Digital Journal Lily Homer Glenda Strong Tony Salmon Kirsty Parsons
Fig. 1
Contents Page
• Task 1 - Page 3 • Task 2 - Page 5 • Task 3 - Page 7 • Task 5 - Page 12 • Task 6 - Page 14 • Task 7 - Page 15 • Task 8 - Page 16 • Task 9 - Page 22 • Bibliography - Page 23
Task 1
Task 2
Arts and Crafts (1834 – 1896) Arts and crafts is a decorative design movement that began during the 19th century. It consists of abstract patterns, ornamentation and Celtic motifs. The design movement focuses on the beauty of natural materials which explains why copper is widely used for designs. Hammered finishes are also common within this period along with stylised flowers.Influences for this design period include gothic styles, medieval finishes and Japanese art. The design consisted of a reconnection through the past. Hand carved printing blocks were used to manufacture wallpaper and was made out of pear wood. Owen Jones (1809 – 1874) was a talented architect and a key figure regarding design theories in the 19th century. He believed form should be separated from meaning. He had strong, controversial theories on how colour, geometry and abstraction should be used. These theories were the contents of his publication in 1856, ‘The Grammar of Ornament’, a design sourcebook that is still in print 150 years later. In 1851 the Great Exhibition building was to have its interior designed by Jones. He stuck to the primary colours; yellow, red and blue for his Hispanic mosque art. The great Exhibition was an off-site fabrication and it was assembled on site. It emphasised a new form of technology and a new industrial language was established. Thomas Pritchard built Iron Bridge in 1777. It was the first single span cast iron bridge and new technologies would follow. Paddington Station (1853) is another example of the movements technology advancements, with a steel structure behind red bricks. William Morris (1834 – 1896) was also a strong designer specialising in textiles during the arts and crafts period. William Morris believed there was no link between the maker and product. He was a political visionary and socialist associated with a group called the Pre-Raphaelites. The Pre – Raphaelites were a secret society of artists, architects and designers founded in London during 1848. They were opposed to the Royal Academy’s promotion of the ideal as exemplified in the work of Raphael. The Pre- Raphaelites believed in maximum realism. Founders included: John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt and Rossetti. John Ruskin (1819 – 1900) was part of William Morris’ influential circle. Ruskin’s theory was that designs should “go to nature”. He also expressed how “There is no wealth but life”. An example of his work is the ‘Seven Lamps of Architecture’ in 1849.
Designer: Mies Van De Rohe. Name of piece: Cantilever Chair Brno I like this item of furniture due to its versatility to coordinate in a variety of rooms. I would situate this chair in my house because of its modern appearance even though it is an item from 1930.
Fig. 2 Architect: Zeev Rechter 1933 Name of Building: Avraham Soskin House I like this building because it is much different to modern architecture in the present day. The curved walls and balconies are reminiscent of holiday apartments in sunny destinations. The curved wall is very unusual and stands out to be Bauhaus style, making it a particularly impressive piece of architecture. This piece of architecture definitely fits the ethos of the Bauhaus movement with the undecorated surfaces, flat roofs, outdoor living spaces, ribbon windows and pilotis.
Examples of Pre-Raphaelites and their work include:
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Fig. 3
John Everett Millais – ‘Christ in the House of his Parents’ 1850, ‘Ophelia’ 1852 Edward Burne-Jones – ‘The Nativity’
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Philip Webb (1831- 1915) was an architect whose project ‘Red House’ in 1859 took the design movement to a new level. He built the house for William Morris and his wife in Kent. It was built out of brick instead of the traditional stone. It was also an abnormally informal plan. The build related to its landscape meaning windows were situated in prime positions to see the best view. The interior patterns and furniture consisted of craft tradition and hand printed items. The hallway and stairs were Jacobean influenced and the stained glass windows by Edward Burne-Jones. Eugene Emmanual Viollet – Le – Duc (1814 – 79) changed buildings drastically. He took inspiration from nature like bats and their skeletal structure. New structures were made that were previously unavailable with stone.
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C. Frost + J. Browne, (2017), [PowerPoint], Modernism origins 2014, AR4010
Fig.4 Artist: Josef Albers Name of Artwork: Factory A I like this because it because it is an unusual take on artwork. I also like how the warm red tones is a drastic contrast with the industrial monochrome. It fits the ethos of Bauhaus due to its angular geometric form. It is beautiful as it is colourful and artistic in its methodical pattern. Yet it is also simplistic as it consists of same width intersecting lines. The use of red is very common in Bauhaus artwork and posters therefore it is a distinguishing feature.
Task 3
Designer Philippe Starck Name: Hi Cut Stacking Chair I love this piece of furniture due to its simplicity and versatility to be anything from a dresser chair, a dining chair to a study chair. This modern item fits the criteria of a Bauhaus style for a number of reasons. The use of red is vibrant and avidly used by Bauhaus designers. The splash of colour is also in the form of a horizontal line, following the angular, geometric form of Bauhaus. The simplicity of the white smooth outlines make this product also suggest it has features of a Bauhaus design. Fig. 5
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Task 5
Avant Garde Manifesto I think interior architecture can respond to politics. This is evident as the country’s needs are recognised and developed into architectural outcomes. I believe it should be responding to politics as it has beneficial results. Globally political situations include: • Drugs • Sexism • Homophobia • Homelessness • Lack of affordable housing All of the problems listed above require more building, more decorating and more organisation. With more ‘safe’ places built for young people to hang out there would be less inclination and availability to take drugs. By re-designing public spaces then sexism wouldn’t be as prominent. More neutral colours would make all genders and sexualities welcome and comfortable. And with a re-organisation of everything it would allow struggling families the opportunity to get onto the property ladder. Places with a high popularity often have lower living conditions so that would also be helped. So we should RE-BUILD, RE-DESIGN AND RE-ORGANISE.
Task 6
Task 7
The worksheet helped me to understand the basics of referencing as it is the first time that I have been required to do so. This meant the worksheet taught me a new skill. I discovered there is a referencing system known as the Harvard system that is commonly used. I will research how to reference different types of sources e.g. blogs and images.
Drawings from the lectures referenced in the bibliography:
Charles Correa, Kanchanjunga Apartments, funnelled air Egg Chair, Arne Jacobsen, 1958
Graycliff, Falling Water, Tuliesin West,
Task 8 WORKSHEET 2 Once you have thought about the assignment consider the following tasks:
a)
Write down in your own words what you think the assignment is asking you to do.
The question is asking me to conduct my own relevant research in order to compare and accurately describe two Avant Garde movements. I will have to look into the political, social and cultural events of the time and determine some reasoning behind the style of the movements.
b)
What do you already know about the subject matter of the essay?
After a very thorough lecture on the Avant Garde movements I was inspired by the differences in style. I know the stereotypes, founders and information on how the movement was taken by the general public.
c)
What background information do you need to help you to complete this essay?
Political, social and cultural events that may have impacted how the movement developed. I will also have to look into buildings from those movements in order to back up my points.
d) How do you think this essay differs from or is similar to other assignments that you are working on at the moment? The research aspect is similar as it is vital to be as comfortable and informed with your project as possible. The compulsory drawings are not dissimilar to the re-ordering space. However, during our re-ordering space project we are advised to describe our thoughts predominantly in drawings and visuals rather than words. Here the task is to fully explain in detail about the movements using mostly words, with drawings to support.
e)
How are you going to choose your reading material?
There is a list of advised books that will help the specific question which I will consult. I have also been to the library and taken a book out called… I will begin researching on the internet and reference my websites that I have found useful information on.
f) in mind.
As you begin to read for your assignment, try to read and take notes with the essay
FREE WRITE ON THE ASSIGNMENT To get you started on your assignment, we are going to free write upon your topic. Get out your handbook and read the question carefully. Underline what you feel are the key words in the question. Once you have spent a few moments upon the question itself, write whatever you think about the question for ten minutes without stopping. After ten minutes we will review your writing. Follow up: 1. Review your free write and complete the ‘analysing the assignment’ questionnaire. 2. Review your free write and summarise your key points into two sentences – review those and decide what you will be reading up on for next week. De Stijl was founded in 1917 by Piet Mondrian and Theo Van Doesburg in the Netherlands. Futurism was founded in 1909 in Italy by Filippo Tammaso and comprised of bold lines, glass, diagonal lines eg Cathedral of Brasilia. I will begin reading up on the political, social and cultural events in both Italy and the Netherlands next as I feel it could lead me to answers about WHY the buildings were designed how they were.
THE INTRODUCTION Your introduction should: • Comment on the title or topic of the essay. • Define or explain any difficult or ambiguous terms in the title. • Direct the reader by stating which aspects of the topic you intend to cover and why. The introduction should be roughly 5% of the total length of your essay, generally one paragraph. Practise writing your introduction here. From the beginning of the 20th Century, a series of Avant Garde movements emerged as a response to political, social and cultural events in the respective countries. A factor that implemented many new movements was World War I. Futurism was founded in Italy. De Stijl was founded in Amsterdam. When comparing the two movements both parallels and contrasts can be found in terms of manifestos, designs and reasons for the development of the movement. In the first section of this essay, the Futurism manifesto will be described, followed by the same for De Stijl. The second section of this essay will address the similarities and differences regarding specific examples of buildings. Finally, a comparison of the two movements will conclude the essay.
The conclusion will state which argument is stronger – either those for or those against. If neither seems stronger, this should also be stated. Write your conclusion here: In conclusion, … To conclude, it is clear that the Futuristic and De Stijl movements share differences and similarities. For example, they both share systematic, geometric and linear features. They were both implicated as a response to war that their countries were involved in. The two movements tackled housing for the masses but resolved it in very different manners which can be due to the different levels of involvement in the first World War. Both De Stijl and Futuristic architects and artists produce extravagant, bold and unique outcomes that were completely new at the time of being built. Although both movements began at the beginning of the 20th Century the buildings still look modern in the present day. The use of glass was also a universal feature. The differences include the experimentation with primary colours expressed by the De Stijl movement which could be a reference to their flag which consists of red white and blue. Futuristic designers progressed the idea of elementarism and introduction of diagonal structures. Futurism was also very keen to portray war via glorification and purification which influenced the sharp lines and mostly dull hues. The sharp lines and bold structures could be seen as depiction of their role in the war. As a polar opposite, the Netherlands opted to maintain its neutrality during World War I which meant the had more colourful designs. However, when they were bombed and forced to surrender more strong lines were introduced similar to Italy’s movement. As involvement in wars is so expensive it can effect how much money the country can afford to dedicate to new architecture. However, war does bring a positive influx of modern materials to be used which has been evidenced in the building examples in both the Netherlands and Italy. The use of glass, reinforced concrete and steel was enabled due to the progression of the machine age as necessary to tackle the war.
Concluding paragraph: (1) Answer any question set in the title (2) Link back to introduction (3) Summarise main points (4) Give a sense of an ending. In conclusion (4), a small percentage of people found unemployment a ‘blessing’. (1,2 & 3) However, by far the larger number experienced it as a ‘curse’ and for some unemployment was a deeply traumatic experience.(1,2 & 3). Of these, white males of between 45 – 55, from all social classes, seemed to experience more psychological distress. (1,2 & 3) However, perhaps the most damaging result of unemployment was, and still is to some extent, a divided nation of ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ who have rarely felt such distrust of each other. (3) Though employment opportunities are now emerging, it is likely that the repercussions of such a sustained and acute bout of unemployment will be farreaching.(2 & 3) A high proportion of the generation now aged 25 –35 have little or no experience of the world of work and are ill-equipped to take advantage of a more buoyant job market.(3) Finally(4), Britain had a reputation for being at the forefront of innovation and creative solutions. Now people’s understandable desire for personal security is unlikely to promote either the sharing climate or psychological freedom which fosters such innovations.(3) Exercise 2 Now write a concluding paragraph to your own essay in the box below. Mark the text to show which points common to concluding paragraphs are included To conclude, it is clear that the Futuristic and De Stijl movements share differences and similarities.(2&3) For example, they both share systematic, geometric and linear features.(1) They were both implicated as a response to war that their countries were involved in.(1) The two movements tackled housing for the masses but resolved it in very different manners which can be due to the different levels of involvement in the first World War. (1&2&3) Both De Stijl and Futuristic architects and artists produce extravagant, bold and unique outcomes that were completely new at the time of being built.(1) Although both movements began at the beginning of the 20th Century the buildings still look modern in the present day. (3&4) The use of glass was also a universal feature. (1)The differences include the experimentation with primary colours expressed by the De Stijl movement which could be a reference to their flag which consists of red white and blue. (1 &3)Futuristic designers progressed the idea of elementarism and introduction of diagonal structures. (1)Futurism was also very keen to portray war via glorification and purification which influenced the sharp lines and mostly dull hues.(1&2&3) The sharp lines and bold structures could be seen as depiction of their role in the war. As a polar opposite, the Netherlands opted to maintain its neutrality during World War I which meant the had more colourful designs. (1&2)However, when they were bombed and forced to surrender more strong lines were introduced similar to Italy’s movement. (1&2)As involvement in wars is so expensive it can effect how much money the country can afford to dedicate to new architecture. However, war does bring a positive influx of modern materials to be used which has been evidenced in the building examples in both the Netherlands and Italy. The use of glass, reinforced concrete and steel was enabled due to the progression of the machine age as necessary to tackle the war. As a whole, the two movements have very different styles but with consistent similarities whether it be materials or implementing reasons. The similarities are to be expected as they are still developing during the same time period meaning they have access to relatively the same level of technology and materials. (2&4)
Task 9
Bibliography Ode to joesf, Pinterest, https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/344032859018442405/ Ludwig Mies van der Rohe | “MR� Armchair | The Met, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/482117 Naomi Lubash, The Five Best Bauhaus Buildings in Tel Aviv, Culture Trip, https://theculturetrip. com/middle-east/israel/articles/the-five-best-bauhaus-buildings-in-tel-aviv/ Hi-Cut stackable chair by Kartell designed by Philippe Starck - ARREDACLICK, Arredaclick.com, https://www.arredaclick.com/en/hi-cut-chair-kartell-philippe-starck.html C. Frost + J. Browne, (2017), [PowerPoint], Modernism origins 2014, AR4010 Christian Frost, (2017), [PowerPoint], Ideology and Technology:Germany 1905-1933, Jemma Browne, (2017), [PowerPoint], Le Corbusier:French modernism 1920-35, Christian Frost, (2017), [PowerPoint], Ornament as Crime, Adolf Loos 1900-1930, Jemma Browne, (2017), [PowerPoint], Avant-Garde: Germany, Holland, Russia, Switzerland Alessandro Columbano, (2017), [PowerPoint], Early and Late Modernism in Italy 1920-70, Jemma Browne, (2017), [PowerPoint], Modernity and Classicism: Scandinavia 1910-65 Glenda Strong, (2017), [PowerPoint], Regional Modernism, New Mexico, India and Sri Lanka Mike Dring, (2017), [PowerPoint], After Modernism: Britain USA 1950-70, Victoria Farrow, (2017), [PowerPoint], Frank Lloyd Wright, Kasia Nawratek, (2017), [PowerPoint], Postmodernism, Colquhoun, A. (2002) Modern Architecture, Oxford, Oxford University Press Curtis, W. (1996) Modern Architecture Since 1900, London, New York, Phaidon, Fazio, M et al, (2013) A World History of Architecture, Lawrence King Publishing, London Samuel, F (2007) Le Corbusier in Detail, London, Routledge, Curtis, W. J. R. (1996) Modern Architecture Since 1900, London Phaidon Frampton, K. (2008) Modern Architecture, A Critical History , London,Thames and Hudson Williams, R. (2007) Politics of modernism, London , Verso Mayne,J (1964)The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, London, Phaidon Press,
Le Corbusier(2002) Voyage d’Allemagne: carnets ; travels in Germany, notebooks Le Corbusier, 1887-1965, Milano: Electra Architecture. Le Corbusier (2002) Voyage d’Allemagne: carnets :travels in Germany, notebooks Le Corbusier, 1887-1965Milano, ElectraArchitecture. Heathcote, E (2015) The Problem with Ornament, Architectural Review 3 September 2015 [online] available at http://www.architectural-review.com/essays/ornament-is-the-language-through-which-architecture- communicates-with-a-broader-public/8687822.article accessed 12 September 2015 Bristow, W (2011) Enlightenment, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/enlightenment/>. [accessed 2 October 2015] V&A (2015) William Morris Exhumed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djG6e3FZN3A accessed 25 September 2015 Images:
Fig. 1 Article title: Le Corbusier, Cemal Emden · Unité d’habitation, Firminy Website title: Divisare URL: https://divisare.com/projects/197442-le-corbusier-cemal-emden-unite-d-habitation-firminy Fig. 2 Article title: Mies van der Rohe MR Cantilever Chair Website title: Bauhaus 2 Your House URL: https://www.bauhaus2yourhouse.com/products/mies-van-der-rohe-cantilever-chair Fig.3 Article title: Gallery of Architecture City Guide: Tel Aviv - 18 Website title: ArchDaily URL: https://www.archdaily.com/175525/architecture-city-guide-tel-aviv-2/521cbdb0e8e44eeb1b000067-architecture-city-guide-tel-aviv-2-image Fig.4 Article title: Josef Albers Factory 1925 Website title: Galerija.metropolitan.ac.rs URL: http://galerija.metropolitan.ac.rs/index.php/AD108Istorijadizajna/AD108-Istorija-dizajna/AD108-Istorija-dizajna/Josef-Albers-Factory Fig. 5 Article title: PHILIPPE STARCK Website title: Pinterest URL: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/happytjes/philippe-starck/ Fig.6 Article title: Unite d’habitation construction - Google Search Website title: Google.co.uk URL: https://www.google.co.uk/search?client=safari&rls=en&dcr=0&biw=1325&bih=749&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=RLtSWobzM-HAgAb1jrFg&q=Unite+d%27habitation+construction&oq=Unite+d%27habitation+construction&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i2 4k1.5994.43282.0.43949.21.13.0.8.8.0.174.1241.10j3.13.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..4.17.917... 0j0i30k1j0i8i30k1.0.B0Tc42G4Sqc#imgrc=6B8xv6X2z4iy3M