hfgsf/L–kq
cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^% kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f–@)^&
hnjfo' kl/jt{gM ;femf ;d:of, ;/f]sf/ / r'gf}tL e"ldsf ljZjdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus Pj+ xl/tqmflGtn] ljsf;sf y'k|} 9f]sfx¿ vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . ljsf;s} qmddf klZrdsf clwsf+z /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s l:ylt lgs} dha't ag]sf] 5 eg] ljsl;t / cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿ ljsf;sf] ult lng cft'/ b]lvG5g\ . oL ljsf;sf ultx¿;Fu} dfgjl;lh{t lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ lbgfg'lbg hl6n x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . log} jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf ljljw sf/0fx¿dWo] hnjfo' kl/jt{g klg Ps xf] . 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ df};dkl/jt{g elgG5, h:t}M 3fd nfUbf–nfUb} zLtn x'g], l5gd} kfgL kg]{ / xfjf rNg] cflb eg] nfdf] ;dofjlwb]lv k[YjLdf rlncfPsf] hf8f], udL{, jiff{ofd / cGo cj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;n] sfFr jf Knfli6ssf] h:t} sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ;"o{af6 cfpg] k|sfz / tfknfO{ ;lhn} l5g{ lbG5 . o;/L l5/]sf] tfk / k|sfz hldgdf k'u]kl5 o;sf] s]xL efu hldg, kfgL / af]6la?jfn] ;f]:5g\ eg] w]/}h;f] cfsfzlt/} kmls{G5 . t/ cfsfzaf6 kmls{P/ cfPsf] k|sfz / tfknfO{ xl/tu[x Uof;n] /f]s]/ /fVg] x'gfn] k[YjL Gofgf] / tftf] x'G5 .
o; k|lqmofnfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj (Green House Effect) elgG5 . oxL xl/tu[x k|efjsf sf/0fn] g} k[YjLdf hLljt k|f0fL afFRgsf nflu pQd tfkqmd ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o;sf] cefjdf k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd dfOg; !* l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd k'Ug] x'gfn] o:tf] tfkqmddf hLljt k|f0fLsf] hLjg c;Dej x'GYof] . ljut s]xL jif{otf ljleGg dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0fn] ubf{ jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|fs[lts geO{ dfgj;[lht hl6n / c:jfefljs k|lqmof dflgG5 . jfo'd08ndf hlthlt xl/tu[x Uof;x¿ ylk+b} hfG5g\, ToxL cg'kftdf oL Uof;x¿n] ;"o{sf] tfknfO{ a9L /f]s]/ k[YjLnfO{ tftf] agfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;}nfO{ k[YjL tfTg] k|lqmof jf ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f (Global Warming) elgG5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g} k[YjLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd, xfjfsf] axfj / aiff{df 36a9 eO{ kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5Ù h;nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] ubf{ cf};t df};ddf cl:y/tf cfpg], ;d'b|L ;tx a9\g] / lxdgbLx¿ a9L kUng]h:tf 36gfx¿ a9\b} uO/x]sfn] k[YjLn] hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
o;nfO{ k|fs[lts geO{ dfgj;[lht hl6n / c:jfefljs k|lqmof dflgG5 . jfo'd08ndf hlthlt xl/tu[x Uof;x¿ ylk+b} hfG5g\, ToxL cg'kftdf oL Uof;x¿n] ;"o{sf] tfknfO{ a9L /f]s]/ k[YjLnfO{ tftf] agfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;}nfO{ k[YjL tfTg] k|lqmof jf ljZjJofkL pi0fLs/0f elgG5 .
2
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^%
jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] cj:yf
;g\ !((& df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] zx/df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 (CO ), gfO6«; cS;fO8 (N O), ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8 (SO ), ldy]g (CH ), k/ˆnf]/f] sfa{G; (PFCs), xfO8«f] ˆnf]/f] sfa{G; (HFCs), ;Nkm/ x]Shf ˆnf]/fO8 (SF ), Uof;x¿nfO{ k|d'v xl/tu[x Uof;sf ;d"xdf /fv]sf] 5 . j}1flgs tYofÍcg';f/ jfo'd08ndf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, gfO6«; cS;fO8 / ldy]g Uof;sf] dfqf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf; cufl8 sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf @*) kL=kL=Pd= lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!! km]a|'c/L;Ddsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ o;sf] dfqf a9]/ #(!=&^ kL=kL=Pd= ePsf] 5 . o:t} u/L ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8sf] dfqf qmdzM &!% kL=kL=aL= / @&) kL=kL=aL= af6 a9]/ !&&$ kL=kL=aL= / #!( kL=kL=aL= ePsf] 5 . 2
2
2
4
6
xl/tu[x Uof;sf k|dv ' ;|ft] x¿df jghËnsf] ljgfz, a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, sf]Onf, vlgh, t]n / Uof;sf] cTolws k|of]u, e"–pkof]udf kl/jt{g, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, s[lifhGo lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g / h}ljs kbfy{sf] ljof]hgh:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] a9L pT;h{g ljz]if u/L sf]Onf / vlgh OGwgsf] cTolws k|of]u, e"–pkof]usf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8 Uof;sf a9\bf] pT;h{gdf s[lifhGo lqmofsnfkn] yk 6]jf lbPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))^ sf] Ps tYofÍcg';f/ sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{g ug]{ ljZjsf k|dv ' b]zx¿df rLg / cd]l/sf cu|:yfgdf cfpF5g\ eg] ;g\ @))% sf] csf]{ tYofÍcg';f/ stf/, o'PO{, s'jt] nufotsf b]zx¿ k|ltJolQm xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g ug{df cufl8 b]lvG5g\ .
k[YjLdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/x¿ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gs} sf/0f ljz]if u/L pQ/L w'|jLo If]qdf ljut !)) jif{df o;sf] cf};t tfkqmd bf]Aa/n] a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ !()^ b]lv @))% ;Dddf k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd )=&$ l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] a9]sf] 5 . j}1flgsx¿sf] cWoogcg';f/ ;g\ !(() kl5sf] bzs clxn];Ddsf] ;a}eGbf tftf] bzs xf] eg] ;g\ @)!) nfO{ clxn];Dds} ;a}eGbf udL{ jif{sf ¿kdf kfO{Psf] 5 . ;g\ @!)) sf] cGt;Dd k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd !=$ b]lv %=* l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . Ps tYofÍcg';f/ clk|msf dxfb]zdf k|ltbzs )=@ b]lv )=% l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd tfkqmd a9L eO/x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;} ul/ d];f] cd]l/sf / blIf0f cd]l/sfdf ! l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd j[l4 ePsf] / blIf0f Pl;ofdf lxpFbsf] ;dodf ;d]t tfkqmd j[[l4 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} k[YjLsf] cf};t jiff{ klg em08} jflif{s )=% b]lv ! k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . of] j[l4b/ jfo'd08ndf /x]sf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqfdf lge{/ /xG5 . k[YjLsf] e"dWo/]vLo
If]qdf tfkqmd sd ultdf a9]sf] 5 eg] cf};t jiff{ 36\b} uPsf] 5, t/ w|'jLo If]qdf tfkqmd l56f] ultdf a9\g'sf ;fy;fy} cf};t jiff{ klg a9]sf] 5 . tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] k[YjLsf] w'|jLo If]qsf] lxpFsf] ljzfn e08f/ klg klUnFb} uO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} lxdfnL If]qsf] lxpF tyf lxdgbLx¿ klUng] qmd klg tLj| eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L Psflt/ lxpF klUnP/ au]sf] kfgL ;d'b|df ylkFbf o;sf] ;tx a9] sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] ;d'b|L kfgLsf] cfotgdf j[l4 u/L ;d'b|;tx a9\gdf yk d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(^! / @))# sf aLrdf ;d'b|;txdf k|ltjif{ !=* ldlnld6/n] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] ;g\ !(($ b]lv @)!) ;Ddsf]
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^%
g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
3
/fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmddf pNn]v ePcg';f/ g]kfnsf] cf};t tfkqmd k|ltjif{ )=)$ b]lv )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf b/n] j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . csf]{ Ps cWoogcg';f/ g]kfnsf] tfkqmd k|ltbzs )=$! l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df t/fO{ / dWokxf8L If]qdf eGbf pRr kxf8L, lxdfnL tyf lxdfn kfl/sf If]qdf tfkqmdsf] j[l4b/ a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L tfkqmd j[l4 x'Fb} uPdf ;g\ @)#) ;Dd !=$ l8u|L ;]lN;o;, ;g\ @)^) df @=* l8u|L ;]lN;o; / ;g\ @)() ;Dddf $=& l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd a9\g] cg'dfg Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o:t} udL{ ;dodf eGbf hf8f] ;dodf tfkqmd a9L x'g] / g]kfnsf] k"j{df eGbf dWo tyf klZrd g]kfndf a9L dfqfdf tfkqmd a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] cf};t jiff{ k|ltjif{ !# ldlnld6/sf b/n] a9]sf] 5 eg] a;f{tsf lbgx¿ k|ltjif{ )=* lbgn] 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . s'g} :yfgdf v08j[li6sf sf/0fn] jiff{ 36\g uO{ ;'Vvf a9\b} uPsf] 5 eg] s'g} :yfgdf cltj[li6sf] l:ylt klg a9]sf] 5 . To:t} dg;'gL jiff{ l56f] ;'? eO{ l9nf] cGTo x'g] qmd klg kfOPsf] 5 . df};dL tYofÍcg';f/ jiff{ x'g] ;do 5f]6f] / jiff{sf] dfqf a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L af9Lklx/f] tyf e"–Ifoh:tf b}jL k|sf]kx¿ klg a9L bf]xl/g yfn]sf 5g\ .
tYo x]bf{ ;d'b| ;tx k|lt jif{ @=& b]lv #=% ldlnld6/n] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @!)) sf] cGt;Dd ;d'b|sf] ;txdf )=!* b]lv )=%( ld6/ j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;d'b|sf] t6 tyf aLrdf /x]sf 6fk' b]zx¿ -h:t} M dfnlbE;, 6'efn' / lkmhL_ 8'jfgdf kg{ ;Sg] l:yltdf 5g\ . hnjfo'df cfPsf] cfsl:ds kl/jt{gn] k|fs[lts kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . xf]rf] tyf Gofgf] e"efudf x'g] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] af;:yfg lj:tf/} pRr tyf lr;f] If]qdf :yfgfGt/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] pRr lxdfnL If]qsf h} ljs ljljwtf jf;:yfgsf cefjdf nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf 5g\ . hnjfo'sf] cfsl:ds kl/jt{gn] hLljt k|f0fLx¿nfO{
afFRgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ jf;:yfg, vfgf, k|sfz / kfgLdf ;d]t c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . h;n] ubf{ tL k|f0fLx¿ kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf afFRgsf nflu tof/ x'g] df}sf gkfO{ nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf klg k'Ug ;S5g\ . ljZjsf s'g} 7fpFdf a9L kfgL kg{ yfn]sf] 5 eg] st} sd kg]{ / nfdf] ;do;Dd v8]/L kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . st} l56f] jiff{ z'? eO{ kl5;Dd /xg] / st} l9nf] z'? eO{ l5§} ;lsg] tyf plrt ;dodf jiff{ geO{ v]tL tyf :yfgLo hnrqmdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . To:t} cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf x'/Latf;sf 36gfx¿ a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . af9Lklx/f] tyf e"–Ifo h:tf b}jL k|sf]kx¿ klg a9L b]fxf]l/g yfn]sf 5g\ . tfkqmdsf] j[l4;Fu} leFmuf tyf nfdv'§] klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . kmn:j¿k dn]l/of, kx]+n Hj/f], 8]+u', OG;]kmnfOl6; h:tf ;?jf /f]ux¿ km}lng] r'gf}tL a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . s[lif tyf kz'kfng If]qdf klg gofF–gofF emf/ tyf /f]usL/fsf] k|sf]kn] ubf{ gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .
4
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^%
g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ ljsl;t b]zx¿sf t'ngfdf g]kfnn] xl/tu[x Uof; gu0o dfqfdf lgsfn] klg, g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;ª\s]t / gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ b]lVfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ljZje/ pTkfbg x'g] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] )=)@% k|ltzt dfq} pTkfbg u5{, t/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/af6 hf]lvddf kg]{ b]zx¿dWo] g]kfn rf}yf] :yfgdf k5{ . g]kfn ljljw k|sf/sf] ef}uf]lns agf]6, sdhf]/ ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf / ;+j]bgzLn k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/k|lt klg ;+j]bgzLn 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ s[lif, jg, kfgL, pmhf{, :jf:Yo, pBf]unufotsf ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;du| hLljsf]kfh{g / cy{tGqdf cGo If]qdf eGbf a9L c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmddf plNnlvt Ps tYofÍsf cg';f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ g]kfndf !=( ldlnog hgtf a9L hf]lvdsf cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] !) ldlnog hgtf hf]lvdf]Gd'v 5g\ . of] cj:yf cfpFbf lbgx¿df lgs} eofjx ¿kdf a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
klUn“bf] lxdfn tyf lxdgbL g]kfndf sl/a #@%@ lxdgbLx¿ / @#@# lxdtfnx¿ 5g\ . tfkqmdsf j[l4n] ubf{ lxdfnsf] lxpF tyf lxdgbL klUnP/ lxdtfnx¿sf] ;+/rgf / cfsf/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . k"jL{ g]kfndf /x]sf] v'Da" lxdgbL ;g\ !(%# b]lv % lsnf]ld6/n] 36]sf] 5 . Ps cWoogcg';f/ $ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf] tfkqmd a9\g] xf] eg] g]kfnsf ;f/f lxdgbLx¿ lanfP/ hfg]5g\ . lxdgbL l56f] kUngfn] lxdtfndf w]/} dfqfdf kfgL hDdf x'g hfG5 . s'g} klg avt tL lxdtfn km'6]/ 7"nf] af9L (Glacier Lake Outburst Flood) cfpg ;S5 . ;g\ !(&& b]lv !((* ;Dddf g]kfnsf % j6f lxdtfnx¿ km'l6;s]sf 5g\ eg] @) j6f km'6\g] vt/fdf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*% cu:6 % sf lbg ;u/dfyf If]qdf l8S5f] lxdtfn km'6]/ 7"nf] af9L cfPsf] lyof] h;df !% nfv 8n/ a/fa/sf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . o; af9Ldf !)–!% ld6/ dfly;Dd kfgL a9]sf] lyof] / o;sf] c;/ () lsnf]ld6/ tn;Ddsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf] lyof] .
s[lif g]kfnsf *) k|ltzteGbf a9L hgtf hLjgofkgsf nflu s[lifdf lge{/ 5g\ . k/Dk/fut s[lifk|0ffnLnfO{ g} k5\ofpFb}
cfPsf] g]kfnsf] s[lif cfsfz] kfgLdf e/ k/]sf] 5 . t;y{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 jiff{df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf w]/h } ;f] s[ifs wfg, ds} / ux'F nufpF5g\ t/ Ps cWoog cg';f/ d+l;/b]lv r}t;Dd x'g] cf};t jiff{df sdL cfPsf sf/0fn] tL afnLdf k|ToIf c;/ k'Ug uO{ ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] s[lif pTkfbgdf g} sdL cfPsf] 5 . lxpFb] jiff{df cfPsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] sf:sL lhNnfsf ljleGg uf=lj=;= sf ls;fgx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ub}{ cfPsf] tf]/Lv]tLaf6 ljd'v ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . af9Lklx/f]h:tf k|sf]kn] df6fsf] pj{/fzlQmdf sdL cfpF5 h:fsf sf/0f s[lif–pTkfbgdf sdL cfO/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} gofF vfnsf sL6f0f'x¿, /f]uJoflw / emf/ lgl:sP/ afnLgfnLx¿nfO{ c;/ kf/]sf 5g\ . o:tf ljleGg c;/x¿sf sf/0fn] ubf{ ljleGg cÌafnL / t/sf/Lsf :yfgLo hftx¿ nf]k eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} r/ge"ldx¿df pko'Qm k|sf/sf 3fF;x¿ nf]k x'g] / 3fF;sf] dfqf klg qmdzM sd xFb' } uPsfn] 3/kfn'jf hgfj/af6 x'g] pTkfbgdf klg x|f; x'g uPsf] 5 .
:jf:Yo hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] :jf:Yo If]qdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf b'j} lsl;dn] k|efj kf5{ . Psflt/ k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0fn] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ / kf}li6s cfxf/sf] pknAwtfdf sdL cfO{ dfgj :jf:Yodf ck|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ tfkqmdsf] j[l4;Fu} nfdv'§] / lemFufx¿sf] j[l4 eO{ dn]l/of, sfnfhf/, hfklgh OG;]kmnfOl6;\h:tf /f]usf] k|sf]k a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf c¿ If]qdf eGbf t/fO{ If]qsf] a9\bf] tfkqmdsf sf/0fn] o:tf /f]ux¿sf] k|sf]k a9\b} uPsf] xf] . sl/a @@ b]lv #@ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf] tfkqmd dn]l/of km}lngsf lglDt cg's"n x'G5 . To:t} hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6; km}ngsf nflu @# b]lv @^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf] tfkqmd cg's"n /xG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf af9Lklx/f] k|efljt If]qdf cfFvf kfSg], emf8fkvfnf / 5fnf;DaGwL /f]ux¿df klg j[l4 eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
hn;Dkbf / hnljB't\df c;/ hn;|f]tsf b[li6n] g]kfn ljZjsf] bf];|f] wgL /fi6« ePsfn] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu o;sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xg' :jfefljs} xf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hnrqmdf g}
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^% k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 h;n] ubf{ hn;Dkbfdf lge{/ /x]sf hnljB't\, vfg]kfgL tyf l;FrfO kl/of]hgfx¿df k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . tfkqmdsf] j[l4sf sf/0f lxdgbLx¿ kUng] qmd al9/x]sf] 5 o;n] gbLsf] kfgLsf] k|jfx / dfqfdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] 7"nf–7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf kfgLsf] dfqfdf ePsf] sdLn] ubf{ laB't\ pTkfbg sd x'g uO{ b}lgs 306f}+ nf]8;]l8Ë ePsfn] 7"nf–7"nfpBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf afwf kl//x]sf] 5 . h;n] b]zs} cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4;Fu} kfgLsf] dfu klg a9\b} uPsf] / cf};t jiff{df klg kl/jt{g / tfkqmdsf] j[l4sf sf/0f ;–;fgf vf]nfgfnf, vf]N;fvf]N;Lx¿ ;'Sb} uPsf 5g\ . To:t} jiff{sf sdLn] ubf{ kxf8df ;–;fgf vf]N;f, d"n, s'jf ;'Sb} uPsf kfOG5g\ eg] t/fO{df e"ldut kfgLsf] ;tx 36\g uO{ v8]/Lsf] ;Defjgf al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ tyf l;FrfOdf k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ k"jL{ g]kfnsf s]xL ufpFx¿df kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ ;'Sg uO{ ToxfFsf dflg;x¿ lj:yflkt x'gkg]{ cj:yf ;d]t cfO;s]sf] 5 . of] l:ylt a9\g] xf] eg] hn;Dkbfdf e/kg]{ nfvf}+ dflg;x¿sf] hLjgofkg tyf ltgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts kIfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug] lglZrt 5 .
jgh∙n tyf h}ljs ljljwtf jghËn g]kfnsf] k|d'v k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf clwsf+z hgtf hLjgofkgsf nflu jghËndf e/ kb{5g\ o;}af6 pgLx¿n] bfp/f, vfgf, 3fF; / cf}ifwL k|fKt ub{5g\ . hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4;Fu} a9\bf] jghËnsf] dfu / k|of]un] ubf{ Psflt/ jghËnsf] ljgfz eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] o;df yk ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;sf] cf};t tfkqmdsf] j[l4;Fu} jghËnsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlwdf kl/jt{g cfFp5 eGg] s'/f ljleGg cWoogcg';Gwfgaf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . a9\bf] tfkqmdsf ;fy;fy} 89]nf], gofF vfnsf sL/f / hLjf0f'n] klg jgljgfzdf yk ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;'Vvf, sd kfgL kg]{, af9Lklx/f] tyf e"–Ifosf sf/0fn] klg jgsf] ljgfz x'G5 . jgsf] ljgfz ePkl5 jGohGt'sf] jf;:yfg u'Dg] ePsfn] o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ jGohGt' tyf cGo h}ljs ljljwtfdf k5{ . hnjfo'sf] kl/jt{gn] hLjhGt'sf] ;ª\Vof, 3gTj / pknAwtfdf klg sdL NofpF5 .
5
;a}vfn] jg:kltx¿ tyf jGohGt'x¿ pko'Qm / cg's"n jftfj/0fdf dfq afFRg ;S5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] logLx¿sf] cg''s"n jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 h;n] ubf{ ¿vla?jf tyf jGohGt' kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf afFRg g;sL nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'U5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;d;f/ If]qdf klg k|efj k5{ . tfkqmdsf] j[l4, kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf sdL / e"–pkof]usf] kl/jt{gn] l;d;f/sf] km}nfj6 / u'0f:t/ vl:sFb} uP/ ToxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;ª\s6f]Gd'v 5 . Ps cWoogcg';f/ nueu @=$ k|ltzt h}ljs ljljwtf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f nf]k x'g] cfzª\sf ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;fn} ul/Psf] cWoogcg';f/ g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgLo hftsf afnLx¿, jg:kltx¿ / s]xL jGohGt'x¿ nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf 5g\ .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] Jofks ¿kdf cfPsf] af9L / klx/f]n] ubf{ y'k|} lsl;dsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ -h:t}M af6f], k'n, hnljB't cfof]hgf, snsf/vfgf, ;+rf/ nufotsf ;+/rgfx¿_ Wj:t ePsf pbfx/0f k|z:t kfO{G5g\ .
b}jL k|sf]k
cf};t jiff{ / tfkqmddf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf af9L, klx/f], e"–Ifo / v8]/Lh:tf b}jL k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿ a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . jiff{sf j[l4n] ubf{ kxf8df klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf a9\5 eg] a]F;L tyf t/fO{df af9Lsf] k|sf]k a9\5 .
6
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^%
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx¿ ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] a9\bf] k|efjn] ubf{ hghLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{ uO/x]sf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ !((@ df a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df ljZj lzv/ ;Ddn]g ePsf] lyof] . To; ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !($ /fi6«x¿n] ;o'+Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g vfsf dxf;lGw (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
df x:tfIf/ u/] . ;Dd]ngaf6 th'{df ul/Psf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgodx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg kIf /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] e]nf (Conference of Parties–COP) ;g\ @)!) ;Dd ;f]x|f} k6s eO;s]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\ !((& df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] zx/df ePsf] a}7s cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ /Xof] . pQm a}7såf/f P]ltxfl;s Sof]6f] cle;lGw (Kyoto Protocol) kfl/t ul/of] . h;cg';f/, ;g\ @))*–@)!@ ;Dddf, ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] (Annex 1 Countries) cfˆgf] xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g !(() sf t'ngfdf cf};tdf %=@ k|ltztn] sdL Nofpg'kg]{5{ . :d/0f /xf];\ /l;ofsf] ;dy{gkl5 dfq ;g\ @))% km]a|'c/L !^ af6 Sof]6f] cle;lGw sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] lyof] . Sof]6f] cle;lGwcGtu{t k|d'v xl/tu[x Uof;sf ¿kdf /x]sf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] lsga]r ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5Ù h;nfO{ sfa{g Jofkf/ (Carbon Trade) elgG5 . o;n] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ :jR5 pmhf{ ;+oGq (Clean Development Mechanism) sf] Joj:yf Pj+ k|of]udf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;cg';f/ s'g} wgL /fi6«n] c¿ u/Lj /fi6«x¿df sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{gdf sdL Nofpg] vfnsf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/L :jo+ wgL /fi6«s} sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{gb/df sdL Nofpg] bfloTj jxg ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 . o;/L ljleGg ;dodf kfl/t u/L ljZjJofkL ¿kdf nfu" ul/Psf lgod cg';f/ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg sd ug{df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ 5 eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] c;/ tyf k|sf]kk|lt clt ;+j]bgzLn sd tyf cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] ;f]af6 ;'/lIft /xg] lqmofsnfknfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{5 . xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf a9L lhDd]jf/ /x]sf ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n]] sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;Dd]ngsf] lgod sfo{fGjog ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . h;cGtu{t dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] Change–UNFCCC)
;ftf}+ e]nf (COP-7) df ljz]if hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]if (Special Climate Change Fund -SCCF) cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] sf]if (Least Developed Countries Fund–LDC Fund) / cg's"ng sf]if (Adaptation Fund–AF) u/L tLgj6f sf]ifsf] sf] klg :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . kl/jlt{t hnjfo'df cg's"ntfk"j{s afFRgsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd (National Adaptation Programme of Action– NAPA) tof/ u/L UNFCCC df k]z ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . h;sf nflu cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] sf]ifaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] sf]if :jR5 pmhf{sf] k|of]uaf6 cfPsf] s/ Pj+ wgL /fi6«x¿sf] :j}lR5s nufgLaf6 v8f ePsf] xf] . ;g\ @)!@ kl5 Sof]6f] k|f6] f]snsf] cjlw ;lsg] ePsfn] To;kl5 ljZj ;xsfo{ / ;xdltnfO{ cuf9L a9fpg] k|dv ' p2]Zo lnP/ O08f]gl] zofsf] afnLdf ;DkGg dxf;lGwsf kIf/fi6«x¿sf] t]xf| } e]nf (COP-13) n] bL3{sfnLg ;xsfo{sf nflu tby{ sfo{;d"x (Ad-hoc Working Group on Long term Cooperative Action) u7g u/L 5nkmn ug{ b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{cjlw tf]ss ] f] lyof] . oL b'O{ jif{df ePsf] ljZj;xsfo{ / ;xdlt;DaGwL k|ultnfO{ ;g\ @))( df 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ugdf ;DkGg x'g] COP-15 df k]z ug'k{ g]{ lyof] . t/ klg tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdf sfo{;DkGg x'g g;Sgfn] / sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngaf6 7f]; pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsfn] tby{ sfo{;d"xsf] cjlw yk Ps jif{ ylkPsf] lyof] . o; cy{df klg @)!) dª\l;/ !#—@# ;Dd d]lS;sf]sf]] Sofgs'gdf ePsf] COP-16 lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . yk sfo{jlw ;dfKt ePsf] COP-16 ;Dd]ngdf klg clxn];Dd ePsf pknlAwx¿ / afnL sfo{of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k'gM bL3{sfnLg ;xsfo{sf nflu tby{ sfo{;d"xsf] sfof{jlw Ps jif{sf nflu yKb} cufdL jif{ ;DkGg x'g] COP-17 df k|:t't ul/g] ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ !(($ d] @ df UNFCCC df / ;g\ @))% ;]K6]Da/ !^ df Sof]6f] cle;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L tL
hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^% cle;lGwx¿df ;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 . Sof]6f] cle;lGw cg';f/ Pp6f ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf gftfn] g]kfnn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] c;/ tyf k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft x'g ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfgcg';f/ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmd (National Adaptation Programme of Action) tof/ u/L UNFCCC df k]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xof]udf hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)^& tof/ u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 . dGqfnon] :jR5 pmhf{ ;+oGqsf (Clean Development Mechanism) sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ DNA (Designated National Authorities) sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿ ;lDdlnt hnjfo' kl/jt{g kl/ifb\ klg u7g u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L jg dGqfnodf /]8 PsfO, s[lif dGqfnodf hnjfo' kl/jt{g PsfO :yfkgf u/L hnjfo'
7
kl/jt{g;DaGwL sfo{x¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fO{Psf] 5 . hnjfo';DaGwL gLltlgdf{0f ubf{ s[ifs, ;d'bfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] /fo;Nnfx ln+b} ljleGg If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/L k|of;sf ;fy;fy} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klg hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljljw d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf ;d'bfo–s]lGb|t cg's"'ngnfO{ a9fjf lbg cfk;L ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;~hfnLs/0fdf ljz]if kxn u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k /fli6«o / If]qLo :t/df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfn (NGO Group on Climate Change, Climate Change Network Nepal-CCNN) :yfkgf u/L ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ sfo{Gjog ePsf 5g\ . NGO Group on Climate Change df xfn k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf u/L !%) j6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ eg] ;f] ;d"xn] hnjfo'df rf;f] /fVg] $%% hgf lj1x¿ ;xefuL ePsf] Pp6f ljB'tLo ;~hfn klg ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .
Sofgs'g ;Dd]ng / o;sf pknlAw ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;ª\3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL vfsf dxf;lGw cGtu{t k|dv ' cËsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] !^ cf}+ ;Dd]ng / Sof]6f] cle;lGwcGtu{t kIf /fi6«x¿sf] 5}7f}+ ;Dd]ng -@)^& d+;L/ !# b]lv @# ;Dd_ Nov 29 – Dec 10, 2010 df d]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'gdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o; ;Dd]ngn] sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf kIfdf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;Dd]ngn] Sofgs'g cg'sn " g vfsfsf] (Cancun Adaptation Framework) :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . h;cGtu{t cg'sn " gsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|fT] ;flxt / sfof{Gjog ug{ hnjfo' dxf;lGwsf] dfu{bz{gdf /xL cg'sn " g ;ldlt (Adaptation Committee) lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . cg'sn " g vfsfdf pNn]v ePsf sfdx¿dWo] /fli6«o cg'sn " g sfo{qmd (NAPA) n] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf of]hgfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fx¿ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o:t} dxf;lGw cGtu{t /xL cy{Joj:yf ug{sf nflu cNkljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ;d]t ;dfg ;xeflutfdf xl/t hnjfo' sf]if (Green Climate Fund) :yfkgf u/L cg'sn " gsf] sfo{sf nflu cNkljsl;t /fi6«, ljsf;f]Gd'v 6fk' /fi6« / clk|msL dxfb]zsf /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;} u/L hnjfo' Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :jLsfb}{ To:tf /fi6«x¿n] Go"gsfa{g pT;h{g /0fgLlt (Low Carbon Development Strategy ) agfpg lgb]z { u/]sf] 5 . o;sf
cnfjf ;Dd]ngn] jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwx¿ ljsl;t b]zx¿af6 ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df x:tfGt/0f ePdf xl/t u[x Uof;df s6f}tL eO{ kl/jlt{t hnjfo'df cg'sl" nt x'g ;Sg] dx;'; ub}{ k|fljlws sfo{sf/L ;ldlt (Technical Committee) hnjfo' k|ljlw s]Gb| / ;+hfnsf] ;d]t :yfkgf u/L /fli6«o, cGt/fli6«o tyf If]qLo / ;fd'bflos :t/sf k|ljlw ;~hfn, ;+:yf / ;DalGwt ljifodf ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o:t} pQm ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;Ln b]zx¿sf] Ifdtfclej[l4sf nflu klg ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ;xof]usf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg{sf nflu ljz]if cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o klg u/]sf] 5 . Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf ljZjtfkqmdnfO{ @ l8u|L /fVg] lg0f{o ePtf klg s;/L !=% l8u|Ldf ;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;dLIff ug],{ /fli6«o cg'sn " g of]hgf agfpgsf nflu ¿k/]vf tof/ ug],{ cg'sn " g ;ldltsf] sfo{ k|0ffnL / sfo{ ;~rfngsf af/]df k|ltj]bg tof/ ug],{ Iflt tyf gf]S;fgsf ;DaGwdf cem a9L 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg], hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] jg / e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw ljifodf Jofks ¿kdf 5nkmn cufl8 a9fO{ ljZj;xdlt sfod ug{ yk pT;fx a9fPsf] 5 .
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hfgsf/L–kq cª\s !, dª\l;/, @)^%
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ pkfox¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] sf] ;du| jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf kl/jt{g NofO{ k|f0fLhut\df kf/]sf] gsf/fTds c;/ sd ug{ tyf kl/jlt{t hnjfo'df ;xh tl/sfn] afFRg] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ d'VotM b'O{ k|sf/sf pkfox¿ 5g\ M
!_ Go"gLs/0f (Mitigation) Jffo'd08ndf /x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] dfqf jf cg'kftdf sdL Nofpg] k|lqmof cyjf k|ljlwnfO{ Go"gLs/0f elgG5 . dfgjLo ultljlw -h:t}M OGwgsf] clws pkof]u, jgkmF8fgL / e"–pkof]udf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ jfo'd08ndf hDdf eO/x]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;_ sd ug{ lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg'k5{ M pmhf{sf nflu snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]ux¿df k|of]u eO/x]sf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ Pjd\ sf]Onfsf] k|of]u sd u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ -h:t}M ;f}o{ / hnljB't\ pmhf{_ sf] k|jw{g u/L pkof]u ug]{Ù af]6la?jfn] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 Uof; ;f]:g] x'gfn] jghËnsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, gfËf] hldgdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / l;d;f/ If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f tyf afof] Uof;, jfo'zlQm hnljB't\, e"–tfk (Geo-thermal) h:tf :jR5 pmhf{sf] k|jw{g u/L To:tf phf{sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg]]{Ù kmf]x/d}nfsf] k'gj{jLs/0f (Recycle) / k'gM k|of]u (Reuse) u/L plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{Ù k|fËfl/s v]tLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{Ù ljsl;t b]zx¿af6 Jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df k|jw{g Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{Ù a9L pmhf{ k|of]u x'g] ;fwg -h:t}M uf8L, sDKo'6/, lk|mh, ljB't\ cflb_ sf] k|of]udf sdL Nofpg] .
@_ cg's"ng
(Adaptation)
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] NofPsf c;/x¿ sd u/L kl/jlt{t hnjfo'nfO{ cg's"lnt u/L ;xh hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ g} cg's"ng elgG5 . abln+bf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] cg's"ngeGbf k[ys\ 9ª\un] ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfonfO{ a9L ;hu / ;Ifd agfpg' g} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu cg's"ng xf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df g} kl/l:yltcg';f/ cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx¿sf]
th'{df ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnvLt pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 M hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf If]q / ;d'bfosf] klxrfg u/L k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ / ;fd'bflos cg's"ng of]hgf tof/ ug]{Ù af9Lklx/f]] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+/If0fsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ / ;d'bfonfO{ j}slNks hLljsf]kfh{gsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug]{Ù ljleGg k|ljlwx¿ -h:t}M cfsf;] kfgL ;ª\sng, hldgnfO{ k'gM cfafbof]Uo agfpg], afof] OlGhlgol/Ë, s'jf tyf Ogf/_ sf] lgdf{0f ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{Ù hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ljklQaf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/L k"j{tof/Ldf hf]8 lbg]Ù h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf ;fy;fy} afnL nufpg] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g ug]{ / kl/jlt{t hnjfo';Fu k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] afnL tyf hgfj/sf hftx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{Ù hLjgaLdf, kz'aLdf / afnLaLdfsf] Joj:yf ug]{Ù hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 lj:yflkt ePsfnfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbO{ a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug]{Ù cg's"ng sf]if (Adaptation Fund) nfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf ;d'bfo;Dd k'¥ofpg :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o ;+oGq / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{Ù :yfgLo :t/sf ;d'bfo / ljleGg ju{ Pj+ ;+:yfx¿sf] gLltlgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍsgdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{Ù z}lIfs If]qdf o;;DaGwL kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; u/L ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfaLrsf] ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;~hfnLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{Ù hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] k/Dk/fut ;Lk, 1fg, k|ljlw / k|of]usf] clen]v tof/ kf/L cfjZos ljsf; / k|jw{g u/]/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ . ;Gbe{;fdfu|Lx¿
yk hfgsf/Lsf nfluM
hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;d"x (NGO Group on Climate Change), nL–a8{ kf]=a=g+= #@$, kf]v/f, sf:sL kmf]g )^!–%@^*#$ ofS; )^!–%#((%^ Od]n info@libird.org j]a;fO6 www.libird.org
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IPCC Report, 2007 www.co2now.org NAPA Nepal, 2010 hnjfo' ;/f]sf/, CCNN, Kathmandu www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2010/12/climate_change www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/green/pdfs/climate change vulnerabiltyindex.2011.pdf http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/glofs.asp