Report: Terrorism in Libya - 8th October 2015

Page 1

7 October 2015


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Foreword Terrorism and ISIS in particular is an existential threat not only to Libya but to the global community. The massacre of 30 Ethiopian Christians, the murder of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Sirte, Libya, the burning alive of a Jordanian pilot in Syria, and the recent attacks in Tunisia, France, and Copenhagen are only a small portion of the heinous crimes committed by these criminals in the name of Islam. The document you have in your hands lists the atrocities committed on a daily basis in Libya. If these criminals are not dealt with, they will continue to murder, kidnap, extort, and enslave innocent people with ever greater impunity. LIAS will distribute these updates on a regular basis so that these crimes are widely reported and these criminals exposed for what they really are.

Dr. Aref Ali Nayed Chairman, Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies

1


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ...................................................................................................................... 5 Organizations ......................................................................................................................... 5 Individuals ............................................................................................................................. 5 Locations ................................................................................................................................ 5 Map of Libya and Provinces....................................................................................................... 6 Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................ 7 Definition of Categorized Events ...............................................................................................8 ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya ................................................ 9 Overview................................................................................................................................. 9 Situation ................................................................................................................................. 9 Expansion ............................................................................................................................. 10 Strategy ................................................................................................................................. 11 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 12 Terrorist Activity in Libya ........................................................................................................ 13 Week of 4 October, 2015 ...................................................................................................... 13 Week of 27 September, 2015 ................................................................................................ 13 Week of 13 September, 2015 ................................................................................................ 13 Week of 6 September, 2015 .................................................................................................. 14 Week of 30 August, 2015...................................................................................................... 14 Week of 23 August, 2015 ...................................................................................................... 15 Week of 16 August. 2015 ...................................................................................................... 15 Week of 2 August 2015 ......................................................................................................... 15 Week of 26 July 2015 ........................................................................................................... 16 Week of 19 July 2015 ............................................................................................................ 16 Week of 12 July 2015 ............................................................................................................ 16 Week of 5 July 2015 ............................................................................................................. 18 Week of 28 June 2015 .......................................................................................................... 19 Week of 21 June 2015 ...........................................................................................................20 Week of 14 June 2015........................................................................................................... 24 Week of 7 June 2015 ............................................................................................................ 26 Week of 31 May 2015............................................................................................................ 29 Week of 24 May 2015 ........................................................................................................... 35 Week of 17 May 2015 ............................................................................................................ 44 2


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 10 May 2015 ........................................................................................................... 55 Week of 3 May 2015 ............................................................................................................. 62 Week of 26 April 2015 .......................................................................................................... 69 Week of 19 April 2015 .......................................................................................................... 75 Week of 12 April 2015 ..........................................................................................................82 Week of 5 April 2015 ............................................................................................................84 Week of 29 March 2015........................................................................................................89 Week of 22 March 2015........................................................................................................ 91 Week of 15 March 2015 ........................................................................................................ 94 Week of 8 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 99 Week of 1 March 2015 ........................................................................................................ 102 Week of 22 February 2015 ................................................................................................. 105 Week of 15 February 2015 .................................................................................................. 108 Week of 8 February 2015 .................................................................................................... 111 Week of 1 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 115 Week of 25 January 2015 .................................................................................................... 117 Week of 18 January 2015 ....................................................................................................119 Week of 11 January 2015 .....................................................................................................121 Week of 4 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 122 Week of 28 December 2014 ............................................................................................... 123 Week of 21 December 2014 ................................................................................................ 124 Week of 14 December 2014 ................................................................................................ 125 Week of 7 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 125 Week of 30 November 2014 ............................................................................................... 125 Week of 23 November 2014 ............................................................................................... 126 Week of 16 November 2014................................................................................................ 126 Week of 9 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 127 Week of 2 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 130 Week of 19 October 2014 ................................................................................................... 130 Week of 5 October 2014 ...................................................................................................... 131 Week of 7 September 2014 .................................................................................................. 131 Week of 17 August 2014 ...................................................................................................... 131 Week of 20 July 2014 .......................................................................................................... 131 Week of 15 June 2014......................................................................................................... 132 3


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 16 March 2014 ...................................................................................................... 132 Main Hubs of ISIS Activity .................................................................................................... 133

4


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Glossary of Actors Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized House of Representatives in Tobruk. Libya Dawn – A coalition of militias based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the command of the now defunct General National Congress. Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed units operating in western Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army. Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries – Islamic Militia Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL

Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS) Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in January 2015 Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna

Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center) Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan 5


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libya and Provinces

M AP 1 - PROVINCES OF L IBYA

6


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libyan Population Density

M AP 2 - L IBYAN P OPULATION D ENSITY M AP

7


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Definition of Categorized Events Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry. Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation. Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group. Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and assassinations. Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s agenda.

8


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya Overview The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014 by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata, provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present in eastern Libya, seized the opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past year, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent in mid-September 2014 by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to an increasingly dangerous force, with bases of operation within all three historical provinces of Libya.

Situation The beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians and the massacre of 30 Ethiopian Christians in videos released in February and April 2015 respectively shows that ISIS (or ISIL) has considerable influence outside areas originally declared in their “caliphate.” Towards the end of one of the videos, the leader of the group declared, in clear

P HOTO 1 – IS LEADER ABU SULEIMAN A L-J AHBATHY T HREATENS ROME

English, that Wilayat al-Tarbabulus will be the base for ISIS’s planned advance on Rome. In other videos, ISIS members announce their desire to use Libya as a platform for future expansion and attacks against Europe, notably Italy. An essay written by a prominent ISIS supporter outlines ISIS’s plans for Libya. The author calls Libya a “strategic gateway for the Islamic State.” The essay states that “Libya, by the permission of God, is the key to Tunisia, Sudan, Mali, Algeria, and Niger too. It is the anchor from which can be reached Africa and the Islamic Maghreb. However, for this dream to become a reality we must move quickly.” Finally the author states, “(Libya) has a long coastline and looks upon the southern Crusader states, which can be reached with ease by even a rudimentary boat and note that the number of ‘illegal immigration’ trips from this coast is massive, estimated to be as high as 500 people 9


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

a day, as a low estimate. “According to many [of these immigrants], it is easily possible to pass through Maritime Security Checkpoints and arrive in cities. If this was even partially exploited and developed strategically, pandemonium could be wrought in the southern Europe. It is even possible that there could be a closure of shipping lines because of the targeting of Crusader ships and tankers.”

Expansion After the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing members of MSSI implementing hisba (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were the first tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (allegiance) to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow Mohamed Eljarh that a Saudi Arabian named Abu Habib Al-Jazrawi was declared emir of the newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya. The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of Libya. During the week of 9 November 2014, three car bombings and four beheadings were carried out by groups affiliated with ISIS in the eastern province of Barqa. In December 2014, IS affiliates of the Tarabulus province took credit for car bombings outside of the Diplomatic

P HOTO 2 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN EASTERN , WESTERN , AND SOUTHERN L IBYA . 10


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Security Headquarters in Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a group of Egyptian Coptic Christians. On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping. Since then, ISIS affiliates have increased the diversity and lethality of their attacks. ISIS members in Libya have taken credit for the attack on the Corinthia hotel in Tripoli, the beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, the massacre of 30 Ethiopian Christians, and coordinated car bombings of three locations in Qubbah and around Derna. ISIS in Libya has repeatedly demonstrated a willingness to target both civilians and government officials.

Strategy Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations proselytizing (dawah) children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media publications have been used as a powerful tool to build both community support for the group and attract foreign recruits. In regards to recruitment, ISIS has recently launched a large campaign to funnel fighters from other extremist groups within Libya. Again, this follows a similar tactic employed by ISIS in Syria, attracting fighters from similar organizations such as Jahbat al-Nusra and recruiting them to fight for the Islamic State. The Islamic State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar al-Sharia’s leader, Mohammed alZahawi. A video released on 27 February 2015 shows an ISIS fighter calling for supporters to travel to Libya and fight. Other analysts note that ISIS is using Libya as a regional command center and a launching point for further expansion. Large stockpiles of Gaddafi-era weapons can be found throughout Libya. In addition, porous borders allow ISIS to easily smuggle fighters from neighboring countries. On 25 February, Libya’s Tripoli based government abolished entry 11


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

visas for Algerian and Moroccan nationals. Over 2,000 Moroccans and Algerians are thought to be currently fighting with ISIS. Finally, ISIS attacks on Libyan oil facilities may suggest their desire to control portions of Libya’s lucrative oil resources. It is estimated that ISIS in Iraq and Syria generated up to $2 million per day from illegal oil exports. A similar strategy in Libya would provide substantial funding.

Conclusions As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s heavy campaigning for immigration by ISIS officials, ISIS members have turned to Libya as its next area of expansion. Without international cooperation with Libya’s recognized government, ISIS will continue to flourish in Northern Africa.

12


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Terrorist Activity in Libya Week of 4 October, 2015 Sirte -- On 7 October, ISIS claimed responsibility for an attack on an army bus near Juffra.i Sirte – On 3 October, ISIS destroyed contraband and hundreds of cartons of tobacco products.ii

Week of 27 September, 2015 Sirte -- On 27 September, English-speaking female jihadis used social media to lure western Muslims to join them with Islamic State in Libya, a new front in the war on terror just 400 miles from Europe’s shores. In late June one woman calling herself Umm [sister] Unknown wrote: “Come to Libya. Hijra [religious migration] is not only to Shaam [Syria] now. Libya needs you too.” iii Benghazi – On 28 September, seven jihadists of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group and three soldiers of Libya’s recognised government died in weekend clashes in the eastern city of Benghazi, military and medical sources said Sunday. Seven members of Libyan branches of ISIS were killed and seven others captured, according to the army’s central command.iv

Week of 13 September, 2015 Tripoli -- On 18 September, four militants loyal to the Islamic State attacked a prison on inside the air base that serves as the only working airport in Tripoli. A group calling itself the Tripolitania Province of the Islamic State released a statement claiming responsibility for the assault, saying the aim was to free prisoners held at the facility. The group said its fighters “clashed with the guards and killed and wounded many of them.”v

P HOTO 3: A PHOTOGRAPH WITH THE STATEMENT SHOWED THE FOUR FIGHTERS SAID TO HAVE CARRIED OUT THE ATTACK SITTING ON A GRASSY LAWN .

13


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 14 September, Jihadis fighting for the Islamic State in Libya have filmed themselves brutally murdering a Tunisian baker after accusing him of spying on behalf of the terror group's enemies. Sickening video footage shared on social media showed masked militants interviewing the 39-year-old man before dragging him out into the street and P HOTO 4: ISIS BRUTALLY MURDERS A shooting him in the back of the head.vi BAKER AFTER ACCUSING HIM OF SPYING

Sirte -- On 13 September, a new leader of the Islamic State in Libya, Abul-Mughirah alQahtani, has been unveiled in an interview disseminated as propaganda in IS's Dabiq Magazine, however, there is a strong possibility the IS fighter may never have stepped foot in the North African state.vii

Week of 6 September, 2015 Benghazi -- On 8 September, ISIS gunmen on Monday killed three Libyan pro-government soldiers and wounded four others in an attack outside the eastern city of Benghazi, LANA news agency reported. ISIS itself tweeted that its militants seized a tank and two military vehicles in the attack.viii

Week of 30 August, 2015 Tripoli -- On 31 August, a car bomb exploded outside the Tripoli headquarters of the Mellitah Oil and Gas Company in Tripoli. A twitter account linked to ISIS militants claimed responsibility for the bombing. The car exploded in a narrow street beside the building in Dahra. Witnesses said two other cars nearby had exploded, possibly as a result of the first blast. Mellitah is a joint venture between the National Oil Corporation and Italy’s energy giant Eni.ix

14

P HOTO 5: C INEMA D AESH OPENED IN S IRTE ON 1 S EPTEMBER .


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 23 August, 2015 Sirte -- On 24 August, the Islamic State released a video where they executed four people, including at least one member who they claim was Libya Dawn spy. His body was put on display, according to residents.x

Week of 16 August. 2015 Sirte -- On 14 August, at least 36 people have been killed in clashes between Islamic State, a rival Salafist group loyal to the official government. Islamic State (IS) forces took the Sirte Residential District No. 3 and executed young men in the area, mainly from the Farjan tribe, according to sources in the town. A source at Ibn Sina Hospital confirmed that bodies of men and women shot in P HOTO 6: DECAPITATED HEADS the head, execution style, had arrived there.xi BY ISIS IN S IRTE

Sirte -- Hassan al-Karami, the group's spiritual leader, delivered a chilling sermon. Standing before the faithful at Rabat mosque the bearded religious guide of Islamic State in the group's newest Libyan stronghold declared the leaders of the recent insurrection had been rounded up and were being held outside. Reports which followed said 12 men were killed in the ostentatious public display, their headless bodies strung up after being paraded through the town. He is in his early twenties, a Benghazi-bred preacher and the most senior Libyan in Islamic State's 'Tripoli State' offshoot.xii P HOTO 7: H ASSAN A L K ARAMI, A REPORTED LEADER OF ISIS IN S IRTE

Week of 2 August 2015

Sirte -- On 2 August, Islamic State distributed a video on social media called ‘Messages from Sirte’. ‘Abu Yahya al-Tunisi’ appeared in the video and threatened that ‘Hiftar and his ilk, infidels and apostates who meet and collude in Parliament, we will not show them mercy, we will find pleasure in their slaughter.’ al-Tunisi called on preachers and scholars to migrate to Islamic State territory in Libya.xiii

15


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi -- On 1 August, at Maidan al-Shajara, Benghazi, Islamic State forces overran the square in a surprise attack. Shortly afterwards, they published on Facebook a picture of a slain Libyan Army soldier with his throat cut.xiv

Week of 26 July 2015 Sirte -- On July 25, al-Arabiyya Net reported that Islamic State media sites were claiming that 6 Iraqi army officers travelled to Libya and were received by ‘Baba Hussain al-Karami’, the Islamic State leader in Sirt, carrying a message from Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The same site reported that IS had sent weapons to Sabratha.xv

Week of 19 July 2015 Sirte – On July 21, the Misrata Military Council noted that fighters of different nationalities have joined the ranks of ISIS in the past few days in Sirte, including Sudanese, Tunisians and other foreigners, estimating that at least 300 have joined the terror group.xvi

Week of 12 July 2015 Sirte -- On 18 July, a citizen was killed by ISIS at the western entrance of Sirte. ISIS reportedly shot then crucified the citizen. A sign saying "Spy for Libya Dawn" was written near his body. The identity is still not yet known, although the citizen is being reported as a Social Media moderator. Benghazi -- On 15 July in Al Leithi, Benghazi, field commander Salem Al-Naili, also known as "Afareet" (The Demon), was killed during fighting between the Libyan National Army and ISIS, 'Ansar al-Sharia' and 'Shura Council Benghazi' militant organizations. Al Naili died after being shot in the head by sniper fire. Sirte -- On 13 July, a members of the Awlad Suleiman tribe in Harawah (75 km east of Sirte) says that over 200 families have escaped to Sebha, Misrata and other areas west of Sirt, fleeing from ISIS militants that took over their town. Benghazi – On July 13, ISIS publishes new photos from the frontlines of the clashes in Benghazi.

16


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On July 13, ISIS puts up a billboard on clothing requirements for women in Sirte. The terror group sets out 7 rules for females to follow: (1) No see-through clothes, (2) Only wear loose fitting clothes, (3) Must cover all body parts, (4) No name brands, (5) Do not wear masculine items or items worn by faithless women, (6) No clothes with designs that will attract attention, (7) No

P HOTO 8: ISIS BILLBOARD IN S IRTE

perfumed clothes. Benghazi – On 12 July, five civilians were killed and 15 were reported as injured during mortar fire. Rockets hit the residential Beirut Street. There was no immediate claim for the attack, but Islamic State militants have claimed previous rocket attacks. According to Nasser al-Hasi, an air force spokesman, the attack came hours

P HOTO 9: DAMAGE CAUSED IN B ENGHAZI AS ISIS ROCKETS HIS A RESIDENTIAL AREA

after a jet had attacked a bulldozer loaded with ammunition west of Benghazi.xvii Al Wishka - On 12 July, in the district of Abu Grain (a small town, some 100 kilometres south-east of Misrata) ISIS forces took over the village of Al Wushka, 35 kilometres east of Abu Grain. Reports show them as not encountering any resistance. The attack in Al Wushka marks a continued push westwards by ISIS in Libya.xviii Sirt - On 12 July, Islamic State demolished houses of politicians opposing them. One of the wrecked properties, in the town’s Swawa district, belonged to GNC member Mohamed Abduljaleel Al-Shawesh. Allegedly at least a dozen homes were looted and then destroyed, either by explosive placed within the buildings or by fire from RPGs.xix

17


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna - On 12 July, the media office of the Islamic State in Barqa acknowledged losing control of the city of Derna in eastern Libya. They did so in a 10-minute video posted on Twitter. In the video, a man in military uniform promises to avenge the IS members who died in the fighting. Senior Middle East analyst Michael Nayebi-Oskoui at US-based global intelligence firm Stratfor said the loss of Derna does not greatly change IS's effectiveness in Libya. "IS being kicked out of Derna does not dramatically alter the capabilities or effectiveness of

P HOTO 10: IS TERRORIST ACKNOWLEDGING LOSING CONTROL OF D ERNA

the IS in Libya, as the group has faced and will continue to face stiff opposition from local competitors," he said.xx

Week of 5 July 2015 Benghazi – On 7 July, heavy clashes reported in Benghazi today between the Libyan Army and IS in Buhedema. Misrata - On 8 July, East of Misrata, clashes took place between Misrati battalions and ISIS fighters. There are rumors those same ISIS fighters wanted to

P HOTO 11: ISIS DEFENSE OF BENGHAZI’ S L AITHI NEIGHBORHOOD

bomb LISCO (the steel factory) but failed. Clashes also took place near Ras Al-Hilal between the Libyan Security Forces and ISIS with one soldier wounded. AlWasat also reported that 70+ fighters have arrived to Sudan to reinforce ISIS in Sirt.xxi Derna - On 9 July, in Derna, the Pearl Hotel was hit by shells, one of which hit a 3rd floor room igniting a fire. Shelling exchanges have been between the Shura Council Mujahideen group and ISIS militants. Kufra - On 10 July, a Libyan source for ‘Sputnik International’, a Russian media site, said that 70 Sudanese from Islamic State had travelled to Sudan via Kufra.xxii

18


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirt - On 10 July, sources from Abu Hadi (a town south of Sirt), said that an Islamic State convoy of nearly 100 cars left Sirt’s Qardabiyya airport south, towards Hun, and said they appeared to be preparing to enter Jufra. Another convoy made a similar journey last month to the Washka municipality, 100km west of Sirt. There are also reports of widespread checkpoints across

P HOTO 12: ARMED IS CHECKPOINTS ACROSS SIRT

Sirt asking for IDs, work and residence permits, and tribal affiliation. xxiii

Week of 28 June 2015 Harawa – On 30 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members throughout the coastal city of Harawa.

P HOTO 13 - IS P ATROLS C OAST OFF H ARAWA 0 Lamluda – On 29 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video titled, “Storming the Barracks of the Apostates Close to Lamludah Area.” The video – recorded one month earlier – features IS militants carrying out a night raid on Lamluda, beheading a soldier, and displaying his dismembered body in Derna.xxiv The video concludes with a boy from Derna expectorating on the soldier’s body. 19


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 14 - B OY IN DERNA SPITS ON S OLDIERS B ODY

Sirte – On 29 June 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its members raising IS flags in and around Sirte.xxv

P HOTO 15 - IS RAISES F LAGS OVER S IRTE

Week of 21 June 2015 Derna – On 27 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of its members distributing food for breaking fast in and around Derna.xxvi

20


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 16 - AAS F ILLS ISIS V OID IN DERNA

Sirte – On 25 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members treating its wounded in the Ibn Sina Hospital.xxvii The photos appear to indicate that the hospital is clean, is in working order, and is full of supplies.

P HOTO 17 - IS T REATS I NJURED IN S IRTE

Nawfaliyah – On 24 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a newly graduated group of recruits in Nawfaliyah.xxviii

21


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 18 - F RESH BATCH OF IS RECRUITS

Benghazi – On 23 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a VBIED attack carried out against the Libyan Army. According to one of the photos, the vehicle was driven via remote control. Reuters reports that four Libyan Army soldiers were killed in the attack.xxix

P HOTO 19 - AAS REMOTE C ONTROL VBIED

Benghazi – On 23 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of ammunition and vehicles seized from a Libyan Army barracks.xxx

22


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 20 - AAS DEFEATS L IBYAN A RMY

23


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 14 June 2015 Unspecified – On 20 June 2015, the Islamic State's Al-Hayat Media division released a video highlighting the group's expansion throughout Libya. The highly produced video contains subtitles in English.xxxi

P HOTO 21 - IS H IGHLIGHTS POSITIONS IN L IBYA

Benghazi – On 17 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its Department of General Services distributing gas cylinders to celebrate the beginning of Ramadan.xxxii

P HOTO 22 - AAS I NDOCTRINATES C HILDREN 24


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 16 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its Support and Supply Center within its Department of Economics.xxxiii

P HOTO 23 - AAS PROVISIONS FOR BENGHAZI RESIDENTS

Benghazi – On 14 June 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revoluitionaries released a video of its members shelling Libyan Army positions in Benghazi. Jalal Makhzoum - leader of the Farouq Battalion - appears in the video.xxxiv

P HOTO 24 - J ALAL MAKHZOUM OVERSEES SHELLING

25


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 7 June 2015 Derna – On 12 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica attempted to quell a civilian uprising in the city of Derna. As a result, 30 civilians were injured and seven were killed. xxxv

Al-Jufrah – On 12 June 2015, the Islamic State in Libya called upon citizens of Al-Jufrah district to support their cause and to adhere to Sharia.xxxvi

P HOTO 25 - IS EXTENDS TO A L-JUFRAH

Sirte – On 11 June 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video titled "The Battle of Abu Ibrahim al-Misrati." The video depicts the May 2015 attack on Al-Jalet military compound wherein the Islamic State overran Libya Dawn and captured a Soviet-era tank.xxxvii

P HOTO 26 - IS S EIZES T ANK FROM A L-JALET 26


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 10 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica and the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna engaged in armed clashes that left at least 20 dead. Following the death of its leader, Salem Derby, the SCMD declared jihad against the Islamic State.xxxviii

P HOTO 27 - SCMD DECLARES J IHAD AGAINST IS

Sirte – On 9 June 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of the recently captured steam power station on the outskirts of Sirte. The set of photos shows that IS militants used a tank – most likely taken from Al-Jalet military compound – in the attack on Libya Dawn.xxxix

P HOTO 28 - IS EXPANDS T ERRITORY NEAR SIRTE 27


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 9 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna posted photos of its members inspecting checkpoints surrounding the city.xl

P HOTO 29 - AAS I NSPECTS C HECKPOINTS IN DERNA

Misrata – On 7 June 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania launched an assault on the Abu Grain checkpoint, 100km southeast of Misrata. According to the Libya Herald, IS militants approached the checkpoint from three sides, killed three guards by slitting their throats, and then withdrew from the area.xli

28


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 31 May 2015 Ajdabiya – On 6 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia posted photos of its members meeting with the Shura Council of Ajdabiya Revolutionaries (SCAR) in Ajdabiya. This is the first time that Ansar al-Sharia has promoted such an activity.xlii

P HOTO 30 - AAS ALLIES WITH SCAR

Benghazi – On 5 June 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its Support and Supply Center within its Department of Economics.xliii

P HOTO 31 - AAS D ISTRIBUTION C ENTER

29


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Harawa – On 5 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members securing the city of Harawa.xliv

P HOTO 32 - IS S ECURING H ARAWA

Tripoli – On 3 June 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania kidnapped 86 Eritrean migrants in Tripoli.xlv

Nawfaliyah – On 3 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica killed two Eritrean migrants outside of Nawfaliyah.xlvi

Derna – On 3 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica beheaded a man on charges of espionage in Derna. According to reports from social media, children were brought near the corpse for educational purposes.xlvii

P HOTO 33 - C HILDREN W ITNESS B EHEADING

30


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 2 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a eulogy for a Saudi Arabian man named Hakeem Al-Madany. According to reports from social media, AlMadany travelled first to Yemen by land, then to Sudan via boat, and finally to Libya via migrant smuggling routes.xlviii

P HOTO 34 - EULOGY FOR ABU HAKEEM

Benghazi – On 2 June 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a eulogy for an Egyptian man called Abu Abdullah al-Masri. According to the eulogy, Al-Masri was an exEgyptian Army officer who trained terrorists in a number of other countries, came to Benghazi to join Ansar al-Sharia, and died fighting for the Islamic State.xlix

P HOTO 35 - ABU ABDULLAH A L-M ASRI

31


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Nawfaliyah – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members performing hisba activities in Nawfaliyah. The photos show IS militants gathering and later burning prohibited cassette tapes, alcohol, and other items believed to be associated with magic.l

P HOTO 36 - IS C OLLECTS AND BURNS MUNKARAT (PROHIBITED I TEMS)

Lamluda – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its 28 May attack on the Lamluda Checkpoint in eastern Libya. The photo dump contains photos of confiscated weapons, dead soldiers, and the man beheaded and paraded around the streets of Derna.li

P HOTO 37 - IS PROPAGANDIZES B EHEADING

32


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania eulogized Abu Wahib al-Tunsi for carrying out a VBIED attack on the Dafniya checkpoint in Misrata.lii

P HOTO 38 – IS EULOGIZES A BU WAHIB AL-TUNISI

Sirte – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on the well-known Dafniya checkpoint in Misrata.liii

P HOTO 39 - A FTERMATH OF IS CAR B OMB

33


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Nawfaliyah – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members distributing propaganda in Nawfaliyah.liv

P HOTO 40 - IS D ISTRIBUTING PROPAGANDA

Benghazi – On 31 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members taking up defensive positions in the Sabri neighborhood of Benghazi.lv

P HOTO 41 - IS M ILITANTS IN BENGHAZI

34


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 31 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos of its members shelling the Libyan Army in Benghazi. According to the photo dump, Ansar al-Sharia developed a new rocket launcher called the “Zahawi-1.”lvi

P HOTO 42 - AAS'S ZAHAWI -1

Week of 24 May 2015 Derna – On 29 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania publicly executed two men at the Sahaba Mosque in Derna.lvii

P HOTO 43 - IS EXECUTES "APOSTATES "

Sirte – On 29 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed to have taken over the Gardabya Air Base and Great Manmade River Camp in Sirte. Reports from both social and traditional media state that IS defeated Operation Libya Dawn’s 166 Battalion and 136 Battalion.lviii 35


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 44 - IS D EFEATS L IBYA D AWN

Derna – On 29 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out two VBIED attacks in the Sidi Khaled neighborhood of Derna.lix

Derna – On 28 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica captured and beheaded a Libyan soldier by the name of Ehab Faraj Asholwatiya. Photos from social media show that Asholwatiya's body was attached to a vehicle and driven around Derna.lx

P HOTO 45 - IS BEHEADS S OLDIER

36


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 28 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos of its members fighting the Libyan Army in Benghazi. The photo dump also included photos of various beheaded Libyan soldiers.lxi

P HOTO 46 - AAS BEHEADS S OLDIER

Benghazi – On 28 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of one of its training camps in Benghazi.lxii

P HOTO 47 - IS TRAINING CAMP IN B ENGHAZI

37


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Ain Marah – On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of its members using 120mm mortars against Libyan Army forces in Ain Marah.lxiii

P HOTO 48 - IS M ILITANT L OADING 120MM M ORTAR

Nawfaliyah – On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its defensive positions in and around Nawfaliyah.lxiv

P HOTO 49 - IS C HECKPOINT IN N AWFALIYAH

38


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

An Nawwaqiyah – On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a raid carried out on a Libyan Army camp. According to the photo dump, the raid took place south of Benghazi in the village of An Nawwaqiyah.lxv

P HOTO 50 - CAPTURED ARMY M ATERIEL

Benghazi – On 27 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its Environmental Protection Department clearing the streets of debris with a bulldozer and dump truck.lxvi

P HOTO 51 - AAS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT 39


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a sandstorm in Derna.lxvii

P HOTO 52 - SANDSTORM IN DERNA

Sirte – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its members fighting against Operation Libya Dawn's 166 Battalion. The clashes took place on the outskirts of Sirte.lxviii

P HOTO 53 - IS CELEBRATES V ICTORY AGAINST L IBYA D AWN

40


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members firing large caliber mortars in Benghazi.lxix

P HOTO 54 - IS USING 120 MM MORTARS

Benghazi – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recently deceased foreign fighters in Benghazi. Reports from social media suggest that the men were from Egypt, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia.lxx

P HOTO 55 - EULOGIZED F OREIGN F IGHTER

41


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 25 May 2015, the Islamic Statein Cyrenaica released photos of its media center in Derna. The new media center features a small, outdoor cinema and a booth for distributing propaganda.lxxi

P HOTO 56 - IS M EDIA C ENTER IN D ERNA

Benghazi – On 25 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo of a beheaded Libyan soldier in Benghazi.lxxii

P HOTO 57 - IS B EHEADS L IBYAN S OLDIER

42


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

43


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 17 May 2015 Harawa – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of its members taking up defensive positions against the Libyan Army in Harawa.lxxiii

P HOTO 58 - IS F IGHTERS IN HARAWA

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its "Sheikh Abu Musab Al-Zahawi" sniper camp.lxxiv Trainees can be seen using photos of General Khalifa Haftar and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as targets.

P HOTO 59 - AAS S NIPER CAMP IN BENGHAZI

44


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members using mortars against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.lxxv

P HOTO 60 - IS USING M ORTAR AGAINST L IBYAN ARMY

Derna – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of civilians being publicly flogged in Derna.lxxvi

P HOTO 61 - IS F LOGS C IVILIANS IN D ERNA

45


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of civilians being publicly flogged in Benghazi.lxxvii

P HOTO 62 - IS F LOGS C IVILIANS IN BENGHAZI

Sirte – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its members driving a tank in Sirte. According to reports from social media, the tank was taken from the Al-Jalet military compound after Libya Dawn fled the area.lxxviii

P HOTO 63 - I S C OMMANDEERS L IBYA DAWN T ANK

46


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.lxxix

P HOTO 64 - IS M ILITANTS PATROLLING S IRTE

Unspecified – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos promoting its booby-trapping workshops. The release does not specify the location of the workshops, but they most likely took place in Sirte.lxxx

P HOTO 65 - IS IED WORKSHOP

47


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 21 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of ammunition, body armor, and weapons seized from the Libyan Army.lxxxi

P HOTO 66 - AAS SEIZES A RMY SUPPLIES

Misrata – On 21 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on Misrata’s “Checkpoint 60.” Reports from social media claim that a man called Abu Hafs AlMuhajer carried out the attack.lxxxii

P HOTO 67 - ABU HAFS AL-MUJAHER PRIOR TO D ETONATION

48


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 20 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing a victory against Operation Libya Dawn's 166 Battalion. According to reports from social media, IS militants also pushed the 166 Battalion out of Al-Jalet military compound.lxxxiii

P HOTO 68 - IS CELEBRATES V ICTORY OVER L IBYA DAWN

Harawa – On 20 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out a VBIED attack on the eastern checkpoint in Harawa.lxxxiv Reports from social media claim that a Sudanese man called Abu Abdallah Sudany carried out the attack.

P HOTO 69 - IS C LAIMS VBIED IN H ARAWA 49


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 20 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos promoting the work done by its Department of Education.lxxxv

P HOTO 70 - AAS EDUCATES C HILDREN IN BENGHAZI

Al-Qubbah – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out a VBIED attack on a security checkpoint in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah, killing one and injuring seven others. The group later released photos claiming responsibility for the attack. According to reports from social media, a man called Hamid Yousef Saleh Suleiman (nom de guerre: Mujahid AlDernawi) carried out the attack.lxxxvi

P HOTO 71 - MUJAHID A L-D ERNAWI PRIOR TO D ETONATION 50


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Nawfaliyah – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of mujahideen in Nawfaliyah celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.lxxxvii

P HOTO 72 - IS EXTREMISTS C ELEBRATING IN N AWFALIYAH

Sirte – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of mujahideen in Sirte celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.lxxxviii

P HOTO 73 - IS EXTREMISTS C ELEBRATING IN S IRTE

51


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of Dernawi citizens celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.lxxxix

P HOTO 74 - C HILD C ELEBRATING IN D ERNA

Derna – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a highlight reel of its "Beginning and End" children’s camp in Derna.xc

P HOTO 75 - C OLLAGE FROM IS YOUTH RETREAT

52


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 18 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a weapon cache the group had allegedly seized from the Libyan Army.xci

P HOTO 76 - AAS D ISPLAYS S EIZED W EAPONS AND AMMO

Misrata – On 17 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for a VBIED attack on a Libya Dawn headquarters in Misrata.xcii

P HOTO 77 - IS C LAIMS VBIED A TTACK IN M ISRATA

53


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 17 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released a set of photos showing its militants securing the southern road that connects Tobruk to Derna.xciii

P HOTO 78 - AAS M ONITORS ROAD TO DERNA

54


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 10 May 2015 Derna – On 16 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released a set of photos showing a recent aid distribution campaign. In what appears to be a new tactic, Ansar al-Sharia applied branding to bottles of holy water and olive oil.xciv

P HOTO 79 - AAS BRANDED WATER AND H ONEY

Sirte – On 15 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its troops using a 106mm anti-tank weapon against members of Operation Libya Dawn.xcv

P HOTO 80 - IS USES 106MM AGAINST L IBYA DAWN

55


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Harawa – On 14 may 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania kidnapped and beheaded two men from the central city of Harawa. According to reports from traditional and social media, IS militants raided the city sometime after dawn, kidnapped the men, and then beheaded them in the nearby IS stronghold of Nawfaliyah.xcvi

P HOTO 81 - IS B EHEADS M EN FROM NAWFALIYAH

Benghazi – On 14 May 2014, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showing the destruction of a Libyan Army tank.xcvii

P HOTO 82 - AAS D ESTROYS L IBYAN ARMY TANK 56


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica publicly flogged three men on charges of giving false testimonies in Derna.xcviii

P HOTO 83 - IS PUBLICLY PUNISHES C ITIZENS

Benghazi – On 14 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos suggesting that the group used a tank against the Libyan Army.xcix

P HOTO 84 - AAS UTILIZES TANK AGAINST LIBYAN ARMY 57


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi - On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its most recent targeted shelling of Benghazi. According to the captioning, the Islamic State targeted the Beloun neighborhood – the location in which at least three children died from mortar shells.c

P HOTO 85 - IS IN B ENGHAZI PREPARES M ORTAR ROUNDS

Nawfaliyah - On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members burning contraband cigarettes in the city of Nawfaliyah.ci

P HOTO 86 - IS IN N AWFALIYAH BURNS C ONTRABAND 58


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military fortifications on Airport Road in Sirte. The photos showcase checkpoints, anti-air units, and foot patrols.cii

P HOTO 87 - IS C HECKPOINT IN S IRTE

Derna – On 13 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of additional rallies held for children. According to the propaganda, the contests and entertainment were held to alleviate the stress put upon the children by the Libyan Army.ciii

P HOTO 88 - AAS I NDOCTRINATES C HILDREN IN DERNA 59


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 11 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its dawah activities in Sirte.civ

P HOTO 89 - IS IN S IRTE D ISTRIBUTES BROCHURES

Benghazi – On 10 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released a promotional video of its military activities in the Sabri neighborhood of Benghazi.cv

P HOTO 90 - SCREENCAP FROM SCBR PROMO

60


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 10 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Libya released a video suggesting that the group sent humanitarian aid to Sudan.cvi

P HOTO 91 - SUDANESE MAN IN K HARTOUM THANKS AAS

61


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 3 May 2015 Benghazi – On 9 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released photos of their BM-21 Grad launch vehicle.cvii

P HOTO 92 - SCBR S HOWS OFF BM-21 GRAD

Derna – On 9 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of a rally held for children. According to the propaganda, the contests and entertainment were held in order to alleviate the stress put upon the children by the Libyan Army.cviii

P HOTO 93 - AAS IN DERNA INDOCTRINATES C HILDREN

62


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 9 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Libya released the 10th edition of its periodical. Produced by Al Raya Media Foundation, this edition not only highlights Ansar alSharia's services in Benghazi and Derna, but also calls attention to the lives of Al-Qaida members Nasr bin Ali Al-Ansi and Atiyatallah Al-Libi.cix

P HOTO 94 - AAS EULOGIZES AQ LEADERSHIP

Benghazi and environs – On 8 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrencaica released a video highlighting its battles against the Libyan Army in the Leithi neighborhood of Benghazi. The video begins with IS militants pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, transitions to what appears to be the execution of Tunisian journalists Soufian Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari, and concludes with the mass execution of unknown individuals.cx

P HOTO 95 - IS REVEALS EXECUTION OF TUNISIAN J OURNALISTS

63


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 7 May 2015, the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna released a video showing the group's battles against the Libyan Army. Towards the end of the video, Saad AlTayra – one of the group’s leaders – challenges General Khalifa Haftar to approach Derna.cxi

P HOTO 96 - S AAD A L-T AYRA C ALLS OUT HAFTAR

Ajdabiya – On 7 May 2015, the newly formed Shura Council of Ajdabiya Revolutionaries released a promotional video highlighting the group's presence in Ajdabiya. The video features a convoy of technicals adorned with black standards parading through the city.cxii

P HOTO 97 - CAVALCADE OF S HURA C OUNCIL T RUCKS IN AJDABIYA

64


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 7 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos highlighting its Islamic Police. This release claims that Ansar al-Sharia's Islamic Police confiscated stolen goods and intend to prosecute those who are responsible.cxiii

P HOTO 98 - AAS IS LAMIC P OLICE IN BENGHAZI

Derna – On 7 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showcasing their hisba activities in Derna. This release features Islamic State militants gathering and burning cigarettes, hashish, and water pipes.cxiv

P HOTO 99 - IS BURNS C ONTRABAND

65


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna - On 7 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos highlighting the aftermath of Libyan Air Force airstrikes in Derna.cxv

M AP 3 - IS IN D ERNA V ILLAINIZES L IBYAN A IR F ORCE

Benghazi – On 6 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showcasing the extremist group’s use of underground tunnels in the Sabri district of Benghazi.cxvi

P HOTO 100 - IS U TILIZES TUNNELS UNDER B ENGHAZI

66


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 5 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video promoting its selfdeclared Department of Transport. The video features masked extremists repairing a technical in front of Ansar al-Sharia's black standard. One interviewee points out that jihad can be carried out in many ways, including fixing cars.cxvii

P HOTO 101 - AAS PROMOTES D EPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT

Benghazi – On 3 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a public execution carried out in Benghazi. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State executed the man on charges of sorcery.cxviii

P HOTO 102 - IS EXECUTES A LLEGED S ORCERER

67


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 3 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos highlighting its maintenance of downed electrical lines. In this release, Ansar al-Sharia claims that its men are beginning a new phase in upgrading the nation's infrastructure.cxix

P HOTO 103 - AAS PROMOTES D EPARTMENT OF S ERVICES

68


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 26 April 2015 Unspecified – On 2 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia's Al Raya Media Foundation published the ninth edition of its newspaper. The newspaper is a compilation of Ansar al-Sharia's recent propaganda.

P HOTO 104 - AAS RELEASES 9 TH N EWSPAPER

Benghazi – On 2 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released a set of photos showing, “mujahideen relaxing with a game of football in as-Sabri.” The photos show masked extremists playing football under the protection of armed children.cxx

P HOTO 105 - SCBR RELAXES BY PLAYING FOOTBALL 69


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 1 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos promoting a newly opened health center. According to the release, Ansar al-Sharia's Health Bureau oversees operations at the new facility.cxxi

P HOTO 106 - AAS PROMOTES D EPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Derna – On 1 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica executed three men near Derna’s central square. According to the Libya Herald, the men, accused of being homosexuals, were shot and killed outside of the Ateeq Mosque.cxxii

P HOTO 107 - IS EXECUTES A LLEGED H OMOSEXUALS 70


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 30 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos promoting its Fire Department. According to Ansar al-Sharia, their services were required in order to put out a fire started by the Libyan Army.cxxiii

P HOTO 108 - AAS DEPLOYS F IRE TRUCK IN BENGHAZI

Benghazi – On 29 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a member's wedding. The ceremony allegedly took place in the Guwarsha neighborhood of Benghazi.cxxiv

P HOTO 109 - ANSAR AL-S HARIA WEDDING IN B ENGHAZI 71


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting life in the city of Derna.cxxv

P HOTO 110 - IS PROMOTES I DYLLIC L IFE IN D ERNA

Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of their members patrolling the streets of Sirte.cxxvi

P HOTO 111 - IS IN S IRTE PATROLS THE S TREETS 72


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli/Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video highlighting a VBIED attack that was carried out in February 2015. The video, recorded outside of the Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte, calls for foreigners to join the Islamic State's ranks.

P HOTO 112 - IS M ILITANT URGES F OREIGNERS TO C OME TO LIBYA

Benghazi – On 27 April 2015, the Islamic State in Benghazi released a set of photos showcasing the destruction of items considered to be haram, namely cigarettes.cxxvii

P HOTO 113 - IS BURNS C IGARETTES IN BENGHAZI

73


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 26 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi eulogized Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb’s (AQIM) Abu Masoud Miloud Sdaqa.cxxviii According to the eulogy, Sdaqa died fighting against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.cxxix

P HOTO 114 - AAS M OURNS AQIM'S SDAQA

74


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 19 April 2015 Benghazi – On 25 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activity against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.cxxx

P HOTO 115 - IS M ILITANT USES RIFLE GRENADE

Sirte – On 24 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing Friday prayers at the Rabat Mosque in Sirte. The Islamic State in Sirte's spiritual leader, Hussein Al-Karamy, makes an appearance in this release.cxxxi

P HOTO 116 - HUSSEIN A L-KARAMY SPEAKS AT F RIDAY PRAYERS

75


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi - On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a recently graduated group of IS militants. According to the release, the men and children in the photos are a new batch of recruits for the fight against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.cxxxii

P HOTO 117 - IS M ILITANTS INDOCTRINATE YOUNG B OY

Sirte – On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released propaganda stating that Operation Libya Dawn indiscriminately shelled innocent Muslims in Sirte.cxxxiii

P HOTO 118 -IS B LAMES L IBYA DAWN FOR DESTRUCTION 76


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the IED attack on the Spanish Embassy. The embassy, located in the Ben Ashour district of Tripoli, was targeted on the night of 20 April. No one was injured in the attack.cxxxiv

P HOTO 119 - IS C LAIMS E MBASSY BOMBING

Sirte – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showcasing the city of Sirte.cxxxv

P HOTO 120 - IS P ROMOTES I DYLLIC L IFE IN S IRTE

77


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 21 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the distribution of informational pamphlets throughout Derna.cxxxvi

P HOTO 121 - IS D ISTRIBUTES P ROPAGANDA IN D ERNA

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its most recent military activities in Benghazi, specifically the Sabri neighborhood. This set of photos highlights the Islamic State's use of heavy machine guns against the Libyan Army.

P HOTO 122 - IS IN BENGHAZI ENGAGES IN SABRI D ISTRICT

78


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of aid distribution throughout Benghazi.

P HOTO 123 - C HILDREN IN BENGHAZI RECEIVE F OOD FROM AAS

Derna – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica engaged in clashes with the Harir Al-Mansouri family. After roughly 12 hours of clashes, the Islamic State defeated the entire family and hung three of their bodies in Derna as a deterrent to others.cxxxvii

P HOTO 124 - IS HANGS BROTHERS IN D ERNA 79


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of the group publically punishing a man accused of theft. In the set of photos, IS extremists chop off the hands of a Dernawi citizen.cxxxviii

P HOTO 125 - IS D ISMEMBER C ITIZEN OF D ERNA

Cyrenaica/Fezzan – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video wherein two groups of Ethiopian Christians are executed. Titled Until There Came to Them Clear Evidence, the video begins with a lengthy history lesson and ends with the execution of two distinct groups of Ethiopian Christians. According to the Associated Press, the group held in Fezzan was killed via firing squad, while the group in Cyrenaica was beheaded.cxxxix

P HOTO 126 - IS EXECUTES ETHIOPIAN C HRISTIANS IN C YRENAICA 80


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its recent military activity in Benghazi. In this set of photos, the Islamic State shows its use of GRAD missiles against the Libyan National Army.cxl

P HOTO 127 - IS I NDISCRIMINATELY S HELLS B ENGHAZI

Derna – On 19 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of a rally held Derna.cxli

P HOTO 128 - A NSAR AL -S HARIA IN DERNA HOLDS RALLY

81


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 12 April 2015 Benghazi - On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showcasing the use of a wire-guided missile against the Libyan National Army. According to the uploaders of the video, Byan Media, the operation was carried out from the University of Benghazi.cxlii

P HOTO 129 - AAS EMPLOYS W IRE-GUIDED M ISSILE

Unspecified – On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a statement that put bounties on several Libyan Army leaders. According to the statement, Ansar al-Sharia is willing to pay between 25,000 and 100,000LYD for the murder of Wanis Bukhamada, Mohammed Hijazi, Faraj Barasi, Saqir Jeroushi, and Khalifa Haftar.cxliii

P HOTO 130 - AAS T ARGETS M ILITARY LEADERS 82


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 13 April 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) released a video interview with Mohammed Drissi. In the video, Drissi denies rumors of his death. In 2014, Drissi was released from a Jordanian prison in exchange for then-kidnapped Ambasassador Fawaz Al-Etan.cxliv

P HOTO 131 - M OHAMMED D RISSI P ROMOTES S HURA C OUNCIL

Tripoli – On 13 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the VBIED attack on the Morrocan embassy and the drive-by shooting at the South Korean embassy.cxlv

P HOTO 132 - IS C LAIMS A TTACK ON S OUTH KOREA' S EMBASSY

83


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 5 April 2015 Sirte – On 9 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military activities in and around Sirte.cxlvi

P HOTO 133 - IS M ILITANTS C ONVENE IN S IRTE

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the destruction of CDs that contained haram material.cxlvii The photos were most likely taken in Derna.

P HOTO 134 - IS BURNS CDS AND OTHER HARAM I TEMS

84


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a member threatens Tunisia. In the video, the IS militant stated that once their work is done in Libya, the Islamic State would then move to Tunisia and free their brothers and sisters from jail.cxlviii The end of the video shows heretofore unreleased footage of the VBIED attack on the Iranian embassy.

P HOTO 135 - IS M ILITANT T HREATENS TUNISIA

Derna - On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a youth recruitment rally in Derna.cxlix

P HOTO 136 - IS M ILITANT RECRUITS C HILD IN DERNA

85


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 7 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos showing a convoy of fuel trucks allegedly delivering fuel to citizens in Derna. The group claims that they were able to bypass the blockade put into place by the Libyan Army.cl

P HOTO 137 - ANSAR AL -S HARIA SUPPLIES FUEL TO D ERNA

Benghazi - On 6 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of its troops engaged in battle against the Libyan National Army. The photos highlight Ansar al-Sharia's use of snipers, heavy artillery, and mobile anti-aircraft.cli

P HOTO 138 - AAS M ILITANT T ARGETS L IBYAN ARMY

86


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 6 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos showing their most recent military operations near Airport Road in Benghazi.clii

P HOTO 139 - IS M ILITARY ACTIVITY IN BENGHAZI

Tripoli – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi. The attack was carried out by an Egyptian man named Abu Musaab Al-Muhajir.cliii

P HOTO 140 - EGYPTIAN CARRIES OUT VBIED ATTACK IN BENGHAZI

87


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed reasonability for the VBIED attack on the Sdada Checkpoint in Misrata.cliv According to reports from social media, a Sudanese man named Abu Dujana Al-Sudani carried out the attack with a truck laden with four tons of explosives.clv

P HOTO 141 - SUDANESE IS M ILITANT IN L IBYA

Sirte – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of a vegetable market in Sirte.clvi

P HOTO 142 - IS V EGETABLE MARKET IN S IRTE

88


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 29 March 2015 Benghazi – On 4 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a raid on a Christian church. The set of photos show the collection and destruction of instruments and books.clvii In February 2015, the Islamic State in Derna carried out similar activities.

P HOTO 143 - ANSAR AL -S HARIA DESTROYS C HURCH'S INSTRUMENTS

Derna – On 3 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a statement calling Derna’s Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade an infidel and apostate.clviii The Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade – led by former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) member Salem Derby – also seeks to implement Sharia in Derna.

Unspecified – On 30 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Sirte or Sabratha.clix

89


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 144 - IS DESTROYS MUNKARAT (PROHIBITED ITEMS )

Unspecified – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Libya eulogized Ansar al-Sharia’s Mohammed “Buka” Oraibi. The eulogy also chastised the “Libya Dawn Government” for holding a funeral for Oraibi. According to the Islamic State, Oraibi did not die fighting for democracy, but rather for the implementation of Sharia.clx

P HOTO 145 - IS EULOGIZES M OHAMMED ORAIBI

Derna – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an IED attack on Derna’s Higher Careers Institute, killing three people. The attack is said to have been carried out because the institute was not abiding by the strict gender segregation policies implemented by the Islamic State.clxi

90


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 22 March 2015 Benghazi – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo showing the dismembered remains of Bashir Mustafa Agha, a retired member of the military.clxii The photo was most likely taken in the Laithi district of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia and IS stronghold.

P HOTO 146 - IS D ISMEMBERS EX-MILITARY M EMBER

Unspecified – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in eastern Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Derna.clxiii

P HOTO 147 - IS C OLLECTS AND BURNS PROHIBITED ITEMS 91


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on an Operation Sunrise checkpoint near the steam power station in Sirte. The attack left five dead.clxiv

Benghazi – On 24 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica claimed responsibility for one of the two VBIED attacks carried out in Benghazi. According to the Associated Press, 12 people were killed in the attack.clxv Photos from social media show that the Islamic State used a drone equipped with a camera to capture the aftermath of their attack – a first for the group.clxvi The attack was carried out by a Tunisian man named Abu Yaqeen al-Tunisi.

Reports from social media and the Libya Herald claim that the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) carried out a separate attack in the Masakel neighborhood. Twitter accounts tied to both the SCBR and the Islamic State claim that the attacks were carried out as revenge for the death of SCBR commander Mohammed Oraibi.

P HOTO 148 - IS EMPLOYS DRONE F OR PROPAGANDA

92


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 22 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a remote VBIED attack in the Zarouk area of Misrata. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State targeted the barracks of a Misratan militia.clxvii

P HOTO 149 - IS VBIED ATTACK IN M ISRATA

93


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 15 March 2015 Benghazi – On 19 March 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos showing a graduating class from one of its training camps. According to the Long War Journal, the photographs are captioned thus: “This is the latest class of the protectors of the Shariah and the opposers of injustice graduating from the mujahideen training camps to join their brothers in the battlefronts in order to complete the journey of jihad.” clxviii

P HOTO 150 - A NSAR AL -S HARIA GRADUATES

Unspecified - On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released video and text that threatened Misratan politicians, Misratan militias, and the current UNSMIL dialogues taking place in Morocco.clxix According to Al Wasat, an Islamic State leader by the name of Abu Mohammed Ferjani threatened to turn Misrata into a city like Mosul or Fallujah.clxx

P HOTO 151 - T HE I SLAMIC S TATE T HREATENS UNSMIL

94


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

An Nawfaliyah – On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a surprise attack on members of Battalion 166. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State first distracted sleeping soldiers, then murdered them with suppressed weapons.clxxi The Associated Press reports that 10 members of the 166 Brigade were killed.clxxii

Sirte – On 17 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released 20 foreign medical workers they had kidnapped one day prior in Sirte. According to Reuters, IS militants told the medical staff that they would remain safe as long as they treated any wounded fighters.clxxiii

Derna – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities in Derna.clxxiv IS militants were photographed collecting and destroying water pipes.

P HOTO 152 - IS M ILITANTS D ESTROY WATER P IPES IN DERNA

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video showing the destruction of Sufi tombs in Sirte.clxxv According to reports from social media, the man who appears in the first half of the video is named Hussein Al-Karamy.clxxvi Prior to his appearances in Sirte, Al-Karamy was photographed in Derna.clxxvii

95


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 153 - IS M ILITANTS D ESTROY SUFI TOMBS

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released images armed vehicles that were destroyed in the armed clashes against Battalion 166 in and around Sirte.clxxviii

P HOTO 154 - B ATTALION 166 V EHICLE DESTROYED BY THE IS

96


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.clxxix

P HOTO 155 - IS C HECKPOINT IN SIRTE

Sirte/Harawa – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania eulogized the recently deceased Ahmed Al-Rwaisy.clxxx Known also as Abu Zakaria al-Tunisi, Al-Rwaisy was killed during clashes between the Islamic State and Battalion 166. According to the New York Times, Al-Rwaisy was the mastermind behind the assassination of Tunisian politicians Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi.clxxxi Prior to joining the Islamic State, Al-Rwaisy helped lead Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia.

P HOTO 156 - ABU ZAKARIA AL-TUNISI EULOGIZED BY IS 97


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out VBIED attacks on the barracks of Battalion 166 and an unknown target in the Qasr Ahmed neighborhood of Misrata.clxxxii According to reports from social media, the VBIED attack on Battalion 166’s barracks was carried out remotely.clxxxiii

Tripoli – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on a security headquarters in the Janzour district of Tripoli. According to Reuters, five policemen were injured and another was killed.clxxxiv

P HOTO 157 - IS VBIED IN TRIPOLI CRITICALLY I NJURES P OLICEMEN

98


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 8 March 2015 Ras Al-Hilal – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of militants operating in the vicinity of Ras Al-Hilal, Libya.clxxxv In the past, extremist militias like Ansar al-Sharia used Ras Al-Hilal as a staging ground for their GRAD missile attacks against Labraq International Airport.

P HOTO 158 - IS M ILITANTS OPERATING IN RAS A L-H ILAL

Sirte/Harawa – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania engaged in armed clashes with pro-GNC Battalion 166 – a contributor to Operation Sunrise. Battles took place outside of Sirte in the western area known as Daheera and the eastern city of Harawa. According to Reuters, 17 Islamic State fighters were killed, while others were taken back to Misrata for questioning.clxxxvi

99


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos titled, "Missionary Tour in Derna." The photos show citizens of Derna carrying out every-day activities under the protection of the Islamic State.clxxxvii

P HOTO 159 - IS ACTIVITIES IN DERNA

Unspecified – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a man speaking Tebu calls for more Toubou tribesmen to join.clxxxviii This was the first time the Islamic State in Libya released a video in the Tebu language.

P HOTO 160 - IS M ILITANT C ALLS FOR M ORE T OUBOU TO J OIN

100


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on the Dahmani Police Station in the Zawiyat Dahmani neighborhood.clxxxix

P HOTO 161 - IS CARRIES OUT VBIED A TTACK IN T RIPOLI

Benghazi – On 11 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activities throughout Benghazi. IS militants are photographed using 81mm mortars, 120mm mortars, and a 155mm howitzer. cxc

P HOTO 162 - IS M ILITANTS USE 155MM H OWITZERS

101


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 1 March 2015 Ghani Oilfield – On 6 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an attack on the Ghani Oilfield in central Libya, killing 11 guards and kidnapping at least 10 foreigners. Reports suggest that seven guards were beheadedcxci, while another three foreign workers remain unaccounted for.cxcii

Derna – On 5 March 2015, The Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video a member of the Shahhat Security Directorate and a Colonel in the Al Jaweifi Brigade were executed at pointblank.cxciii While the video does feature the Islamic State’s black standard and a “nasheed”, it does not contain extensive post-production work like many other IS videos.

P HOTO 163 - IS EXECUTES T WO L IBYAN A RMY MEMBERS

Benghazi – On 5 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing their recent activity in Benghazi. The video begins with an Egyptian man calling for youth around the world to join the jihad in Libya. The video ends with Islamic State militants carrying out drive-by shootings on civilians whom they call “sahawat”, or supporters of the Libyan Army.cxciv

102


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 164 - IS CARRIES OUT DRIVE-B Y S HOOTING IN BENGHAZI

Derna – On 3 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing residents of Derna pledging allegiance to the Islamic State. The outdoor event appears to have gathered hundreds of attendants.cxcv

P HOTO 165 - IS EVENT IN D ERNA GATHERS HUNDREDS OF A TTENDANTS

Mabruk Oilfield – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out coordinated attacks on the Mabruk, Bahi, and Dahra oilfields in central Libya.cxcvi Islamic State militants shelled the oilfields, engaged in armed clashes, and subsequently captured at least two of the three oilfields.cxcvii 103


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

The Islamic State also carried out an attack on the Mabruk Oilfield on in early February 2015, which left at least 12 dead.

Benghazi – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi.cxcviii The attack was carried out by a foreign fighter – most likely a man from Tunisia.

P HOTO 166 - TUNISIAN F OREIGN F IGHTER CARRIES OUT SUICIDE B OMBING IN B ENGHAZI

104


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 22 February 2015 Benghazi – On 28 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video calling for foreign fighters to come to Libya.cxcix The video was recorded in the Leithi neighborhood of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia stronghold. The promotional video concludes with a drive-by assassination. According to reports from social media, the man assassinated is Saiqa Special Forces member Ibrahim Mitri.cc

P HOTO 167 - IS M ILITANTS C ALL FOR F OREIGN F IGHTERS IN B ENGHAZI

Unspecified – On 27 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video named, “A Message to the Brothers in Tawheed.” In the video, a non-Libyan man calls for foreign fighters to come to Libya and fight against General Khalifa Haftar.cci

P HOTO 168 - IS M ILITANT C ALLS FOR F OREIGN F IGHTERS IN TRIPOLITANIA 105


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 24 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a promotional video of the two foreigners involved in the attack on the Corinthia Hotel in Tripoli.ccii According to SITE Intel Group, the video is titled, “Convoys of the MartyrdomSeekers” and is the first of more to come.cciii

P HOTO 169 - IS F OREIGN F IGHTER D ELIVERS SPEECH PRIOR TO CORINTHIA A TTACK

Benghazi – On 23 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos displaying their recent military action throughout Benghazi.cciv

P HOTO 170 - A MEMBER OF THE ISLAMIC STATE ENGAGES IN BATTLE 106


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 22 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the double-IED attack on the Iranian Embassy in the Ben Ashour neighborhood of Tripoli.ccv

107


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 15 February 2015 Unspecified – On 21 February 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video message that threatened politicians and businessmen from Misrata.

P HOTO 171 - IS T HREATENS M ISRATAN P OLITICIANS

Al-Qubbah – On 20 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out at least two simultaneous VBIED attacks in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah. In their official statement, the Islamc State called the VBIED attacks revenge for the recent Egyptian airstrikes carried out in the eastern city of Derna.ccvi The attacks targeted the local Security Directorate building, the house of Speaker of the House Agila Saleh Issa, and a nearby fuel station. At least 45 people were killed as a result. According to The National, the attacks were carried out Bitar Al Libi and Abu Abdullah Al Jazrawi.ccvii

P HOTO 172 - B ITAR A L L IBI AND ABU ABDULLAH A L J AZRAWI

108


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 19 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing the distribution of medical aid somewhere in eastern Libya.ccviii

Derna – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out hisba (accountability) activities by burning instruments in Derna.ccix

P HOTO 173 - IS CARRYING OUT BURNING I NSTRUMENTS IN DERNA

Sirte – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing off a parade they held in the city of Sirte.ccx A video later appeared on YouTube in which at least 25 IS trucks can be seen.ccxi

Unspecified – On 17 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their recent activities in eastern Libya. This most recent release shows boxes of cigarettes being destroyed by men wearing black masks and driving what appear to be newly acquired police vehicles.ccxii

Sirte – On 15 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video confirming the beheadings of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians.ccxiii The video was released by the Islamic State’s Al-Hayat media division.ccxiv According to the Washington Post:

109


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

“In the video, Islamic State fighters marched the Egyptians onto a stretch of coastline before forcing them to kneel and severing their heads. The brutal murders were portrayed as retaliation against what a masked fighter described as “the hostile Egyptian church.”ccxv Later reporting indicates that a large portion of ISIS members in Sirte are from Misrata.ccxvi

P HOTO 174 - IS IN T RIPOLITANIA B EHEADS EGYPTIANS

110


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 8 February 2015 Sarir Oilfield – On 14 February 2015, El Sarir oilfield in southern Libya was attacked by unnamed perpetrators. The Sarir oilfield provides crude oil to the Hariga port in Tobruk, Libya.ccxvii Although unconfirmed, a Twitter account linked to IS in Libya posted pictures of a vehicle approaching an oilfield in Libya.ccxviii

Benghazi – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos that appear to confirm their involvement in the VBIED attack on 6 February 2015.ccxix

P HOTO 175 - COLLAGE GLORIFYING AN IS SUICIDE BOMBER IN BENGHAZI

Derna – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their most recent floggings carried out in Derna. In this instance, at least seven youths were publically flogged for consuming alcohol.ccxx

111


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 176 - YOUTH PUBLICALLY FLOGGED IN D ERNA

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos in which they claim to have received the repentance of 42 employees of the Ministry of Interior in Sirte.ccxxi

P HOTO 177 - IS F ORCES MAN TO OFFICIALLY REPENT

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, in addition to capturing a number of radio stations, the Islamic State in Tripolitania seized the Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte. According to the Libya Herald, “A military convoy carrying IS flags reportedly surrounded the hospital this morning 112


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

and ordered Misrata-based Central Libya Shield which has been providing security there to leave.”ccxxii

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, gunmen claiming to be members of the Islamic State jihadist group have seized control of a state-run radio station in Libya's coastal city of Sirte, residents said on Friday.ccxxiii Jihadist websites also posted pictures showing armed men sitting in front of microphones in a broadcasting studio and brandishing Kalashnikov assault rifles.ccxxiv

P HOTO 178 - IS TAKES OVER RADIO S TATION IN S IRTE

Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced: “This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah alMuhājir (rahimahumallāh).”ccxxv

Benghazi – On 11 February 2015, the hospital of Benghazi received, “40 human heads with no bodies” after a training camp in the Buatni Neighborhood was recaptured by the Libyan 113


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

National Army. The training camp was previously occupied by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries.ccxxvi

Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.ccxxvii

An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.ccxxviii Initials reports suggest that there were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.ccxxix

114


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 1 February 2015 Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for the Islamic State in Libya.ccxxx According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the Egyptian border.ccxxxi

Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.ccxxxii ccxxxiii

Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.ccxxxiv The Mabruk Oilfield is operated by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.ccxxxv

Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French. France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.ccxxxvi Twelve people will killed overall.

Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah. The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and Libyan National Army Forces.ccxxxvii

Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state. Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.ccxxxviii

Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in Libya tweeted: [W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia,

115


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

#Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!ccxxxix

Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.ccxl According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade.ccxli Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia Hotel.ccxlii

P HOTO 179 - P HOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI S ECURITY D IRECTORATE

116


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 25 January 2015 Sirte – On 31 January 2015, reports from social media suggested that the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”ccxliii Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.ccxliv Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi. This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall dilapidated.ccxlv Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State. According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian converts.ccxlvi

P HOTO 180 - C ONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion. Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel 117


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.ccxlvii According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware of possible threats for several days.ccxlviii A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.ccxlix The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90% empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and subsequent attack. Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who participated in the attack on the hotel.ccl The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead. Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi. IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.ccli

118


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 18 January 2015 Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in what they allege to be Benghazi.cclii

P HOTO 181 - IS PASSES OUT S WEETS TO C HILDREN Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.ccliii Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.ccliv Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent military activity in Benghazi.cclv Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic State to travel to Libya.cclvi

119


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 182 - IS D IVISION OF L IBYA – TARABULUS , F EZZAN , AND BARQA

120


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 11 January 2015 Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in Tripoli, injuring two security personnel. According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.cclvii Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing members distributing clothing and financial aid.cclviii Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of 21 Christians.cclix According to The Telegraph: “On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week earlier.”cclx

P HOTO 183 - P HOTOS OF THE K IDNAPPED EGYPTIANS Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely taken in Sabratha.cclxi

121


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 4 January 2015 Unspecified - On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.cclxii

P HOTO 184 - TUNISIANS A LLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN L IBYA Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.cclxiii Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.cclxiv

P HOTO 185 - "APOSTATE " EXECUTED BY THE IS

122


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 28 December 2014 Benghazi – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi. This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the bulldozing.cclxv Sokhna – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilitycclxvi for an attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.cclxvii According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.cclxviii

P HOTO 186 - IS IN F EZZAN ATTACKS S OKHNA Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside the headquarters of the House of Representatives.cclxix At the time the House of Representatives met in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as initially suggested.cclxx The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a result of the explosion.cclxxi

123


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 21 December 2014 Tripoli – According to multiple sources, a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli on the morning of 27 December. cclxxiiThe Diplomatic Security Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.cclxxiii The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence. "The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE said.cclxxiv Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.cclxxv

Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange for captured Jordanian diplomats.cclxxvi

P HOTO 187 - A LIBYAN ARMY M EMBER BURNED BY ISIS

124


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 14 December 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were reported.cclxxvii On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.cclxxviii Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage to the building while injuring no one.cclxxix

Week of 7 December 2014 Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.cclxxx

P HOTO 188 - IS M ILITANTS P OSE WITH M INES

Week of 30 November 2014 Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.cclxxxi The security directorate is located near the Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.cclxxxii Initial reports suggest that three to seven people were wounded.cclxxxiii Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white Hyundai.cclxxxiv

125


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 23 November 2014 Unspecified - The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantile discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as American President. In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria. It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi was ideal for jihad.”cclxxxv Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, released photos of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria. The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in Derna.cclxxxvi

Week of 16 November 2014 Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi. The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.cclxxxvii Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were Egyptian, and two were Libyans.cclxxxviii The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED attacks on 12 November 2014cclxxxix, men pledging allegiance to the ISccxc, and photos of a convoy in Derna.ccxci 126


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

P HOTO 189 - IS C ONVOY NEAR D ERNA Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and Egyptian embassies.ccxcii The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic State.ccxciii ccxciv

Week of 9 November 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani neighborhoods of Tripoli.ccxcv No casualties have been reported, though photosccxcvi show significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.ccxcvii Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.ccxcviii Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.ccxcix The car from which the bomb was thrown then drove away at speed.ccc Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently dismantled by the Libyan National Army.ccci

127


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.cccii Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have been confirmed killed.ccciii Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter users reported the detonation of a car bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi. Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded with explosives was parked on the street outside the café. Reports indicate that there were no casualties as a result of the bombing, however the café and surrounding shops were

P HOTO 190 - VBIED IN B ENGHAZI

destroyed. No indication if the café was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to continued fighting.ccciv At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida neighborhood of Benghazi.cccv Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing on to a crowded intersection.cccvi At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack, however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.cccvii Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been taken for medical treatment.cccviii Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna, eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media,

128


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish, Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.cccix Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.cccx Benghazi – On 11 November 2014, a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was captured, forced to appear on videocccxi, and then beheaded.cccxii According to Al Wasat, the group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.cccxiii

P HOTO 191 - S OLDIER B EHEADED IN BENGHAZI Shahat – On 9 November 2014, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat in eastern Libya near the building where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah alThinni held talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. cccxiv Eye witnesses claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely. Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.cccxv Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.cccxvi

129


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 2 November 2014 Sirte – On 4 November 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of lectures given by Turki al-Bin’ali.cccxvii The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.cccxviii

P HOTO 192 - TURKI AL-B IN'ALI DELIVERS LECTURE

Week of 19 October 2014 Derna – After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)cccxix launched an 'Islamic Court'.cccxx The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey.cccxxi According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in mid-September with a number of senior ISIS members.cccxxii

P HOTO 193 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC C OURT IN D ERNA 130


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 5 October 2014 Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one and injuring two others.cccxxiii

Week of 7 September 2014 Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.cccxxiv

Week of 17 August 2014 Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cccxxvAn amateur video published on social media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.cccxxvi

P HOTO 194 - PUBLIC EXECUTION IN DERNA

Week of 20 July 2014 Benghazi – On 21 July 2014, a militia in Benghazi beheaded a Filipino construction worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim. The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of Benghazi.

131


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

A department spokesperson told media that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $160,000. cccxxvii

Week of 15 June 2014 Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.cccxxviii

Week of 16 March 2014 Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed eight soldiers and wounded another 12.cccxxix

132


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Main Hubs of ISIS Activity

M AP 4 - L OCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO EAST: SABRATHA , TRIPOLI, SUKNAH , S IRTE, AN N AWFALIYAH, B ENGHAZI , D ERNA .

133


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Twitter Twitter iii The Guardian iv Al Arabiya v NY Times vi DailyMail vii Yahoo viii Al Arabiya ix Libya Herald x Reuters xi Reuters xii IB Times xiii Bawabat al-Wasat xiv Libya Herald xv Al Arabiya Net xvi Bawbat Al Wasat xvii Libya Herald; Bawbat Al Wasat xviii Libya Herald xix Libya Herald xx Bawbat Al Wasat xxi Alwasat/Alwasat xxii Libya Al Mostakbal xxiii Bawbat Al Mostakbal xxiv Internet Archive,. 2015. '‫ غزوة لملودة‬: Brqa : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive'. Accessed July 1 2015. https://archive.org/details/qzoatlmloda. xxv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية طرابلس يق‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed July 1 2015. http://justpaste.it/m1u7. xxvi Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــــقـــرير مـــصـــــ‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed July 1 2015. https://dump.to/cwG. xxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed July 1 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/614179341761650688. xxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed June 25 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/613693954157117440. xxix Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�تقرير مصور بنغازي الخامس م‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 23 2015. https://dump.to/cr0. xxx Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�تقرير مصور بنغازي الخامس م‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 23 2015. https://dump.to/cr4. xxxi Youtube.com,. 2015. 'Youtube'. Accessed June 23 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnavaqMFGOQ&feature=youtu.be. xxxii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫ م‬: ‫�تـقـريـر مـصـور بنغازي‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 18 2015. https://dump.to/clH. xxxiii Dump.to,. 2015. ' : ‫تقر‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 18 2015. https://dump.to/cjy. xxxiv YouTube,. 2015. '‫'سرية الهاون تستهدف تمركزات لجند الطاغوت حفتر‬. Accessed June 18 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzBKbyE2CFQ. xxxv Reuters,. 2015. 'Seven Shot Dead At Protest Against Islamic State In Libya: Residents'. Accessed June 18 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/12/us-libya-security-protestsidUSKBN0OS1OK20150612. xxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Beyond The Levant On Twitter'. Accessed June 18 2015. https://twitter.com/TheRealBTL/status/609513685111803904. xxxvii YouTube,. 2015. '‫ تقبله هللا‬- ‫ »والية_طرابلس «غزوة أبي إبراهيم المصراتي‬HD'. Accessed June 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0a7xyVGYLi8. xxxviii Reuters UK,. 2015. 'UPDATE 1-Islamic State Clashes With Rivals In Eastern Libya, 20 Dead'. Accessed June 11 2015. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/06/10/libya-securityidUKL5N0YW3I120150610. xxxix Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�والية طرابلس سيطرة جند الخ‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 11 2015. https://dump.to/WESTSirte. i

ii

134


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــــقـــرير مـــصـــــور‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 9 2015. https://dump.to/ca8. xli "IS Attacks Misrata’s Abu Grain Checkpoint; Three Guards Killed." Libya Herald. June 7, 2015. Accessed June 9, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/06/07/is-attacks-misratas-abu-graincheckpoint-three-guards-killed/. xlii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــــقـــرير مـــصـــــور‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 7 2015. https://dump.to/c5A. xliii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــــقـــرير مـــصـــــور‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed June 7 2015. https://dump.to/c4S. xliv ‫ 'جانب من سيطرة جند الخالفة على مدينة هراوة‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed June 7 2015. http://nasheer.me/harawa/. xlv Varghese, Johnlee. 2015. 'Libya: Isis Kidnaps 86 Eritrean Christian Migrants, Sparks Beheading Fear'. International Business Times. Accessed June 7 2015. http://www.ibtimes.co.in/isis-libyakidnaps-86-eritrean-christian-migrants-sparks-beheading-fear-634838. xlvi International Business Times UK,. 2015. 'Isis In Libya: Islamic State Militants Kill Two Eritrean Migrants'. Accessed June 7 2015. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-libya-islamic-state-militants-killtwo-eritrean-migrants-1504522. xlvii ‫ '«داعش» يقطع رأس متطوع في الجيش بمدينة درنة‬.2015 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed June 4 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/77396/. xlviii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed June 4 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/605768420873912320. xlix Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫سيره االسد الهصور االخ ابو عبدهللا المصري تقبله هللا على‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed June 2 2015. http://justpaste.it/lhu4. xl

‫ '“جانب من نشاطات الحِ ْس َبة في مدينة النوفلية‬.2015 .,‫'”ناشر‬. Accessed June 2 2015. http://nasheer.me/hisba9/. ‫ 'اإلغارة على “بوابة لملودة” في محور “رأس الهالل” بمدينة درنة‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 31 2015. http://nasheer.me/lamloda/. lii https://twitter.com/wesy_ya_awsy/status/604834774352601089 liii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed May 31 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/604871358288437248. liv ‫ 'توزيع المطويات على عامة المسلمين‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 31 2015. http://nasheer.me/da3awi/. ّ lv ‫ 'رباط جنود الخالفة في منطقة الصابري (محور المركز) في مدينة بنفازي‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 31 2015. http://nasheer.me/rebat7/. lvi Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــــقـــرير مـــصـــــور عمالا بقوله تعالى ( و أعدوا له‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 31 2015. http://justpaste.it/lgi1. lvii Twitter,. 2015. '‫ األنصاري الشامي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 31 2015. https://twitter.com/Rrrr1974/status/604893902793900032. lviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 31 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/604272346904453120. lix "Double IED Explosion Kills Four near Derna." Libya Herald. May 30, 2015. Accessed May 31, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/05/30/double-ied-explosion-kills-four-near-derna/. lx Twitter,. 2015. '‫ مراسلين من قلب الحدث‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 31 2015. https://twitter.com/prees_libya/status/604126197514117120. lxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ صولة المجاهدين على تمركزات المرتدي‬: ‫تقرير مصور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 31 2015. http://justpaste.it/leq8. lxii ‫ 'معسكر تدريبي لجنود الخالفة في مدينة بنغازي‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/barqa5/. lxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'Adem_3 On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/adimtu1/status/603495246043951104. lxiv Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/brqaribat. lxv ‫ 'اإلغارة على تمركز لجند الطاغوت في محور‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/egara/. lxvi Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/bVv. lxvii Twitter,. 2015. '‫ ابو طلحة الشامي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/19taalha/status/603315554796105728. lxviii Dump.to,. 2015. '♦ ‫الر‬ ّ ‫الرحمن‬ َّ ‫�بسم هللا‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/bTn. lxix Twitter,. 2015. '11 ‫ الرادار النيجيري‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/joejim2424/status/602965098408194048. lxx Twitter,. 2015. '‫ ابو استشهادي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/___AK47IS/status/602967619277225985. lxxi ‫ 'افتتاح نقطة إعالمية في مدينة درنة‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/noqta/. 135 l

li


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

https://twitter.com/Islam_News222/status/602718120164335616 Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/602059024956137473. lxxiv Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://dump.to/bPO. lxxv Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‘ #‫�مؤسسة_أجناد لإلنتا‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://dump.to/bQN. lxxvi Ibid. lxxvii Ibid. lxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/601994878436925440. lxxix ‫ 'رباط جنود الخالفة في مدينة سرت‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 24 2015. http://nasheer.me/rebat1/. lxxx ‫ 'جولة في إحدى ورش التفخيخ في والية طرابلس‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 24 2015. http://nasheer.me/jawla/. lxxxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ جزء من الغنائم الت‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 24 2015. http://justpaste.it/l9q8. lxxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed May 21 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/601343365263794176. lxxxiii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ال‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 21 2015. https://dump.to/bMU. lxxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed May 21 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/601126720503226368. lxxxv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ في طور النهوض باألمة والرق‬:‫تــقــريــر مصــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 20 2015. http://justpaste.it/l89q. lxxxvi Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 3-One Killed In Libya Suicide Bombing Claimed By Islamic State Official'. Accessed May 20 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/19/libya-securityidUSL5N0YA1HJ20150519. lxxxvii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�والية برقة فرحة الم‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 20 2015. https://dump.to/bLA. lxxxviii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ال‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 20 2015. https://dump.to/bLh. lxxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 20 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/600606939450605571. xc YouTube,. 2015. '‫ والية برقة مرئي مخيم البداية والنهاية في مدينة درنة‬Darnah Libya'. Accessed May 20 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGftEyKXu6M&feature=youtu.be. xci Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ جزء من الغنائم ال‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 18 2015. http://justpaste.it/l6q6. xcii Twitter,. 2015. '17#‫ أبو ارحيّم الليبي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 18 2015. https://twitter.com/news_libyan/status/600077013517475840. xciii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ المجاهدون يصدون تقدما‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 17 2015. http://justpaste.it/l63v. xciv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ عمال بقوله صلى الل‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 17 2015. http://justpaste.it/l5bz. xcv Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 17 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/599192257821024257. xcvi "Condemnation for Ansar’s Harawa Beheadings." Libya Herald. May 15, 2015. Accessed May 18, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/05/15/condemnation-for-ansars-harawa-beheadings/. xcvii YouTube,. 2015. '‫ صيّادوا المدرعات يدمرون دبابة لجند الطاغوت حفتر في محور بعيرة‬: ‫'مؤسسة الراية‬. Accessed May 17 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B-_lWOgyMc&feature=youtu.be. xcviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 17 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/598913730076901377. xcix Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ سرية المدرعات تدك‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 14 2015. http://justpaste.it/l3yj. c Reuters,. 2015. 'Four Children Killed In Rocket Attack In Libya's Benghazi City: Officials'. Accessed May 14 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/13/us-libya-securityidUSKBN0NY27A20150513. ci Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed May 14 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/598691313878458368. cii ‫ 'الرباط على طريق المطار في مدينة سرت‬.2015 .,‫'صفحة لي‬. Accessed May 14 2015. http://sfha.li/matar/. ciii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ بالتعاون مع جمعية ا‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 13 2015. http://justpaste.it/qsw3. lxxii

lxxiii

136


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫& بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬Nbsp... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 12 2015. https://dump.to/bCt. cv YouTube,. 2015. '#‫'برومو أسود الصابري الشعب كله كان في الجبهه‬. Accessed May 12 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duln40jOp5c. cvi Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫ من أرشيف أنصار الشريعة‬: ‫ الفيدو المؤثر‬- ‫'إنسحاب تكتيكي‬. Accessed May 10 2015. https://www.facebook.com/5insehab.taktiki/videos/1673290059565422/. cvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Adem_3 On Twitter'. Accessed May 10 2015. https://twitter.com/adimtu/status/597211525158404097. cviiicviii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــ‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 10 2015. https://dump.to/byI. cix Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ صحيفة أسبوعية ت‬، ‫ هذه أمتكم أمة واحدة هذه أمتكم‬: ‫صحيفة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 10 2015. http://justpaste.it/htheh10. cx YouTube,. 2015. '‫ معاني الثبات‬:‫'والية برقة‬. Accessed May 10 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEfUat572cg&feature=youtu.be. cxi Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫'تشتشه‬. Accessed May 10 2015. https://www.facebook.com/784009698335768/videos/832555723481165/. cxii YouTube,. 2015. '‫'رياح التمكين‬. Accessed May 10 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VX0b3UW7NYE. cxiii Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 7 2015. https://dump.to/bwz. cxiv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية برقة يقدم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 7 2015. http://justpaste.it/hisba6. cxv Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�والية برقة طيران الحكو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 12 2015. https://dump.to/bwd. cxvi Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية برقة يقدم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 6 2015. http://justpaste.it/anfaq1. cxvii YouTube,. 2015. '‫ " من قسم الصيانة و النقلية " أنصار الشريعة بليبيا‬2 ‫ من مواطن الرباط‬: ‫'السلسلة المرئية‬. Accessed May 6 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQYQW52fJbo. cxviii Twitter,. 2015. '١٠‫ ابوالحسين الحلبي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 6 2015. https://twitter.com/isssman100/status/594879660460216321. cxix Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ تحقيقا ا للمقاصد ال‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 6 2015. http://justpaste.it/kwne. cxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Sayf-Allah On Twitter'. Accessed May 6 2015. https://twitter.com/damuppl/status/594534027010310144. cxxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ هذه أمتكم أمة واحدة صحيفة إسبوع‬: ‫العدد التاسع من صحيفة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 6 2015. http://justpaste.it/kw62. cxxii "Three Men Accused of Homosexuality Executed by IS in Derna." Libya Herald. May 1, 2015. Accessed May 6, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/05/01/three-men-accused-ofhomosexuality-executed-by-is-in-derna/. cxxiii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ تحقيقا ا للمقاصد التي‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/kudw. cxxiv Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ن‬ ْ ِ‫ قال تعالى ( َوم‬: ‫تقـــريــــر مـــصـــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/ktnx. cxxv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية برقة يقدم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/photodarna. cxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/593191442140536832. cxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/592876970511364096. cxxviii Trackingterrorism.org,. 2015. 'Ansar Al Sharia In Libya Mourns The Death Of AQIM's Abu Masoud Miloud Sdaqa | Chatter Control | TRAC'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://www.trackingterrorism.org/chatter/ansar-al-sharia-libya-mourns-death-aqims-abu-masoudmiloud-sdaqa. cxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/592414336783667201. cxxx Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://dump.to/msho. cxxxi Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://dump.to/gam3. civ

137


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 23 2015. https://dump.to/wosool. cxxxiii Twitter,. 2015. '8 ‫ تارا الحمداني‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://twitter.com/19tara___/status/591194942401343488. cxxxiv News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2015. 'IS Al-Bayan News Bulletin For April 22, 2015, Reports Attack Targeting Spanish Embassy In Tripoli | Jihadist News'. Accessed April 23 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-al-bayan-news-bulletin-for-april-22-2015-reportsattack-targeting-spanish-embassy-in-tripoli.html. cxxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'ADEM On Twitter'. Accessed April 23 2015. https://twitter.com/oAD0EM08/status/590838561630457856. cxxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'ADEM On Twitter'. Accessed April 23 2015. https://twitter.com/oAD0EM08/status/590662351277404160. cxxxvii "IS “crucifies” Family in Derna." Libya Herald. April 21, 2015. Accessed April 22, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/04/21/is-crucifies-family-in-derna/. cxxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libya Al Hurra On Twitter'. Accessed April 22 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/589912603008303104. cxxxix Yahoo News,. 2015. 'IS Video Purports To Show Killing Of Ethiopians In Libya'. Accessed April 19 2015. http://news.yahoo.com/un-90-000-people-fled-advance-iraqs-anbar-093621366.html. cxl Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 19 2015. https://dump.to/barqa6. cxli Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ " كنت ْم َخي َْر أ‬:‫انطالقا ا من قوله تعالى‬: ‫درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 19 2015. https://justpaste.it/ans7d. cxlii Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫ مؤسسة بيان لإلنتاج اإلعالمي‬- ‫ صاعقة‬21 ‫'تدمير عربة لكتيبة‬. Accessed April 15 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=662003573906115&set=vb.658826377557168&type=2&the ater. cxliii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫مطـلوبون للـــقـــتـل ( و حرض المؤمنين على القتال ) الح‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/w4an. cxliv The Big Story,. 2015. 'Jordan's Ambassador, Freed In Libya, Returns Home'. Accessed April 15 2015. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jordanian-ambassador-released-captors-libya. cxlv Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/587419806271430656. cxlvi Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://dump.to/rebatsirt. cxlvii Twitter,. 2015. 'A. Ibrahim On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/jihadi24/status/585732584253952000 cxlviii Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫'احمد محمد الطرابلسي‬. Accessed April 8 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=1615019678730352. cxlix Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/moltaqa3. cl Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/585464559160397825 cli Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور ربـاط المجاهـدين بمحـور بنيـ‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 15 2015. َ https://justpaste.it/kcts. clii ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/malahem2. cliii ‫طـــاب‬ َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬on Twitter. Twitter,. 2015. '‫طـــاب‬ َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/k8h5a2t6a2b/status/584676842814091264 cliv Twitter,. 2015. '6 ‫ل ادرك الصواب‬ ٌ ‫ عق‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/66kkq/status/584959234942599168 clv Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed April 8 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CB0Cg9HUEAA15Px.jpg clvi ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/sooqsirt. clviiclvii ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنتم‬... - justpaste.it ْ Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنت ْم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/kbz0. clviii [ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! cxxxii

138


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Dump.to,. 2015. '[ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/aQd. clix Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed April 8 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CBV5A44WsAAYKje.jpg clx ‫ ال في سبيل الديمقراطية‬، ‫ بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا‬... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ ال في سبيل الديمقراطية‬، ‫ بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/boka. clxi "Two Injured in Derna Bomb Blast." Libya Herald. March 29, 2015. Accessed April 8, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/29/two-injured-in-derna-bomb-blast/#axzz3VpVFLdMP. clxii Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed March 26 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CA9UZuSXEAAYtda.jpg:large. clxiii Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'إتالف أسحار وجدت في بيت ساحرة كانت تؤذي المسلمين بسحر العطف والصرف | ناشر‬. Accessed March 26 2015. http://nasher.me/ashar/. clxiv "Suicide Bomber Kills 5 Operation Sunrise Members in Sirte Power Station Attack: Report." Libya Herald. March 25, 2015. Accessed March 26, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/25/suicidebomber-kills-5-operation-sunrise-members-in-sirte-power-station-attack-report/. clxv Hosted.ap.org,. 2015. 'News From The Associated Press'. Accessed March 26 2015. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_LIBYA?SITE=AP. clxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Libya Al Hurra On Twitter'. Accessed March 25 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/580525588928159745. clxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 25 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/580422699396165632. clxviii Roggio, Bill. 2015. 'Ansar Al Sharia In Libya Releases Photos Of Graduates From Its ‘Mujahideen Training Camps’ | The Long War Journal'. Longwarjournal.Org. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/03/ansar-al-sharia-in-libya-releases-photos-ofgraduates-from-its-mujahideen-training-camps.php. clxix Nasher.me,. 2015. ' ‫ بجنود الدوله اإلسالمية في سرت – والية‬166 ‫ عن غدر مرتدي كتيبة‬, ‫كلمة للشيخ المجاهد أبومحمد الفرجاني‬ ‫'طرابلس | ناشر‬. Accessed March 19 2015. http://nasher.me/kalema1/. clxx ‫ 'العثور على رأس سائق في منطقة الفتائح جنوب شرق درنة‬.2015 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/66437/. clxxi Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 19 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/578364699798081536. clxxii News, ABC. 2015. 'IS In Libya Kills 12 Fighters Loyal To Tripoli Government'. ABC News. Accessed March 19 2015. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libya-clash-islamic-statemilitants-kills-10-troops-29719012. clxxiii Greg Botelho and Ayman Kekly, CNN. 2015. 'Official: ISIS Attacks Libyan Hospital, Kidnaps -Then Frees -- 20 Foreigners - CNN.Com'. CNN. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/17/world/isis-libya-kidnapped-medical-workers/index.html. clxxiv Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'ضمن نشاطات رجال الحسبة “إتالف ممنوعات مصادرة من المقاهي” | ناشر‬. Accessed March 17 2015. http://nasher.me/hisba8/. clxxv Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=913349838716944&set=vb.894756380576290&type=2&the ater. clxxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Themaghrebinote On Twitter'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://twitter.com/MaghrebiNote/status/577596591462309889. clxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Themaghrebinote On Twitter'. Accessed March 17 2015. https://twitter.com/MaghrebiNote/status/577596790272311296. clxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Matog Saleh On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/MatogSaleh/status/577373796815917056. clxxix Twitter,. 2015. '3 Thinker On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/GLA_____/status/577349563461214209. clxxx Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/577325795154198528. clxxxi Press, The. 2015. 'Islamic State Group Reports Tunisian Leader Killed In Libya'. Nytimes.Com. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/17/world/middleeast/ap-mllibya-islamic-state.html. clxxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libya Al Hurra On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/577293959812222977. clxxxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed March 16 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/577264171424870400.

139


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

In.reuters.com,. 2015. 'Islamic State Militants Claim Attack On Security Building In Libya's Capital'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/03/15/libya-securityidINL6N0WH0WT20150315. clxxxv Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'صور من خط الرباط “الرباط في الجهة الغربية من مدينة درنة – منطقة رأس الهالل” | ناشر‬. Accessed March 16 2015. http://nasher.me/raashelal/. clxxxvi Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 1-Islamic State Fighters And Force Allied With Tripoli Clash In Central Libya'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-securityidUSL6N0WG0QP20150314 clxxxvii Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'ضمن نشاطات المكتب الدعوي “جولة دعوية في مدينة درنة” | ناشر‬. Accessed March 16 2015. http://nasher.me/jawla-darna/. clxxxviii MediaFire,. 2015. '2 ‫رسالة إلى إخوة التوحيد‬.Mp4'. Accessed March 16 2015. http://www.mediafire.com/watch/jbswk71i8x4bq12/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_ %D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D 9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_2.mp4 clxxxiv

Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed March 12 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/575946130929876992. cxc Nasher.me,. 2015. ' ‫ضمن مالحم الخالفة في بنغازي [دك معاقل الصحوات وجند الطاغوت في منطقة المساكن بقنابر الهاون‬ ‫'والهاوزر] | ناشر‬. Accessed March 12 2015. http://nasher.me/haw-zer/. cxci Twitter,. 2015. '10 ‫ الغريب الليبي‬On Twitter'. Accessed March 8 2015. https://twitter.com/ramk00012/status/574436417490849792 cxcii Nytimes.com,. 2015. 'Foreign Workers Missing After Militants Attack Libyan Oil Field'. Accessed March 8 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/world/foreign-workers-missing-aftermilitants-attack-libyan-oil-field.html. cxciii YouTube,. 2015. '‫جاهز‬1'. Accessed March 5 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxLRvE8Vykk&t=14. cxciv Twitter,. 2015. '‫ عبدالحميد القصيمي‬On Twitter'. Accessed March 5 2015. https://twitter.com/abdulhameed_91/status/573368323754340352. cxcv Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'إقامة ملتقى دعوي في مدينة درنة | ناشر‬. Accessed March 5 2015. http://nasher.me/moltaqa-darna/. cxcvi Af.reuters.com,. 2015. ' UPDATE 1-Islamist Militants Shell Two Libyan Oilfields, Port Pipeline Damaged | News By Country | Reuters '. Accessed March 4 2015. http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFL5N0W451A20150302 cxcvii Middle East Eye,. 2015. 'Militants Take Control Of Oil Fields In Central Libya'. Accessed March 4 2015. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/militants-take-control-oil-fields-central-libya1103126308. cxcviii YouTube,. 2015. '‫'مالحم الخالفة في بنغازي عملية استشهادية على تجمع لجند الطاغوت‬. Accessed March 2 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=430xyARAYOQ&feature=youtu.be. cxcix https://www.sendspace.com/file/db8xxd cc Twitter. February 28, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/571773752708612097. cci "‫والية طرابلس رسالة إلى إخوة التوحيد‬." YouTube. February 27, 2015. Accessed March 1, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMXjX-zbH7Y&feature=youtu.be. ccii Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Elizabeth Henderson | Facebook'. Accessed February 25 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=1422141928079423. cciii News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2015. 'IS Video Shows Corinthia Hotel Suicide Bombers In First Installment Of “Convoys Of The Martyrdom-Seekers” Series | Jihadist News'. Accessed February 25 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-video-shows-corinthia-hotel-suicidebombers-in-first-installment-of-convoys-of-the-martyrdom-seekers-series.html. cciv Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫ اإلغارة على تمركز لجند الطاغوت قرب مديرية المساكن | ناشر‬.. ‫'ضمن مالحم بنغازي‬. Accessed February 23 2015. http://nasher.me/egara1/. ccv Twitter,. 2015. '‫ أخبار مجاهدي ليبيا‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 23 2015. https://twitter.com/akhbar_m_libya_/status/569492000157728769 ccvi Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'تنفيذ عمليتين استشهاديتين على استهدفتا غرفة الطاغوت حفتر في المنطقة الشرقية والجبل األخضر | ناشر‬. Accessed February 22 2015. http://nasher.me/qoppa/. ccvii Libya, ISIL. 2015. 'ISIL Suicide Bombings Kill At Least 45 In Libya | The National'. Thenational.Ae. Accessed February 22 2015. http://www.thenational.ae/world/middleeast/isil-suicide-bombings-kill-at-least-45-in-libya. ccviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Toyota Witness On Twitter'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://twitter.com/ToyotaWitness/status/568351774240714752. clxxxix

140


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://dump.to/hesba11. ccx Twitter,. 2015. '‫ أخبار مجاهدي ليبيا‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 19 2015. https://twitter.com/akhbar_m_libya_/status/568164496297951232. ccxi YouTube,. 2015. '‫'"جنود الدولة في سرت قبل قليل " دولة اإلسالم باقية‬. Accessed February 19 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOSXs6NsAog&feature=youtu.be. ccxii Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed February 17 2015. https://dump.to/shorta10. ccxiii ‫ 'داعش' يذبح األقباط المصريين المختطفين في ليبيا‬..‫ 'بالفيديو والصور‬.2015 .,‫'بوابة الفجر‬. Accessed February 16 2015. https://www.elfagr.org/1654270. ccxiv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم مركز الحياة لإلعالم يقدم‬Al-Hay... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 16 2015. http://justpaste.it/jfg4. ccxv Washington Post,. 2015. 'Video Shows Purported Beheading Of Egyptian Christians In Libya'. Accessed February 16 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/video-showspurported-beheading-of-egyptian-christians-in-libya/2015/02/15/b8d0f092-b548-11e4-bc30a4e75503948a_story.html. ccxvi Nytimes.Com. Accessed March 11 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/world/africa/isisseizes-opportunity-in-libyas-turmoil.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=photospot-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=1. ccxvii Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 3-Libyan Oil Pipeline Sabotaged, Gunmen Storm Sirte Offices'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/14/libya-securityidUSL5N0VO08120150214. ccxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 15 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/566623961266814977. ccxix Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫ عملية استشهادية استهدفت نقطة عسكرية لجند الطاغوت في منطقة الليثي | ناشر‬.. ‫'ضمن مالحم بنغازي‬. Accessed February 17 2015. http://nasher.me/bingazi8/. ccxx Ansamed.info,. 2015. 'Libya: Isis Flogs Youths For Alcohol Consumption In Derna - General News - Ansamed.It'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/02/13/libya-isis-flogsyouths-for-alcohol-consumption-in-derna_ed20e04e-4a56-4cec-a2bf-2802f7370166.html. ccxxi Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫ عنصرا يعملون في وزارة الداخلية | ناشر‬42 ‫'توبة‬. Accessed February 17 2015. http://nasher.me/tawba4/. ccxxii "IS Seizes Sirte Hospital: Report." Libya Herald. February 13, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/13/is-seizes-sirte-hospital-report/. ccxxiii Telegraph.co.uk,. 2015. 'Alleged Isil Gunmen In Libya 'Seize Radio Station' - Telegraph'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11412386/Alleged-Isilgunmen-in-Libya-seize-radio-station.html. ccxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Rida On Twitter'. Accessed February 15 2015. https://twitter.com/libyanproud/status/566150811387166720. ccxxv "Dabiq 7." February 12, 2015. Accessed February 12, 2015. http://ia601506.us.archive.org/27/items/Dabiq7/Dabiq_7.pdf. ccxxvi Ansamed.info,. 2015. 'Libya; Sources, 40 Severed Heads Found In Bengasi - General News Ansamed.It'. Accessed February 12 2015. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/02/11/libya-sources-40severed-heads-found-in-bengasi_23764bf5-d466-44e2-97a8-fab567f1168c.html. ccxxvii Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫ قتال في سبيل الديمقراطية | ناشر‬.. ‫'فجر ليبيا‬. Accessed February 12 2015. http://nasher.me/fajrlibya/. ccxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Islamuntiltheend On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/zholimun_anti/status/564617602828222464 ccxxix Twitter,. 2015. 'Ahmed Sanalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ASanalla/status/564537410831515648 ccxxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/564078582558097408 ccxxxi ‫مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا‬ Sky News Arabia,. 2015. '‫'مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/722649/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%94%D8%A7%D8%AA -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%AF%D8%A7% D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 ccix

141


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Louisa Loveluck, Cairo. 2015. 'Benghazi Faces 'Medical Diasaster' As Libyan City Cut Off By Heavy Fighting - Telegraph'. Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11396855/Benghazifaces-medical-diasaster-as-Libyan-city-cut-off-by-heavy-fighting.html. ccxxxiii Reuters,. 2015. 'Car Bomber Kills Two, Wounds Around 20 In Libya's Benghazi: Medics'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-libya-securityidUSKBN0LA0PH20150206. ccxxxiv Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/562756943664914434. ccxxxv Twitter,. 2015. 'James Wheeler On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/wheelertweets/status/562784888987070464. ccxxxvi "Five Oil Workers Still Missing from Mabruk Oil Field Attack." Libya Herald. February 7, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/07/five-oil-workers-still-missingfrom-mabruk-oil-field-attack/. ccxxxii

‫اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر‬ Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'اإلغارة على ثكنات المرتدين في منطقة عين مارة | ناشر‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/marah6/. ccxxxviii ‫جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر‬ Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'جانب من نشاطات المكتب الدعوي في والية طرابلس | ناشر‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/daawi3/. ccxxxix Islam4libya2. February 4, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. https://twitter.com/islam4libya2/status/563171801279516672. ccxl Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/562681055585792002/photo/1. ccxli "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade Again Attacked: Report." Libya Herald. February 3, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/03/tripoli-revolutionariesbrigade-again-attacked-report/. ccxlii ‫مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلس‬ ‫ 'مقتل شرطي وجرح اثنين في تفجير طرابلس‬.2015 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/59320/. ccxliii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/561793439940243456. ccxliv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' 2 ‫ صور من خط الرباط‬.. ‫'ضمن مالحم بنغازي‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/rebat2. ccxlv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' "‫ وآثار الدمار‬.. ‫'"صحوات بنغازي‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/sahawa4. ccxlvi Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'(خير لك من حمر النّعم) اعتناق ثالثة من نصارى إفريقيا الدين اإلسالمي | ناشر‬. Accessed February ٌ 11 2015. http://nasher.me/trablos2/. ccxlvii Times of Malta,. 2015. 'New Video, Pictures - At Least Nine Killed In Corinthia Tripoli Hotel Attack, Assailants Killed By Grenade - PM To Make Statement In Parliament '. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150127/local/new-video-pictures-at-least-ninekilled-in-corinthia-tripoli-hotel-attack-assailants-killed-by-grenade-pm-to-make-statement-inparliament.553624. ccxlviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Rana Jawad On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Rana_J01/status/560027880546377729. ccxlix "Fulaan_akh." Twitter. Accessed February 11, 2015. https://twitter.com/fulaan_akh/status/559982490434027521. ccl Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyan™ On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/dovenews/status/560054173946093569. ccli Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم دولة الخالفة اإلسالمية‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/urnft. cclii Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫'توزيع الهدايا والحلوى على أطفال بنغازي‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/atfalben. ccliii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا والصالة والسالم على رسول هللا رسالة مفتوحة إلى‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/izmy. ccliv Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'ضمن نشاطات رجال الحسبة إزالة أحد التماثيل وهدم إحدى األضرحة الشركية | ناشر‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://nasher.me/hesba4/. cclv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫'تقرير مصور اشتباكات مع جند الطاغوت في عين مارة‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/ma3barqa. ccxxxvii

142


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫الرحِ يم( قصة هجرة‬ َّ ‫الرحْ َمن‬ َّ ‫بِسْم هللا‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/grmmz. cclvii allAfrica.com,. 2015. 'Libya: Ramtane Lamamra Condemns Car Bomb Attack Outside Algeria's Embassy In Tripoli'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501191785.html. cclviii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم توزيع كسوة الشتاء ومساعدات مالية‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/sadaqat_2. cclix Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية طرابلس يق ّد‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/iv5h. cclx Cairo, Louisa. 2015. 'Isil Group In Libya Claims Mass Kidnap Of Christians Telegraph'.Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11341195/Isil-group-inLibya-claims-mass-kidnap-of-Christians.html. cclxi Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/Nsha9hesba. cclxii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/2jornalest. cclxiii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/rebat1. cclxiv Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي في والية برقة يقدم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://justpaste.it/estyad. cclxv Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم تقرير مصور عن‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/taqnasf. cclxvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551429333483790337 cclxvii Justpaste.it,. 2015. 'Content Has Been Removed - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/GazAoth. cclxviii "Massacre in Sukna: Report." Libya Herald. January 2, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/01/02/massacre-in-sukna-report/. cclxix Twitter,. 2015. '‫ بنغازي ستنتصر‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LIBYA_BREAKNEWS/status/549890839594688512 cclxx Twitter,. 2015. 'ANADOLU AGENCY (AR) On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/aa_arabic/status/549891835209199616 cclxxi "Car Bomb outside House of Representatives Hotel in Tobruk." Libya Herald. December 30, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/12/30/car-bomb-outside-house-ofrepresentatives-hotel-in-tobruk/. cclxxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Egypt Speaks On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/egypt_speaks/status/548792251930124289. cclxxiii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/548789172744765440. cclxxiv Au.news.yahoo.com,. 2015. 'Car Bomb Hits Diplomatic Security Building In Libyan Capital'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/25864172/car-bomb-hitsdiplomatic-security-building-in-libyan-capital/. cclxxv Libya-al-mostakbal.org,. 2015. '«Libya Al-Mostakbal»'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.libya-al-mostakbal.org/news/clicked/60647. cclxxvi ‫ '«داعش» ينشر تقريرا مصورا لحرق «المرتدين» ببنغازي‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/53674/. cclxxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/544794684670087168. cclxxviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/545340546676695040. cclxxix ‫'العسكرية بمدخل إجدابيا الشرقي‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/52065/. cclxxx Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم صولة لألسود على‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/saolaa. cclxxxi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/539350913136484352. cclxxxii Twitter,. 2015. '‫ لؤي عمران‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539354251647283201. cclxxxiii Twitter,. 2015. '‫ لؤي عمران‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/539356734486487040. cclvi

143


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

‫ 'انفجار سيارة مفخخة أمام مديرية أمن أجدابيا‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/50045/. cclxxxv News.siteintelgroup.com,. 2014. 'IS Releases 5Th Issue Of English Magazine “Dabiq” | Jihadist News'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-releases-5thissue-of-english-magazine-dabiq.html. cclxxxvi Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫'تقرير مصور عن ديوان الحسبة في والية برقة‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/alhsbah. cclxxxvii Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ على ما ذكره الشيخ حارث النظاري بالدقيق‬: ‫من ليبيا الرد‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/libyarad. cclxxxviii Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteshhade. cclxxxix Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫ وناصر‬، ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمالحد هلل معز جند‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeanbarqa. ccxc Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيمبيعة العشرات من أهالي والية برقة‬...'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/baeaat. ccxci Manbar.me,. 2015. ' ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم استعراض جيش الخالفة في والية برقة‬ '. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/isteraad. ccxcii https://www.alplatformmedia.com/vb/showthread.php?t=69352 ccxciii ‫ '«داعش» ينشر صورا لمقاتليه في طرابلس‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. ‫ا‬ http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/48232/. ccxciv Manbar.me,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. https://manbar.me/aasaad. ccxcv Twitter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.‫ نـزار‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532763879869521920. ccxcvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Nizar Elennabi.‫ نـزار‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/NizarElannabi/status/532765253449547777. ccxcvii English.alarabiya.net,. 2015. Accessed February 11 2015. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/11/13/Car-explodes-near-Egypt-embassyin-Libya-.html?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=twitter. ccxcviii "Bomb Attack on Marj Checkpoint Injures Three." Libya Herald. November 14, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/11/14/bomb-attack-on-marj-checkpointinjures-three/. ccxcix Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohanid Elghadi ‫ مهند‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/MElghadi/status/533228558165237760. ccc ‫ 'إصابة عنصري أمن في انفجار عبوة ناسفة في مدينة المرج‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/47428/. ccci Twitter,. 2015. 'Majed On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/alwahieshi/status/532617411485523969. cccii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532472048682299392. ccciii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532479247726968832. ccciv Twitter,. 2015. '‫ لؤي عمران‬On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/loayomran/status/532474754629107712. cccv Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532699654291734529. cccvi Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532457775918764032. cccvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Libyaalhurra On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/LibyaAlHurraTV/status/532485635047956480. cccviii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/532466468248907776. cccix BBC News,. 2014. 'Activists Beheaded In Eastern Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30011640. cccx Twitter,. 2015. 'Military Studies On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/ArmedResearch/status/532215243356000256/photo/1. cccxi Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=378181275681301&set=vb.100004682946200&type=2&the ater. cccxii Twitter,. 2015. 'Mutaz Gedalla On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/mutaz20042000/status/532310833863610368. cccxiii ‫ 'ذبح متطوع بقاعدة بنينا الجوية‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/46923/. 144 cclxxxiv


Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Twitter,. 2015. 'Mohamed Eljarh On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Eljarh/status/531447615452631041. cccxv Reuters,. 2015. 'Bomb Explodes In Libyan Town As U.N. Envoy Meets PM Thinni'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/09/us-libya-securityidUSKCN0IT0K920141109?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews. cccxvi Mail Online,. (2014). 2 arrested in bombings near Libya-UN meeting. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2828396/2-arrested-bombings-near-LibyaUN-meeting.html cccxvii Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/551484415382409217. cccxviii Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫قناة التوحيد تقدم الدورة العلمية لفضيلة الشيخ تركي البنعل‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://justpaste.it/huch. cccxix Washingtoninstitute.org,. 2015. 'The Islamic State's First Colony In Libya'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-inlibya. cccxx Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/524356201535270912. cccxxi ‫ يمني أميرا على درنة وسعودي يتلقى البيعة للبغدادي‬:‫ '«داعش» في ليبيا‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. ‫ا‬ http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/45321/. cccxxii YouTube,. 2015. '‫ درنة ليبيا‬- ‫'بيعة البغدادي في ملتقى مد االيادي‬. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nttnpy1UcrE. cccxxiii ‫ 'قتيل وجريحين جراء انفجار سيارة في بنغازي‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/41051/. cccxxiv ‫ 'اغتيال شقيق العقيد جمعة المصراتي في بنغازي‬.2014 .,‫'بوابة الوسط‬. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/36397/. cccxxv Amnesty.org,. 2015. '‘Public Execution’ In Football Stadium Shows Libya’S Descent Into Lawlessness | Amnesty International'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/public-execution-football-stadium-shows-libya-s-descentlawlessness-2014-08-21. cccxxvi YouTube,. 2015. 'Libyan Islamists Hold Public Execution At Soccer Field'. Accessed February 11 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlpA182B7cU. cccxxvii Banco, Erin. 2015. 'In Libya's First Known Beheading, Militia Kills Filipino Construction Worker '. International Business Times. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/libyas-firstknown-beheading-militia-kills-filipino-construction-worker-1634354. cccxxviii "Abdel Jalil Bodyguard Dies after Bomb Attack." Tripoli. June 19, 2014. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/06/19/abdel-jalil-bodyguard-dies-following-bomb-attack/. cccxxix Aljazeera.com,. 2014. 'Deadly Bomb Blast Hits Libya Army Camp'. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/03/libya-army-camp-blast-2014317111142983333.html. cccxiv

145


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.