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FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES LANGUAGE SCHOOL
SUBJECT: ENGLISH PRAGMATIC GRAMMAR SECTION: 01
MAGAZINE TOPICS: PART OF SPEECH, SENTENCES STRUCTURE, TYPE OF CLAUSES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
TEACHER: DELMY GUADALUPE AMAYA MARTÍNEZ
STUDENTS NAME: LILIANA GUADALUPE CAMPOS PUSHAGUA NESTOR JOSE MARTINEZ MARTINEZ
ATTENDENT LIST: # 12
#45
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INDEX
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................4 PART OF SPEECH. ......................................................................................................................................................5 SUMMARY TABLE ...........................................................................................................................................................6 PARTS OF SPEECH EXAMPLES AND Their DESCRIPTION. .....................................................................................7 SENTENCE STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................................... 10 SUMMARY TABLE ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 SENTENCE STRUCTURE EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION. ........................................................................ 12 TYPES OF CLAUSES ................................................................................................................................................. 14 SUMMARY TABLE ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 TYPES OF CLAUSES EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION. ............................................................................... 16 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE .................................................................................................................................. 19 SUMMARY TABLE ......................................................................................................................................................... 20 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION. ................................................................ 21 CONCLUSION. ........................................................................................................................................................... 23 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
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INTRODUCTION
In the present work we have as main objective to know more about grammar since without a doubt it is of great importance in the learning of a new language as well as when putting into practice what we learned to achieve it in the best way to achieve a perfect use of the English language
In the work refers to the parts of speech that greatly influences learning since it is necessary to know each of them, their functions and to use them, as they are very useful in grammar, as well as the attention is important that you lend in learning each of the sentences structures and thus you will achieve better results by knowing more about this topic, it is also important to know about the types of clauses for a better learning.
The work was carried out as a couple and we developed it based on the class taught by the teacher and the research we carried out in different bibliographical sources, as well as carrying out each of the points raised in the work guide. The work is composed of its respective cover page, introduction, has its respective topics where it explains in more detail about the four subjects, it also contains a conclusion and its respective bibliography.
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PART OF SPEECH.
OWN WORDS:
It refers to the classification of the words within the sentences. There are 8 different categories which are; noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition and interjection, all these categories have a different function in each of the words of the sentence depending on the place that is given in each of the sentences. These are a group of words that share important syntactic or semantic characteristics; they can be characterized in a language that can occur in similar positions or perform similar functions in a sentence. The part of speech is very important because thanks to that we can know how a word is used in a sentence and it is necessary to know how to identify each of its parts to achieve a better understanding when studying them. It is necessary to know that the parts of speech can be divided into sub classes, prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, and prepositions of place etc. nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns concrete nouns and others. So it is important to know that a word can sometimes be in more than one part of speech.
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SUMMARY TABLE
Part of speech
Definitions
Nouns
People, places, things, and Dog, cat, garden, work, animals. music, town, Manila, teacher, Bob Replace nouns He, I, its, me, my, she, that, this, those, us, who, whom, you. Show action or being Run, go, have, invite, laughed, listen, playing, singing, walk. Describe nouns Angry, brave, healthy, little, old, red, smart, two, some, good, big, interesting. Describe verbs, adjectives Badly, fully, hardly, nearly, never, quickly, silently, well, or other adverbs. very, really, almost. Signal that a noun is going The, a, an to follow Show relationship between Above, before, except, from, words in a sentence. in, near, of, since, between, upon, with, to, at, after, on. And, or, so, after, before, Connect words, phrases, unless, either, neither, clauses or sentences. because, since. Exclamations that express Aha! , gosh! , great! , hey! , hi! , hooray! Oh! , oops! , strong feelings. phew! , oh! , ouch! , hi! , well.
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Articles Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Some Examples
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The sun shines. Anna goes to school. Andres is hungry. He wants to eat. The dog and cat are running Brown dog, fat cat, big car.
Runs quickly, eats very slowly. The magazine has a cover. I am going to my garden
I was tired so I went to sleep Oops! I spilled the milk.
PARTS OF SPEECH EXAMPLES AND Their DESCRIPTION.
Nouns: A noun is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.
Example sentence. I go to the forest In the previous sentence you can see that Forest is the noun in the sentence
Pronouns: A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun.
Example sentence. He doesn't want go with them. In sentence you can see that He, is the subject pronoun in the sentence
Adjectives: An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing.
Example sentences: -The new car broke down. In this case new is the adjective of the sentence
-The old lady was talking in a quiet voice. As you can see old is the adjective, because it describes the action.
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Verbs: A verb is a word or group of words that express an action or a state. Example sentences: -We had a nice lunch. In this case had is the verb, because it is the one that is responsible for carrying out the action.
-I think that he is right. The verb of the sentence is think
Adverbs: An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even the entire sentence.
Examples sentences: -Where? Home. ("I went home.") -When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.") -How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")
Prepositions: A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth. Example sentences: I sat on the floor. Let's go into the house. We will meet at four o'clock. You can observe that in the three previous examples the prepositions are; on, into, at, because they are in charge of connecting with other words in the sentence.
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Conjunctions: A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence together.
Example sentences: -I want to come, but I can't. In this case the conjunction of the sentence is but
-She is smart and beautiful. You can see that and is the conjunction in the sentence
-Would you like a cat or a dog? In this sentence the conjunction is or
Interjections: An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker's emotion.
Example sentences: -Wow, that's amazing! In this case wow is used to express wonder in the sentence
-Oh dear! What happened? You can see that the interjection of the sentence is oh, because it is used to express the speaker's emotion.
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SENTENCE STRUCTURE
OWN WORDS:
The structure of sentences depends on the language in which you are writing or speaking. It is common when we speak English that a simple sentence looks like this: "She throws the ball". And the structure of the sentence is "Subject, verb, object." There are many ways to make the structure of sentences much more complicated while providing a framework for the information you are transmitting and which is grammatically correct. It can be said that this structure only depends on itself. Sentences elements usually has: key, subject, verb, object, prepositional phrase. Also, it refers to the classification of sentences in which each sentence has a subject and a predicate. There are four main sentence structures; simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound complex sentences. Each uses a specific combination of independent and dependent clauses to help make sure that our sentences are strong, informational and most importantly, that they make sense. The structure of prayer is one of the most important aspects to keep in mind when we learn because if we understand in the best way we will achieve a better structuring in sentences
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SUMMARY TABLE Sentence structure
Definitions
Some Examples
Simple Sentences
One independent clause; contains a subject and a verb. Two independent clauses joined with a conjunction; both of these clauses express a complete thought. One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (in the examples below, any dependent clauses are underlined). A compound sentence (see above) that also contains a dependent clause (in the examples below, any dependent clauses are underlined).
Karen baked cookies for dessert.
Jeff and John are brothers.
Jana wants cereal, but Paul wants pancakes.
We went to the beach, and then we went to the mountains.
When it stops raining, we will play baseball.
You should brush your teeth before you go to bed.
After we arrived at school, I went to gym, and Sara went to English.
I need a new coat, so mom said that she would buy one.
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
CompoundComplex Sentences
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SENTENCE STRUCTURE EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
Simple Sentence: A simple sentence contains one independent clause. What’s an “independent clause”? It’s one subject followed by one verb or verb phrase. It expresses a single idea.
Examples of simple sentences:
-Robert doesn’t eat meat. --My brother and I went to the mall last night. In the two previous examples you can see that the subject is followed by a verb.
Compound Sentence: A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however). Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but we connect them with a linking word:
Examples: -I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining. -Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him. -My brother and I went to the mall last night, but we didn’t buy anything. -This new laptop computer has already crashed twice, and I have no idea why.
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Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by itself. -I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money. -Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat. -After getting home from work, my brother and I went to the mall last night. -This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has already crashed twice.
Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses: 2 independent and at least 1 dependent clause. I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys. Independent clauses: “I’m happy” and “my kids are always complaining” Dependent clauses: “even though I don’t make much money” and “since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys” Linking word: “but”.
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TYPES OF CLAUSES
OWN WORDS:
Like a phrase, a clause is a group of related words; but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and a verb. An independent clause, together with having a subject and a verb, expresses a complete thought and can be sustained only as a meaningful sentence. On the contrary, a subordinate or dependent clause does not express a complete thought and, therefore, we do not take it as a sentence. An independent subordinate clause is a common error that we know as a sentence fragment.
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SUMMARY TABLE
Definitions
Some Examples
A noun clause is a group of words (doing the work of a noun) with a subject and a verb that can be a subject, object, or object of a preposition in a sentence.
What Alicia said made her friends cry.
What Megan wrote surprised her family.
Adjective An adjective clause Clause (or describes a noun just like relative clause) an adjective.
Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy.
The people whose names are on the list will go to camp.
Adverb Clause
Whether you like it or not, you She likes the red car more have to go to bed now. than her husband does.
Types of Clauses Noun Clause
dependent clauses independent clauses
Adverb clauses express when, where, why, and how something occurs. A dependent clause is also known as a “subordinate clause.” An independent clause is also known as the “main clause,” because it contains enough information to stand alone.
The light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. The light has gone out of our lives.
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You can learn grammar freely here, if you read these pages. The weak can never forgive.
TYPES OF CLAUSES EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
Noun Clause: A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Example: -The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively. (How we can satisfy customers most effectively is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb phrase can satisfy. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying focus.) Example: -Choose a gift for whomever you want.
Adjective Clause An adjective clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective in the sentence. Adjective clauses can also be called relative clauses. An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb. Below are some examples of sentences containing adjective clauses, with explanations: Example: -The lady who lives across the street is my aunt. The subject of the clause is "who" and the verb is "lives". This clause is giving us more information about the "lady"-which one?
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Adverb Clause An adverb clause is a group of words that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.
Examples: -Jennifer scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached. This adverb clause describes how Jennifer scrubbed. . -After having my wisdom teeth out, I had a milkshake for dinner because I couldn’t chew anything. This adverb clause describes why I had a milkshake for dinner.
Dependent clauses A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is one that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Like all clauses, a dependent clause has a subject and verb. This is how a dependent clause differs from an independent clause.
Examples: -The crew could see the whale, which had surfaced only 50m behind them. -Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday? -I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps. -The excellence of a gift lies in how appropriate it is rather than how valuable it is.
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Independent clauses
An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence: it has a subject, a verb, and is a complete thought.
Examples: -I was late to work. -The paper does not specify which type of format it must be in. -He ran. Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still a complete sentence because it contains a one word subject and a one word predicate that is also a complete thought.
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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
OWN WORDS:
Passive: A verb is in the passive voice when the verb acts on the subject of the sentence. For example, in "The ball was thrown by the thrower", the ball (the subject) receives the action of the verb, and was thrown in the passive voice. The same sentence issued in the active voice would be: "The pitcher threw the ball." Active: When the verb of a sentence is in the active voice, the subject acts, as in the sentence "Kevin hit the ball". Kevin (the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to the ball.
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SUMMARY TABLE
Active and Passive Voice Active Voice
Passive Voice
Definitions
Some Examples
In a sentence written in the active voice, the subject of sentence performs the action. In a sentence written in the passive voice the subject receives the action.
The candidate believes that Congress must place a ceiling on the budget.
The dog bit the man.
It is believed by the candidate that a ceiling must be placed on the budget by Congress
The man was bitten by the dog.
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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE EXAMPLES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
Active voice: Active voice is a sentence in which verb shows that subject does an action.
Characteristics of active voice -The subject of sentence in active form is at the starting of the sentence. -Subject is followed by the form of ‘to be’, verb and object. -We can say that verb is in the Active Voice. -An active voice tells clearly about the action who has done it.
Pattern of sentence Pattern of sentence in this voice is: Subject+ Verb+ Object
Example.
Verb
verb
object
My son has built a website. In above sentence, we have a subject (my son), a verb (has built) and the object of the verb (website).
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Passive voice: Passive voice is the sentence in which the form of verb shows that an action is done to the subject.
Characteristics of passive voice -When we change the sentence from active to passive voice, the object becomes the subject. -We can use sentences with only transitive verbs in passive voice that is we can change the sentences having object into this voice. -This form may or may not tell clearly about the action who has done it. -To make clear the action who has done it we should add ‘by’
Pattern of sentence Subject+ form of ‘to be’ + past participle of verb+ by + object
Example:
A website has been built by my son.
In above sentence, we have Direct object of the verb (a website), The verb is in passive form (has been built), Subject is missing but we can add ‘by’ and make the subject clear.
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CONCLUSION.
This activity was very interesting since we were able to learn many things that are very important in the English language, as well as it reminded us of everything we had studied before but that we had forgotten, since there are very simple things but Sometimes by learning the hard part, we stop studying the basics.
What I found most difficult to learn were the types of clauses because you have to know how to correctly use each of them, the rules and functions they have in sentences, especially the dependent clauses and independent clauses and the easiest to learn were the parts of speech because I already knew that there are 8 different categories which are; noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition and interjection, that is the reason why it was easier for me to learn.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/sentence-structure-chart-1209906
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/about-words-clausesand-sentences/clause-types
https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms201753/tables/1
http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/phrases_and_clauses_examples/4 16/
https://www.englishgrammar.org/active-passive-voice-overview-chart/
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ARTICLES A/AN/THE/ANOTHER/OTHER/OTHERS/
COMMOM MISTAKES
When you talk about a person or thing for the first time, use the indefinite articles (a and an) with them. 1. Countable nouns: We only use a/an with singular countable nouns:
I have a sister and a brother.
That was an excellent meal.
WRONG: I have a classes tomorrow. We can use the with singular and plural countable nouns: the lion roared
the lions roared
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SINGULAR/ PLURAL/REGULAR/IRREGULAR NOUNS
COMMOM MISTAKES Examples: countable – one hair In this case you should add “s” “hairs”
Uncountable - all the hair on a person’s head
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TOO MUCH/ TOO MANY/ TOO
COMMOM MISTAKES
There are many English words that seem to not only have the same meaning, but also be completely interchangeable. However, this is not always the case.
Much vs. Many Use much if the noun is non-countable (e.g., water, sand). -I don’t have much money. Use many if the noun is countable (e.g., oranges, children). For example: -They own many houses
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PASSIVE VOICE
COMMOM MISTAKES - “Mistakes were made by zombies” makes senses This sentence uses passive voice
- “I made mistakes by zombies” doesn’t make much sense This sentence uses active voice
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TELL AND SAY
COMMOM MISTAKES
Examples: -Sara told John to go away Wrong: Sara said John to go away
-He said that he likes coffee Wrong: He told that he likes coffee
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CONNECTORS
COMMOM MISTAKES
Connectors are words that combine two words phrases and sentence together Takes form as a coordinator (and, but, or) or a subordinator (that, whether, if, to, for), or a preposition (e.g., because, though, before, after, since, when, if [conditional], unless, as, then. The connectors are used to connect a large group of words, phrases For Example: -Lisa and Mary are friends. You can see that connects two nouns
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ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
One common mistake with adjectives and adverbs is using one in the place of the other. For example: -I wish I could write as neat as he can. The word should be neatly, an adverb, since it’s modifying a verb. -Well, that’s real nice of you. Should be really, an adverb, since it’s modifying an adjective Remember, if you’re modifying a noun or pronoun, you should use an adjective. If you’re modifying anything else, you should use an adverb
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TENSES AND TIME WORD
Examples 1 Incorrect: The baby is sleeping for three hours now. Correct: The baby has been sleeping for three hours now. Here the error lies in using the present continuous instead of the present perfect continuous. We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action which started in the past. Example 2 Incorrect: He has returned from London last week. Correct: He returned from London last week. Here the error lies in using the present perfect tense instead of the simple past tense. The present perfect is a present tense. It can’t be used with adverbs of past time.
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
COMMOM MISTAKES
Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of something. While we use them when we refer to people, it is more in the sense of relationship than ownership. We include an “s” to the adjective when the noun is plural like in many other languages. Examples Our cars are expensive. (correct) Ours cars are expensive. (incorrect)
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SUBJECT AND VERBS
COMMOM MISTAKES Do not add an -s to the verb if the subject is the pronoun I, you, we, or they. Examples: -I make my own rules. -You drive a hard bargain. -We take pride in our work. -They sing out of key.
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A FEW/FEW/LITTLE/A LITTLE
COMMOM MISTAKES A little and little refer to non-count nouns, and is used with the singular form: Examples: -There's little wine left in the bottle. I've put a little sugar into your coffee.
A few and few refer to count nouns, and are used with the plural form: Examples: -There are a few students in that classroom. -He says few applicants have presented themselves. A little and a few convey a positive meaning.
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