local Government

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iolence Against Women, Family Violence, and Reproductive Health should be seen as primary concerns of local governments and communities alike for three reasons:

Responding to Gender and Family issues is Government Policy.

ONE

One of the responsibilities of local governance is to ensure the good health of your constituents. This includes their reproductive health. Section 15 of the 1987 Constitution provides that the State shall promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. Equal recognition and protection of the human rights and well being of men, women and children have also increasingly enlightened government legislation and programs.

The 1987 Constitution declares a Pro-Women and Pro-Family Policy, exalting the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation and women as partners in nation building.

In 1992, the Philippines passed Republic Act 7192, which has become known as the Women in Development and Nation Building Act or simply, the WIN Law. It is a landmark law, because for the first time, it gave explicit recognition to the equal status, role, and rights of women in society. It also provided very specific measures on how women can fully and equally participate and share in the responsibility and rewards of development.

Reasons why VAW and RH should be seen as primary concerns of local governments & communities

Responding to gender and family issues is government policy. LGUs are in the best position to address VAW and Reproductive Health. While LGUs often have limited knowledge on how to address the issue, LGU initiatives do exist that can be compared to and adopted by other LGUs.

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Republic Act 7192 mandates national and local governments to: ◗ ◗ ◗

TWO

set aside and utilize Official Development Assistance for gender-related programs and activities, ensure direct participation by women in all programs and projects, and remove all gender biases in governance.

LGUs are in the best position to address VAW and Reproductive Health. Being closest to the people and often seen as the first and last resort in times of trouble, local governments are in the best position to address these issues. They also have the mandate to do so. Republic Act 7160, or the 1991 Local Government Code, places LGUs at the forefront of implementing government policies and charting local development, including ensuring that both men and women share in the benefits of local growth. Republic Act 7192, or the Women in Nation-Building Act, directs LGUs to allocate a minimum 5% of the total budget to specific Gender and Development projects and initiatives. LGUs also cannot afford to shoulder the costs of VAW, family violence and reproductive health if these go unaddressed. These include: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

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death and disability of women break-up of families reduced productivity of families and individuals poor reproductive health breakdown of peace and order in communities slow development of communities

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While LGUs often have limited knowledge on how to address the issue, LGU initiatives do exist that can be shared to and adopted by other LGUs.

THREE

One such initiative is the Quick Response Team Project (QRT) being implemented in Bacolod City and two other cities in Negros Occidental. Given the initial success and promise shown by the project, implemented by the Development through Active Women Networking (DAWN) Foundation, the Local Government Support Program (LGSP) saw the opportunity of documenting this project, as well as similar projects in other areas. This QRT manual is the product of this effort. This manual helps local governments and other sectors in the community establish a QRT together, to address specific issues of violence against women, family violence and reproductive health counseling.

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a final note Q

RT 1 shows that violence against women, family violence and reproductive health are linked issues. They should, therefore, be addressed in relation to each other. It also shows that your local government and your community can and should respond to these issues, and are, in fact, in the best position to do so. The rest of this manual helps you develop an effective, integrated response to these issues.

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references Abdullah, Rashidah (nd). A Framework of Indicators for Action on Women’s Health Needs and Rights After Beijing. Asian-Pacific Resource Centre for Women ____. (1997). Action Against VAW: The Arugaan ng Kalakasan Experience. Arugaan ng Kalakasan Action Research and Publications. Quezon City. ____. (2001). Accomplishment Report.Balaan Municipal Center for Women. ____. (1994). An Ordinance Promoting the Welfare of Women, Creating for the Purpose, The Provincial Council for Women. Bacolod City. ____. (1995). Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995. Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women. (undated). Women’s Health Needs and Rights in Southeast Asia. A Beijing Monitoring Report. ____. (undated). Avoid The 5 “Toos” of Pregnancy. Women’s Health and Development Program. Angat PINOY 2004. Balayon, Theresa D. (1997). VIOLENCE. Women’s Crisis Center. ____. (undated). Basic Facts on HIV/AIDS. Department of Health National AIDS/STD Prevention and Control Program. ____. (undated). B.S.E. Breast Self-Examination. Women’s Health and Development Program. Angat PINOY 2004. ____. (undated). Brochure. Can’t Live in the Closet. Cardarelli, A. (ed) (1997). Violence Between Intimate Partners: Patterns, Causes and Effects. Boston Danguilen, M. (nd) On women’s health: Beyond Reproduction. In Understanding Reproductive Health: A Guide to Media. UnFPA & Center for Media Freedom and Responsibilities. (11) ____. (2000). DAW Coalition: Deliver of Justice to Disadvantaged Women Coalition. Monthly Accomplishment Report. ____. (undated). Dealing with Sexual Harassment. Women’s Health and Development Program. Angat PINOY 2004. ____. (1995). Domestic Violence. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. Manila, Philippines.

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____. Evaluation Form.

____. (undated). Family/Community Advocacy on Child Sexual Abuse. A program For Agencies To Conduct Within Their Own Communities. Center For The Prevention And Treatment Of Child Sexual Abuse. Quezon City. ____. (undated). Family Group Conference (Kapulungang Pampamilya). Department of Social Welfare and Development. Quezon City. ____. (1998). Filipino Men’s Involvement in Women’s Health Initiatives: Status, Challenges and Prospects. Social Development Research Center De La Salle University. Manila Gandolf, E. (nd) Battered Women as Survivors: An Alternative to Treating Learned Helplessness. Lexington Books. Massachusetts ____. (2001). Glossary on Violence Against Women and Children. National Statistical Coordination Board. Quezon City Philippines. Guerrero, Sylvia H. etal. al. (1999). The Many Faces of Violence: Abusers and Abusive Relationships in Filipino Families. Quezon City. Guerrero, Sylvia, H etal. al. (1997). Breaking the Silence: The Realities of Family Violence in the Philippines and Recommendations for Change. Quezon City. ____. (1999). Hulagpos/Breaking Free, A VAW Prevention Handbook. Arugaan ng Kalakasan. United Nations Children’s Fund. Quezon City, Philippines. ____. (undated). Integrating RT Case Management within LGU Health Centers: An Intervention Study. ____. (2001). Kababaihan Laban sa Karahasan (KALAKASAN) Foundation, Inc. Achievement Report. Quezon City. ____. (undated). Kalakasan Batok sa Kababaihan or Violence Against Women. ____. (undated). KALAKASAN Kababaihan Laban Sa Karahasan. KALAKASAN ____. (2002). KASUNDUAN. Tanggapan ng Sentrong Pangkababaihan Khanna, J. et. al. eds. (1992). Reproductive Health: A Key to a Brighter Future. World Health Organization. Geneva. Lamberte, Exaltacion E. Ph.D. (2000). OURS TO PROTECT AND NURTURE: The Case of the Highly Visible Children in the Streets. DLSU-SDR/UNICEF/NPSC. Manila. Lee, Romeo; David, Fely; Narvajal, Camilo Jr. (2000). Filipino Men and Domestic Violence. Social Development Research Center. De La Salle University-Manila. De La Salle University Press. Manila, Philippines. Lopez, J. (1999). Filipino survivors of violence: recovery and reintegration. In Guerrero, S (ed). Selected Readings on Health & Feminist Research, A Sourcebook. QC: UP Center for Women Studies.

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____. (1999). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey on Women and Children. United Nations Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fund(UNICEF). National Statistics Office. Manila. Petchesky, R P. & Judd eds. (1998). Negotiating Reproductive Rights Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Perspectives Across Countries and Cultures. Zed Books. New York. Ramos, Gloria Estenzo et. al. eds. (2001). PITHAYA. Official Newsletter of the Kababaihan Laban sa Karahasan. KALAKASAN Foundation, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines Raymundo, Corazon. (2002). Adolescent Sexuality: Emergent Issues and Policy Directions. Bacolod City. ____. (1998). Reproductive Health. This is for Everyone! Department of Health, Agencia de Cooperacion Espanola Internacional, United Nations Population Fund, The Reproductive Health Foundation. Rivera, A. (1999) Hulagpos: A VAW Prevention Handbook. Arugaan ng Kalakasan/UNICCEF. (10). Manila Salvador-Tojos, L. & Abuda, A. (nd). Handbook on Domestic Violence. UP Diliman College of Social Work and Community Development (9) ____. (undated). Sentro ng Kababaihan: Social Case Study Report. Batangas. ____. (undated). Brochure. STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases. ____. (1999). Sharing Responsibility: Women, Society & Abortion Worldwide. The Alan Guttmacher Institute. New York & Washington. ____. (1995). Social Development Research Center. Research in the Service of People. De La Salle University. Manila ____. (2001). 2001 Statistical Handbook on Violence Against Women and Children. National Statistical Coordination Board. Quezon City, Philippines. Tempongko, Ma. Sandra et al. eds. (1998). Literature Review of Behavioral Studies Related to STD/HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health. Tillman, Danielle. (undated). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Survivors. Torres, T. et al. eds. Gender and Development making the bureaucracy gender-responsive. A sourcebook for advocates, planners, and implementors. United Nations Fund for Women. N.Y. National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women. Manila, Philippines. HR Specialists. Quezon City, Philippines. ____. (undated). Understanding Reproductive Health. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Center for Media Freedom Responsibility. Tumbaga, Letty et.al. (2003). Learning from Experience: A Study of the Bantay-Banay Project. STRIDES, Inc. and The Asia Foundation.

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Tumbaga, Letty et al. (2003). A Rapid Field Appraisal of Community Outcomes and Impact of the COMBAT-VAW Program. STRIDES, Inc and Harnessing Self-Reliant Initiatives and Knowledge, Inc. University Center for Women’s Studies. (1994). Women’s Health: Realities and Prospects. Quezon City. University Center for Women’s Studies. Urmatam, Maxima C. (undated). Feminist Counseling: Counseling For Empowerment of Women. KALAKASAN. ____. (undated). Violence Against Women in the Family. Domestic Violence. Women’s Crisis Center. Quezon City ____. (2001). Violence Against Women and Children. National Statistical Coordination Board. Makati City. ____. (1998). NFVPP Turns Two: A Real Blast. VOICES. Women’s Crisis Center. Quezon City. ____. (1998). Bohol Hosts NFVPP Midyear Assessment. VOICES. Women’s Crisis Center. Quezon City. ____. (undated). Brochure. Women’s Crisis Center. Quezon City. ____. (undated) Brochure. Women’s Crisis Center. Facts & Figures. David and Lucille Packard Foundation. ____. (undated). Women in Especially Difficulty Circumstances. Department of Social Welfare and Development. Quezon City. ____. (1999). Women lawyers organize against VAW. The Lawnet Newsletter. Quezon City. ____. (undated). Brochure. Women’s Legal Bureau Inc. Quezon City. Yap, Ermi Amor. (undated). The Economic Cost of Violence Against Women.

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acknowledgments The support, collaboration and creative contributions of the following individuals and institutions were essential to the completion of this publication. The Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program led by Alix Yule, Marion Maceda Villanueva and Rene “Bong” Garrucho for providing the necessary support and guidance Atty. Evelyn Camposano Jiz, Basile Gilbert of LGSP, Tessie Fernandez of Lihok Pilipina and Councilor Celia R. Flor of Bacolod City for their support and inputs in refining the publication Myn Garcia of LGSP for her creative and technical direction and coordination; DAWN Foundation for their assistance and cooperation; Mayor Santiago Barcelona Jr. and the women and men of Escalante City, Negros Occidental; Mayor Oscar Montilla and the women and men of Sipalay City, Negros Occidental Barangay Captain Brigid Tan and the QRT members of Barangay 3, Bacolod City Mayor Joy Valdez of Bacolod City A number of organizations also enriched the manual by allowing their experiences to be documented: •

LIHOK Pilipina and Bantay Banay

•

Harnessing Self-Reliant Initiatives and Knowledge, Inc. (HASIK)

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•

The Social Action Center – Diocese of Legazpi and the local governments of Legazpi, Daraga, Ligao, Tabaco, Tiwi and Libon

•

The Mapulang Lupa Women’s Desk of Mapulang Lupa, Valenzuela

•

The Batasan Hills Women’s Desk of Barangay Batasan Hills, Quezon City

•

The Balayan Municipal Center for Women and the local government of Balayan, Batangas

•

The IMA Foundation and Kapisanan para sa Kagalingan ng mga Kababaihan sa Angeles, Inc.

We are also grateful to Jet Hermida for the art direction and overall book design and to Arnold Beroya and Redge A. Abos for their excellent creative contributions.

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