تلخيص الخطابة

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‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﺁﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ؛ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﳓﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳓﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻹِﺭﺷﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﻠﻜﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﲟﻠﻜﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﲟﻠﻜﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﰎ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗُﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳑﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﲡﺮﻯ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﳓﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺒﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﹸﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻄﻔﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻳﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﲔ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗُﺜﺒﱠﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﺏ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺭَﺃﻯ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﹾﺃ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻠﻴﻖ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺒﺎ ﺃﺩﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻭﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻐﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍ َﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳُﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺻﺪَﻕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺟﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻔﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻴﺰ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻨﻬﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻀﻊ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓ ﻸَﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳُﻔﹶﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳُﻔﹶﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷَﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻀﻌﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﱐ ﰲ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﲡﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺣﻖ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ‪ -‬ﻓﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻧﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹِﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺆُﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬


‫ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﳋﺴﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷًﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﺰ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎ ﺑﺔ‪.‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﳜﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻇﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻝ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﻻ ﳌﺎ ﻳُﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﲑﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻟﻮﺍ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳛﻴﻔﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳜﺎﻟﻔﻮﻩ ﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍ ِﺀ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻰ ﻟﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﹺﺇﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﹸﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻄﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﲔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺒﺎﺡ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﳑﺎ ﺭﲰﻬﺎ ﻭﺍ ﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺯ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻳﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻀﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﳛﻂ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ٍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺑﲔّ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻠﺘﺌﻢُ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‬


‫ﺍﻷُﺧﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻳﻨﻚ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻖ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻬﻴﺌﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﲡﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺻﻔﺤﺘﻪ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳛﺚ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﳝﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻀﺒﻄﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﹶﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻟﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺍ ِﻹ ﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺑﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻄﺮﺗﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻬﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳒﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺒﲔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﺪﱄ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺫﻱ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺳﺎ َﺀ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺴﺖ ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‬

‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺪﻩ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ َﻷﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﺘﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﲰﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﹺﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍ ِﺀ ﻟ ﻺِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃ‪،‬ﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍ ﻟ ﻺِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻓﺄﳑﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﻭﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﻠﻎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻀﺮ‬


‫ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﱠﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻠﹶﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﲎ ﳍﺎ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻠﹶﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﹰﺗﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﺑﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹِﺑﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﱪﺉ ﻣَﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻨﻊ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﲞﻄﻴﺐ‪.‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻹِﻳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﱄ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﱄ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺀًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﳓﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺟﺰﺀًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬ﻭﹺﺇﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲜﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﺰﺀًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻑ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺼﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺗﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬


‫ﻓﻜﺄﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩًﺍ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺄﹾﻧﻒ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﻛﺄﻧﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺋﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺒﺘﺪﺋﺊ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻭﳓﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻨﺨﱪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﳓﻮ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﺣﺼﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻳَﻌﲏ ﺑﺘﺘﻜﻠﻒ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﳎﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﻘﺼﺎ ِﺀ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻜﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻋﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺟﺴﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ :‬ﰲ ﺃﻱّ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺃﻱّ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺧﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﳓﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻴﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻏﲑﻧﺎ ﻓﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳔﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻨﺒﻄﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻭﳔﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻫﻼ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻳُﺼﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺣﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻮﺩ‪ " :‬ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻧﺎﺻﺤﺎ ﺃﻣﲔ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺆﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺖ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﲔ ﻳُﺼﺪﻗﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻔﻮﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻋﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﺣﺴﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺘﻞ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺧﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻭﳘﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳُﺼﺪّﻗﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ﹶﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻧﺎﺓ ﺃﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻹِﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺇﹺﻗﺮﺍﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﳓﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﺅﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﳌﺎ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﳍﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳌﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﰲ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺿﻨﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻭﲞﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﲟﺎ ﻭﻗﻔﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺃ‪،‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺷﻲ ِﺀ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮًﺍ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀُ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻄﻠﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀٌ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗُﺆﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ َﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀُ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﲜﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺛﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ؛ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻳﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﺨﱪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳓﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﰲ ﺃ ْﻣ ﹴﺮ ﻛﹸﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃ ْﻣ ﹴﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻛﻼ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﻐﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺬﺍ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﺠﺒﲔ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﻮﻡ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﺠﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﻳﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻟﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮﺍ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺘﲔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ ﲟﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰒ ﻳﺮﺩﻓﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻻ ﳑﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀِ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺼﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺌﻼ ﻳﻔﻄﻦ ﻟﻜﺬﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﹺﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ ﲣﻠﻂ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﲪﺪﻫﺎ‪،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﻥ َﻳﻌْﺴﺮ ﺗﺄﹾﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲜﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﻞ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻷَﺷﺒﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻘﺼﻰ ﻓﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀُ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻤﲑﺍ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳛﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺰﻭﻡ ﻓﻜﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺰﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑﺍ ﺃﻱ ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺎ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﲰﻲ ﺿﻤﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﹲﺍﻹِﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲤﺜﻴﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬ﻷَﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ‬


‫ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﺔ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻟﺔ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﳑﺘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﺎ َﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﻲﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻲ ٍﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﺪﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻠﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭﺳﻂ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷَﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷَﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻛﱪ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﺒﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻟﱭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﺕ‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺡ ﻭﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻮﺏ ﳏﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻼﻥ ﳏﻤﻮﻡ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﹺﻻ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻳﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﻤﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﳏﻤﻮﻡ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮﺍ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﹺﺣﻀﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﺬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻇﻨﻮﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﲑﻭﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺻﺪﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘ ﺤﲑﻭﻥ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻋﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﻭﻋﺪﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﲣﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﳜﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳜﺺ ﺍﻷَﺷﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀِ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ‬


‫ﻳﺼﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲨﻌﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺼﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺻﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺼﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‪،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺃ ْﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﱂ ﺗﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﻑ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﺒﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﺘﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻳﻌﺪﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﺘﻜﻮﺍ ﲟﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻓﹺﺈﻥﱠ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹶﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺱ ﳑﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻭ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﺘﻚ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﲤﺜﻴﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﻭﺧﻔﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻫﲔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﰐ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺀَﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﰎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻭﺃﻧﻔﺬ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺆﺍﺗﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻴﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﻢ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻻ ﻳﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﻦ ﻋﺎﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬


‫ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﲜﻨﺲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻓﻨﺤﺪ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺩﻧﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﻄﻘﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍ َﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺫﺍﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻹِﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﱯ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﱵ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻪ ﹺﺇﺫﹾﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺼﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺫﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﰲ ﺷﻰﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻊ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃ ْﻭﻟﹶﻰ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﺪﺣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺬﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺬﺍﻣّﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺨﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺄﹾﺫﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺿﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼْﺪ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﻹِﺫﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻨﻊ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﳌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ‬


‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﲣﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺼْﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ َﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻗﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺼﻪ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﺧﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺿﺎﺭٌ‪.‬ﻭﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﺍ ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲜﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻔﺮﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮْﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﱴ ﻗﻬﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﳝﺘﻌﻀﻮﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺟﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﻭﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺿﺎﺭ ﳍﻢ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺡ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺿﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳜﻠﺺ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻮﺕ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻴﺼﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺕ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺿﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺭﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﻛﺲ ﻭ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻳﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﻻ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍ َﻷﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻱ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬ﰒ ﺃﻳْﻀﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﻭﺍﻹِﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮ ‪ -‬ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻻﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃ ْﻭ ﺻﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ ﺃ ْﻭ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺋﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻻﺋﻖ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﳒﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﲏ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪،‬‬


‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪ ُﺀ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﻟﺮﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻫﻞ ﺍ َﻷ ْﻣﺮُ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﲑ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺮﻭﻯ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﱪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻷُﻣﺮ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺒﻠﻐﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﹾﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻕ ﻭﺃﺻﺢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ َﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﱴ ﺃﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﺰﺀًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﺰﺀًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻸﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺪﻉ ﺗﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﲑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲬﺴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﻠﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲝﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﳜﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻏﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺓ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻃﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻏﲑ‬


‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍ ِﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻼﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻔﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﳌﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﲑ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺛﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﻬﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻈﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻫﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﻒ ﳍﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳛﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﻳﻬﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﻢ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﲣﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺛﻐﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﳍﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺣﺎﳍﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻭﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪.‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺩ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﹾﻯ ﻭﺇﹺﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺻﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲜﺰﺀ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﻭﺍ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﺰ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻇﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﹺﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻬﺑﲔ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﳛﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﲝﺮﻬﺑﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻃﺎﺭﺉ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿ َﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﱀ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻔﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﳓﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﳑﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳛﻔﻆ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﲝﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺒﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﲑ ﲝﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺮﺯ ﺃﻡ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳛﻔﻆ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻓﻆ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺭﻓﺎ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻢ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺳُﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺳُﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺳُﻨﺔ ﺳُﻨﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺇﹺﻥ‬


‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺭﺃﹾﻱ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺇﹺﻯ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﱃ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹِﻓﺮﺍﻁ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﻓﺮﻃﺖ ﺑﻄﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﲑ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﻓﺮﻁ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻒ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻔﻌﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺼﻪ ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺼﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﺰﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﻬﺗﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺯ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺘﺪﺅﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻹِﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﺄﺫﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳝﻨﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﺄﺛﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲜﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﲰﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲜﻮﺍﺏ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀﻩ ﻭﳔﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﺿﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻔﺨﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﻬﺗﻮﻳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﺫﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺴﺪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﻮ ﹴﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﻻﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺶ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻜﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳُﻌَﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍ َﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﰲ ﺳﲑﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻮﺏ ﺧﲑﻩ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﱂ ﳚﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺳِﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﳑﻦ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﰎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﳜﻠﻔﻬﻢ ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺴﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻷَﻭﻻﺩ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺣﺴﻨﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻷَﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻓﺒﺄﺭﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻘﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻔﻮﻗﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺶ‪.‬ﻓﺒﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻊ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﳊﲔ ﰲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﳊﲔ ﺑﺎﺛﻨﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷَﻭﻻﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺎﺙ‪.‬ﻭﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺎﺙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﻀﻴﻠﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻓﺎﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻷَﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﺜﻼﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺣﺐ ﺍﻷُﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻟﺼﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻳﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺎﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻓﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻷَﺑﻨﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﻧﲑ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷَﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺷﻲ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺘﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻠﺘﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺎ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻤﻴﺎ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀٍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳚﲎ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﲑ ﺗﻌﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻹِﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺭﺿﺎ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺳﹰﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻮﺣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻹِﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺬﺫ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺋﻪ‪.‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﺿﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﺘﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻷًﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﻴْﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺘﲏ ﲝﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬ﻭ ﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﻧﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻫﻢ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻴﺼﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﻓﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﻓﺎﺩﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻬﻞ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﹺﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻓﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺎﳉﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻟﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻳﺔ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳚﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺱ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻒ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﳛﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻒ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲨﻌﺖ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﺮﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺳﻘﺎﻡ ﺃﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺗﻐﺒﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼ ﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻓﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﲨﺎﳍﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺧﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﻬﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﻢ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﻟ ﻸَﺫﻯ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻧﻮﺍ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬ﻭﻧﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳋﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﺿﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺻﺒﻴﺎﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻛﺰﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﺎ ﳓﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻴﺄ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺐ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻓﺠﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﺬﺍﺫ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬


‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻏﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﺮ ﰲ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺶ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﳛﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺷﺎ َﺀ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺫﻭ ﺑﻄﺶ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﻮﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﳚﺎﻭﺯﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺗُﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﲰﻨﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ؛ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺟﻠﺪ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻉ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﳎﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺬﻕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺫﺍ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﱪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻋﺠﻠﺖ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﺍ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ؛ ﻭﻻ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﻣﻬﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﺮﺏ ﻭﺣﺰﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻩ ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺐ ﺗﻜﺪﺭ ﺷﻴﺨﻮﺧﺘﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺗﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺿﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺴﻘﺎﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺡ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣُﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴّﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻹِﻧﺴﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﻘﻰ ﲰﺎ ﻓﻴﱪﺃ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻐﺒﻮﻃﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﳏﺴﻮﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻋﻠﺔ ﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺣﻖ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎ ٍﻥ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺋﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺃﻗﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺄﺻﺎﺏ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ ﻛﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﱂ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻗﻂ ﺇﹺﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳑﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺰ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪.‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﳓﻮﻩ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺄﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺡ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺎﺩﺡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻴّﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟْﻠﻬﺎ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻏﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﺄﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﲑ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬ﻓﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﲏ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻧﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﺻﻼ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺯﻡ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﲑ ﻣﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻧﻔﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺧﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺃﻣﺘﻌﺘﻬﻢ ﺷﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ُﺭﻛﱠﺎ ُ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺐ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﻒ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻨﲔ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻭﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ‬


‫ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺬ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﺍﳘﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﲑ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺧﲑ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﲑ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﳚﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻣﱴ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮ ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﻷَﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨ ٍﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﱭ ﳍﻢ ﺧﲑ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳉﱭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﺧﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳍﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻟ ﻸَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﱭ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻷَﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟ ﻸَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺧﲑﺍ ﳍﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ‪.‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﱭ ﻷَﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻣﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﻭﻫﻢ‪.‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻫﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺮﻩ ﺿﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺿﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﻭﻩ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﻭﻩ‪.‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻋﺪﻭﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﺷﻔﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻈﻔﺮ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺑﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﻗﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ُﺳﺮﱠ ﻛﻞ ﻭَﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻸﻋﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺿﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻜﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺯﻻ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪.‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻩ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ‬


‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﺪﺍﻭﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻗﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻻﻩ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪.‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﳏﺎﺭﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺣﺼﺮﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻩ ﺳﻨﲔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻗﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﻓﺴﺄﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺜﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺤﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺸﻜﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻮﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﺷﻜﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲰﺤﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺼ ﹶﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﺼﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺧﲑ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﻭ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺄﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻷُﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻓﺨﺼﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺺ ﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻭﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﻋﻈﻤﻮﻩ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺟﻼ ﺇﹺﻻﻫﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻔﻌْﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﲑ ﺑﺎﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ُﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻴﺴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻟﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻑ ﻭﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷَﻥ ﺷﻮﻗﻪ ﻭﻫﻮﺍﻩ ﻗﺎﺩﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﻮﻑ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺎﻗﺔ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻨﻊ‪.‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻬﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻔﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺳﺪﻳﺖ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻀﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻐﺎﻟﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻋﻄﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﻧﲑ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﲎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻻ ﺳﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﱭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎ ﹴﻭ ﺃﻭ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻧﻘﺺ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺴﲑ ﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻮﺀ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺀﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﳏﺐ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﳏﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳏﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺍﻭﻣﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﲔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻋﻈﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲨﻊ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻗﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮ ﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﺍﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮﺍﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺎﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﻻﺯﻣﺎ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻟﻪ‪،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ؛ ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺰﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﹺﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻼﺯﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳉﻠﹾﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺧﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬


‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻻ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻛﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﻐﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﳛﻮﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻻ ﳛﻮﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳛﻮﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺁﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﲔ ﳛﻮﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳛﻮﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﲔ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﲑ‪،‬ﻭ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷَﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻟ ﻸَﻋﻈﻢ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﻫﻮ ﱂ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻀﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﺣﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺇﹺﺷﺎﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺎ َﺀ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﺴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﺿﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺿﺪﻩ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻻ ﺧﲑ ﻭﻻ ﺷﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷَﺯﻳﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﹺﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺮ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻷَﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﻮﻬﺗﺎ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﻮﻬﺗﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﻭﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻷَﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﻏﲑ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﻬﻮﺗﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﻬﻮﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻖ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷَﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻓﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷَﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻔﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻔﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻓﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻄﺮ ﻟﺒﻴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﲑ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﳉﻠﹶﺪ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺁﺛﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺁﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻗﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﹺﺇ ﹶﺫ ﹾﻥ ﺧﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺯﻳﺪ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻟﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺬﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻟﺬ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻟﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻟﺬ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﳌﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺭﺳﺦ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻹِﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺼﲑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻮﺧﻬﺎ ﻭﺛﺒﻮﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧَﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺁﺛﺮ ﳑﺎ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬﻭﻥ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﱠﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳑﺎ ﱂ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﻩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‬


‫ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﱂ‪،‬ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻬﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﻠﻄﲔ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀُ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﺎ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﲰﻌﻮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺺ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷُﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﺑﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺤﻜﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺀِﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﺑﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﲜﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰّ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺃﻋﺰ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﳌﺎ ﺧﺎﻓﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﳊﻘﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﳍﺬﺍ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻪ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻘﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻮ ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳَﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ‪ -‬ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳌﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺑﺪﻟﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻛﺮ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻻﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﻋﺴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺷﺒﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﻴّﺮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬


‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﺷﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺿﺮ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹶﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘَﻬﺎ‪ " :‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻤّﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮ‪ " :‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺡ " ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻌﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘَﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﲜﻬﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﻠﻂ ﱂ ﲤﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ؛ ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻞ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺪﺡ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻭﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺛﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﳚﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﻭﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳋﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻻﻣﺮﺉ ﺟﻌﻼﻩ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣ ْﻦ ﻋِﻠﻤﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﻬﻠﻪ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺟﻬﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ ﻇﹶﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻡٌ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﺃﹶﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﹾﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﳌﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻔﻘﺪ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻛﻤﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻋﲔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻋﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻠﺐ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺒﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﺎﻋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺤﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺿﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺗﻰ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﺹ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﲰﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬


‫ﺍ َﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻟﻄﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺅﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﻄﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻄﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﺩ ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺖ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻬﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺧﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﺑﺄﹶﺩﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﺗﺎﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﺮﱘ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﻈﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺟﻌﻞ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻈﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳚﻌﻞ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻈﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﳏﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷَﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﳍﻢ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻭﲢﺮﺯ ﳑﺎ ﺷﺄﹾﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﲰﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹِﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﺑﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻀﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﻦ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻄﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﲰﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻠﻔﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﻠﻔﻰ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﺆﻣﻠﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍ َﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ‬


‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺚ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳓﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻧﺸﲑ ﺇﹺﻻ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﳓﻦ ﻋﺎﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﳓﺎﺀُ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ َﻷﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺡ ﻏﲑﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺡ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﰲ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﲤﺪﺡ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳑﺪﻭﺡ ﻭﺧﲑ ﻭﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺧﲑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﹾﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﱪ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﺀَﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﱪ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻓﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﺀَﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻳﺞ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻳﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺀَﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺀﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﹾﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻟ ﻸَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﺩﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﱭ ﻓﻀﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺔ ﻓﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺭ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ُﺀ ﻓﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﺀﺓ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻛﱪ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﻓﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺬﺍﻟﺔ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻓﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺽ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳑﺪﻭﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻌﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻭ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻌﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺬ ﹸﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺬﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻞ ﳑﺪﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﲟﻤﺪﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺿﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳚﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﹶﻔﻌَﻠﻪُ ﻓﺎﻋﻞﹲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ َﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻀﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺘﺺ ﺑﺈﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﺕ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟ ﻸَﺣﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺿﺮﺭٌ ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﳑﺪﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳑﺪﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﻭ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﺘﻀ ﺢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺩّﻬﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺼﺮﺓ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﳏﻤﺪﻬﺗﻢ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺠﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﺢ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﳝﻨﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﺢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺰﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻻﻣﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻋﺮّﺽ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﳍﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﱐ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻻ ﳝﻨﻌﲏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻠﻤﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﱂ ﲡﺒﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﹶﱂ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻯ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮّﺽ ﳍﺎ ﻻ ﲟﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﲤﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﳍﻢ ﻭﲢﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺄﹾﻧﻔﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻀﻪ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﲟﺠﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﻪ‬


‫ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺼﻨﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﲟﺠﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﱪ ﻗﺪ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳘﺎ ﲨﻴﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﲨﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﻤﺎ ﻷَﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷَﺛﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻌﻠﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺷﻌﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻮﻓﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﻻ ﳝﺘﻬﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺯﻳﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﹺﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻤﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﹶﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻰّ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺣﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻴﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﲰﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﱘ ﺍﳊﺲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻔﻴﻒ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺮﱘ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻴﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﻘﻴﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﰱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﻓﻴﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻠﻂ ﻭﻳﻨﺨﺪﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭﻻ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺴﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﺎﻓﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺨﺪﻉ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻩ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺷﺮﻑ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﹶﺃ ﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﳑﺪﻭﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺡ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺫﻛ ُﺮ ﻣﺂﺛﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﲟﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻮ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﳘﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺪ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮﺏ ﻬﺑﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺁﺑﺎﺅﻩ ﻭﲟﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻮ ﳓﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﺂﺛﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺁﺑﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﺂﺛﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳘﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﻮ ﻬﺑﻤﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﺪﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺄﹶﺑﺂﺋﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﲟﻨﺎﻗﺐ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬


‫ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺋﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ...‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﺘﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﲏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺋﻠﻨﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺗﺒﲏ ﻭﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺳﻮّﺩﺕ ﻋﺼﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﺨﻴﻤﺎ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﱴ ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﹶﻭﳘﺖ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻇﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳜﺠﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﳋﺠﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﳛﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳏﻴﻄﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺧﻼﻥ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹺﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﻣﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻟ ﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻔﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻼ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻇﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﹺﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺼﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛ ﻭﻗﻮﻡ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﹺﻻﻫﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺬﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻫﺎﺑﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬


‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﹾﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ ﻳﻘﺘﺪﻯ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻜﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﻂ ﺃﹶﺋﻤﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﺪﻯ ﺑﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺘﺪﻯ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ؛ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﰲ ﲪﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﺪﺣﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻬﺑﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﺳﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺳﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹸﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺮﻭﺍ ﳎﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻭﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ ﰲ ﳕﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺢ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﻏﲑﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻳﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﺛﺎﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﺫﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻗﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ ﰲ ﳕﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬ ﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﺍ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺠﺰﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﳑﺪﻭﺣﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﻭﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ ﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻡ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺟﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻬﺑﺎﺀﻩ ﻭﺯﻳﻨﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻠﻔﺖ ﳓﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻠﻔﺖ ﳓﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻻ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻻﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﲟﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍ ﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺬﻡ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﺍ َﻷﻋْﺪﺍ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻼﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﳑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻢ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻤﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﲢﺼﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺄﹶﻥ ﳓﺼﻰ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﳚﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺄﹾﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺄﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﺎﺫﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺗﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺗﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳍﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﺑﲔ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﳏﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳐﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺟﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺭﺃﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻫﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﱭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳏﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻳﻔﺎﺭﻗﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺫﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻋﺎﺭ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻷَﲪﻖ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳚﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻓﻨﺒﻴّﻦ ﹶﺃﻱّ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻗﻮﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺮﻫﻮﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺸﻜﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺸﻜﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺿﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺄﹶﻗﺮﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﲝﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﻔﻮﺓ ﻭﻓﻠﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻲﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻗﺎﺳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻋﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻬﺗﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﻭﺷﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻕ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﻕ ﺧﻴﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﻕ ﺧﻴﺎﱄ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻷَﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻷَﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ؛ ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﻢ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﻀﻮﺑﲔ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﻧﻴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻏﻨﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺎﻗﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟ ﻸَﻏﻨﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀِ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻷَﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ ﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﹶﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﺑﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﳘﻤﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ؛ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺑﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻴﻒ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺟﺮ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﹸﻭﱃ ﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﺳﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺑﻴﺾ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺿﺨﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳓﻴﻔﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﻧﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷَﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼّﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺮ ﻇﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﺮﻯ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻨﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻮْﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻮْﺭﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟ ﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻏﺮﻳﺰﺗﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺭﺍﺳﺨﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎ ﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲡﺮﻯ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ؛ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻓﻐﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻸَﺻﻠﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟ ﻸَﺻﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺄﺭ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﲎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺄﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺬ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻘﻪ ﻓﺴﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺷﱴ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺧﲑ ﻋﺎﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺁﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﺮ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹸﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﲑﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺰﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺫﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺟﻞ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺷﱴ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ ﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﻐﺘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﻐﺘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻫﻮ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗَﻔﻌﻞﹸ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺫﻳﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺍﺕ ﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻ ﻻ ﻓﻌﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪،‬‬


‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺮﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﺆﺫﻳﺎ ﳏﺰﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺆ ٍﺫ ﳏﺰﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ﻣﺆﺫﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺴﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻠﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱐ ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻟ ﻸَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻧﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﻰ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻬﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺟﻮﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻄﺸﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﹺﺇﱃ ﺣﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺲ ﻭﺣﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻄﻖ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻜﻮﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﳘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ؛ ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﲰﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﺍﳊﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻫﻮ َﻋ ِﺪ َﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪َ ،‬ﻋ ِﺪ َﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳑﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻤﱴ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﹺﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ ﻷَﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺲ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺄﻧﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﳌﻤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﻰ ﻭﲣﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺺ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﺳﻌﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨ ﺠﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺳﺮﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﻔﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻈﻦ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﳌﺆﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳑﺘﻨﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺆْﻳَﺲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﱡﻮَﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻬﻰ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻭﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﳚﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻵﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﺬﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻷَﻃﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﻠﺘﺬﻭﻥ ﺑﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﺮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﱪﺃﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﺑﻮﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳَﺴﺌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ‬


‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻠﺘﺬﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺬﻭﺍ ﺑﺈﹺﺣﺴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺍ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﺬﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﻣﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﺮﻫﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻐﺘﻤﲔ ﻭﻻ ﳛﻀﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺂﰎ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻢ ﻭﻟﺬﺓ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺖ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﹶﺃﻱّ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﹶﺃﻱّ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺛﻲ ﺗﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻭﻏﻢ ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺩ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺛﻴﺔ ﺻﺮﺥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺻﺮﺧﺔ ﻓﺎﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ َﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﺭ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳُﻌَﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﺭ ﻳﻠﺬ ﻭﳛﺰﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﻭﻳﻐﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫﻩ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﶈﱯ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻮﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳَﻨﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﳊﺬﻕ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻤﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﺫﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﺪﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﳘﻤﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻡ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳑﻦ ﳚﺘﻬﺪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﳑﻦ ﺷﺄﹾﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺈﹺﻛﺮﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﲔ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻀﻮﺭ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻛﺮﻣﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴﻞ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻡ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺮﻣﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﺮﻓﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺑﺎﻋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﻮﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻷَﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﺘﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﻭﻻ ﳛﻤﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺐ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳋﻤﺮ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳛﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺐ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ‬


‫ﳛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﲑ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﹸﻪ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺩ ﲞ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸ ْﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﲑﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻠﻖ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳑﻦ ﳛﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺘﻤﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺐ ﻣُﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣُﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣُﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺑﺘﻜﺮﺭﻩ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﻗﺘﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﻳﺢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﻟﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻹِﺩﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻟﻐﲑﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﹶﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺸﺒﻬﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺶ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷُﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺎﻛﻲ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻷَﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷَﺧﻔﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻇﻬﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹸﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻔﻴﻪ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮ ﻉٌ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺶ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﲣﻴﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﻬﻴﻤﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻗﺔ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺰﻉ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺺ ﻳﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﳚﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﲔ ﺗﺒﺎﻏﺾ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳛﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭُﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫﻩ ﻭﳏﺒﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳛﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﻪ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﲔ ﶈﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﲔ ﺃﹶﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬ ﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺎﺽ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺽ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻬﻧﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻬﻧﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺤﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﹺﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺰﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻹِﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻬﺑﺎ ﳚﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﲢﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳑﻜﻦ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻬﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻬﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﳚﻬﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ ﻻ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺑﻪ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻬﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﻢ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺄﹾﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﻮﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﺳﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﺪﻡ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹲﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺅﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻮﺍ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﺮﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲡﻬﻞ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺟﻬﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﳍﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻈﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓ ﻸَﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺭﻋﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺿﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻖ ﻳﺘﻐﺎﺑﻦ ﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻓ ﻸَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻳﻘﻀﻮﻥ ﳌﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻔﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﺮﻣﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬


‫ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﳌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺭ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻸَﻧﻪ ﱄ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻐﺮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﳜﻔﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲜﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺗﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳍﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲜﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﹺﺈﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﻋﺘﻴﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻹِﺧﻔﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﳛﺬﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎ ﳑﻦ ﻻ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﻬﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻐﺎﻓﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺋﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﺧﻔﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﲝﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﲣﻔﻰ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﳚﻬﻞ ﺟﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﳛﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻞ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻭﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﻃﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﳝﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻀﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻞ ﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺁﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺛﺄﹾﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺑﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺛﺄﹾﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﺳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻏﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻫﺪﻣﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺗﺮﺍﺙ ﻛﺮﱘ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻳﻈﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﳛﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﲑ ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﻑ ﺧﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﲜﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳜﺴﺮﻭﺍ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﺨﻄﺌﻮﺍ ﻏﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻈﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﲟﺎ ﺭﺍﻣﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﺤﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺰﻣﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻮﺩﻭﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻬﺰﻡ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲢﺮﻛﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺠﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﻬﺑﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﺧﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷَﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﲜﻮﺭﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺎﻟﻮﻩ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﳛﺮﻙ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﺮﺟﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﹺﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻭﺟﻬﻞ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻻ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﺑﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻷَﻏﻨﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻋﺬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻬﻮﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻇﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻳُﺮﻯ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﹾﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻇﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺻﺪﻗﺖ ﻇﻨﻮﻬﻧﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺜﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻀﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﻢ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺭٌ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﹺﺇﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﲟﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﲟﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﲑﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﲨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺇﹺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﻬﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﹾﺧﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺑﺎﺀَﻫﻢ ﺣﲔ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻭﻳﻨﺴﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮَﻗﱠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺘﺬﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻄﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲡﻬﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱐ ﻳﻄﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﲟﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀُ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺻﺨﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﻧﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺫﻟﺖ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲣﺮﺝ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﳎﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻃﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬﻭﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻣﺰﺩﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺍﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺁﺭﺍﺀﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺫﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳝﻨﻌﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻮﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺓ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮ ُﺀ ﺑﻼﺀ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﺟﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺁﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺟﻮﺭﺍ ﹶﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻬﺗﺎﻭﻧﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺂﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻪ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﺓ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﺓ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻋﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻬﻼ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‬


‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻋﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻬﺗﺎﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺴﺘﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻜﺮﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺎﻟﺌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻠﺬﺍﺫ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎ ُﺀ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍ ِﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻷَﳓﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ ﳚﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻻ ﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﺣﺪٌ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺷﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻧﻘﺼﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﺠﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳚﺮﺣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﻓﺎﺣﺸﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﺪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻋﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺅﻫﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺳﻮﺀﹰﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﲟﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﻮﺀﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳝﺸﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺋﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﹶﻇﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺘﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳜﻔﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﲡﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻳﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﻈﺎﳌﻮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻓﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺑﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺫﻭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺘﻈﺎﳌﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺭﻬﺗﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ ﳌﺎ ﲡﺮﺃﹶﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲡﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻮﻫﻢ ﻏﺼﺒﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺍ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﻓﻮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻇﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺻﲑﻭﻫﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻈﺎﳌﻮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻋﻔﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﱴ ﺻﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻮﻫﻢ ﺟﻮﺭﺍ ﻭﻏﺼﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍ َﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻓﺘﺨﻔﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻟﻮﺍﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﺇﹺﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺧﻔﺎﺅﻩ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲣﻔﻰ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺜﲑ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻘﺘﲏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﲑﻩ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳑﺎ ﳜﻔﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺇﹺﻇﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻀﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻻﺩﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺘﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻃﻤﻊ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻈﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻻﺟﺘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲜﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻌﻪ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻭﺍﺣ ٍﺪ ﻭﺍﺣ ٍﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﱴ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻘﻨﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺭ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲜﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﺎ ﺃﺧﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﻠﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺩﻓﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺩﻓﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻻ ﻻ ﺟﻮﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﻡ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻛﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﱐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻇﻠﻢ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺣﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﰲ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﲑ ﲜﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻣﱴ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﺮﺭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﲰﻰ ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺲ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲟﺸﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻈﻼﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻀﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲟﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﺣﺼﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻼ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﺴﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ‬


‫ﻭﺟﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘﺬﺭ‪َ ،‬ﻷ ﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺭﺍﹰ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻕ؛ ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﻯ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﻜﺢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺯﱏ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲜﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻇﺎﱂ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻇﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺬﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭّﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻇﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻇﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺮﻕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺰﱐ ﻏﲑ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﺐ ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍ َﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺬﻑ ﺃﹶﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺭ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻋﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻈﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﻦ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳋﲑ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍ َﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳّﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﲪﺪﻩ ﻭﻣﺪﺣﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﹶﺓ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳊﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻔﺮ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻴﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺪﻝ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﻔﻀﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﲰﻲ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﲰﻲ ﺣِﺴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﲰﻲ ﺻﻠﺤﺎ ﻭﺣﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺿﻌﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻠﻄﻮﺍ ﻓﻮﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻜﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﻣﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺗﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻫﺮ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﻟ ﻸَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﹶﻻ‬


‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺒﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﻀﻼ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﳊﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﺡ ﹶﺃﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺸﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﰎ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻇﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﺇﹺﺫﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﻭﹶﺃﻱّ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﹶﺃﻱّ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻞ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻂ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳜﺎﻃِﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻳَﺴﺌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑ ﹶﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔﹸ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺐ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺪﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰّ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﲞﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﲏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻁ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺮﻛﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﱐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺟﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﺎﻓﺌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺴﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﲑ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﳏﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻬﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﳋﺮَﻕ ﻳﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻬﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻠﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱂ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﳊﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻳﺼﻐﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻀﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻋﻈﻢ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﻠﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻲ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺭﺟﻼ ﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺮﺑﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳏﺎﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﷲ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﻠﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﻠﺲ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺱ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺑﲔ ﺷﺮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻫﺘﻚ ﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﺣﺪٌ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻇﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺃﹶﻭﻟﻴﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺣﻠﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀُ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺯﺭﻩ ﻭﺳﺦ ﻗﺘﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺬﻳﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻌﺬﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﺨﺮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺨﺮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳌﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻭﺫﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ ِﺀ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺫﻳﺔ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﻋﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻻ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺪﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻓﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺎﺑﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹِﻟﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠ ُﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺘﻪ ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺒﻐﻀﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﻐﻀﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻘﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷٌﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﺺ ﰲ ﺍ َﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﳌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻔﻀﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺀُﻭﺱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺷﻬﺪﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻀﺤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺴﺨﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﻖ ﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﹶﺃﻗﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺭ ﳌﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺋﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺼﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺄﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ ِﻹ ﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺷﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻈﻠﻢ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺸﻌﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻇﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻷَﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﱯ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻟﻴﻖ‬


‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹِﺛﻨﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﲬﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳَﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘَﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳏﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺣﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﻮﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻻ ﳝﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﺨﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺪﺍ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﹶﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﻭﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻜﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺩﻓﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﱂ ﺃﹶﻛﻦ ﻷَﺩﻓﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺒﻴﺪ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﺺ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺒﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﱴ ﺣﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺃﹶﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎ ِﺀ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﺟﺊ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻬﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟ ﻸَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬


‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻣﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻷَﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﳘﺎ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﺣﺎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻭﻗﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺘﺜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﹶﺄﻱّ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﱏ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺄﻭﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻼﻙ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﺳﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺼﺒﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲤﺘﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺜﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻃﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻠﻔﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻷَﺳﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﹶﺧﱪﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻋﺎﻳﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﳜﱪﻭﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳛﻤﻞ ﹶﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺧﱪﻭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻷَﺳﻼﻑ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ َﻣ ْﻦ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻭﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻬﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻞ ﺭﲪﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺟﲑﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪﻭﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻠﲔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺳﻼﻑ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺷﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬


‫ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﱪﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺧﲑ ﻳﺮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﻻ ﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺁﺑﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺬﺑﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺬﺑﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺳﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﻣﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺷﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺳﻼﻑ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻬﻤﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﻟﻠﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺬﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻐﻠﻂ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻮﻫﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﲑﰲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺸﻮﺷﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﺻﻤﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﺻﻤﲔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﲡﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺎ ﻷَﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍ ﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﰲ ﲣﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﹺﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺫﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﻕ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﺪﺣﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﰲ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻭﺗﻜﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻜﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬

‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺎﺻﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺮﺃﹶﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺃﹶﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﺮﺃﹶﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﱂ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺬﺭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺑﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺭﱘ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺻﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺻﻠﺢ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻓﻬﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﹶﻋﻢ ﺻﻼﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻳﻌﺔ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺪﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺣﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻃﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻻ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﺑﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﺷﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻠﻂ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻧﻠﻔﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰﻳﻔﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻟﻪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺳﻨﺔ ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺮﺃﹶﺱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻭﺍﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺩﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﻣﻞ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺬﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣُﻜﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ) ﻻ( ﻳﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻹِﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﻒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﻧﻘﻀﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺬﺑﲔ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﱪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﻟﻴﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﳛﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﻋﺰﺓ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﻳﺼﱪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﺻﱪﹰﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺒﻨﺎ ُﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍﺏ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻳﻮﺛﻖ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﺭﹶﺃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹِﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪.‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻒ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻠﻒ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻰ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻰ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺴﻚ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻌﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻒ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻓﺎﺟﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻟﺰﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﻤﲔ ﻓﻨﻜﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﺰﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺗَﺤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪّﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﺰﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻣﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻫﲔ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﷲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﺗﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻹِﻋﻄﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﻫﲔ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺬﺏ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻷَﳝﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻭﻳُﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﶈﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳛﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﳛﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﻦ ﳛﻨﺚ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﺠﺮ ﺑﻐﲑ ﳝﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﻖ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﲢﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻠﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺪﺍﻩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻲ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺑﻐﲑ ﳝﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺛﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻻ ﳛﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳُﻌﻄِﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﹺﺈ ﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻜﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﳏﻖ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﻄﻰ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺟﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺰﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺠﺊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﻮﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﳛﻠﻒ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﻒ ﳝﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻧﺐ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻳﻌﺬﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹶﺧﺬ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳜﻠﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺣﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﹺﺈﻥﱠ ﹶﺃ َﺣ َﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻧﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻴﻤﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﻭﺟﺤﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻇﻠﻢ؛ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺈﹺﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﻠﻂ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﻔﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫ ﺣﻠﻒ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﻮﻯ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲪﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻭﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺆ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻹِﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻭﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﳝﺎﻧﻜﻢ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﲣﺎﻟﻔﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳜﺎﻟﻔﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬


‫ﳛﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻳﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺆ ﻟﻠﺠﺤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﳝﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﺗﻔﺨﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻼ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﺁﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﺫﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻷَﻗﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻗﻮﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﻃﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻄﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﲑﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﲝﻜﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺘﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺪﺍﻭﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻐﻨﺎ ُﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﲝﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﹶﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺒﻮﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹶﻗﹶﻠﻮْﻩ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﻀﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻏﻀﺎﺏ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻜﻤﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳜﺴﺮﻭﻩ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﺴﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﻢ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ ﻓﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﻗﲔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻠﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﻠﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ؛ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺸﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺪﻗﲔ ﻭﻣﻜﺬﺑﲔ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﹶﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺃﹾﻱ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺭﺃﹾﻳﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﺎﺭﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳋﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﺎﺭﻓﲔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺸﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﻗﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬


‫ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﹶﻧﺲ ﻭﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﹶﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻏﻀﻮﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺪﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﺌﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﻮﻃﺐ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﲟﻦ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﺮﻛﻮﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻔﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻣﻌﺪﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻏﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﻐﻀِﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺮﻛﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺛﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﱐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻷَﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﶈﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺄﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﻐﺮ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﳑﻦ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻓﻴﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻳﺆﻣﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺬ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻈﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﳌﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺭﺗﺒﺘﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻠﺞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﺣﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻷَﻥ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﺸﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻯ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻻ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺃﹶﻧﻴﻌﺘﲎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﲎ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﺘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﹾﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﲎ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬


‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻳﺮﲡﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﻘﻰ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺰﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻹِﻫﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﱠﻨْﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺪ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺘﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻨﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺘﻘﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻨﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻨﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻨﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻩ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﳏﺘﻘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳَﺨﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻇﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳋﺎﻑ ﻓﻠﻢ ﳛﺘﻘﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﻨﺰﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻨﺰ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ َﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﺴَﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻄﻔﲔ ﻭﳏﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻬﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻻ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺘﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﳜﺰﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍ َﻷﺩﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻢ ﻣﻠﺬﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﲤﲔ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻮﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀُ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﻓﺤﺎﺷﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﲤﲔ ﺑﻴّﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺧﲑ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺅﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺑﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﻭ َﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺄﹸﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻪ ﻭﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻗﻂ ﺇﹺﻻ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺮﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻘﻨﻌﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﹶﺃﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﳝﺘﻌﻀﻮﻥ ﻟ ِﻌﻈﹶﻢ ﺷﺄﹾﻬﻧﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻮﺩﻩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﻳُﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗَﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻀﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﺪﺩ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻏﻀﻮﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﹸﻓﻌِﻞ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪﻫﻢ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣُﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﺆﺫﻳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺫﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬


‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ ﺃﺿﻨﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ َﻷﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺿﺠﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺘﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺆﺫﻱ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳛﺰﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺬﻩ ﻭﻳﺴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺧﻔﻖ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻪ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻦ ﻇﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺄﹶﺧﻔﻖ ﻇﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻦ ﻳﻬﺰﺃﻭﻥ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﲑﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺃﹸﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﳌﻐﺘﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﻭﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺒﻨﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻢ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﻬﺗﻢ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻼ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﳛﻔﻆ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﻌﺐ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻮﺍ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻄﻔﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﲪﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﳍﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎ ﻇﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺰﺋﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﻬﻧﻢ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﲟﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﲝﺎﻝ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺔ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺧﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺴﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺪﺭٌ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﻻ ﲨﻴﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳝﺘﻌﻀﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺫﻛﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻮﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﺄﳌﻮﺍ ﲟﺎ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺍﺳﻴﻚ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺴﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﻔﺠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﲤﺎﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﻭﺫﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ َﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ َﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳝﺘﻌﻀﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﻌﺪﻭﻫﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻮﺀﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﻓﻴﻤﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﹺﺧﻮﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺠﻌﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﳚﺰﻋﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﺮﻣﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻚ ﺗﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﳑﺎ ﲢﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺘﻘﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻭﻧﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺍﺯﺭﻭﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺑﻨﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﲔ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎ ِﺀ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺃﹶﺳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﺪﺑﲑﻫﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻟ ﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﲰﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺗﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻀﺒﺎ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺋﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺌﻮﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻬﺰﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ِﲡﺪﱡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺗﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑﻙ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻚ ﺗﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﺍ ﻭﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻏﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻀﻮﺑﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﺿﻰ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﹺﺈَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺿﺪﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺿﺪﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻳﺄﹾﰐ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻀﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮْﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻨﻼ ﻳﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻬﺗﺎﻭﻧﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻜﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﻡ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳏﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻧﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻹِﺟﻼﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﲤﺎﺽ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﺤﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﳛﺘﺠﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ﻟ ﻸَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﻗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮَﻗﺎﺡ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺫﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻴﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺘﺬﻟﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺿﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺬﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻒ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻨﻬﺶ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺠﻠﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﹾﰐ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﺎﳉﺤﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻧﺐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺄﹾﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻃﻴﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻨﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﳛﺘﻤﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻣﻔﺮﺍﺣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺑﻪ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﹶﺃﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻄﻨﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﻘﺮﻭﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳُﻬﺎﺑُﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳَﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳُﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻏﻀﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﹶﺃ ﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻘﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﻘﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺬﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣَﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﳑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﲨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻓﻴﺴﻜﻦ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺆﺩﺏ ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺰﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﻴﻴﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻤﺰﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺯﺡ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺍﳌﻠﻬﻮ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﺰﺡ ﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﻬﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹾﻧﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻋﻈﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺳﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﶈﺘﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﺪ ﺧﻠﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺰﺭﹰﺍ ﳏﺘﻘﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﶈﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﺏ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳜﺮﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺶ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺳﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﲡﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﹾﺭ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻤﻤﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺜﺄﹾﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬﻩ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻛﻔﺆﺍ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻔﺆ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﳉﺎﱐ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺜﺄﹾﺭ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﱂ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻞ ﳑﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻧﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻛﺄﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺛﺄﹾﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻇﺎﳌﻮﻥ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎِﻗﺐ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻓﻴﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﹶﺐ ﻇﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﹶﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌُﺘﺎﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻇﺎﳌﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﺬﻣﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﹺﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻀﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﳛﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﳍﻢ ﲢﻘﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﲑﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺄﹶﺛﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﱪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﱪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﺘﱪ ﻛﱪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﻜﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻚ ﻟﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻡ ﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺫﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻘﺮ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳍﺎﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺻﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻜﲔ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻖ ﻟ ﻸَﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺎﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﻴﺒﺔ‬


‫ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻳﺮﺛﻰ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺋﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﰲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﻭﻩ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺍﺣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻭﻫﻠﻜﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﺎﺩِﻗﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺩَﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻓ ﺤُﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﻣَﻠﻜﺔ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺐ ﻭُﻳ ﺤَﺐ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳُﺤﺐ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺬ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺫﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﺰﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ُﺀ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻀﺪ ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﺆﺫﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻠﺬﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﳏﺐ ﻭﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﺑﺈﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﲔ ﻓﻴﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺪﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ ِﻹﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀٌ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﻗﺎ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻗﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺮﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﺒﺎﺷﺮﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﳏﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﳏﺒﻮﺏ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻷُﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﻫﻲ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻬﻮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬


‫ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﻥ ﹺﺇ ﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﺍﻷَﺳﺨﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﺑﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ُﻳﺴْﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻠﻔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﺎﺓ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻛﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ َﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷَﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻇﻼﻣﲔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻮﺽ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻜﺘﻔﲔ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﺄﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﻴّﺮﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻷُﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻟﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﻣﻼﺯﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻪ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻬﻢ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻷَﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﲞﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﹺﺈ ﻭﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﺒﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻻ ﳛﺮﺷﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺛﲑﻭﺍ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﺻﺨﺎﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﳊﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺨﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻬﺑﻢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲨﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻋﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺐ ﻭﺇﹺﱃ ﻋﺬﻝ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﺭﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﺟﲑﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺬﻟﻮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﳘﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺬﳍﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﺪﺣﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺣﻮﻥ ﻓﻤﺤﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﻔﻮﻥ ﻟﺒﺎﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺯﻳﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻣُﻜﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺎ ﺱ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺫﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻧﻮﺏ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﺗﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﲞﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﲞﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻧﻮﺏ ﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺑﻴْﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹِﺳﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻴﻤُﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﻳﺰﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻢ ﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﺭ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﺭﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﺟﲑﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ َﻷﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺷﺮ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳚﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﳛﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﲞﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﺨﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﺅﻭﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﻭﲟﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻴّﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺮﹺﻣﻮﻥ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻬﻧﻢ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺮَﻣﻮﻥ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﹺﻣﲔ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻩ ﺣﺴﺪﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻳَﺒﻠﻎ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻬﺗﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻈﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺑﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷَﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳑﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺸﺮﻃﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻬﺗﻢ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟ َﻌﻬْﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﳛﺒﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺻﺪﻕ ﳏﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﱯ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺖ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳊﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﳜﺬﻟﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺩﻫﻢ ﺭﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﺎ ﻣﻮﺩﻭﺩﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﱪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﲟﺴﺎﻭﺋﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﻳﺜﻖ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﻳﺜﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺄﹾﻣﻨﻪ؛ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﻷَﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﱂ ﳜﱪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻻ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺎ ُﺀ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﳍﺬﻩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻐﻴﻆ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻴﻤﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺚ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻭﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺒﻐﺾ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳚﻨﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻇﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺒﻐﻀﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻧﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﱪﺑﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻧﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻒ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻧﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﲨﻌﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩَﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩِﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻮﺩﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﺮ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﺷﺮ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺮ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺸﻔﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺷﺮﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺷﺮﺍ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺫﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻐﻀﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﺫﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﻐﻀﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﳚﺪ ﺣﺰﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳚﺪ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺗﺰﻭﻝ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ‬


‫ﺑﺎﳌﻐﻀﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳒﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﲔ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻋﺪﻭ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺩﻓﻌﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﳑﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﳓﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺣﺰﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺆﺫﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳊﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻷَﺫﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻠﻜﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺆﺫﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳜﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺴﻼﻥ؛ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﳝﻮﺕ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﲔ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻓﺴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻹِﻫﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺣﺰﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺫﻯ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺟﺴﺪﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﺳﻘﺎﻡ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﱐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻮْﻥ ﻣَﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﳐﻮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﳛﺮﻛﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺷﺮﻩ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﳐﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﹶﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ؛ ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﻣﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻔﻌﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﻳﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻬﻮﻝ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺈﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳜﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺱ ﳍﻢ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻈﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ُ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻕ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺱ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﻴﻈﻠﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳐﻮﻑ ﺧﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻬﻮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﲟﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﺎﺿﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﳑﻦ ﱂ ﻳﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺣﲔ ﻛﱪ ﻭﻋﻈﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﳌﲔ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﺍﻷَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳐﻮﻓﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﳐﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺫﻭﻯ ﺍﻷُﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﳐﻮﻓﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻨﺤﻞ ﻏﻀﺒﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻧﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺪ ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻹِﺯﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻯ ﺍﻷُﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻭﻯ ﺍﻷُﻧﺲ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻹِﺯﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﻮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻼﰱ ﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ ﺇﹺﻓﺴﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﹶﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻨﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻫﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳚﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻮﻓﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﳑﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳚﺰﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺁﻩ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﺸﺎﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺁﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﺸﻴﺦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻜﻬﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﳐﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﹾﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﹶﺄﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﳐﱪﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺴﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺮ ﻓﻴﺨﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻇﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳋﻮﻑ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ﹰﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺷﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﳊﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺋﻔﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺷﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﺤﻮ ﺍﻷَﺑﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﹶﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻬﺑﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺷﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺟﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﹶﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺤﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷَﺻﺤﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮ ُ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺿﻌﻔﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻛﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ؛ ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ ﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺸﲑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ َﺣﺪﱠ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺋﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺟﺎ ُﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻟﻘﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎ ﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﻦ ﳘﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﻟﺮﺟﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳋﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺠﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻋﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﳝﻨﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻇﺎﳌﺎ ﻓﻴﺨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﹶﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﺨﺎﻑ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻚ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻭﻻ ﳏﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻇﻦ ﺑﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻋﻄﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺍ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﺀ ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﻴﺘﻼﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺼﻠﺤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹِﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺄﹶﳌﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺷﻔﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﲣﻠﺼﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻜﺘﺮﺛﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﱂ ﳚﺮﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﳌﲔ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﳎﺮﺑﲔ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺎﳌﲔ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴّﻦ ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﲡﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﻛﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﳚﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻫﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳉﻬﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻗﺒﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳌﺎ ﺍﻃﺮﺩ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻮﻑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﳐﻮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻈﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬


‫ﺍﻷَﺭﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﺼﻔﺖ ﻗﺼﻔﺖ ‪ ...‬ﻋﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﳒﺪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻌﺒﺄﻥ ﺑﺎﻟ َﺮﺗَﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻄﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻭﻬﻧﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﲞﺎﺋﻔﲔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺻﺢ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻭﻧﺼﺮﺓ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻇﺎﳌﺎ ﻷَﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻻ ﻟﻌﺪﻭﻩ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ ﳜﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻭﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻄﲔ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﺴﻨﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳋﻄﺒﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼ ِﺀ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺁﻣﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺁﻣﻨﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻇﺎﳌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻧﺎﺻﺮٌ ﻟﻠﻤﻈﻠﻮﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻟﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻣﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﻼﰱ ﺇﹺﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺠﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﹶﺃ ْﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺣﺰﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻃﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﲑ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﱂ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﹶﺄﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ُﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺸﻌﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﺍﺀﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺒﻨﺎ ﻭﺧﻮﻓﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺷﺮﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺷﺮﻭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺷﺮﻭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻘﲑﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎ ِﺀ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺯﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﲔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺖ ﺃﹶﻛﻔﺎﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺆﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﺮﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻊ ﻓﻨﻔﻊ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳَﺴﺌﹶﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﻠﲔ ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻒ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻋﺪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﺘﻘﺎﺿﺎﻩ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻴﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺳُﺌﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻰ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﺞ ﻭﻻ ﳝﺪﺣﻪ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﺎﺏ ﺭﺟﺎﺅﻩ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻗﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻣﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳜﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳚﺪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻌﹸﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺗﺄﹶﳌﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺣﺰﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳚﺰﻋﻮﻥ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣَﻦ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳑﻦ ﳜﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻳﻌﲑ ﻭﻳﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ ﲝﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﻮﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﺷﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻗﺒﺎﺋﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳐﺎﺯ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳜﺰﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺗﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲡﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺣﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻬﻧﺎ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻪ ﻭﳐﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﱴ ﱂ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻬﻢ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺸﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻬﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺒﺢ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎ ِﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺬﻋﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﲑ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳍﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﻠﻖ ﳊﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﹶﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﺮ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺰﺩﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻈﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺍ ﻻ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺼﱪﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﳉﺸﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﻪ ﺧﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ ﺑﻨﺴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﻟﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺜﺄﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﻮﺍ ﻭﺧﺰﻭﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬


‫ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ ﹶﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳُﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﹾﱂ ﺑﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺪﳛﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻚ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲢﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻙ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻒ ﲝﻤﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺧﲑٌ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﹸﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳏﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺮﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻇﻨﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﻬﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﻟﺐ ﻭﻋﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ًﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻟ ﻸَﺑﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺎ ﳜﺰﻯ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﲟﺮﺃﹶﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﺼﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﳛﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻣﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﲣﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻳﻌﺒﺄ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺧﻄﹶﺄ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﻄﹶﺄ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺪﺩﻭﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﻄﹶﺄ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺒﺼﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﻇﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺒﻮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﳝﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺫﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀُ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳑﻦ ﻋﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻮﺡ ﳍﻢ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﲝﻀﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺬﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺑﺎﺡ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﻇﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻇﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺎﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻀﺤﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻡ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﱂ ﺇﹺﻻ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺒﺄ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳜﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻔﻈﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﻳﻨﻬﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﳑﻘﻮﺗﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺑﻮﺍ ﻟﺒﺚ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺧﻄﺌﻬﻢ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺰﺋﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﺩﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺴﺴﲔ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻬﺰﺋﲔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﲔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺎﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳑﻘﻮﺗﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳊﺸﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﺣﻖ ﻬﺑﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺸﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﳑﺰﻭﺟﺎ ﲞﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ‬ ‫ﳛﻘﺮﻭﻩ ﻗﻂ ﰲ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻀﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ﳑﻦ ﳝﺪﺣﻚ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺬﻣﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬


‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﺍ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻔﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺰﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻄﻠﻌﻮﺍ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﰒ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲨﻴﻼ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻒ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﱄ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﲑﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺫﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺑﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﲜﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀَ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻧَﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳐﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﺠﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﻭﳜﺎﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀُ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻬﻮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺠﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﲟﺤﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﳜﺎﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳌﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻟﺮﺟﻠﲔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺃﹶﻭﳘﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﱂ ﳚْﺘﺮﺉ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﺘﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﻌﻀﻮﺍ ﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺿﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻣﺘﻌﺎﺿﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻌﻀﻮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻢ ﻭﺧﺎﺏ ﻇﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺟﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺿﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺿﻴﻤﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﺠﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻘﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺁﺑﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻣﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻛﻞ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﳑﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻤﻮﻩ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻔﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ )ﻻ( ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﻢ ﻋﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﳘﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﻌﻀﻮﺍ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻭﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳌﺎ ﹶﻗﺪﱠﻡ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﱠ َﻐﻠﱡﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻗﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﳍﻢ ﺣﲔ ﺳﺘﺮﻭﺍ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﺘﺤﻴﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳊﻘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻗﺘﻠﻪ ﺻﱪﹰﺍ ! ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﻏﺪﺍ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺘﻢ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﻻ ﲣﺎﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟ ﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻭﻣِﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﻔﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﳑﱳ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻦٌ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﺘﻨﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳑﱳ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳉﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﹺﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋ ﹶﻞ ﳍﺎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺘﻔﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺬﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﹺﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀِ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺘﺪ ﺷﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﳛﺰﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺆﺫﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻬﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻮﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺆﺫﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﻬﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻑ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻬﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻮﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻨﻒ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺸﺘﻬﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺋﺪ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻧﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﺼﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺧﻔﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻭﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻭﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﱳ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﱳ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳜﱪﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ‬


‫ﻫﻢ ﳑﺘﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻏﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳑﺘﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻄﻨﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳉﺤﻮﺩ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﹺﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﺿﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻜﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﹶﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﹺﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨﹺﻊ ﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﹶﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺟﺤﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻨَﻊ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳚﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺮّ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻷَﻋﺪﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻛﻒ ﺷﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺟﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﺮ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺧﲑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹾﺩﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺄﹶﺓ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻨ ﹰﺔ ﻷَﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﺤﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣَﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﳐﱪﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﳍﻢ ﺣﺰﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻔﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﳏﺰﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺠﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻔﺴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﶈﺰﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﺫﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺻﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺒﻬﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﺹ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻄﺒﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﻌﺪﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﻌﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﻢ ﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺄﹾﳌﻮﻥ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻟﻘﻮﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﺘﺨﻠﺼﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺮﺕ ﳍﻢ ﻓﺘﻄﻴﺐ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﻛﻄﻴﺐ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻗﺪﺍﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻇﻨﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺀ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻜﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﺣﺰﻧﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻷَﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺗﺼﲑ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﺩﱏ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬


‫ﲑ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻏ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﳘﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻄﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻐﲑﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺂﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﲑ ﺧﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻇﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﲔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺰﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﹶﺃﻭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﻠﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮ ِﺀ ﺍﳉﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﹶﻣﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺧﲑﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﳍﺮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳍﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ َﲟ ْﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺮﺛﻰ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﺎ ﺟُﻠﺪ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﱂ ﺗﺪﻣﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺣﺰﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻳَﺴﺌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺰﻉ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺋﺪ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﲣﻮﻑ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻮ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﻼﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻐﲑﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﺣﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺧﺎﺋﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣِﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﻢ ﳘﹰﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺋﺪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻬﺑﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲣﻮﻓﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﺫ ﺍ ﲣﻴﻠﺖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬


‫ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻻ ﲣﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻻ ﲣﺎﻑ ﺃﹶﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺻﻮﺍﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﲟﺎ ﳜﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻧﺰﻭﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺋﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻇﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻫﺎﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻇﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ ﺃﹶﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﻄﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳝﻮﺗﻮﺍ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻫﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻬﺑﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻇﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻉ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺒﻄﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﲑﺍ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻬﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺧﲑﺍ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻬﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺰﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳛﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﲑﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺌﻬﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻬﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻮﺽ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﷲ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺮﻗﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻧﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳋﲑ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﺧﻄﺄﹶﻩ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌْﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺒﻪ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺼﻴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺏ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺼﺒﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻂ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮﺯﻗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺮﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺇﹺﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻟﻐﲑﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺷﻘﺎﻭﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﳊﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﲟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣَﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﳌﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﻳﱪﺅﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷَﱂ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﺳﻮﹺﺇ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﺎﺀﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺪﻧﺴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺘﻞ‪،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳛﺰﻥ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻔﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬


‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﲑ ﲟﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺿﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﲨﻴﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻀﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﹸﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻭﳛﺰﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﲑ ﳌﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﲑ ﳍﻢ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﺿﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﲑ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻐﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﻪ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﹶﺳﻰ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﻔﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﳍﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﳔﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣَﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷٌﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺰﻥ ﳊﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺴﻮﻥ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹼﺷﺪ ﻏﻴﻈﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺭﺛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﺴﻮﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻴﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﲑ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﲑ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻻﺋﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻻﺋﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻏﻨﺎﻫﻢ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻗﺪﱘ ﻏﲎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻥ ﻏﻨﺎﻩ ﺷﻲ َﺀ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻻ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑٌ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻨﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻏﺘﻢ ﻭﺣﺰﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺯﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬


‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺎﺯﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺴﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻲ ُﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺳﻚ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﲔ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺼﲑ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷَﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻈﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻔﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺗﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻧﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻳﺄﹶﺳﻒ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻨﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺣﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﻼﺏ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻨﻌﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭﱃ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻬﺗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳜﺰﻯ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻫﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻐﺘﻢ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻇﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﻭﺃﹶﳒﺤﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﲔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻈﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻨﺠﺤﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺰﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻈﻔﺮﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳَﺤﺴﺪﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳُﺤﺴﺪﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﳒﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻭﺳﻌﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻷَﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﹶﻫﻠﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻴﻖ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻫﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﻬﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺴﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻓﺎﻬﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷَﻗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﲔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺩﺍ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻔﺘﻬﻢ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﳏﺒﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺣﺴﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎﺀُ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳَﺤﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳَﺤﺴﺪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺩ َﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﻫﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺢ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺭﺟﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻣَﻦ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺴﻦُ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺤِ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺪ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﺗُ ْ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮ ﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻏﱪﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻠﻜﻮﺍ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪﺍﺀُ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻻ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﺻﻨﺎﻡ ﻫﺮﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻷَﻧﺪﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﲔ ﰲ ﺷﻲ ٍﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﶈﺒﲔ ﻟﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﲔ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺎﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﳛﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺰﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺐ ﺭﺳﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳛﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﺻﻐﺮ ﺧﲑﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻠﻪ ﺍﻷَﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺧﲑﺍ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳛﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺪﺑﲑ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﲜﻬﺪ ﻭﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺼﺐ ﳛﺴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻐﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﻭﳌﻦ ﻳﻐﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﺒﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳛﺰﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﳛﺴﺪ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ َﻳ ْﻐﺒﹺﻂ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺴِﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻐﺒَﻂ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻏﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲞﲑ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﺡ ﲞﲑ ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻬﻴﺄ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻧﺼﲑﻫﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺎﻛﻤﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺧﲑﺍ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺷﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺫﺍ ﺇﹺﺷﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺣﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻶﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺄﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻒ ﻫﻮ‬


‫ﺣﺰﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻌﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺳﻠﻔﻪ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻐﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻭﳛﺰﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴّﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻰ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﺷﺮ ﻭﺧﺴﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﹺﻻ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻴﺄ ﻷَﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭْﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻫﻼ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺄﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻐﲑﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳜﻴﻞ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻇﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﻴّﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺄﻫﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻇﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﺎﺅﻫﻢ ﺍﻷَﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﺎﺭﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﻜﺮﻣﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻬﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻷَﺳﻒ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﺍ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺣُﺴﻦ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﲔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺬﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﺧﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺳﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻭﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﻰ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﺵ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺤﻮ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﺳﺎ ِﺀ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺳﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺩ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﳐﻠﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻸﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ؛ ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺳﻔﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷَﺳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣَﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﺳﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳉﹶﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳉﹶﺪ ﺧﻠﻮﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺎﳍﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﻮﺍﳍﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﻃﱠﹸﺄ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳓﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳔﺎﻃﺒﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﳘﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺣﺮﻛﻨﺎﻩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﺎ ِﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻧﺆﻟﻒ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺨﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﲬﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻤﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳍﻤﻢ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﺬﺓ ﻳﻨﻬﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺳﻦ ﺍﻹِﻛﺘﻬﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳉﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﳉﻠﹶﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺫ ﻭﺍ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻭﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﺳﺒﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﲨﻮﺣﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﻐﲑﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﳝﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺁﺭﺍﺀَﻫﻢ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺁﺭﺍﺅﻫﻢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻈﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﳍﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺶ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻋﻄﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻘﻬﺮﻫﻢ ﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬


‫ﺣﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺼﱪﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻒ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻒ ﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﺘﻌﻀﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻇﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﻣﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺣﺒﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻻ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﳚﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺼﺪﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺨﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺣﺴﻦٌ‬ ‫ﻇﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴ ﺢٌ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻬﻢ ﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﳋﻤﺮ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳜﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻜﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﻭﻧﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻬﺗﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺴﲑٌ ﺍﺧﺘﺪﺍﻋﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻏﺘﺮﺍﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻏﻮﻟﻄﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻬﻠﺖ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻞ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﻦٌ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳚﺰﻋﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺗﺸﺠﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻓﻴ ﺤﺪﺙ ﳍﻢ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﳜﺎﻑ ﻓﻴﻐﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻴﺰﻭﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻻﻬﺗﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﻄﺄﹾﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻗﺒﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﳍﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ ﻛﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﳚﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍ َﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻮﻗﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﱪﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲨﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﺮﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎ ﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻷَﺻﺤﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭُﺟﺪﺍ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻹِﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻄﺆﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻢ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺒﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻐﻀﺒﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻔﺮﻃﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﻮ ِﺀ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﹺﻏﺮﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﳎﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳉﺴﺎﺭﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﻓﺮﺍﻃﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺭﲪﺎ ُﺀ ﻷﺿﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﻠﺤﺎ ُﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺷﺮﻫﻢ ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺰﻝ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺰﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﺼﺮﺍﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻭﺍ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺨﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﺡ ﻭﺗﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﳔﺪﺍﻉ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﻭﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻣﻞ ﻭﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﺩﻫﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻓﻘﺼﺮ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻭﺃﹶﺧﻄﺄﹸﻭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﺀ ﻇﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻋﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺪﻉ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻔﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﺒﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻈﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻛﺄﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﳛﺰﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺮﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻼﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ )ﻋﺴﻰ( ﻭ)‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺧﻄﺄﻫﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﺁﻣﺎﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﻇﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﻇﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﲡﺎﺭﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﹸﺮﻩ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺾ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﺪﻫﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟ ﻸُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﺩﻫﺮﺍ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻭﺃﹶﺧﻄﺄﹸﻭﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺻﻐﲑﺓﹲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻬﺎﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻗﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﲟﺘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ ﳍﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎ َﺀ ﻋﺴﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﲞﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻗﻮﻓﻬﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎ َﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺨﱪﻭﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺰﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻓﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﻗﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳉﱭ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﳉﱭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﱪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷَﻥ ﳛﻴﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﻣﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻻ ﺷﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺿﻌ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻷَﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﻋﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻃﲔ ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒ ُ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻬﺗﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺼﺪﻫﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻻ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ ﻷَﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻞﹲ ﺣﻴﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻳﺜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻮﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﲡﺎﺭﻬﺑﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺮﻩ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺧﲑﻩ ﻣﺴﺎ ﹴﻭ ﻟﺸﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑ ﳏﺾ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻏﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ‪ -‬ﰲ ﺗﺮﻗﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﱃ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﺬﻬﺗﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻀﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﺎ ﻣﻀﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﻀﺒﻬﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻬﺗﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻬﻮﺍﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺿﻌﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﲔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺔ ﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻮﺍﻬﺗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻭُﻛﹾﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﺷﺎﺭﻬﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻘﻖ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺮﻛﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺭﲪﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻦّ ﺭﲪﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﲣﻴﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺷﻔﻘﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺣﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺭﲪﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺻﺎﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﱪ‪.‬ﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺭﲪﺎﺀ ﻟﻜﻦّ ﺭﲪﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﲣﻴﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺷﻔﻘﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬


‫ﺣﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺭﲪﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺻﺎﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺐ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﱪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻨﻔﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﻬﻢ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﳎﺎﻧﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻹِﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﲟﺘﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﻻ ﺟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﺬﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻨﻬﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﺪﻗﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺟﺪ ﳏﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳎﻮﻥ ﳏﺾ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺠﻌﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﻮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻋﻔﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺼﻞ ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻭﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﺭ ﺁﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺰﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺲ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﲬﺴﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺧُﻠﻖ ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﰎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﺘﺰﻳﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﺣﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻭﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺣﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺴﺎ ﹴﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹِﺳﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﳝﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﳍﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬‬


‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺺ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺼﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﹶﺃﺭْﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﲔ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻻ ﳏﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻐﲑﻩ ﻭﺗﻔﺨﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﲣﺴﻴﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﺮٌ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ‬ ‫ﺻﻐّﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺪﺣﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺫﻣﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﻜﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﰎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ُﻋﻈﹼﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻙ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟ ﻸَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺗﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻸَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺃﹶﻭﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫َﺑ ْﻌ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺪﻩ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻘﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻹِﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺻﻌﺐ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻳﺴﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ‪ -‬ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺇﹺﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﹶﺻﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﺅﻩ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺂﺧﺮﻩ ﻭﲤﺎﻣﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‬


‫ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲤﺎﻣﻪ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺒﺪﺅﻩ ﳑﻜﻦ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ -‬ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﻜﻦ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻬﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻼﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﳏﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻬﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﻗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻤﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺎﺳﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﹶﺃ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲝﻜﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳒﱪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺘﺸﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺻﺪﻗﺎ ِﺀ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷَﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﳑﻜﻦ؛ ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﳑﻜﻦ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﳎﺎﺩﻳﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﳎﺎﺩﻳﻒ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ؛ ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳎﺎﺩﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﳎﺎﺩﻳﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﲔ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﻱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻼ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﹶﺃﺣْﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﻐﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﻟ ﻸَﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺲ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰّ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻋﺠﺰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻞ؛ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺩﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳُﻨ ْﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻓﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷَﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﹶﺃﻣﱠﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍ َﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻬﺗﻴﺄ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻬﺗﻴﺄ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻨﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭﻫﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻳﻌﻮﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻏﻀﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﻳﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺪﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﻠﻠﻨﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻠﺸﻬﻮﻬﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣَﺪَﺳْﻨَﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺳﺒﺎﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺑﺮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﻋﺪﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﺏ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺗﻰ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌْﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺭﻋﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﺖ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﹶﻓ َﻌ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ َﻳ ﹾﻔﻌَﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻢ؛ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﺭﻋﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﹶﺃ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻭﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹶﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻬﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﻬﻰ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﹶﺃ ْﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﳐﺘﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟ ﻸَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷَﺟﻔﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎ ُﺀ ﻏﺎﻣﺖ ﻓﺴﺘﻤﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﻮﺟﺪ؛ ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻋﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻷَﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟُﻌﻠﺖ ﺃﹶﻋﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﲑ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻤﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﱭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﻮﺑﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﳛﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺼﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻠﻜ ٍﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﻻ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬


‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻐﺘﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺤﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﺧﻴﻒ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻘﺘﻠﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﻛﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﳜﺘﺮﻋﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻛﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻧﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﰉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺫﻛﺮﺗﲏ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻦ ﻭﻛﻨ ُ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻓﺤﻔﻆ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺫﻛﺮﺗﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻦ ﻭﻛﻨﺖ ﻧﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻗﺮﻋﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻋﻪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻦ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻪ ﺣﲔ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﺳﹰﺎ ﻭﺟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮ ﻟﻴﻘﻬﺮ ﳍﻢ ﻋﺪﻭﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﺒﺪﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ﳍﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺑﻔﺮﺱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻋﻰ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﺧﻞ ﹸﺃﻳﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻓﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻋﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ُﻷﻳﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﺄﹶﻝ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﲪﻠﺘﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻬﺮﻙ ﻭﰲ ﻳﺪﻱ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺫﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺭﻛﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺻﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ُﻷﻳﱠﻞ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﹶﻠﻪ ﻭﺳﺨﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻬﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮﻭﺍ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻜﻢ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﲡﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﺃﹶﻣﲑﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻤﺘﻢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻷَﻋﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺱ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﻼﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﻗﺖ ﻓﺠﻌﻠﺖ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺬ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﺯﻣﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻉ ﻓﻴﺴﻬﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻨﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎ‪.‬‬


‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﱴ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻨﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺮﺡ ﲟﻘﺪﻣﱵ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲣﻠﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮْﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ‪ -‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺻﻴﺖ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻀﻞ ﹶﺃ ْﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﻄﻞ ﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳊﺴﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺩ ﺁﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺎﺕ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻭﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺻﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺷﻜﻰ ﻭﻟﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﱐ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺃﹶﺭﻯ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻻﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺃﹶﺧﱪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻭﻟﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﹶﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﲑﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﻠﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻨﻴﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻛﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻳﻠﻮﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟ ﻸَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻳﻠﻮﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻼ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﺒﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﺩﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺷﻨﻴﻌﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﻔﻴﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﺩﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺑﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﺩﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀَﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺑﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻓﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺧﲑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼ ِﺀ ﻭﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﱄ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳏﺒﺎ َﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﱂ ﳛﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻔ ٍﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬


‫ﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻻ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺖ ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﺘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻣَﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﻤﲑ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻵﺭﺍ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺷُﻨﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﱐ ‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺃﹸﺣﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹸﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﻄﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺭﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺗﺄﹶﺩﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﺭﺍ ُﺀ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺭﺍ ُﺀ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﻣﻮﺯﺍ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺷﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻷَﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺸﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻷَﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﺼﲑﻭﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﻳﻄﲑﻭﻥ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺤﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﻃﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﱙ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﹶﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﱪﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﺑﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﱂ ﳚﺮﺏ ﺟﻬﻞ ﻭﺳﻮ ُﺀ ﺃﹶﺩﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻳﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﹶﻭﻫﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭﻫﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﺧﺬﻩ ﻣﻬﻤﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﺮﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻵﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪َ :‬ﻭِﻟ َﻲ ﺣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﱃ ﻗﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﳌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺆﺫﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺨﺴﺴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺮﻑ ﻗﺪﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﻮ ُﺀ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺧﻠﻘﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﳌﻦ ﺃﹶﻏﻀﺐ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺬﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﳒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻐﺾ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﺐ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻱ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻐﺾ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﳒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺷﻴﺨﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺻﱯ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻻﺋﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻬﺑﻢ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳘﺔ ﺫﻙ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺎﻃﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﳑﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳘﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺒﺘﻪ‬


‫ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﻐﻀﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﲨﻊ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﺿﺪﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﲝﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻐﺾ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﳛﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﻐﻀﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ ﻭﺿﻤﲑﺍ ﻭﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺃﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻸَﻧﻪ ﳛﺮﻙ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪َ ،‬ﻷ ﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻐﻀﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺒﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻇﻨﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺫﻫﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻃﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺩﺭﻛﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳏﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺮ ﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ ﹶﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻬﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﺧﻮﻃﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺭﻉ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ؛ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺟﲑﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭﻻﺩ ﻓﺴﺎﻕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺃﹶﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﲑﺍﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻭﻻﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﻮﻃﺐ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻋﻦ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻃﺒﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﻮﻃﺐ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﺇﹺﺫ ﳜﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲡﺘﻨﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻨﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘ ﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﲞﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﲞﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻛﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻛﻦ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﻬﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻣِﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻳﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻪ ﻭﰲ َﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺑُﲔ ﺃﹶﻱ ﳓﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﲞﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷٌﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﺸﻬﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻔ ْﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﹶﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﺃﹶﺩﺏ ﳍﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻷَﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺣﻨﻜﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﻨﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﺬﻭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻨﻜﺔ ﻳﺴﻜﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻷَﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻀﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﲔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﲜﻨﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺸﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﳓﻦ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺟﻨﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﺧﻴﻼ ﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻡ َﺭﺟﱠﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻡ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻗﺴﻲ ﺃﹶﻡ ﺭﻣﺎﺡ ﺃﹶﻡ ﺳﻴﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫َﻣ ْﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺅﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺣﺎﺭﺑﻮﺍ ﻭﻻ َﻣ ْﻦ ﺣﺎﺭﺑﻮﺍ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﺭﺑﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺮﺃﹶﻬﺗﻢ ﻭﺻﺪﻗﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳕﺪﺡ ﻗﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎ ﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺪﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺧﱪﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺬﻡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳚﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﳔﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﻨﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺩﺍﺀﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﺬﻡ ﻭﲤﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺧﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮ ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ‬


‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻗﻨﻊ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﺻﺪﻗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﺪﺡ ﻣﺎﺩﺡ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻌﻢ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺼﻪ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﲤﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﻄﻘﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﳍﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳُﺘﻄﱠﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭﻣﻮﺑﺦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺑﺦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺤﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺗﺮ ﹸﻛ ُﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻫﺬ ﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﺘﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺑﺦ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﺼﲑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻀﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺮﻩ ﺿﺎﺭ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﻃﻮﺑﻴﻘﻰ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﹶﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺔ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻔﻴﻒ ﺧﻴّﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺑﺘﻴﺎﻉ ﺣﺴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻐﻠﻂ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺒﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺕ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﻓﺠﻌﻞ ﻷَﻭﻟﻴﺎﺋﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﻲ ُﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﺘﻠﻪ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺘﻠﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﲔ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﲔ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﺭﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ‬


‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻷَﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻷَﻗﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ َﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﺒﻜﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻚ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﻏﲑﻙ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﻈﻦ ﺑﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻚ ﳑﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻙ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻟﻴﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑﻙ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﻳﻌﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻓﻴﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﺒﺖ ﻟﻐﲑﻙ ﺧﲑﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﻚ ﻟﻴﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺘﺠﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺣﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺣﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺑﺦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹸﺳﻮﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻻ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺫﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﺷﲑ ﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﻨﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻮﺳﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺭﲰﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﲜﻨﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺫﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺧﺬ ﳎﻤﻼ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻇﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﻹِﺣﺪﻯ ﺛﻼﺙ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻹِﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺗﺰﻋﻤﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﻤﻪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺸﻜﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻼﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻬﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻭﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﳑﺎ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻀﺮﻩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻞ ﳕﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻭﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﲤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ َﻣ ْﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻒ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻤﻮﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺟﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﳛﻜﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﳛﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﺎﻹِﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻷَﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬


‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﺎﺋﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﳍﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻥ ﳎﺮﺣﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﲬﺮ ﺷﺮﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺯﱏ ﺃﹶﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﺘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺻﻼﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﺪﻻ ﻭﺃﹶﻱ ﺻﻼﺓ ﻓﻮﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﱂ ﻳﺆﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺗﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﰲ ﻃﻮﺑﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺷﺮ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷَﺩﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺴﻮﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﳛﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﲑ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﰲ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﻥ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷَﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﻭﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻛﻞﱠ ﻭﺍﺣ ٍﺪ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﲑٌ ﻭﺷﺮٌ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﻛﻞﱠ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣ ُﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻄﻘﺖُ‪ ،‬ﻧﻄﻘ ُ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺬﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻧﻄﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﺃﹶﺑﻐﻀﲏ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻄﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﺃﹶﺑﻐﻀﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﹶﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ ﲝﻖ ﺃﹶﺣﺒﻚ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺖ ﺑﺒﺎﻃﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﲔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪،‬‬‫ﻭﳏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻼ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲢﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺎﺋﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﻤﺮ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺭﺟﺲ ﻭﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﳏﺮﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﳌﺮ َﺀ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﲡﻴﺪ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﻭﺫﻫﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺬﻝ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪّﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﺒﺘﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻏﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ " " :‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺭﺟﻞﹲ " " ﻋﻜﺲ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ " " :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻏﻼﻡٌ " " ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻼﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﻻ ﲡﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺯﻭﺍﺭﻛﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﲔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺒﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﻘﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺍﻷَﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﺭﻭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀٌ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﰒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻟﻪ ﳐﻠﻮﻕ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﳝﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺈﹺﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬


‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻠﺴﻒ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻠﺴﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻣﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻠﺴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﺒﻜﻴﺖ ﺃﹶﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻷَﻓﺮﻭﻃﺎﻏﻮﺭﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀٌ ﻋﺼﻴﺖ ﺍﷲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺼﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻻ ﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻭﺳﻄﻰ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻓﺈﹺﱐ ﻻ ﺃﹸﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺑﻞ ﺃﹶﻫﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳍﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﲣﻠﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻨﺖ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﻔﺖ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﲣﻠﺺ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻨﺖ ﱂ ﺃﹶﺣﺘﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﱴ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻭﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻨﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺆﺩﺏ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﺃﹶﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺗﺄﹶﺩﻳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻗﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﻐﲑﻩ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﻪ ﻫﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﳜﺘﺼﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺪﻣﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻬﻼ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻟﻸَﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺿﺎﺭﺍ ﻟ ﻸَﻋﺪﺍ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺮﻏﺐ‬ ‫ﹶﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺮﺽ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﳓﻮﻫﺎ؛ ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻒ ﻓﺄﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮﻥ ﻭﳚﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺒﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺭﺟﻠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎ ِﺀ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻈﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲰﻌﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲰﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻟﺸﻬﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻷَﻧﻪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻈﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ‪ :‬ﺻﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻨﻒ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻴﲏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﻋﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﱂ ﻳَﻨْﺒَﻎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎ ِﺀ‪ :‬ﹺﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﱡﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺳُﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻘﺎﺅﻩ ﲝﻔﻈﻪ ﻭﹶﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻃﻌﻤﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺰﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻘﺎﺅﻩ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ‬


‫ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺛﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺟﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻟﺴﻨﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻓﻮﺍﻫﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺑﻴﺦ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻜﻢ ﻗﻮﻡ ﲢﺒﻮﻥ ﺣﺒﺎ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﹶﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻮﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﻮﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻂ ﺃﹶﺣﺪٌ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻗﻂ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﻫﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺎﺻﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺑﺦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺎﻻﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﻗﺒ ﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﹶﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﺰﻉ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻋﻄﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺷﻬﺮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺘﺒﺪﻳﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎ ِﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻔﺎﻩ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀُ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﻜﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺑﻴﺦ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﲑﺍ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﳚﺘﻨﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻈﻨﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲞﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ َﻳﺮْﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗ ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺑﻴﺦ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻜﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻘﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎ َﺀ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮ ﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺃﹶﻛﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊٌ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺷﻜﺎ ﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﳘﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﺮﻕ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻗﹸﺘﻞ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﱂ ﺃﹶﺳﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻗﺘﻠﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺘﺄﹶﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪،‬‬


‫ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﺧﻄﹶﺄ ﻭﺯﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳُﺴﺌﻞ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﲑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺆﻟﻒ ﺧﻄﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌ ْﻮ ﺿِﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﲰﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻔﻖ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺪٌ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻞﹲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻣﻘﺎﺗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺘﻚ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺑﻦ ﻓﺎﺗﻚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﻚ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺨﺎﺕ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﻭﺃﹶﳒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﺃﹶﰎ ﻭﺃﹶﻟﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﺣﻔﻈﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﺑﲔ ﻭﺃﹶﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺑﺼﻨﻌﺘﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲢﺼﻠﺖ ﻟ ﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﺩ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻗﺼﲑ‬ ‫ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻛﺜﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎ ٍﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺗﻌ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳑﻮﻩ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﲑٌ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﳑﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺣﺼﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﳑﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﳑﻮﻩ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺿﻤﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻄﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎ ُﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺟﺎ ُﺀ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﻛﻠﱯ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺧﺴﻴﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻏﻠﻂ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﻭﻳﻜﺬﺏ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﳌﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣ ٍﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺛﲔ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﱂ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻭﺛﻠﺜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬


‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻮﺳﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷَﻭﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﹶﺄ ٍﺫ ﻭﺿﺠﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻜﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﻄﻢ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻳﺬﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻓﻴﺴﻬﻮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﲟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻥ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﺫﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻋﺎﻧﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻭﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺮﺿﺖ ﺃﹶﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻗﺴﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﺪﺑﲑ ﺃﹶﺑﻦ ﺃﹶﰊ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻧﺪﻟﺲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﺆﺧﺬ ﲝﺎﻝ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ؛ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻨﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﰲ ﺍ ُﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻷَﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻈﻦ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺯﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺼﺢ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺇﹺﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬ ﲝﺎﻝ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻨﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﺎﺏ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺐ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺟﲏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺪ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺴﺔ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺎ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻹِﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻊ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﺈﹺﻃﻼﻕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻤﻮﻫﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬


‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﺾ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ؛ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﻭﺿﻤﲑ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﻴﻘﻰ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺰﻣﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﹶﻟ ْﻮ ﻭ ﺿَﻊ ﻭﺍﺿﻊٌ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺮ ﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﺮﺀُﻭﺳﹰﺎ ﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﻄﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺀُﻭﺳﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺷﺮ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﻄﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍﻥ ﳘﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﲨﻌﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﹶﻟ ْﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻲ ُﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺇﹺﺧﻮﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺒﻐﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻷَﻥ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲞﲑ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﳛﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﹾﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﲣﺺ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺧﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺆﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺆﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﱂ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺐ ﻟﻺِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻬﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻠﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻀﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﺤﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺬﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﺾ ﳑﻮﻩ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﺤﻤﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﻯ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻷَﺻﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﹴ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺷﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻭُﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﻒ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺗﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑﺈﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻫﻲ ﳏﺴﻮﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺘﱠﺎﺏ ﺃﹶﺷﺮﺍﺭ؛ ﻷَﻥ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻭﺯﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺑﺈﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺑﻄﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺸﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻨﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺑﻄﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﻬﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﶈﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺘﱠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺘﱠﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﺬﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺷﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﹺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺃﹶﻗﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺒﻄﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻭﻡ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺒﻄﻼ ﻷَﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻘﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻐﲑﻩ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﻄﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺴﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻭﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺬﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺴﻴﺲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻄﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﺟﻨﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﹸﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬


‫ﻭﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﻰ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺰﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹِﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻹِﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﳎﺮﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﳑﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺘﲔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻢ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮ ﻉ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻃﺌﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﻨﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﹺﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﺺ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲟﻌﺎﻥ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﹶﺄ ﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﳐﺼﻮﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﻠﻚ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺭﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺮ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻹِﺻﻐﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻹِﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﳌﺎ ﻳﻮﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺳﺘﻌﲑ ﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﻐﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﺳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻷَﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﲣﻴﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺧﻄﺒﻪ‪ " :‬ﺑﻌﺜﺖ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻬﺎﺗﲔ " ﻭﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺈﹺﺻﺒﻌﻴﻪ ﻳﻘﺮﻬﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲣﻴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﺼﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻼ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﱪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮﺀَﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﻗﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻴﻞ ﹶﺃًﻧﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻖ ﺻﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻡ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺻﻮﺗﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﲢﺮﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺺ ﻋﻦ ﳐﱪﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﹶﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺰﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﻴﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺰﻧﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺧﺘﻤﻪ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻏﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻣﻮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺬﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻃﻠﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻟﺬﺍﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﱂ ﲡﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺑﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺯﺩﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﰲ ﻃﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﰎ ﺇﹺﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺃﹶﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﺴﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺃﹶﻭﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻃﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﱪﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻸَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍ ﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻔﻰ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﹺﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﺼﻰ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﰎ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﰎ ﲣﻴﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﹶﺃﰎﱠ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢُ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻷَﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺭﻓﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻏﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺨﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻓﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴَﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻷَﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀُ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﲰﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﹶﳓﺎ ِﺀ ﺩﻻﻻﻬﺗﺎ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻔﻆﹲ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻟﻔﻆﹲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﺑﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﻇﺒﺎﺅﻙ ﺍﻟﱡﻠﻌْﺲ ‪ ...‬ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﱄ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﹸﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﻬﺗﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺒﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﻮﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬


‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺑﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺑﲔ ﻷَﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺌﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺑﲔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ ﻳﺼﻒ ﲪﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺶ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻴﻞ ﻭﻳُﺬﺭﻯ ﺗُﺮﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻳُﺜﲑﻩ ‪ ...‬ﺇﹺﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﺒﱠﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺟﺮ ﻣُﺨﻤ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺟﺮ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺸﺪ ﺃﹶﺑﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﻻﻣﺮﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻤّﻰ ﺍﺑﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﺪ ‪ ...‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﹰﺎ َ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟ ُ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ " ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ " ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ " ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺓ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ "‬ ‫ﺻﻤﻰ " ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺴﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﹺﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺓ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﻠﺖ ﻭﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺓ ﱂ ﺗﺼﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺼﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻖ ﺍﻧﺼﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻧﺼﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻧﺼﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺑﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺻﻤّﻰ ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﻫﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺘﺬﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺘﺬﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﹾﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ ﲪﲑﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﹶﺃﻫﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﳍﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻐﲑ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﲑﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴّﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺘﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺗﲔ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻧﻐﻤﺎ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻣﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺷﺎﺫﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ﻋﺒﻘﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺒﺸﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻋﺒﺪ ﴰﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﻛﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﳐﺮﺝ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳊﻠﻖ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﳐﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬


‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ﻗﺼﺼﺖ ﺃﹶﻇﻔﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻞ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﹸﻓﻌُﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺾ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﳜﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻌ ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳊﺮﻭﻓﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺣﺼﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻭﺟﺰ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﲤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻼﻣﺔﹸ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻷَﻣ ﹴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﻓﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﻌ ُﺪ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﺮﻃﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺣﻘﲑﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺬﹶﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲣﻴﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺧﺴ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ ﻓﺎﺳﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﹶﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺎﻭﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻻ‬ ‫ﲣﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﺘﲔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﲑ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﳌﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳏﻘﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻟﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﻬﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻷَﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻌ ﺠﺒﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺸﻊ ﳍﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﳌﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﲣﻴﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﻭﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ‬


‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺘﺎﻓﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﳌﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺭﺃﹶﻯ ﺭﺟﻼ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﲰﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀَ؟ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻠﻰ ! ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﲏ؟ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﲡﺎﺳﺮﺕ؟ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﲡﺎﺳﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ؟ ! ﻭﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻙ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻧﻄﻔﺔ ﻣﺬﺭﺓ؟ ﻭﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻙ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺟﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺬﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺭﺓ؟! ﻓﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﺻﻐﺮﺕ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺯﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻋﺒﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺗﻪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﲟﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﻮﻝ ﳐﺴﺲ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﻨﺎ َﺀ ﺧﻄﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺳَﻘﹶﻤﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹِﺳﻬﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﹶﺃﻟﱠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﻮﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻻ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﻓﺄﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﻌﺮﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﻌﺮﻱ ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻷَﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑُ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑ ﹸﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻫﻠﻲ؛ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻓﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻷَﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﹶﺧﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﻟﻠﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﹶﺃﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺄﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌ ُﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻈﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻳﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺑﺘﻜﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻨﺪﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﹶﻗ ْﺮﻗﹶﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻤﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﳊﻔﻈﻪ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﳝﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﳝﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬


‫ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗَﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺴﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﹺﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﺮﺍﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﲤﺜﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‪ :‬ﹺﺇﻣﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼﺗﻪ ﺍﻷَﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﲔ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻐﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻤﱠﻰ ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻠﻨﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻻﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻼ ﳌﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﲑ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳛﻘﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﺘﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﻔﻰ ﺑﺎﻹِﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺿﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﺿﺪﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷُﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺴّﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﺢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﺧﺲ‬

‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻼﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﻉ ﺃﹶﺧﺲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﱴ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳓﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺮﻉ ﲰﻴﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳔﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻋﺔ ﲰﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻀﺮﻋﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﲰﻴﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷَﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺼﻐﺮﻩ ﲰﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻷَﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺭﺏ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﺼﻐﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺭﺿﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳏﻘﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﲣﻴﻴﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻧﻔﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﻣﺰﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻻ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺸﻊ ﻭﻻ ﺛﻘﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻻ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺄﹶﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺸﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻐﲑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻘﺒﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﲝﺬﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻘﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﲎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ " ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ؛‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺬﻡ ﺍﻷَﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎ ٍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺬﻣﺔ ﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺫﻳﻨﻚ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻧﲔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﻣﻲ ﺑﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺑﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻐﲑ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺢ‪ ،‬ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻷَﺷﺒﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﳐﻀﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﳊﻨﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﲪﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻒ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺄﹶﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﻬﻧﺎ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺣﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﲪﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷَﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﹶﺧﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻗﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﺻﺎﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪َ " :‬ﺩﻣّﻴﺔ ﺍﻷَﺻﺎﺑﻊ " ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺠﻮﺍ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺟﻨﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﺮﻋﺔ ﳜﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺼﻠﺖ ﺃﹶﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻉ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻜﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﻀﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﲑ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﲑ ﲣﺴﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺫﻫﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺛﻮﺏ ﺛﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻱﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬


‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻻ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﺮ ﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﲢﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﱭ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﺑﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ " ﺍﻷَﺑﻴﺾ " ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺴﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﳛﻜﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ " ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ " ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺓ " ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ " ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ " ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻴﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻋﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﲤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺤﺖ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﲔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳜﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﻻ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺼﲑﻩ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻤﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻕ ﻭﺣﺬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺗﻔﺨﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ ﻓﺘﻠﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲜﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﹺﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﻌﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ُ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﲝﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻉ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍ َﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﹶﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺿﻨﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷُﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻏﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﳉﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻬﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﻘﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ -‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ‪ -‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺭﺩﻱﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻸ ﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻠﻔﺖ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻠﻒ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻟ َ‬ ‫ﳐﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﰎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﺑﲔ ﺇﹺﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺇﹺﻓﻬﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﲑ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﻨﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺩﺏ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﺇﹺﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﹶﺑﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺃِﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳚﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺯﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﰒ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ ﳉﻮﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﺼﺢ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﳉﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﹶﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻛﺮﻣﺖ ﳉﻮﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﹶﻓﺼﺢ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﹶﺧﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻓﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻠﻮﻻ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺘﻨﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺯﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﳛﺴﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻓﻸﺟﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻸﺟﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺤﺴﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‬


‫ﻷَﺟﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷَﺟﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺇﹺﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﰎ ﺇﹺﺑﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹸﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﻭﺻﻰ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﹶﺩﺑﺒﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻃﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺑﺎﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻭﺿﺪﻩ ﻭﺗﻀﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ‪،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﻄﻘﻮﺍ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﱪﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﱐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺗﻠﻔﺖ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻈﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻇﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻭﻩ ﻭﻫﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﻄﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻫﻠﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻭﺣﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺄﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺩﺍﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺩﺍﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻠﻔﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻹِﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺼﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻹِﺛﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺄﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ﲝﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﲝﺮ ﻭﺟﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﹶﺟﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﲝﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻹِﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳓﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳓﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺻﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻪ؛ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﺀ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻋﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﺜﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺪﺭ ﻫﻞ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳉﺰ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻡ ﺑﺎﳉﺰ ِﺀ‬


‫ﺍﻷَﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﳝﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﳝﻮﻣﺔ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﳝﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ؛‬ ‫ﻭﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﳝﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﳝﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺧﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹِﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﲔ ﲢﺖ ﺟﻨﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳒﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺼﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳒﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﲟﺎ ﳜﺼﻪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺑﺼﺮﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﲰﻌﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳒﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻋﱪﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻹِﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺩ ﻳﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻷَﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻹِﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﱪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱐ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻌﺎ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺖ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﱐ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻓﹺﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺸﻮ ﺃﹶﺧﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺒﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﻹِﳚﺎﺯ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺸﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺗﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺣﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﻹِﳚﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻹِﺑﺪﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻗﺒﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻝ ﻗﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻗﺼﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘ ﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀُ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﳍﺎ ﻗﻮﻻ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻻ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻹِﻃﻨﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺉ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻑ ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻞ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺣﱴ ﳜﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺻﻨﻔﲔ‪ :‬ﺻﻨﻒ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻨﻒ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﺑﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﺒﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀُ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﹺﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺇﹺﺧﻔﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻩ‪،‬‬


‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳏﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺬﻡ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﳏﺼﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺑﺸﻲﺀ ﳏﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻀﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻻ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﳐﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻘﻮﱄ ﺧﻠﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻱ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﲢﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﳊﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﺚ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻼ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮﱄ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﻘﻮﱄ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻻ ﲣﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺭﻓﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻞ ﲣﻠﻘﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺧﺲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﲣﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﻼﻗﺎ ﺗﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻷَﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺑﺄﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻐﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﳐﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﹼﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻘﺼﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻀﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻵﻻﻡ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ َﻷﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﳛﺴﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻐﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻱ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﳑﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﳘﺔ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻷُﻣﺔ ﺃﹸﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﹾﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﺤﺜﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﻠﻎ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳜﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﺎﻃﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ َﺀ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻣَﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ؟ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺌﻞ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﲑﻭّﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﻘﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺃﹶﺑﲔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﻭﺻﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﱄ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﻴﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﹶﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﲣﻴﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻔﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺠﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻬﺖ ﺍﳌﺄﻟﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻏﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻭﻓﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﻋﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ ﲢﺮﻳﻜﻬﻢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺮﻙ ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺭﺟﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺣﺜﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻜﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺣﺜﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻘﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺮﻙ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳓﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺡ ﳌﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪:‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳍﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷَﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻔﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﳘﺘﻚ ﻭﺷﺮﻓﻚ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺮﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﻐﻀﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻧﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹِﻧﺒﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳜﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﱪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺒﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺰﺍﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﺰﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻭﻗﺼﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻄﻰ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻉ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﺯﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﻭﺯﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﲨﻊ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﻗﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﱪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺩﺧﻠﺘﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻹِﻟﺬﺍﺫ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻮﻟﻄﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺼﺪﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﺠﺰﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺄﺕ ﺑﺸﻲ ٍﺀ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻞ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹِﻳﻘﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﺯﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻨﻬﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﱪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﱪﺍﺕ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻉ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻘﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﱪﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻓ ﻸَﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ‪،‬‬‫ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳌﻦ ﳛﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻉ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﳑﻠﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺟﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺒﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﻗﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﲣﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﹺﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﲣﺺ ﺍﻷَﻏﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺻﻨﻔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺯﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﺼﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﱴ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ؛ ﻭﻣﱴ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻭﺍﻷَﺭﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬


‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻔﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺧﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷُﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﳑﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﲟﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﳑﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﳑﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﳌﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﺪ ﲤﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﳚﻌﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﳑﺪﻭﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻓﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻓﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻓﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷَﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﰲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻓﺼﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﳑﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﷲ ﺍﻟﻈﻨﻮﻧﺎ " ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳝﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﹸﺃ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﳑﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻗﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﺘﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻳﺒﺘﺪﹸﺃ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﳑﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﳑﺪﻭﺩ‪ :‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﲟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻮﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺄﹶﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻧﻮ ﻉٌ ﻧﻮ ﻉٌ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﹶﻋﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﲝﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﻓﺎﺻﱪﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﱪﺍ ﲨﻴﻼ‪ .‬ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﻧﺮﺍﻩ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ " ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲨﻴﻼ ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻒ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺮُﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " ﺍﳊﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻗﺔ " ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻃﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬


‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻓﻸَﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻫﻰ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻸَﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺯﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﳛﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻒ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮُﺻﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﺍﻷَﺧﲑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺟﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰ ِﺀ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻄﺎﻓﻪ ﻻ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻃﻮﺍﻻ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻬﻮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻔﻠﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻸَﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻹِﺻﻐﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﳍﻢ ﺑﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻹِﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﳝﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﺤﺒﻮﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺎﺭﻗﻮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻃﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﻮﺍﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻥ ﺷﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ْﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻴﺖ ﻭﻛﻴﺖ ﻭﻛﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﺼﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻒ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﳍﺎ ﻳﺴﻨﺨﻔﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﺰﺋﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﺒﻮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﻋﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﲝﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻡ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻷُﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﺀ ﻓﺄﹶﳒﺤﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﻤﻘﻰ ﻓﺄﹶﺧﻔﻘﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﻖ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻤﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﻴﺎﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﲟﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﲜﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻭﱃ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺅﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻷَﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﹶﳒﺪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻔِﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﺮ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺪ ﻭﺃﹶﻛﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﻟﺬﺍﺫﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻜﺜﲑ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺼﻴﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻸَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻹِﻟﺬﺍﺫ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺬﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺇﹺﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹِﻟﺬﺍﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﺬﺍﺫ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺸﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻠﺘﺬ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻠﺘﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳑﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺴﺮ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﻓﻬﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺬﻳﺬ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺬﺍﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺿﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺘﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪٌ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺣﺬﺍﺀﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹِﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ " :‬ﻭﺑﺸﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﻐﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﹶﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺻﺮﺓ ﻓﺼﻜﺖ ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﻢ " ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻐﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻐﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﻒ ﻭﱂ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺇﹺﺳﻘﺎﻃﻪ ‪ ...‬ﻓﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺗﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰊ ﲤﺎﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺡ ﻣﻌﻮ ﻟﺔ ﺃﹶﻋﻴﺪﻱ ‪ ...‬ﻭﺯﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﻳﻠﻚ ﰒ ﺯﻳﺪﻱ‬


‫ﻭﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺣﺎﺳﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺳﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ...‬ﺧﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﻟﻠﺨﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻷَﺭﺽ ﻗﺪ ﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻮﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺑﻜﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﺸﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹸﺧﺬ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﲰﻲ ﺑﺎﲰﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺛﺎﻟ ٍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎ ِﺀ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﹸﺻﻴﺒﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻓﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﹶﺃﻥﱠ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﹶﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻃﻴﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﱐ ‪ ...‬ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺧﻄﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍ ﻟﱵ ﳜﺼﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺜﲑ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷَﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﻳُﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭﺣﻰ ﻭﺃﹶﺳﺮﻉ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﻭﻣﺸﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻭﺣﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳒﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻧﺒﲔ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻻﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺯﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﲤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣِﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳊﹶﻠ َﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﱡﺧﺎﻻ‬ ‫َﺗ َﻮﻫﱠ َﻢ ﻛﻞﱠ ﺳﺎﹺﺑﻐَﺔ ﻏﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ‪ ...‬ﹶﻓ َﺮﻧﱠ َﻖ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺑﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻏﻨﱠﺎﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺑ َ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺣﺔِ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺬﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍ َﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ‬


‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻷَﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻙ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻔﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻟﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺣﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻘﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﻠﻘﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺧﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﻹِﻓﺮﺍﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻌﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﹺﺇ ﻧﻪ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺃﹸﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﲨﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﹶﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻬﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﲰﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻇﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺮ‪،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻐﻠﻂ ﻓﻴﻐﻠﺐ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻨﱯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﻋﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺭﻋﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﻬﻧﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲟﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺛﻠﺐ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻏﻠﻂ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺷﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻭﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺘﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻷَﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﳌﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺮﻩ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺑﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹸﻣﻲ ﺑﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﻔﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﳋﺼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﺿﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲟﺪﺡ ﺿﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀُ ﰲ ﺇﹺﳚﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺪ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﳚﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻮﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻮﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳌﺎ ﻋﱪ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺣﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻮﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺟﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻟﺬ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻮْﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺴﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﱴ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﺑﺈﹺﳚﺎﺯ ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ْﺣﺴَﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹِﳚﺎﺯ ﺃﹶﺳﺮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﺏ ﺃﹶﺻﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻮﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺃﹶﻟﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳕﻮﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳓﺪﺙ ﺟُﺮْﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻹِﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﲟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﻔﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻷَﻧﺪﻟﺴﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﻯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻠﻞ ‪ ...‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﻙ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫َﺣﻜﹶﻰ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺴﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﺮﺍﺝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻋﺎﺑﻪ ﳋﻔﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﳒﺤﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳒﺤﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﺘﻨﻔﺴﺔ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ " ﺻﺤﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ ﺑﻼ ﻭﺗﺮ " ﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻌﺮ " ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹِﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻻ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺻﺤﻔﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺭﺑﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻗﺮﺩﺍ ﻳﺰﻣﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﳛﺴﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﻠﻔﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻄﺊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍ ُﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺳﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﺟﻌﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺮﻓﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷَﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ‪ :‬ﺫﻛﺮﺗﲏ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﻦ ﻭﻛﻨﺖ ﻧﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﰉ؛ ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﱡﺒﻴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎ ﻭ َﻷﱙ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻹِﻏﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻻ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﻭﺍﳊﺬﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻹِﻏﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻹِﻓﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻈﺎﻇﺔ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻻ ﻟﻮ ﺃﹶﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺫﻫﺒﺎ ﺃﹶﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬


‫ﻭﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺒﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻭﻛﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻓﺄﹶﻥ ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻭﺍﻹِﺛﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻴﺒﺎ ﻓﹶﺄﻻ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﳐﻠﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺗﻨﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﻀﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﺃﹶﺣﻮﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺧﻠﻘﺎ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻻ ﳚﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳚﻴﺪ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺣﺬﻕ ﺑﺎﻷَﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺭﺣﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﱂ ﻳﺰﺍﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻸَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻃﺊ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻸَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺃﹶﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻄﺎﻓﺎ ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻓﻜﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﻮﻕ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻗﺴﺮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺭﺩﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﹶﻟﻔﺎﻇﻪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﺩﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻠﻤﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻀﺮﻋﺖ؛ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻠﻤﺖ ﻭﺗﻀﺮﻋﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺑﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻯ ﻭﺃﹶﻗﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﲰﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻗﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻞ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﻵﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬


‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﻘﺼﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻨﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍ َﻷﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺪ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻴﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ‪َ ،‬ﺑﻌُ َﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺮﺿﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻺ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ‪ .،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﲣﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﹺﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﻬﺗﺎ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﻌﺘﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳐﺘﻼ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻣُﻬ ﹴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻬ ٍﺪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﹺﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﻳﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﳑﺎ ﳛﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳜﺴﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺃﹶﺷﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺿﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﳏﻘﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹِﳚﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﱪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋَﺮﻳﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀُ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﹺﺛﻨﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﹶﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹِﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ؛ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﱐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﻓﺄﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲢﺼﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﻳﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻄﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﺌﻼ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ‬


‫ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺸﻌﺒﺎ ﳜﺎﻑ ﹶﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﻀﺒﻂ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻗﺼﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻷَﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﺛﻨﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻬﻧﺎ ﺟﺰﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﳜﱪﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﹺﲨﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷَﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻟﻴﻘﻮﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﺪﺩﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲬﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺬﻛﹼﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ؛ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ؛ ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﲰﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﺻﺪﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﹸﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﺢ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺎﲢﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺗﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻸَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﳌﺎ ﳚﻲﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﺎﲢﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺰﻣﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﳕﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﺄﹶﺧﺮﺓ ﻳﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰒ ﻳﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﻳﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺆﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﳒﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﲨﻌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﳛﺪﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﲔ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﹶﺓ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳘﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﻍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺄﰐ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻛﺬﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﺰﺀٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺈﹺﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻳﺒﺪﹸﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﺮﻡ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺑﺬﻡ ﻗﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠﺤﻮﺍ ﻗﻂ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻮﺍ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﳍﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺷﻐﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺭﻣﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻫﺪﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬


‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﺷﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻏﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ‪ -‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﳊﺰﻡ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﰉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﻧﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻀﻠﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﻐﻠﻄﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﺒﺪﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﺒﺌﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ ﳌﺎ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺒﺌﻴﲏ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺴﻢ ﺃﹸﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺢ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀِ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ َﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﻩٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻤﺪﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﻔﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﱏ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺭﺍﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﺫﻛﺮ ﻟ ﻸَﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻬﺑﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺇﹺﳚﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺑﻀﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻊ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﹶﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﹺﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺴﻄﻬﻢ ﻭﺇﹺﻳﻨﺎﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻂ ﻭﺍﻹِﻳﻨﺎﺱ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻧﻔﻴﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺧﲑ ﻭﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻴﺒﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺫٍ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺆ ِﺫ ﻭﻣﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻼﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﳌﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺎﻛﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺃﹸﻗﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻫﻮ ﱄ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻟﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﺧﱪﻛﻢ ﺧﱪﺍ ﱂ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﲟﺜﻠﻪ ﻗﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﺢ ﺑﺪﺍﺀﺁﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﺡ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺟﺮﻳﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺗﺼﺤﻮ ﺑﻞ ﻓﺆﺍﺩﻙ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﹶﰊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭﻩ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﻰ ﺑﻚ ﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺜﲑ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺧﻄﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻓﺒﻴّﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺒﲔ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﺜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﳉﻬﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟ ﻸَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷَﻥ ﺗﻄﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﳚﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻸُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺌﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺴﺌﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﺘﺎﻝ ﻷُﻧﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﰲ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﹺﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﳛﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺘﻬﺪ ﰲ ﺇﹺﻳﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻇﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲝﻀﺮﺗﻪ ﺃﹶﻱ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﲝﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺳﺮﻉ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺣﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﻤﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺃﹶﺛﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﻟﻮﻗﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﺪﺍﺀﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻭﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺘﺎﺟﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﳘﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺑﻀﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺧﺴﻴﺴﺎ ﻭﺻﻐﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻐﲑ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻈﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﻬﺑﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﳍﻤﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﻜﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳚﻴﺐ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﲨﻊ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺟﻮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ‬


‫ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﳓﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﻛﺴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻓﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺿﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﺪﻩ ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻻ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺿﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻹِﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻉ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﹶﻗْﺒ ﹸﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻃﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺎﻓﻖ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻨﺚ ﰲ ﳝﲔ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﺎﻓﻖ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺼﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻘﺼﺪﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺯﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺯﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﳜﺠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻩ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻭﻳﺬﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺬﻣﻮﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰒ ﻳﺬﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳊﺬﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﱠﻫﻰْ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺎﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﻔﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻭﺻﻔﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﳜﺠﻞ ﻭﻟﻠﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺷﱴ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺠﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳋﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ -‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻳﺘﻌﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ‪ -‬ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﻣﺘﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻠﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﹶﺃﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﻖ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺴﺮ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ؛ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻖ ﻭﳎﻤﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﻜﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﺳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻷَﻭﻝ ﻓﻤﺸﺘﺒﻚ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳜﺎﻟﻔﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻻ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺣﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺃﹶﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺮ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺣﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﻢ ﺃﹶﻓﺎﺿﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺟﺎﻫﻼ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺪﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀ؛ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﳛﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﺭٌ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﹶﺄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻬﺗﻴﹶﺄ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪٌ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻐﺒﻮﻁ ﹶﺃﻭ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺑﺎﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺒﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﺢ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﻷَﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﺪﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﲔ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﻳﺴﲑﺍ ﻭﺑﺪﻟﻪ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳُﺘﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺮ ُﺀ ﺑﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﹶﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻌﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﹺﺪﻩ ﻻ ﲜَﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﺡ ﻭﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻧﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺴﻌﻴﻚ ﻭﺟﹺﺪﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﺮﻛﻦ ﺇﹺﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲞﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺫﻥ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺫﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﹺﻏﻼﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻠﲔ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﲟﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬

‫ﺃﹶﻻ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺍ ﻗﺼﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﺪﺍ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﹺﻧﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﹶﺻﻐﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﻪُ ﺃﹶﻗﻨﻊ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹶﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺿﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﻗﺮ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻇﻠﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ‪.‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﹶﻫﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﹶﻥ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻭﲢﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻹِﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻷَﺧﻼﻕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﳓﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﹺﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳَﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞﹸ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﺻﺤﺎ ُ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﱠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻻﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻋﺠﻮﻝ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﳝﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺶ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲞﻼﻑ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﱠﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻷَﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﺐ ﺃﹶﺧﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺟَﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻘﺪﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷَﺥ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷَﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻭﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﻮﺑﱠﺦ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺃﹶﻬﺑﻢ ﻬﺑﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻻﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﶈﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﻳﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﹺﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﻴﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺃﹸﻭﻣﲑﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﺯ ﺣﺒﺴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﺍﺑﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻋﺠﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺧﻄﺒﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰊ ﲤﺎﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮّﺭﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﱂ ﺗَﺰﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ...‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮ َ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﹶﰊ ﻧﻮﺍﺱ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﲟﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ ‪ ...‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻔﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻊ ﺑﺄﹶﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻬﻧﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺑﺼﺮﻭﺍ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺷﻔﻖ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻳﻀﻠﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﱂ ﳛﺘﺞ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﹶﻟﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﲑ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﲝﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺑﺄﺧَﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻡ ﻓﺎﻷَﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲞﻼﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‬


‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ َﻳِﻌﺪُ ﺑﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ َﻳِﻌﺪُ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﻗﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﳓﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﺤﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻀﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﺎﺯﻉ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺿﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺿﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺎﺯﻉ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺿﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻋﺪﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ َﻣ ْﻦ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﻏﻀﺐ ﺇﹺﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺰﻋﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﺿﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﲔ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﹶﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﳌﻦ ﺟﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﺮ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺟﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺘﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﻛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﹶﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺃﹶﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺪﻕ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺟﺮﻱ ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﹺﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﻻ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﻛﺬﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷَﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺟﺰﺍ ِﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﹶﻭﱃ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺁﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀَ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﹶﺃًﻣﺎ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻼﺯﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﲟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺗﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﹸﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻠﺴﻔﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﻻ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﻌﻤﻠﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻚ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪﺕ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺑﺎﻃﻼ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻚ ﺗﺼﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬


‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺃﹶﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﻫﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﹾﻳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﺎﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻚ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻬﺑﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺼﺪﻗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻀﺠﺮ ﻬﺑﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﺻﻌﺐُ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﺟﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﹶﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺾ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷُﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ِﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳏﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻣﻦ ﲣﺴﻴﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﺼﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﻍ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﳛﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻷَﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺸﻜﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺬﻡ ﳍﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﹶﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺫﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺃﹶﺛﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻣَﻦ ﻣﺪَﺡ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﻮﺯﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﻹِﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﻹِﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﱵ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﺡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﺎ ﻭﺧﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺧﻠﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﶈﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺇﹺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﲞﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﹾﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻮﻬﺗﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎ ﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﰒ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻹِﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻳﺴﲑﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹِﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻭﻫﻢ ﺑﻄﻼﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﺗﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻀﺪ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﻃﺊ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻜﻼﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻛﻼﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻱ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬


‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻚ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺫﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻧﻚ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻊ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻟﻴﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﳏﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺫﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭﺫﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻥ ﻛﻼﻣﻚ ﳏﻚ ﻭﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﻭﻛﻼﻡ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺭﻉ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺄﹶﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺫﻡ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻡ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺪﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻛﻼﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﹺﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻻ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻷَﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻼ ِﺀ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺼﲑﻭﺍ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺃﹶﳒﺢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﹶﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﹶﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﰲ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻹِﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻓﺈﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﱴ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻣﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﺰﺍﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳُﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﺃﹶﻟﺴﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸ ِﺧ ﹾﺬ َ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﻴﺪﻙ ﺳﻴﻒ؟ ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﻗﺘﻠﺘﻪ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﹶﻧﺖ ﻗﺘﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﺭﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﱂ ﳚﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺷﻨﻴﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻟﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﺗﺎﻭﺓ ﺟﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﻴﻌﺎ؛ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻹِﺗﺎﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﹶﻧﺖ ﺟﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺄﹶﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳَﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ؟ ﻓﺈﹺﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻴﺴﻰ ﺇﹺﺫﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺑﻨﺎ ﷲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻷَﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲣﻔﻲ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑَﻌﺪ ﻻﺯﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷَﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺏ ﺑﻀﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻟﺰﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺄﹶﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﺃﹶﻟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﻀﻄﺮﻩ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳚﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻴﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ﻭﺑﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻐﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﺳﺆﺍﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻐﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﺇﹺﻥ ﺃﹶﺟﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﳚﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲜﻮﺍﺏ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﹶﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺔ ﻟﻀﻌﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺏ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﳚﻴﺐ ﺇﹺﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﹶﻝ ﲜﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻻ ﺑﺄﹶﺟﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷَﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﺇﹺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﹺﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻹِﻧﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﹶﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻻ ﺃﹶﺧﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻭﻡ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬


‫ﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻴﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺑﻴﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻥ ﰎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴ ﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﺼﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﹺﺫﺍ ﺃﹶﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﺃﹶﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﺃﹶﺧﺬﺗﻪ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺼﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻻ ﻳَﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﹺﻻ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺴﺄﹶﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲝﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻷَﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳍﺰﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﹺﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺍﳉِﺪ ﺑﻀﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﺑﻀﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻱ ﺑﺎﳉﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﹶﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﱘ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﳍﺰﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺼﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻋﺮّﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﹺﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﱠﺍﺡ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﺍﺡ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮّﺽ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﳜﺎﺩﻋﻚ ﻭﻳﻮﳘﻚ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺰﻝ ﺇﹺﱃ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺒﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺰﱠﺍﺡ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺪﻕ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮّﺽ ﺃﹶﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺌﻴﻢ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﱯ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﹶﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﹶﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﹶﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﺼﻐﲑﻩ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻠﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻷَﻗﺎﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﹶﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷَﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﳓﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻋﺪﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺃﹶﻭﻝ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮ ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﳎﻬﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﺴﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﳛﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﹶﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺍﻷَﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﹺﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻓﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﹶﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻭﰱ ﲟﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻷَﻣﺮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺪﻩ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﱠﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﹺﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﹺﻣﺎ ﻷَﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻋﲏ ﺃﹶﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺃﹶﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﰎ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮﱄ ﻓﺎ ﲰﻌﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻜﻢ ﻓﺎﺣﻜﻤﻮﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳋﺼﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﹶﺩﻯ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻭﻏﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﹶﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻥ ﳝﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺮﻍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺺ ﺃﹶﻗﺎﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﹺﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﻀﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺮﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﹶﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﲔ ﻭﲬﺲ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬


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