Li_Bo_Nonuniform Movement_Fall2022

BO LI

Thesis Book

California Polytechnic State University

San Luis Obispo Bachelor of Architecture

BO LI | Stannard Studio | 2022-23

NONUNIFORM MOVEMENT

how dynamic facades help grow crops in the hot desert Arizona

Copyright © 2022 by Bo Li

All rights reserved.

No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher or author, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Professor Sandy Stannard as well as the faculty of the CAED who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

PREFACE

Food production, processing and transport need energy

Fossil fuel extraction energy crops and carbon sequestration impact on food supply

GLOBAL CHANGE | SUSTAINABLE PROSPERITY | PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

FOOD-ENERGY-WATER NEXUS

Clean water supply needs energy

Energy production (including sequestration) needs water, and impacts on water quality and availability

GLOBAL CHANGE | SUSTAINABLE PROSPERITY | PLANETARY BOUNDARIES

Food production needs clean water, and impacts on water quality and availability

Water infrastructure and use impacts on fish stocks, food supply and land use

Equal access to water, energy, and food is essential for human society, poverty reduction, and sustainability. Global studies show that the demand for fresh water, energy, and food will dramatically increase in the coming decades due to population growth, economic progression, international trade, urbanization, agricultural production, and climate change pressures. About 70% of human water resources are used for food production, including irrigation and livestock feeding.

At the same time, energy and water usage in urban settings is complicated but, in some cases, complementary. On the one hand, energy exploitation and generation are inseparable from water; On the other hand, water production and distribution, sewage treatment, and utilization of reclaimed water all require a large amount of energy. In particular, some cities must add other water sources, such as desalinated seawater and water from different regions, into their water source structure due to the shortage of local water resources. In California, about 12 percent of total energy use is related to water, including pumping water from underground aquifers, water conveyance, and heating and cooling water. As a result, the energy consumption required to operate urban water systems is increasing, and the corresponding greenhouse gas emissions are also increasing.

Photo Credit: Boxed Water Is Better. Upsplash.com

Photo Credit: Denys Nevozhai. Upsplash.com

According to the World Bank, more than 50 percent of the world’s population lives in cities, with 4.4 billion inhabitants. Furthermore, this number will more than double its current size by 2050, which means that resource and environmental requirements for the combined water, energy, and food systems will become more intense and intractable. On the one hand, rapid urbanization results in a massive demand for water, energy, and food resources, which is reshaping human-environment relationships. On the other hand, most of the water, energy, and food resources production happens outside the city. Thus, the environmental impact of urban activities extends beyond its geographical boundaries. Development and growth in an urban setting will likely change the interactions between cities and the corresponding water, energy, and food systems, making cities vulnerable due to the fragile balance of these life and comfort systems and the environment.

With the world’s population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, it is estimated that food production will have to increase by 70 percent to meet the food needs of the global population. This means that over the next 30 years, farms will have to produce more food than ever. However, more than the current amount of arable land is needed. Due to the harmful effects of global deforestation (including desertification and flooding), forests have reached their limits in terms of destruction. Therefore, finding alternative methods of growing food is imperative. Vertical farming will be one of the most effective agricultural methods, which combines traditional techniques with the newest technologies.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Ethnicity

Tempe, AZ is home to a population of 192k people. In 2020, there were 5.21 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (104k people) in Tempe, AZ than any other race or ethnicity. There were 20k White (Hispanic) and 17.3k Asian (NonHispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

Age Range

In 2020, the median age of all people in Tempe, AZ was 29.8.

Education Range

In 2020, universities in Tempe, AZ awarded 29,181 degrees. The student population of Tempe, AZ is skewed towards women, with 48,947 male students and 51,899 female students.

White Alone 52.2% Hispanic or Latino 32.0% Black or African American Alone 5.4% Asian Alone 4.2% Mixed 4.2% Other 2.0%

% 5-17

23.10% 18-64

61.10% 65-84

14.10% 85 & Above

1.70% AGE

Most students graduating from Universities in Tempe, AZ are White (14,351 and 55.4%), followed by Hispanic or Latino (6,252 and 24.2%), Asian (1,579 and 6.1%), and Black or African American (1,367 and 5.28%). 10% 20%

Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Degree Professional School Degree Doctorate Degree

10.6% 21.7% 31.5% 22.4% 10.0% 2.2% 1.5% 30%

Less than High School High School Graduate Some College 40%

CONTEXT

demographics existing building analysis site analysis macro visioning nature inspiration climate analysis

Household Type

Household Income

In 2020, the median household income of the 76.2k households in Tempe, AZ grew to $61,290 from the previous year’s value of $57,994.

Married-Couple Family

Male Householder, No Wife Present

Female Householder, No Wife Present 40%

Nonfamily Households

48.0% 5.9% 11.9% 34.2% 30%

10% 20%

Gender

Male 49.7% Female 50.3%

60k All

20k 40k $61.290

80k

Commuter Transportation

In 2020, 68.1% of workers in Tempe, AZ drove alone to work, followed by those who worked at home (8.74%) and those who carpooled to work (8.73%).

Drove Alone Worked At Home Carpooled 80%

68.1% 8.74% 8.73% 60%

20% 40%

Photo Credit: Andrew Ruiz. Upsplash.com

SCOTTSDALE

PHOENIX ARIZONA

SALT RIVER PIMAMARICOPA MESA

TEMPE

PROJECT SITE

ZONING REGULATION

TRANSPORTATION

HAYDEN FLOUR MILL

Located at the intersection of W Rio Salado Pkwy and S Mill Ave, which is a relic of Tempe’s agricultural past, when Tempe was a small town surrounded by miles of farmland and anchored, economically, by the processing and marketing of grain, cotton, fruit, vegetable, and dairy products.

The City of Tempe wants to keep the Hayden Flour Mill a landmark for future generations. The current building dates to 1918 but other mills have been on the site since 1874.

The proposed site is an old flour mill located in the downtown Tempe area with good public transportation, including Tempe FLASH, Valley metro rail and Streetcar, and Orbit Venus, Jupiter, Earth, Mars, and Mercury. All those stations are within 10 mins of walking distance, which would significantly benefit the project’s sustainable goals, encourage taking public transportation, and reduce the percentage of people who drive alone.

Orbit Venus Project Site Valley Metro Rail Valley Metro Streetcar Orbit Jupiter Orbit Earth Orbit Mars Orbit Mercury Tempe FLASH

FOOD

LANES + PARKS +

BIKE

In addition to the well-designed public transportation routes, bike lanes are available and expanding around the site thanks to the City of Tempe. Dedicated bike lanes are available along most major roads in downtown Tempe. Also, in the park and on the ASU campus, bike trails are easily accessible. Food access is limited around the proposed site, with only one grocery store, Whole Foods, within 20 mins walking distance. Two farmers’ markets will occasionally happen near the ASU campus and the Whole Foods area. People will have to take public transportation or drive the car to the nearest other stores.

Project Site 15 Mins Walking Radius

Farmers Markets Grocery Stores

Dedicated Bike Lanes

Bike Trails Parks

LEISURES + RECREATIONS

The proposed site is in the Tempe, Phoenix, and Scottsdale art and culture golden triangle, 6 leisure and recreation sites are within 15 mins of walking, including the ASU art museum, The Katzin Concert Hall, and Tempe Center for The Arts. The popular hiking trail “A” Mountain Tempe is next to the project site. On the other side of the Salt River, Arizona Heritage Center, Phoenix Zoo, Hall of Flame Fire Museum, and Desert Botanical Garden are all within 8 mins of driving.

15 Mins Walking Radius

Project Site

Libraries

Museums

Recreation Centers

Region power resources: Salt River Project | Nuclear 50% (Palo Verde Nuclear Station) | Gas

32.5% (Desert Basin Generating Station, Kyrene Generating Station) | Solar 1.55%

Carbon Intensity: 259g | Low-carbon 54% | Renewable 5%

Salt River Project (SRP) [80%] – Surface water is collected from the Salt and Verde River watersheds, stored in six SRP reservoirs and diverted into SRP canals at Granite Reef Dam in Mesa, Arizona.

Groundwater [13%] – In 2021, Tempe used 10 groundwater wells to supplement surface water supplies.

Central Arizona Project (CAP) [7%] – Colorado River water is delivered to Tempe through the CAP water transmission and delivery system to central Arizona, including the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas.

Access to fresh produce and farmers’ markets varies in different parts of the city. The area where my site is located is marked as Low Income and Low Access at 1 and 10 mils by Census Tract. Within 2 mile of the radius of downtown Tempe, there is only one grocery store, Whole Foods.

Tempe’s HPCC (Household Products Collection Center) was the first permanent facility built in Maricopa County to remove and properly dispose of household hazardous waste (HHW).

This sustainable program helps protect the environment by eliminating items from being poured into the wastewater collection system or storm drains and thrown into the municipal solid waste stream, which uses up more landfill space.

Other than the HPCC, on-site composting and recycling are highly recommended for residents. And Zero Waste Day helps residents recycle those items that cannot go into the blue recycling container every Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday.

The project site is located ¼ miles away from the Salt River, which is the Special Flood Hazard Area and belongs to Tempe’s modern geologic floodplain. Therefore, property owners are required to purchase flood insurance.

Geologically, the site is located on the base of the Hayden Butte. It has a slightly higher elevation than the surrounding environment, which might not be heavily influenced by the Salt River flood. But developing the site will have to take the hill into the design consideration.

Most of the solid waste accumulated in Tempe will be shipped to Sky Harbor Regional Transfer Station. But I’m not able to find any information about which landfill they will be sent to. Since Tempe is very close to Phoenix, I assume they might share some waste processing facilities. The city of Phoenix owns two strategically placed transfer stations, one in north Phoenix and one in South Phoenix. Transfer stations temporarily house all of the trash from Phoenix in preparation for hauling the materials to the State Route 85 Landfill in Buckeye.

Maricopa County experiences a much more severe drought in 2022 compared to 2007. In 2007 most of the county areas were under moderate drought conditions. But in 2022, almost half of the eastern regions experience abnormally dryness.

NATURE INSPIRATION

The Challenge Maximum the use of solar power Inspiration From Nature

Thylakoid structures of plants and cyanobacteria maximize exposure to light by being stacked and cross-linked.

Plants with thylakoid structures and cyanobacteria generally consist of individual flat membrane sacs, often stacked like rolls of coins, connected by many cross-connections, which can maximize the use of light.

Photo credit: wikiwand

Photo credit: silviapvadi’s blog

The Challenge

Maximum the use of solar power Inspiration From Nature

Leaves of olive trees optimize sunlight harvesting by differing in shape and being flexible to changing conditions.

Sun leaves are generally smaller, longer, and thicker than shade leaves, containing more chlorophyll-containing tissue and a more extensive internal vascular system. In that case, sun leaves are better suited to capture and use direct solar radiation. The shade leaves, located in the interior of the tree canopy, appear to effectively use diffuse solar radiation scattered by other objects, such as the outer sun leaves and tree branches. The shade leaves could also be found on the shading side of the tree that faces away from the direct sunlight.

Photo credit: Ecology & Evolution

Photo credit: DW

The Challenge

Located in a desert area lack of water resources and significantly less rain. Inspiration From Nature

Leaves of South African geophytes collect water from dew and fog using unusual leaf shapes.

The geophytes in the arid Namaqualand region of South Africa cool down at night as they release heat from the daylight sun into the rapidly cooling air, creating a perfect environment for dew to condense on their leaves. They also have a large surface area due to their curls and hair, which helps them release heat faster. As a result, they are better at collecting water vapor from the air than other plants. These curls, spirals, and hairs also help vegetation gather fog as well. Water droplets in fog easily adhere to surfaces they encounter. Broad surfaces tend to collect more water than narrow ones.

Photo credit: in defense of plants

Photo credit: in defense of plants

The Challenge

Temperature control & sun shading Inspiration From Nature

The leaf of the Australian fan palm gathers light and stays cool by subdivision into tilted segments.

One of the strategies for maintaining low heat capacities is to develop very light leaf structures so that accumulated heat can be easily transferred to the atmospheric environment. Also, the leaf size decreases geographically as solar energy increases. A perfect example is the fan palm, Licuala Ramsayi, from northeastern Australia. Its leaf fan provides a sizeable solar absorption area. However, the leaves are cut into segments and tilted so air can pass through freely carrying the heat to the surrounding environment.

Photo credit: Asknature

Photo credit: Google

CLIMATE DESIGN RESPONSE

The proposed project is an agricultural research center focusing on vertical farming technologies in hot arid climates, located in downtown Tempe, surrounded by a vibrant mix of different types of buildings, such as high-rise skyscrapers, mid-rise office towers, lowrise residential, restaurants, and some civic buildings. The existing building is the Hayden Flour Mill, located at the intersection of W Rio Salado Pkwy and S Mill Ave. The building is a relic of Tempe’s agricultural past, when Tempe was a small town surrounded by miles of farmland and economically anchored by the processing and marketing of grain, cotton, fruit, vegetable, and dairy products.

Photo Credit: Ameer Basheer. Upsplash.com

The Phoenix Metropolitan Area, including Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and a few other cities, is a typical example of the hot desert climate mainly because it is located in the Sonoran Desert and is the largest city region in the United States in this climate zone. It has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. This area is one of the sunniest places in the world, with equal hours of sunlight as the Sahara, which creates a perfect environment for the photovoltaic system to be integrated with the dynamic façade system. Average summer temperatures are the hottest of any major region in the United States. On average, high temperatures reach at least 100 degrees from late May through September.

According to U.S. Energy Information Administration, 47% of energy for a typical commercial building in the United States is used for cooling, ventilation, and refrigeration. And another 17% of energy, the most significant single contributor among all the energy use categories, is used for lighting. The proposal will explore the use of solar shading, power generation, natural ventilation (through proven methods such as windcatchers, solar chimneys and so on), and daylighting.

Tempe, Arixona

Photo Credit: Tyrel Johnson. Upsplash.com

Photo Credit: Jonny Kennaugh. Upsplash.com

IS VERTICAL FARMING THE FUTURE OF URBAN AGRICULTURE?

Vertical farming is a completely controlled form of crop production, controlling temperature, light, air, and humidity to maximize crop yield in a limited space. It also protects the crops against weather changes. Plant growth is usually supported with very little soil and water and a precise mix of nutrient solutions. Therefore, vertical farming is a highly efficient method of food production in areas where arable land is limited, including cities. It uses vertical stacking to grow different corps simultaneously, which takes up only a tiny space. And there is no limitation for where we could install the vertical farms, such as building interiors or containers. Additionally, based on the unique local climate and environmental condition, users could choose from a few types of vertical farming systems, such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics.

PROJECT ISSUES

Vertical agriculture has many advantages over traditional land farming.

1. Corps can grow all year round in a controlled environment, and production schedules can be easily adjusted according to the market and demands.

2. Vertical farming can also achieve shorter growing cycles and faster harvests meaning that more food can be grown yearly in a much smaller space than on a conventional farm.

3. In addition, with stable quality and output, industrial lab production makes the harvested crops more uniform and more in line with market standards, reducing waste caused by “defective goods.”

4. Plus, hydroponic farms recycle water used in the production system, using >90% less water than traditional agriculture while reducing the need for chemical pesticides through strict control, weatherproofing, and infection prevention.

5. Moreover, shortening the supply chain, which means that crops produced in cities are sold directly within the municipality, eliminates a lot of transportation distance, time, and cost, which not only ensures fresh food but also reduces supply chain waste and carbon emissions.

Photo Credit: npr.org

Hydroponics

Hydroponics, a method of growing plants in a water-based, nutrient-rich solution, is widely used in vertical agriculture. The fundamental of this method is to allow the plant roots to come into direct contact with the nutrient solution, while also getting oxygen, effectively eliminating bacteria and harmful substances in the soil, thus achieving truly organic food production.

Aquaponics

Aquaponics is a new type of farming system that is much like hydroponics, but more optimized. It combines Aquaculture and Hydroponics through unique ecological design, so that the fish can grow without frequently changing water, and the vegetables can grow without fertilizer. and economic problems and maximizes production yield.

Aeroponics

Unlike conventional hydroponics and aquaponics, aeroponics does not require any liquid or solid medium to grow plants. Aeroponics is a soilless agriculture technique in which the nutrient solution is turned into small droplets by a spray device and sprayed directly into the root system of plants to provide water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Aeroponics was first invented by NASA in the 1990s in search of efficient space plant growing techniques.

Despite the advantages of vertical farming, many challenges must be overcome.

1. First of all, vertical farms require a lot of electricity. This is an area where technology needs to be improved, especially in lighting, where LED lights provide UV light for plants to photosynthesize. And around 60% of electricity worldwide still comes from fossil fuels, which also produce a lot of greenhouse gases. Nowadays, technologies have made agricultural LED lights more efficient, but dehumidification and cooling systems consume a lot of energy.

2. Secondly, building materials such as glass, steel, and concrete that are used for setting up vertical farming are expensive up front and have high CO2 emissions. Those farms also have very high ongoing operating costs during production. In addition, vertical farms are only used for some current crops, such as corn and wheat, the crops that could grow in the lab setting are still very limited.

Photo Credit: Marios Gkortsilas. Upsplash.com

Due to its unique climate and huge energy consumption for both building operations and vertical farming, achieving the selfsustainable goal for the building system will be challenging. As a result, it makes the building façade exceptionally crucial as it is a significant contributor to energy efficiency and a huge determinant of energy consumption for heating, cooling, and ventilation systems, as well as for daylighting and power production. Therefore, a facade should not only be designed for aesthetics but also to provide environmental and experiential solutions. For example, a well-designed and adaptable façade could help reduce energy costs by minimizing solar gain, thereby reducing the cooling load on the building. According to research done by Dac-Khuong Bui and his colleagues, the adaptive façade system can reduce energy consumption by 14.9 –29.0% compared to the static façades. These crucial findings show the potential of adaptive façades to improve the energy performance of buildings.

RESEARCHABOUTTHEFACADE

HOW DYNAMIC FACADES HELP GROW CROPS IN THE HOT DESERT ARIZONA?

In addition, buildings generally have large façade areas, so photovoltaic panels could be integrated into the facade, allowing buildings to improve their energy efficiency, perform all the functions of traditional facade elements, and increase the benefits of power generation. Orientation will also be an essential factor to consider as it indicates the potential of implementing the dynamic façade. South facing façade has the most significant opportunity, and the operation will focus on vertical and horizontal elements. East and west façade have less solar exposure, but without proper solar shading devices, it could also cause overheating.

Plus, it is also easier to store the energy generated on-site and reuse it as needed compared to getting the electricity from the power grid. Also storage systems are becoming increasingly popular in the photovoltaic and building sectors.

In addition, the PV facades provide balanced and optimized daily energy production by spreading solar panels across the east, south, and west facades. An adaptive dynamic façade system for this case study project would provide the building users more comfortable working conditions, decrease the use of HAVC systems, generate energy, boost energy performance and provide architectural experience.

RESEARCHABOUTTHEFACADE

PRIVATE SEMI-PUBLIC PUBLIC

Storage for exhibits not currently on display

Loading/unloading Packing/unpacking

Staff facilities

Conservation area Data collection

Teaching rooms

Public display areas Workshop Sales/shop Lobby/reception Cafe

Public restroom facilities Event spaces

Vertical Farming demonstration center Dessert plants garden Heritage grains outdoor field

This proposed project is to become a demonstration center for the future urban sustainable vertical farms, creating exhibition spaces and providing hands-on experience. Using a dynamic façade would help the building operation and overall energy performance. In addition, various outdoor gardens and indoor lab spaces provide a good opportunity for the public to learn about native plants and heritage grains.

DESIGN ISSUES

MORECONTENTS

MORECONTENTS

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa

Historic Grain Silo Complex -- Art Museum

Location: Cape Town, South Africa

Typology: Museum

Architect: Heatherwick Studio

The museum is housed in 9,500 sq metres of custom designed space, spread over nine floors, carved out of the monumental structure of the historic Grain Silo Complex. The silo, disused since 1990, stands as a monument to the industrial past of Cape Town, at one time the tallest building in South Africa, now given new life through the transformation by Heatherwick Studio.

CASE STUDIES

adaptive reuse dynamic facade

MORECASESTUDIES

DYNAMIC FACADE

Al Bahar Towers

Dynamic Facades

Location: Abu Dhabi, UAE

Typology: Mixed-use, Office tower

Architect: Aedas

Using a parametric description for the geometry of the actuated facade panels, the team was able to simulate their operation in response to sun exposure and changing incidence angles during the different days of the year.

The screen opperates as a curtain wall, sitting two meters outside the buildings’ exterior on an independent frame. Each triangle is coated with fiberglass and programmed to respond to the movement of the sun as a way to reduce solar gain and glare. In the evening, all the screens will close.

Roof mounted photovoltaic cells

Photovoltaic slopes southwards

Sky garden provides natural cooling effect

Translucent Mashrabiya appears cool and crystalline

Shading effect similar to the form of the nature

SolarLeaf

Biotech Facade

Location: Hamburg, Germany

Typology: Mixed-use, Office tower

Architect: Splitterwerk Architects and Arup

The biomass and heat generated by the façade are transported by a closed loop system to the building’s energy management centre, where the biomass is harvested through floatation and the heat by a heat exchanger. Because the system is fully integrated with the building services, the excess heat from the photobioreactors (PBRs) can be used to help supply hot water or heat the building, or stored for later use.

INITIAL DESIGN STUDIES

The old flour mill has been turned into a space that provides information for people about the agricultural history of the City of Tempe and an educational center for the food production process. Kids could learn how food grows and how it is processed from the original to the ones we buy from the store. A botanical garden allows people to learn how desert plants adapt to the hot and arid environment. Dynamic façade works closely with vertical farming systems to provide fresh produce to the local communities and is a critical resource for building energy.

The height difference between different parts of the old flour mill provides a great opportunity and spatial quality to include various types of programs: the local markets/retailers at the bottom provide fresh produce access to the locals. Desert botanical garden creates a beautiful place for people to hang out as well as learn about the different characteristics of those plants. Dynamic façade has been applied to the entire building, changing according to the orientation and sun angles, providing energy, and acting as an adaptive solar shading device. The whole complex acts as an integrated system to be self-sustainable in terms of energy consumption.

ERio Salado Pkwy

Vertical Demostration Center Private Spaces

Public Spaces

FINALDESIGN

FINAL DESIGN

floor plans sections renders physical model

FINALDESIGN

REFLECTION

REFLECTION

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