Design Thesis by Lina Xu

Possible Design Options

Areyonga Visitors Centre Lina Xu

328733

Basic Shed

sandbag

art gallery

steel

project office

mudbrick

painting space

timber

cafe

fire place

dancing ground

cultural workshop

accommodation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

gallery painting clean up storage deck outdoor display outdoor painting cafe outdoor cafe kitchen toilet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

gallery painting clean up storage deck outdoor display outdoor painting cafe outdoor cafe kitchen toilet

Simple Shed

5 4 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

gallery painting clean up 1 gallery storage 2 painting toilet 3 clean up deck 4 storage outdoor display 5 toilet outdoor painting 6 deck fire cafe 7 outdoor display outdoor cafe 8 outdoor painting kitchen

9 10 11 12

fire cafe outdoor cafe kitchen

Linear Gallery

3 11

4 7

2 5

4 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 gallery gallery painting 2 painting clean up 3 clean up storage 4 storage deck dancing ground 5 deck 6 dancing ground multi-functional space cultural workshop 7 multi-functional space cafe 8 cultural workshop kitchen 9 cafe toilet 10 kitchen 11 toilet

Open Space

2 3

3 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

gallery painting clean up 1 gallery storage 2 painting 3 clean up deck 4 storage cultural workshop 5 deck fire cultural workshop 6 coffee 7 fire kiosk 8 coffee kiosk toilet 9 toilet accommodation accommodation

Courtyard Cafe

9 2

? 1 2 1 32 43 54 65 6 77 88 9 10 10

? gallery painting gallery clean up painting storage clean up storage deck deck fire fire dancing ground dancing ground cafe cafe kitchen kitchen toilet toilet

Freeform

1 7 2 3

1 6

1 gallery 2 painting 3 clean up gallery painting 4 storage clean up 5 deck storage 6 multi-functional pavilion deck cafe multi-functional7pavilion 8 kitchen cafe kitchen 9 toilet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 toilet

Scattered Pavilions

BOWER STUDIO 2015

Areyonga Visitors Centre

Lina Xu

328733

Student Name Lina Xu Studio Leaders David Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Brien George Stavrias James Neil Matt Breen Bower Studio 2015 Melbourne School of Design The University of Melbourne Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning

ÂŠ 2015

AREYONGA VISITORS CENTRE BOWER STUDIO CONTENT

0.0 Thesis Statement 0.1 Hypothesis 0.2 Studio Structure Overview

1 3 4

1.0 Research

Research Outline

1.1 Understanding the Client Community Profile Cultural Context Engagement

8 16 20

1.2 Indigenous Housing Issues

1.3 Case Studies

1.4 Construction & Technology

Jobs and Homes An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Form and Material Design Process Transitional Housing Remote Area Construction and Labour Construction Instruction

30 32 44 46 54 58 68 76

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

1.6 Post Trip Research

127

2.0 Design Development

167

3.0 Design Project

187

4.0 Appendix

215

Tourism Impact on Indigenous Communities “Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities Art Gallery - Case Studies Learn from the Traditional Built From Response to the Desert Climate Sandbag Buildings

Introduction Stage 1 Stage 2

128 136 146 152 154 156

188 190 196

RESEARCH

90 98 120

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN

Build in Creswick Build in Northern Territory Reflection on Build

APPENDIX

1.5 The Build

INTRODUCTION _ BOWER

Stage 1 proposes a basic shelter for the Community Art Centre to produce and sell locally sourced paintings and a temporary workspace to consults with the community to frame a brief for further improvements. Stage 2 highlights a series of options that could help in the further development and includes an open-ended process of selfbuild outcomes framed by the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s input and labour.

RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Often new infrastructure in remote communities neglects users from the design and building process. This proposal outlines a process leading to the development of the Areyonga Visitors Centre.

DESIGN

Research shows that tourism has a positive impact on the local culture and economy in remote Indigenous communities in Australia. This project explores how supported self-build principles can be used to design and construct a Visitors Centre in Areyonga.

APPENDIX

0. Thesis Statement

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

INRODUCTION _ BOWER

This project focus on re-engage the Indigenous community members back to the design and construction process through exploring the self-build principle. Instead of a housing project, the project start from a Visitor Centre in Areyonga, which may engages boarder community members in to the design and process rather than individual family. The project encourage community self-build which involves Indigenous participation, consultation, choice and training. “Participation in the design and construction process by the community should help to foster compatibility between housing typology, planning, orientation and the occupants as well as fostering a sense of pride.“(Stephanie Smith, 2008)

RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

According to research, Indigenous Australians believe that they are not properly consulted about their living environment nor participating into the design and construction process. Separation of user from process results in them becoming ‘housing recipients’ and the loss of feeling of ownership.

DESIGN

The project is based on the hypothesis that architectural strategy could improve the living environment of Indigenous Australians.

APPENDIX

0.0 Hypothesis

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

INRODUCTION _ BOWER

0.1 STUDIO STRUCTURE OVERVIEW BOWER STUDIO RESEARCH

ESQUISSE

ENGAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION INSTRUCTION MODEL BENCH TRANSITIONAL HOUSE

HOUSING SEMINARS HEALTHY ABORIGINAL ARCHITECTURE AND REPRESENTATION REMOTE AREA CONSTRUCTION AND LABOUR

BUILD

BUILD IN CRESWICK BUILD IN NORTHERN TERRITORY

READING REVIEW INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION _ BOWER

DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The research methodology that informed this thesis was concerned with understanding and identifying the issues in remote community that could be supported architecturally that is culturally sensitive as well as technologically feasible. The research included general researches that is based on literature review, as well as informal consultation and personal experience in the remote communities. The problem of neglect Aboriginal identity and user based consultation in architectural design was identified through analysing the cultural context and Aboriginal housing issue as well as real life experience in the communities. The study of construction and labour, discussed the feasibility of construction material, technique and labour in remote area. Finally the build experience in gave insight into the technological issues associated with building in remote conditions and provided personal experience of local participation in design and construction process.

DESIGN

Research Outline

APPENDIX

1.0 Research

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

This section outlines the basic information of the two researched Aboriginal communities and provides a basic understanding of Aboriginal culture that helps to communicate and work with Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal Australians are the traditional custodians of this land. They have a different culture and different way of life. In order to design and work in remote communities, it is important to understand and respect their culture, and consider their culture and lifestyle as a part of the design initiative.

APPENDIX

Community Profile Cultural Context Engagement

RESEARCH

1.1 Understanding the Client

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Community Profile Areyonga Community Profile

Areyonga (locally known as Utju) 240km west of(also Alice Springs Areyonga called

Utju in Pitjantjatjara) is a small community in the Northern Territory of Australia. The 235 people predominantly speak Pitjantjatjara people are mostly Pitjantjatjara, with some Arrernte Established during the 1920s a drought forced and Walpiri families. Thewhen town is governed by Areyonga aAboriginal large group ofCommunity. the Pitjantjatjara people from the Petermann area into the Hermannsburg area and from there to Areyonga., Alice Springs Amoonguna Areyonga

Areyonga was founded during the 1920s when a drought form the and from

Governance in Areyonga: Areyonga Council forced a large group of Pitjantjatjara people The role of the council is to listen to the voice of the peoPetermann areaandinto the Hermannsburg ple in the community whenever and where possible, area provide services and infrastructure that is rethereessential to Areyonga. quired.

Areyonga is in the valley of to a deep and spectacular gorge, The Council has a deliberate policy limit outside contractors wherever possible with most of thelife service and has an abundant flora and fauna along itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creekbed delivery performed by the locally recruited workforce.

and waterholes, including a large wild donkey population

who bray and night,and adding to the charm. It has Areyonga is a day dry community it is against the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law for to bring alcohol intoArts the area. a anyone thriving Community Centre with sought after artists, and the town encourages visitors (no permit is required, despite notes on outdated maps). It is only a 20km detour from the Mereenie Loop for visitors coming through from Kings Canyon

Sources: http://macdonnell.nt.gov.au/communities/areyonga

Areyonga Community Profile

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Current population: ~300 residents, 38 houses Main Language: Pitjantjatjara Minor Language: English

CONTENT

240km west of Alice Springs

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH _ BOWER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Key Building/s: • Health Centre • Community Store • Admin Building, has a centrelink and post office • Community Hall • Lutheran Church • School • Sporting facilities including a sports oval, swimming pool and outdoor basketball court

DESIGN

Mobile Reception: None

APPENDIX

Governance: Areyonga Council • Listen to the voice of the people in the community • Provide essential services and infrastructure

RESEARCH

Established during the 1920s

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Community Profile Areyonga Community Profile 222 190 E

222 275 E

222 360 E

222 445 E

222 530 E

222 615 E

222 700 E

222 785 E

222 870 E

-24°04'16"

132°15'57"

222 105 E

132°16'30"

222 020 E -24°04'16"

MEREENIE

7 335 160 N

WW HV

Bore No.1 RN 52 (Disused)

7 335 075 N

HV LV

52 HV

LV LV

65 HV

118

Too

64 W

eep St

Too

LV W

LV LV W

HV LV

Health Centre

ROAD

LV W HV

W HV

LV LV

LV HV

7 334 820 N

LV LV

HV HV

Oval approx 200m

KURKU

NYTJING

HV LV

LV HV

HV HV

LV HV

value

ROAD

HV LV

Buffer

7 334 650 N

222 105 E

222 190 E

222 275 E

APPROX. POSITION OF BUILDING constructed since date of photography

GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS CULTURAL EXCLUSION AREAS: Unauthorised entry, works on or use of land where there

Current

123 123

WATER MAIN WATER RISING MAIN SEWER MAIN

works, or use which may be required under the

SEWER RISING MAIN

land), or another statute.

NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA

LV HV

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

Road Unsealed, Track

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation Contour; Index, Intermediate

Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid

Contour; Depression

Railway, Disused Railway

Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip Taxiway, Apron

w ww S SS

3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin

Road Sealed, Bridge

Footpath, Drain, Culvert

Pipeline:

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole Swamp; Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent

SEWER

This advice does not negate the need for consent for entry, Aboriginal Land Rights(NT) Act (in the case of Aboriginal

RESEARCH _ BOWER

ELECTRICITY LOW VOLTAGE HIGH VOLTAGE

WATER RETICULATION

contact the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority (AAPA): email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au or phone 8999 4332.

UTILITY SERVICES

Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act. For conditions relating to works on or use of land within a Cultural Exclusion Area

LOCALITY

Locality

is a sacred site is an offence under the Northern Territory

Land Information Division

TOPOGRAPHY

CADASTRE

Proposed LAND EXCLUDED FROM DEVELOPMENT

Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed

Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

Shade Structure, Incomplete Building

Pole; Power, General, Light

Sewage Ponds, Tailings Pond

Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo

Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool

Manhole, Pylon, Communication Tower, Bore.

222 445 E

222 360 E

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment

LEGEND LAND USE PLANNING:

GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

Northern Territory

Government

222 530 E

General enquiries, corrections, updates, errors and omissions: Indigenous Community Land Use Planning NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189, Email: planning@nt.gov.au

NOTES: POWER POLES, MANHOLES, SEPTIC TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS and other similar shaped objects are captured from Aerial Photography and have their locations confirmed from aerial survey techniques. These features are suitable as LOCAL SURVEY CONTROL. Their ground location is expected to be within +/-0.3m of their mapped location. DIAL BEFORE YOU DIG phone 1100 (freecall) or visit www.1100.com.au For water, sewer, and power information and connection requirements for developments contact Power and Water Corporation, Indigenous Community Development on 1800 245 092, and visit http://www.powerwater.com.au/business

This product is a compilation of data holdings from (but not restricted to) NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment, NT Dept of Housing, Local Government and Regional Services, Power and Water Corporation and Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this map, errors and omissions may occur. No Warranty is given concerning the accuracy of the information herein. Users should refer to the originating bodies or departments regarding the accuracy and currency of the data.

Topographic information: Land Information Division Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5331, FAX: (08) 8995 5366 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority: The Registrar Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority TEL: (08) 8999 4332 Email: enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au

Cadastral information: Office of the Surveyor-General Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5353, FAX: (08) 8995 5365 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

222 615 E

Planning information: Infrastructure Delivery Branch Indigenous Community Land Use Planning Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment Dept of Housing, Local Government, and Regional Services TEL: (08) 8995 5013, FAX: (08) 8995 5110 TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189 Email: ies.dhlgrs@nt.gov.au Email: planning@nt.gov.au

Locality Diagram

CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY :

29 May 2012

HORIZONTAL DATUM :

GDA94

SOURCE MAP SCALE :

855

VERTICAL DATUM :

AHD

ZONE UTM :

PROJECTION :

Transverse Mercator

28 July 2014

DATE GENERATED :

222 785 E

222 870 E

SERVICED LAND AVAILABILITY PROGRAM SLAP Map

Areyonga Utju

Power, Water or Sewer information: Remote Operations Planning Branch Power and Water Corporation TEL: (08) 8924 5094, FAX: (08) 8924 5360

Housing Infrastructure Information:

222 700 E

SOURCE INFORMATION CONTOUR INTERVAL :

MacDonnell Shire Council

N 0

100

Community ID:

-24°04'36"

132°16'30"

7 334 735 N

132°15'57"

7 334 735 N

-24°04'36" 222 020 E

DORAHV

LV LV

School

LV LV

LYDIA HV

W LV

Park

LV LV

Buffer

LL ES

Cu l LV

83 S

132

ion

146

lu s

Ex c

ral tuW

113

KULYPIRIYA

7 334 905 N

74 80

Water Storage Compound

Park

AREYONGA

School

133

Hall

LV W

EET STR

U RT

CO W

NT Por 1635

130

2 LV

84 85

131

STREET

91 LV

129

Church Sorry Area 145

LV W

121

123

Sewer Pump Station

Sewage Ponds approx 1km

LV S

LV LV

HV HV

DRIVE W

S S SS

HV LV

LV W

100

101

102

Alice Springs approx 210km

UTJU

LV W

Hermannsburg approx 85km

W LV

S HV

LV LV

LV S

W W

7 334 905 N

W LV

TAWARA

HV LV

W LV

70 3

134

122

LV LV

W S

60 59

7 334 990 N

HV LV

W W

Old Cemetery

KOSCHADE

HV LV

Art Gallery

HV LV

Council

126

LV LV

Visitor Accommodation

HV LV

LV LV

120

7 334 990 N

ep Ste

119

COURT

7 334 820 N

334N820 N 7 334 7820

MEREENIE WW

7 335 075 N

7 335 160 N

RESEARCH _ BOWER

HV LV

HV LV W

LV HV HV HV

HV HV

76 HV

HV HV

LV LV

HV HV

KURKU

NYTJIN

HV HV

ROAD

LV HV

132°15'57"

LEGEND

222 105 E

222 190 222E 190 E

7 334 650 N

222 190 E

222 275 222E 275 E

LEGEND LEGEND LEGEND

7 334 735 N

APPROX. APPROX. POSITION POSITION OF BUILDING APPROX. OF BUILDING constructed POSITION constructed OF since BUILDING date since of date constructed photography of photography since date of photography

132°15'57"

LAND EXCLUDED LAND EXCLUDED FROMLAND FROM DEVELOPMENT EXCLUDED DEVELOPMENT FROM DEVELOPMENT GENERAL GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS EXCLUSION/BUFFERS GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS

CADASTRE

Current Current

Current

Proposed Proposed

Proposed

Locality Locality

Locality

CULTURAL CULTURAL EXCLUSION EXCLUSION AREAS: CULTURAL AREAS: EXCLUSION AREAS: Unauthorised Unauthorised entry, works entry,Unauthorised on works or use on of or land use entry, of where works land there where on or there use of land where there LAND USE PLANNING: is a sacred is a sacred site is an site offence is an is aoffence under sacred the under site Northern isthe an Northern offence Territory under Territory the Northern Territory OF BUILDING constructed since date of photography Aboriginal Aboriginal SacredSacred Sites Act. Sites Aboriginal ForAct. conditions For Sacred conditions relating Sites Act. relating to For conditions to APPROX. POSITION relating to

works on works or use on of or land use of within works landawithin Cultural on orause Cultural Exclusion of land Exclusion within Area a Area Cultural Exclusion Area

123 123

ELECTRICITY LOW VOLTAGE

HIGHCADASTRE VOLTAGE HIGH VOLTAGE

HIGH VOLTAGE

Current

123

RETICULATION RETICULATION WATERWATER WATER RETICULATION 123 Proposed WATER MAIN LOCALITY

ww WATERWATER WATER RISING MAIN RISINGRISING MAIN MAIN UTILITY SERVICES

CULTURAL EXCLUSION AREAS: Unauthorised entry, works on or use of land where there

This advice This advice does not does negate not This negate the advice need the does for need consent notfornegate consent for entry, thefor need entry, for consent entry, is a sacred site is an offencefor under the Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act. For conditions relating to 650 N works,7 334 works, or use which or usemay which be works, may required be or use required under which the under may the be required under the works on or use of land within a Cultural Exclusion Area contact the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority (AAPA): Aboriginal Aboriginal Land Rights(NT) Land Rights(NT) Aboriginal Act (in the Act Land case (in the Rights(NT) ofcase Aboriginal of Aboriginal Act (in the case of Aboriginal email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au or phone 8999 4332.

LV LEGEND HV TOPOGRAPHY

ELECTRICITY SEWER SEWER LOW VOLTAGE

SEWER

HIGH VOLTAGE MAIN MAIN SEWERSEWER

HV SEWER MAIN

w ww

Road Sealed, Bridge Road Unsealed, Track

w ww

Footpath, Drain, Culvert Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid

S SS

SEWER MAIN

works, or use which may be required under the

SEWER RISING MAIN

Aboriginal Land Rights(NT) Act (in the case of Aboriginal

S SS

Pipeline:

S SS

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

132°15'57"

-24°04'36" 222 020 E

222 105 E

APPROX. POSITION OF BUILDING constructed since date of photography

123 123

Proposed LAND EXCLUDED FROM DEVELOPMENT GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS CULTURAL EXCLUSION AREAS: Unauthorised entry, works on or use of land where there

Locality

LOCALITY

UTILITY SERVICES ELECTRICITY LOW VOLTAGE

DIAL BEFORE YOU DIG phone 1100 (freecall) or visit www.1100.com.au For water, sewer, and power information and connection requirements for developments contact Power and Water Corporation, Indigenous Community Development on 1800 245 092, and visit http://www.powerwater.com.au/business

Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo

222 360 E

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment Land Information Division

Road Unsealed, Track

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation

Footpath, Drain, Culvert

Contour; Index, Intermediate

Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid

Contour; Depression Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5353, FAX: (08) 8995 5365 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority: The Registrar Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority

Planning information: Indigenous Community Land Use Planning

Power, Water or Sewer information: Remote Operations Planning Branch Power and Water Corporation TEL: (08) 8924 5094, FAX: (08) 8924 5360

Housing Infrastructure Information: Infrastructure Delivery Branch Dept of Housing, Local Government, and Regional Services

Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment Manhole, Manhole, Pylon,Pylon, Communication Manhole, Communication Pylon, Tower, Communication Tower, Bore. Tower, TEL: (08) 8995 5013, FAX: (08) 8995 5110 8999 4332 TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189 Bore. TEL: (08)Bore.

Manhole, Pylon, Communication Tower, Bore. Oval, Oval, Arena,Arena, Swimming Swimming Oval, Pool Arena, PoolSwimming Pool

Railway, Disused Railway

Cadastral information:

TEL: (08) 8995 5331, FAX: (08) 8995 5366 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

Tank; Tank; Tank; Water,Water, Elevated, Elevated, Non-Water, Water, Non-Water, Elevated, Silo SiloNon-Water, Silo

Pole; Power, General, Light Tailings Pond Sewage Ponds, Ponds, Tailings Tailings Pond Ponds, Pond Sewage Sewage

222 275 E

Topographic information:

Land Information Division of the Surveyor-General Pole; Power, Pole; Power, General, General, Pole; Light Power, Light General,Office Light Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment

Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this map, errors and omissions may occur. No Warranty is given concerning the accuracy of the information herein. Users should refer to the originating bodies or

departments regarding the accuracy and currency of the data. Flat; Mud Flat;Flat, MudClay/Saltpan, Flat, Clay/Saltpan, Flat; Mud STIFlat,STI Clay/Saltpan, STI

WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole

Road Sealed, Bridge

This product is a compilation of data holdings from (but not restricted to) NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment, NT Dept of Housing,

Swamp; Swamp Swamp Perennial, Perennial, Swamp Swamp Swamp Intermittent Perennial, Intermittent Swamp Intermittent Swamp; Swamp; Local Government and Regional Services, Power and Water Corporation and Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority.

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

222 190 E

Current

POWER POLES, MANHOLES, SEPTIC TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS and other similar shaped objects are captured from Aerial Photography and have their locations confirmed from aerial survey techniques. These features are suitable as LOCAL SURVEY CONTROL. Their ground location is expected to be within +/-0.3m of their mapped location.

Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

TOPOGRAPHY

CADASTRE

TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189, Email: planning@nt.gov.au

Government WaterBodies; WaterBodies; Reservoir, Reservoir, WaterBodies; WaterWater HoleReservoir, Hole Water Hole NOTES:

Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent Swamp; ShadeShade Structure, Structure, Incomplete Shade Incomplete Structure, Building Building Incomplete Building

LEGEND LAND USE PLANNING:

Indigenous Community Land Use Planning GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe NT Dept of Lands, Planning andIntermittent the Environment WaterBodies; WaterBodies; Perennial, Perennial, WaterBodies; Intermittent Intermittent Perennial,

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent Building, Building, Building-Shape Building-Shape Building, unconfirmed Building-Shape unconfirmed unconfirmed

Sewage Ponds, Tailings Pond Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool

General enquiries, corrections, errors and omissions: Watercourse; Watercourse; Perennial, Perennial, Watercourse; Intermittent, Intermittent, Perennial, Channel Channel Intermittent, orupdates, Canal or Canal Channel or Canal

Northern Territory

3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

Northern Territory

Government

Email:

enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au

Email:

planning@nt.gov.au

Email:

222 445 E

NOTES: POWER POLES, MANHOLES, SEPTIC TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS and other similar shaped objects are

222 445 E

NOTES: NOTES:

NOTES:

222 615 E

222 700 E

POWERPOWER POWER POLES, MANHOLES, This product POLES,POLES, MANHOLES, MANHOLES, This product is a compilation is a This compilation product of dataof isholdings data a compilation holdings from (but of from data not (but restricted holdings not restricted from to) NT (but to) Dept not NTofrestricted Dept Lands, of L SEPTICSEPTIC TANKS,TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS TOWERS/POSTS SEPTIC TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS Local Government Local Government and Local Regional andGovernment Regional Services, Services, and Power Regional Power and Water and Services, Corporation WaterPower Corporation and and Water Aborig and C and other andsimilar other shaped similar shaped objects and other objects aresimilar areshaped objects are SOURCE INFORMATION Locality Diagram every effort everyhas effort been hasmade been every to made effort ensure to has ensure the been accuracy the made accuracy to of ensure this of map, this theerrors map, accu Whilst Whilst Whilst captured captured captured from Aerial fromPhotography Aerial Photography and from Aerial and Photography and No Warranty No Warranty is given is concerning given No Warranty concerning theisaccuracy given the accuracy concerning of the information of the theinformation accuracy herein. ofherein. Users the informatio Users shoulds have their have locations their locations confirmed have confirmed from their locations from confirmed from CONTOUR INTERVAL : 29 May 2012 CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY : departments departments regarding regarding departments the accuracy the accuracy regarding and currency andthe curren acc of th aerial survey aerial techniques. survey techniques. aerial survey techniques. HORIZONTAL DATUM : GDA94 SOURCE MAP SCALE : 855 These features These features are suitable are These suitable as features as are suitable as ZONE UTM : VERTICAL DATUM : LOCALAHD LOCAL SURVEY SURVEY CONTROL. CONTROL. LOCAL TheirSURVEY ground Their ground CONTROL. Their ground53 Topographic Topographic information: information: Topographic information:Cadastral Cadastral information: information: Cadastral information:Po PROJECTION : Mercator 28 July 2014 DATE GENERATED : within +/-0.3m is expected is expected to be location within to be+/-0.3m within is expected +/-0.3m to be locationTransverse location Land Information Land Information DivisionDivision Land Information Division Office of Office the Surveyor-General of the Surveyor-General Office of the Surveyor-Ge Re of their of mapped their mapped location. location. of their mapped location. Dept ofDept Lands, of Lands, Planning Planning and Dept theof and Environment Lands, the Environment Planning and theofEnvironment Dept Dept Lands, of Lands, Planning Planning and Dept theof and Environment Lands, the Environme Planning Po 8995 8995FAX: 5331, (08) FAX: 8995 (08) 8995 5366 8995 5331, 5366 FAX:TEL: (08) (08) 8995 5366 TEL: (08) TEL: (08)5331, TEL: (08) TEL: (08)5353, TEL: (08) 8995 8995FAX: 5353, (08) FAX: 8995 (08) 8995 5365 8995 5353, 5365 FAX TE DIAL BEFORE DIAL BEFORE YOU DIG YOU phone DIAL DIGBEFORE 1100 phone(freecall) 1100 YOU(freecall) DIG phone 1100 (freecall) landinfo@nt.gov.au landinfo@nt.gov.au Email: Email: Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au Email: Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au landinfo@nt.gov.au Email: landinfo@nt.go or visit www.1100.com.au or visit www.1100.com.au or visit www.1100.com.au ForNwater, Forsewer, water, and sewer, power and Forinformation power water, information sewer, and power information Ho Aboriginal Aboriginal Areas Protection Areas Protection Aboriginal Authority: Authority: Areas Protection Authority: Planning Planning information: information: Planning information: and connection and connection requirements requirements and for connection for requirements for Inf The Registrar The Registrar The Registrar Indigenous Indigenous Community Community Land Indigenous Use Land Planning Use Community Planning L 0 20 40 developments developments contactcontact Power developments and Power Water and60 contact Water Power80and Water 100 De Aboriginal Aboriginal Areas Protection Areas Protection Aboriginal Authority Authority Areas ProtectionDept Authority ofDept Lands, of Lands, Planning Planning and Dept theof and Environment Lands, the Environme Planning Corporation, Corporation, Indigenous Indigenous Community Corporation, Community Indigenous Community TE 8999 8999 4332 TEL: (08) TEL: (08)4332 TEL: (08) 8999 4332 8999 8999FAX: 1300, (08) FAX: 8999 (08) 8999 7189 8999 1300, 7189 FA TEL: (08) TEL: (08)1300, TEL: (08) Development Development on 1800on245 1800 Development 092, 245 and 092, visitand on 1800 visit 245 092, and visit Em Email: Email: Email: enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au Email: Email: planning@nt.gov.au planning@nt.gov.au Email: planning@nt.g http://www.powerwater.com.au/business http://www.powerwater.com.au/business http://www.powerwater.com.au/business

Land Information Division

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation

General General enquiries, enquiries, General corrections, enquiries, corrections, updates, corrections, updates, errors errors update and Indigenous Indigenous Community Indigenous Community Land Community Land UseUse Planning Land Planning Use Planni NT Dept NT Dept of Lands, ofNT Lands, Dept Planning of Planning Lands, andand Planning the Environment the Environment and the Env

Government Government Government 222 530 E

Top Top ofTop Bank, of Bank, Bottom Bottom of Bank, ofofBank, Bank, Cliff Bottom Cliff of Bank, Cliff

75 Contour; Index, Intermediate Oil, Water, Oil,Pipeline: Water, Undetermined Undetermined Oil, Water, Undetermined Pipeline: Pipeline: Contour; Depression Gas, Sewage Gas, Sewage Gas, Sewage

Northern Northern Territory Territory Northern Territory TEL:TEL: (08)(08) 89998999 TEL: 1300, (08) 1300, FAX: 8999 FAX: (08) 1300, (08) 89998999 FAX: 7189, (08) 7189, Email: 8999 Email: plan 718

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark Taxiway, Taxiway, ApronApron Taxiway, Apron

Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed Shade Structure, Incomplete Building

land), or another statute.

NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA C TERRITORY NORTHERN NORTHERN TERRITORY NORTHERN OF AUSTRALIA OFTERRITORY AUSTRALIA OFC AUSTRALIA

3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip Taxiway, Apron

SEWER

This advice does not negate the need for consent for entry,

222 445 E

222 360 E

Aerodrome Aerodrome Tarmac, Tarmac, Landing Aerodrome Landing StripTarmac, Strip Landing Strip

Railway, Disused Railway LV

WATER RETICULATION

SS SEWERSEWER SEWER RISING RISING MAIN MAIN MAIN w WATERRISING MAIN WATER RISING MAIN

http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

Contour; Contour; Depression Depression Contour; Depression

222 275 E

3rd Floor 3rdNAB Floor House, NAB House, Darwin 3rd Floor Darwin NAB House, Darwin GPO Box GPO 1680 BoxDarwin 1680 Darwin NTGPO 0801 NT Box 0801 1680 Darwin NT 0801

Contour; Contour; Index,Index, Intermediate Contour; Intermediate Index, Intermediate

Wall, Gate, Wall, Gate, Fence,Fence, Cattle Wall,Cattle Grid Gate,Grid Fence, Cattle Grid Railway, Railway, Disused Disused Railway Railway, Railway Disused Railway

ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY

Locality

Land Information Land Information DivisionDivision Land Information Division

Mine; Mine; Quarry, Quarry, Surface Surface Mine; Excavation Quarry, Excavation Surface Excavation

LOCALITY Footpath, Footpath, Drain,Drain, Culvert Footpath, Culvert Drain, Culvert 222 190 E

222 445 222E 445 E

222 360 E

AVAILABLE AVAILABLE FROM FROM AND PRODUCED AVAILABLE AND PRODUCED FROM BY: AND BY: PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Dept Lands, Planning Planning andDept theand Environment Lands, the Environment Planning and the Environment

Buffer

High Water High Water Mark, Mark, LowHigh Water Low Water Water Mark Mark, MarkLow Water Mark

123 Road Road Unsealed, Unsealed, Track Road TrackUnsealed, Track

LOCALITY LOCALITY

LOW VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE

WATERWATER MAIN MAIN

LAND EXCLUDED FROM DEVELOPMENT contactcontact the Aboriginal the Aboriginal Areas contact Protection Areas theProtection Aboriginal Authority Authority Areas (AAPA): Protection (AAPA): Authority (AAPA): GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au or phone or 8999 phone4332. 8999 4332. or phone 8999 4332.

value

222 360 222E 360 E

TOPOGRAPHY TOPOGRAPHYTOPOGRAPHY Sealed, Sealed, BridgeBridge Road Sealed, Bridge 123 Road Road

123 123

UTILITY SERVICES SERVICES UTILITY UTILITY SERVICES 222 105 E

-24°04'36" 222 020 E

land), orland), another or another statute.statute. land), or another statute.

CADASTRE CADASTRE

222 275 E

DESIGN

222 105 222E 105 E

LAND USE LAND PLANNING: USE PLANNING: LAND USE PLANNING:

SERV

APPENDIX

132°15'57"

-24°04'36" -24°04'36" -24°04'36" 222 020 222E 020 E 222 020 E

LV W

LV HV

LV W HV

RESEARCH

LV LV

7 334 820 N

INTRODUCTION

HV HV

ET S

STRE

LV W

W LV

LL ES

LV W LV

ET LV

STRE

LV W

W LV

Buffer

Water Stor

132

LV HV

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

7 334 735 N

LV LV W LV W

Cu l value

LV HV

Health Centre S

ROAD

LV LV W

LL ES

Cu l 83

DORAHV

ROAD

Park

LV LV

School

LYDIA HV

146

LV LV

NYTJIN

Buffe

LV LV

ral tuW

KURKU

ion

s cl u

113

AREYONGA

School

KULYPIRIYA

7 334 650 N

W HV

Park

NT Por 1635

2 LV

Hall

W LV

LV W

S S

133

S S S

W W

KULYPIRIYA

91 LV

131 LV HV

U RT

129

Sewer Pump Station

LV W HV

STREET

W W

STREET

121

334N650 N 7 334 7650

LV LV

123

Sewage Ponds approx 1km

LV LV

130

Church Sorry Area

Alice Springs approx 210km

Hermannsburg approx 85km

LV LV

LV W

145

HV LV

LV W

W LV W

COURT W LV

TAWARA

LV LV

LV LV LV

COURT W LV

TAWARA

LV W

W W

7 334 905 N

LV LV

HV HV

W LV HV

DRIVE

100

101

102

UTJU

Health Centre S

122

Buffe

146

W W SS

7 334 820 N

HV LV

HV S

ion

Old Cemetery Park

134

ROAD S

School LV

DORAHV

ral tuW

lu s

Ex c

LV LV

LYDIA HV

LV LV

Visitor Accommodation

LV LV

113

KOSCHADE

value Bu

ep Ste

Park

126

HV W

AREYONGA

value value

HV LV

64 W

133

HV LV

U RT

School

HV LV

CO W

NT Por 1635

Council

LV LV

Art Gallery

HV LV

130

Hall

49 50

HV LV

eep St

120

129 LV

119

Sewer Pump Station

Sewage Ponds approx 1km

ep Ste

121

7 334 990 N

Too

Church Sorry Area

66 84 85

131

Alice Springs approx 210km

123

Too

LV LV

HV W

SS S

118

HV HV

100

101

102

Hermannsburg approx 85km

DRIVE

SS SS

7 334 905 N

HV LV

UTJU

7 334 735 N

S HV

S S

LV W

145

HV LV

LV HV

334N735 N 7 334 7735

Art Gallery

W LV

122

LV S

134

HV W

LV LV

HV LV

KOSCHADE

HV LV

58 LV

HV LV

Old Cemetery

Council

HV LV

126

HV LV

Visitor Accommodation

LV LV LV

49 50

LV LV

120 LV

62 S

7 334 990 N

7 335 075 N

Bore No.1 RN 52 (Disused) S

119

eep St

Too

CONTENT

118

ies.dhlgrs@nt.gov.au

222 530 E

222 615 E

222 700 E

SOURCE INFORMATION CONTOUR INTERVAL :

CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY :

Locality Diagram 29 May 2012

HORIZONTAL DATUM :

GDA94

VERTICAL DATUM :

AHD

ZONE UTM :

PROJECTION :

Transverse Mercator

DATE GENERATED :

28 July 2014

SOURCE MAP SCALE :

855

222 785 E

SERVICED LAND AVA SLAP

Arey

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Community Profile Amoonguna Community Profile

Amoonguna 15-20km south-east of Alice Springs Current population of around 275 people Languages Spoken English the second or third lanThe community of isAmoonguna is located just outside guage in Areyonga with the major language being Arthe and Alice Springs Municipality within the Rodinga Ward rernte Warlpiri

of MacDonnell Regional Council. The residents are

Alice Springs Amoonguna Areyonga

Amoonguna Community Profile

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Established in 1963 as a Government reserve, to provide mostly Eastern and Central Arrernte speakers. accommodation for Aboriginal people in close proximity to the town (Alice Springs).

Amoonguna is 21km from Alice Springs and just off the Ross Highway. All of Amoongunaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s access and internal Sources: http://macdonnell.nt.gov.au/communities/amoonguna roads are sealed, however during heavy and consistent rainfall however, the nearby Todd River can flood and the community may be cut off for a short period. Connected to Alice Springs electricity and water supply

Established in 1963 as a Government reserve, to provide accommodation for Aboriginal people in close proximity to Alice Springs. Connected to Alice Springs electricity and water supply Mobile Reception: Good within 20kms of Alice Springs. Best reception is Telstra 3G Key Building/s: • Health Centre • School

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Main Languages: Arrernte and Warlpiri Minor Language: English

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Current population: ~275 residents

DESIGN

21km south-east of Alice Springs

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Community Profile Amoonguna Community Profile 390 550 E

390 764 E

390 978 E

391 192 E

391 406 E

391 620 E

391 834 E

392 048 E

392 262 E

392 476 E

392 690 E

-23°45'26" 133°56'51"

133°55'31"

-23°45'26"

DRIVE

Ross Highway approx 1.2 km

GUM

189

7 372 086 N

WHITE

7 372 086 N

SS SS SS

7 371 872 N

Rubbish Dump SS SS

187

SS SS

7 371 658 N

7 371 658 N SS SS SS

180

Council Workshop

Housing Office

Softball 61

NT Por 461

162

Office

LV S

AMOONGUNA

W LV

Orchard

56 W

157

GUM

163

68 1

118

Park W

HV HV

PINE

ET 88

School

100

LV HV

7 371 016 N

S W

7 371 016 N

156

S W

ROAD

101

TR E E

GUM

102

BE A N

161

103

104

STREE

STREET

NEILBUSH

DAR

119

117

116

115

114 LV

120 S

179

122

123

113

7 371 230 N

74 121

124

TR E

125

112

126

STRE

127

STREE

128

W HV

W LV

72 W

MULGA LV

W HV

183

184

70 S

7 371 230 N

182

185 EET

SS S

STR LV

RED 69

135

WATT L

Park GU

Health Centre

134

Park 59

164

132

188

E DRIV LV

165

133

Arts & Crafts

Oval

166

138

167

7 371 444 N

181

B.C.

WHIT

7 371 444 N

NT Por 771 HALE 67

97 W

90 LV

96 S

LV S

W W

NT Por 4418

S W

95 HV

P.S.

7 370 802 N

-23°46'15"

390 550 E

390 764 E

390 978 E

391 192 E

391 406 E

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment Land Information Division

LEGEND LAND USE PLANNING: APPROX. POSITION OF BUILDING constructed since date of photography

TOPOGRAPHY

CADASTRE Current

123 123

Proposed LAND EXCLUDED FROM DEVELOPMENT GENERAL EXCLUSION/BUFFERS CULTURAL EXCLUSION AREAS: Unauthorised entry, works on or use of land where there is a sacred site is an offence under the Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act. For conditions relating to works on or use of land within a Cultural Exclusion Area contact the Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority (AAPA): email enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au or phone 8999 4332. This advice does not negate the need for consent for entry, works, or use which may be required under the Aboriginal Land Rights(NT) Act (in the case of Aboriginal land), or another statute.

NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Locality

LOCALITY

UTILITY SERVICES ELECTRICITY LOW VOLTAGE

HIGH VOLTAGE

WATER MAIN

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

Road Unsealed, Track

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation Contour; Index, Intermediate Contour; Depression Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

Taxiway, Apron

WATER RETICULATION WATER RISING MAIN

Road Sealed, Bridge

Footpath, Drain, Culvert Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid Railway, Disused Railway

w ww

Pipeline:

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

S SS

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole Swamp; Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent

SEWER SEWER MAIN SEWER RISING MAIN

Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed

Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

Shade Structure, Incomplete Building

Pole; Power, General, Light

Sewage Ponds, Tailings Pond

Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo

Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool

Manhole, Pylon, Communication Tower, Bore.

3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

Northern Territory

Government

391 620 E

391 834 E

392 262 E

SOURCE INFORMATION

General enquiries, corrections, updates, errors and omissions: Indigenous Community Land Use Planning

Locality Diagram

NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment

CONTOUR INTERVAL :

TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189, Email: planning@nt.gov.au

HORIZONTAL DATUM :

GDA94

VERTICAL DATUM :

AHD

ZONE UTM :

PROJECTION :

Transverse Mercator

DATE GENERATED :

29 October 2013

392 048 E

Topographic information: Land Information Division Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5331, FAX: (08) 8995 5366 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

Cadastral information: Office of the Surveyor-General Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5353, FAX: (08) 8995 5365 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority: The Registrar Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority TEL: (08) 8999 4332 Email: enquiries.aapa@nt.gov.au

Housing Infrastructure Information: Planning information: Infrastructure Delivery Branch Indigenous Community Land Use Planning Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment Dept of Housing, Local Government, and Regional Services TEL: (08) 8995 5013, FAX: (08) 8995 5110 TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189 Email: ies.dhlgrs@nt.gov.au Email: planning@nt.gov.au

Power, Water or Sewer information: Remote Operations Planning Branch Power and Water Corporation TEL: (08) 8924 5094, FAX: (08) 8924 5360

26 Apr 2010

CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY : SOURCE MAP SCALE :

2142

392 690 E

SERVICED LAND AVAILABILITY PROGRAM SLAP Map

Amoonguna MacDonnell Shire Council

N 0

392 476 E

120

160

200

Community ID:

-23°46'15"

133°56'51"

133°55'31"

7 370 802 N

132

V SS

Council Workshop

133°55'31"

TR E

W W

RISING MAIN

390 978 E

S SS

Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed

WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole

Shade Structure, Incomplete Building

Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

391 192 E

Pole; Power, General, Light

Road Unsealed, Track

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation

Footpath, Drain, Culvert

Contour; Index, Intermediate

Northern Territory

Government

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Communication Tower, Bore. Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment Land Information Division 3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

Manhole, Pylon,

Road Sealed, Bridge

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip 391 620 E

391 834 Watercourse; E

392 048 E

have their locations confirmed from aerial survey techniques. These features are suitable as LOCAL SURVEY CONTROL. Their ground Locality Diagram location is expected to be within +/-0.3m of their mapped location.

WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole

SOURCE INFORMATION

Swamp; Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent

NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed SS

CONTOUR INTERVAL :Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189,Shade Email:Structure, planning@nt.gov.au Incomplete Building

HORIZONTAL DATUM :

GDA94

SOURCE MAP SCALE :

VERTICAL DATUM :

AHD

ZONE UTM :

DATE GENERATED :

29 October 2013

Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent

PROJECTION :

This product is a compilation of data holdings from (but not restricted to) NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment, NT Dept of Housing, Local Government and Regional Services, Power and Water Corporation Aboriginal Areas Protection Oval, and Arena, Swimming Pool Authority. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this map, errors and omissions may occur. No Warranty is given concerning the accuracy of the information herein. Users should refer to the originating bodies or departments regarding the accuracy and currency of the data.

26 Apr 2010

CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY :

Pole; Power, General, Light

Sewage Ponds, Tailings Pond

Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo Transverse Mercator

2142

Manhole, Pylon, Communication Tower, Bore.

DIAL BEFORE YOU DIG phone 1100 (freecall) or visit www.1100.com.au For water, sewer, and power information

391 620 E and connection requirements for

developments contact Power and Water Corporation, Indigenous Community Development on 1800 245 092, and visit http://www.powerwater.com.au/business

Cadastral information: Office of the Surveyor-General Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment TEL: (08) 8995 5353, FAX: (08) 8995 5365 Email: landinfo@nt.gov.au

Power, Water or Sewer information: Remote Operations Planning Branch Power and Water Corporation TEL: (08) 8924 5094, FAX: (08) 8924 5360

Housing Infrastructure Information:

information: 391 834Planning E

Infrastructure Delivery Branch Indigenous Community Land Use Planning Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment Dept of Housing, Local Government, and Regional Services TEL: (08) 8995 5013, FAX: (08) 8995 5110 TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189 Email: ies.dhlgrs@nt.gov.au Email: planning@nt.gov.au

N 0

392 048 E

SOURCE INFORMATION

General enquiries, corrections, updates, errors and omissions: Indigenous Community Land Use Planning CONTOUR INTERVAL :

CURRENCY OF TOPOGRAPHY :

26 Apr 2010

TEL: (08) 8999 1300, FAX: (08) 8999 7189, Email: planning@nt.gov.au

HORIZONTAL DATUM :

GDA94

SOURCE MAP SCALE :

2142

VERTICAL DATUM :

AHD

ZONE UTM :

PROJECTION :

Transverse Mercator

DATE GENERATED :

29 October 2013

Cadastral information:

Power, Water or Sewer information:

120 392 262 E

Locality Diagram

NT Dept of Lands, Planning and the Environment

NOTES:

POWER POLES, MANHOLES, SEPTIC TANKS, TOWERS/POSTS and other similar shaped objects are 392 262 captured from Aerial Photography and

Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

160

200

DESIGN

LV HV

NOTES:

APPENDIX

Contour; Depression

Taxiway, Apron w Oil, Water, Undetermined Pipeline: ww Gas, Sewage General enquiries, corrections, updates, errors and omissions:

391 406 E

Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo

Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool

TOPOGRAPHY

P.S.

Swamp; Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent

TR E

HV HV

S W LV

W LV

HV SEWER

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

HV LV

133°55'31"

HV LV

RESEARCH

LV W S

W LV

Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip

Railway, Disused Railway

S S

W LV

ET STRE

W LV

NOTES:

Topographic information:

WATT L

133°55'31"

WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

Government

Contour; Depression

Pipeline:

Indigenous Community Land Use Planning

SEWER RISING MAIN

Government

Manhole, Pylon, Communication Tower, Bore.

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

Top of Bank, Bottom of Bank, Cliff

Contour; Depression

sed Railway

armac, Landing Strip

ence, Cattle Grid

MAIN

Northern Territory

Flat; Mud Flat, Clay/Saltpan, STI

Northern Territory

LOW VOLTAGE 391 406 E HIGH VOLTAGE

Pole; Power, General, Light 391 406 E Tank; Water, Elevated, Non-Water, Silo

Contour; Index, Intermediate

Mine; Quarry, Surface Excavation

High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

ed, Track

, Bridge

WATER RISING MAIN

Contour; Index, Intermediate

ain, Culvert

Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool Surface Excavation Mine; Quarry,

Footpath, Drain, Culvert

Taxiway, Apron LV

391 192 E

Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid

w ww

Railway, Disused Railway

HV MAIN WATER

P.S. NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment Land Information Division 3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

LEGEND

Oval, Arena, Swimming Pool

ELECTRICITY

W WATER RETICULATION

Swamp; Swamp Perennial, Swamp Intermittent Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed Shade Structure, Incomplete Building 391 192 E Sewage Ponds, Tailings Pond

S SS

Tailings Pond Sewage Ponds,High Water Mark, Low Water Mark

Road Unsealed, Track

SEWER RISING MAIN

390 978 E

Wall, Gate, Fence, Cattle Grid

WaterBodies; Reservoir, Water Hole

SEWER SEWER MAIN

original

Shade Structure, Incomplete Building

Road Sealed, Bridge

123

LOCALITY

WaterBodies; Perennial, Intermittent

AVAILABLE FROM AND PRODUCED BY: HV WATER RISING Dept Lands, Planning and the Environment Land Information Division SEWER 3rd Floor NAB House, Darwin GPO Box 1680 Darwin NT 0801 SEWER MAIN http://www.nt.gov.au/dlpe

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

Watercourse; Perennial, Intermittent, Channel or Canal

Pipeline:

TOPOGRAPHY

LOCALITY

Oil, Water, Undetermined Gas, Sewage

Building, Building-Shape unconfirmed

Aerodrome Tarmac, Landing Strip Taxiway, Apron

LV HV

w ww

S SS

LEGEND

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RESEARCH _ BOWER

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Amoonguna

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Cultural Context Reading Reflection of The Dreaming • • •

The Dreaming

A Reading Reflection of The Dreaming by W.E.H Stanner

W.E.H. Stanner, The Dreaming The Dreaming is the key to understand the spiritual world of Australian Aborigines. 1979, Whiteman Got No Dreaming: Essays 1938-1973, Australian National University Press, Canberra

The Dreaming is one of the most important part of Aboriginal culture. Understand the Dreaming is the first step to understand their cultural values, their vision of the world and their way of living. The Dreaming As Stanner quoted: “White man got no dreaming”. It is hard to understand what the Dreaming really is, for people from other cultural background. In my understanding, the Dreaming is a period of time that involves all the ancient stories, it includes the creation of land and their spiritual ancestors. However this Dream time is still happening, it is infinite and links the past with the present to determine the future. It is the natural world, especially the land or county to which a person belongs, which provides the link between the people and The Dreaming is the spirit of Aboriginal culture. “Onenesses” The idea of oneness is important in Aboriginal culture. They see things as an unitary of different system. The

RESEARCH _ BOWER

There is a strong sense of family attachment in their culture. A few generation will be living together in the family. It is inappropriate to apply the nuclear family housing from industrial society direct into Aboriginal society. There should be another type of housing that is appropriate to the big families. I guess other housing model of Asia Pacific Indigenous housing including the shared courtyard housing, and circular rammed earth dwelling may even be more appropriate to their housing needs.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

In my eyes, I see the Aboriginal society as a society of peace. There no great conflicts over power, everyone seems comparatively equal in the society. There is the notion of generously equivalent return and fair dealing. They see life as one possibility of things, times as recurring cycles or circle. In order to work with the Aborigines, the first thing is to respect their culture and work with their culture. Many of their traditional culture has been lost over the last century. The Dreaming as treasure from the ancestors, it makes them who they are. I believe their culture should be continuously pass on through generation. I think the problem now is to work with the modern technology and material, preserve their culture, spirits and way of living.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Society of kinship â&#x20AC;&#x153;Aboriginal society is a society of kinshipâ&#x20AC;?. The Aboriginal tribe is usually consists a few bands, the band is usually a group of brothers with their families. There is always a complex kinship relationship within the society, this will determines who marries who, ceremonial relationships, funeral roles and behavior patterns with other kin.

Philosophy of Life The Aboriginal way of living also affect their philosophy of life. They build little, stay nowhere long, and no physical mark on the environment. They neither dominate the nature nor seek to change it. The fairly constant environment left them with an unprogressive material culture.

DESIGN

Dreaming can also be seen as a unitary system of man, society and nature, and past, present and future. It is also an absolute validity in answer to all questions of why and how. The Dreaming determines not only what life is but also what it can be. The idea of oneness also applies to individual person, mind spirit and body, name spirit and shadow are him. Moreover, it seems that man society and nature, and past, present and future can all be seen as a unitary system.

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT Cultural Context Cultural Values

Family - The extended family is important. It includes blood relations and non-related individuals.

Cultural Values

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Kinship - “It is a complex system that determines how people relate to each other and their roles, responsibilities and obligations in relation to one another, ceremonial business and land. The kinship system determines who marries who, ceremonial relationships, funeral roles and behavior patterns with other kin.” This system is based on land that people come from. Obviously this has been disrupted by displacement of aboriginal people from their land but it has been adapted and there are some things to be aware of like avoidance relationships that may exist in the community. Equality & Leadership - each person is respected with the ‘right’ to be an equal. Traditionally Aboriginal cultures did not have the hierarchical structure that Europeans work with. Decisions are made together and work is approached collaboratively. There is not one single leader that has a voice for all. Different community members will rise to a task dependent on the skills or knowledge required. There is often a variety of optinions in a community. Making community decisions takes time and knowing who to consult and how can be difficult.

Time Orientation - Aboriginal people often focus on the past and present rather than on the future. With the attitude of ‘live for today’, and not for tomorrow. Time in terms of the clock is flexible. Arranging times with Aboriginal communities is more likely to succeed if it is in relation to another event. For example; I will see you after breakfast or after you take the kids to school. Person Orientation - human relationships and interactions are valued. Material gain may have little or no interest.

Belonging - to your people, your land and your ‘rights’ are of utmost importance. Identity - Aboriginal culture is difficult to grasp and package partly because there are so many groups and languages that all relate to the land and the land in so diverse in Australia. It is important to remember that there are some similarities between Aboriginal groups but there are many differences. The Dreaming - The Dreaming is infinite and links the past with the present to determine the future. It is the natural world, especially the land or county to which a person belongs, which provides the link between the people and The Dreaming.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

Sharing - is seen as part of Aboriginal peoples responsibility, it is an honour.

RESEARCH

Land - is ingrained in Aboriginal culture and is central to their spirituality and wellbeing. Traditionally stewardship of family land is taught at an early age. In Listen to the People, Listen to the Land the sensitivity to and connection with land in Aboriginal culture is explored “In order to keep country alive, you have to experience it, you have to get the feeling for it, and when you get the feeling for it and you are reading the country, you can help to keep it alive.”

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Ownership - is a shared experience.

Respect - for ones positions and responsibilities in all areas. When we are visiting communities we need to show respect for their way of living. Traditionally confrontation is avoided as a way to show respect so be sensitive to this

DESIGN

Men’s and Women’s Business - Certain customs and practices are performed by men and women separately.

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Engagement How to Engage and Communicate with Aboriginal Communities

In order to prepare for the visit to Amoonguna and Areyonga, the research gives a basic understanding of Aboriginal culture and suggest ways to engage with the local community.

Engagement

How to Engage and Communicate with Aboriginal Communities By Rebecca Warren, Lina Xu, Nicky McNamara

RESEARCH _ BOWER

The most important respect is to understand that Aboriginal people has a cultural value with different way of living, and we should be aware of their culture and respect the culture.

On site arrival - greetings an introductions When organising activities involve the whole community

Welcome Sausage sizzle to encourage family atmosphere

Music

CONTENT DESIGN

Sport - take football, outdoor cricket set?, frisbee, nerf ball

APPENDIX

Rapport Building

Family, Spirituality and Land are important to all Aboriginal people. They are potentially good ice breaker topics, especially family as this is something everyone can relate to. Remember it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to be immediate family for example you might want to talk about how your young nephew has just started school or how he has joined the junior footy team etc.

INTRODUCTION

Active preparation - establishing expectations. Familiarise yourself with the area you are working in and plan activities.

RESEARCH

Pre-arrival consultation - establishing expectations

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Engagement How to Engage and Communicate with Aboriginal Communities

Do’s and Dont’s

RESEARCH _ BOWER

• Respect Aboriginal culture, protocols and ways of doing things. • Make contact with elders and community leaders first, and ask for guidance as required. For example protocols, appropriate dress, how you should approach people in their communities etc • Keep a harmonious atmosphere. Music can be an ice breaker to assist in breaking down communicational barriers. • In writing use capital letter for Aboriginal and Indigenous to show respect. • Where possible have men speak with men and women speak with women. This is most preferrable, especially in situations where you are unknown to the community. • When introducing yourself it is ok to offer your hand for a handshake. However, don’t be offended if it is not reciprocated. • Avoid using the colonial term Indigenous as it is too generalised (refers to both the Aboriginal people and Torres Islanders). It is ok to use the term Aboriginal, however, keep its usage to a minimum. • If you are having trouble understanding someone do not continually ask them to repeat themselves, especially in a large group. To do so could embarass and shame them.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

• Respect the use of silence and don’t mistake it for misunderstanding a topic or issue. Facial expressions and gestures may also be used to respond to your question e.g. when asking the question “how many children do you have” their response might be to hold up three fingers. • Referring to an Elder or leader as Aunty or Uncle may not be appropriate for an outsider. Address elders by their title e.g. Mr and Mrs. • Eye contact can be offensive to some Aboriginal people. • Beware of pre-conceived attitudes and prejudice. Do not pre-judge a person based on clothing, mannerisms, confidence or their verbal communication. • Never mention to an Aboriginal person that they don’t look Aboriginal or ask them how much Aboriginal is in them. • Don’t mimic Aboriginal speech patterns or attempt to speak Aboriginal English as a way of encouraging an Aboriginal person to be more open. • Aboriginal people refer to each other by their boundary (state) name. Central NT Aboriginal communities are referred to as Anangu. Only use this term if you have obtained prior consent from the community as it may be inappropriate to use. • Always wait your turn to speak

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Engagement How to Engage and Communicate with Aboriginal Communities

Consultation and Engagement

1. One person should introduce Bower Studio, show a couple of past projects briefly and explain what this project is and what we will be doing. Make them aware we appreciate the opportunity to visit the community and look forward to working together. Do we need to acknowledge the land on which we are meeting and its original custodians? â&#x20AC;&#x153;I would like to acknowledge the original custodians, the Bundjalung people, on whose land we are meeting today. I would also like to pay my respects to Elders past and present, and welcome all Aboriginal people here with us today.â&#x20AC;? (Working with Aboriginal People and Communities, p. 14) 2. Then we should Introduce ourselves individually by name, role and thing that we most look forward to about this project. Introductions should be brief and project related, not academic/work history. 3. Assuming that if we are not already on site we will then travel to site and talk with the community members involved in the training program. 4. We may then make a work plan with them and introduce them to the construction instructions. The work plan will involve identifying how existing skills can be utilised and where team members would like to improve skills. Knowledge exchange should be maximised in this process.

RESEARCH _ BOWER

2. The site should act as a pop up space while the structure is being constructed with an information booklet, space to sit, talk, play and eat. Having people in the space early is a way to involve them in the process. 3. Some handy tools for engagement activities are; Spray chalk, stencils, local rocks, Synthetic turf/mat to sit on, the card model and material to make other elements, white board, paper and textas and kids activities.

5. Once some key ideas have been recorded we might start to draw up a few options. We might then display them in a public place and ask the community to vote by putting a sticker on their preferred option. 6. Another way to test ideas is to prototype the ideas and test them on the site with the community. That way everyone can visualise how the space or design will work in its context and the difference between options. It also helps to engage the community with the project and the space. The site should be used as much as possible for project related meetings unless we are utlising existing community meetings for consultation.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

1. Llew and Naomi have designed a cubby house for kids. Materials for this will be sourced when we arrive in Alice Springs and the cubby should be erected with the help of the kids in the community as soon as possible after arrival and introductions. Be aware of school times. They have also made a colouring in activity that the kids can draw what they would like to paint on the cubby.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Below are some suggested consultation and engagement activities. They are only suggestions and others are welcome.

4. One way to start consulting the community is to have a meeting and brainstorm ideas. Get community members to form groups and draw their ideas then present them to the rest of the group. If there are any community groups like a football club, a youth group, school or a craft group it can be good to tie the consultation into a regular meeting so that members do not need to go out of their way to attend a meeting and we can be aware of different stakeholders that we are engaging.

DESIGN

How do we find out what the community issues are and what they might want or need in addition to the structure?

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT

Engagement How to Engage and Communicate with Aboriginal Communities What do we wear and how do we behave? Dress in a humble fashion to avoid any intimidation Avoid any flashy gadgets Use your instinct and sensitivity to determine if your behavior is appropriate.

Conduct and Courtesy

W.E.H. Stanner mentions in ‘The Dreaming and Other Essays’ that it is rude to ask an Indigenous person what their name is; a persons name is viewed as an intimate body part. According to the NDA, greeting people with a handshake is something that is encouraged. This may not always be reciprocated, however there is more chance of offending a community member if you do not offer a handshake. According to the NDA, “eye contact can be offensive to some Aboriginal people”. Something to be aware of whilst engaging with community members

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Language Avoiding technical jargon and talking in simple, layman’s terms to ensure that everyone always feels included and able to contribute. Visual Communication Visual communication is a great tool for cross cultural communication. Using perspective drawings and physical models wherever possible - often 3D visualisation is a lot easier to grasp than 2D architectural diagrams.

Respect If you see or hear something that you do not agree with be mindful that you are in a different cultural context and that you can not speak out the way that you might when you are at home. Traditionally confrontation is avoided as a way to show respect so be sensitive to this when sharing opinions. Also be aware that if one community member agrees with another they may be doing so to avoid confrontation or conflict but not actually agree.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

How will we adapt accordingly?

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

“Some Aboriginal people may not have adequate literacy and/or numeracy skills. If you suspect that this is the case, be sensitive and adapt information accordingly.” (NDA, p.16)

Listening Ask open questions or multiple questions that might help to generate more information. Sharing stories is important so even if the information you are recieving is different to the original topic, keep listening. Because Aboriginal culture is based on keeping relationships information you recieve may only be part of the picture. If you present more of a closed question you are more likely to get the answer that they think you want to hear or that is the most agreeable. Be aware that many Aboriginal people say ‘yes’ when they actually mean ‘no’.

DESIGN

How do we communicate?

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

This section identifies a board range housing related issue that is associated with health, income, education, politics and others. This research shows the current Indigenous housing design does not involve a proper consultation process with the users. It is obvious that the current European nuclear housing does not fit into the Aboriginal way of living that associate with large family and outdoor living.

APPENDIX

Jobs and Homes An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

RESEARCH

1.2 Indigenous Housing Issues

1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE Jobs and Homes Reading Reflection

• • • •

Jobs and Homes Noel Pearson

Noel Pearson, Jobs and Homes, The Quest for a Radical Centre, 2007 The men of the Fifth World, New Atlantis Full Documentaries < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRBMdS4t36c> The Dreamtime - Documentary <https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=aKQDoVguoIk>

Social Chaos Pearson started this article by questioning “Are inadequate housing and overcrowding the cause of the social chaos and abuse in my hometown[Aboriginal communities]?” He thinks there is no necessary causal connection overcrowded housing and abuse, as many of the poor people are strong in family life and social rich. He thinks that main source abuse is grogs and drugs. In 2007, the government introduced alcohol and pornography restriction to the Aboriginal people in Northern Territory. This has not fix the problem of social chaos, and the Aborigines see this restriction as inequity and racism. In my opinion, the social chaos and abuse is a compound problem. This problem may caused by low income, poor education, health problem, overcrowded housing and many other reason. I guess the Australian media may have exaggerated the problem of child abuse, as there is already a strict traditional ruling system exist in the Aboriginal com-

RESEARCH _ BOWER

I agree with Pearson of moving house ownership to individual families, however this seems difficult to achieve, as most of the houses are owned by Land Trust in Aboriginal community. Individual house will help the house to be better maintained and last for longer, and also give a sense of belonging to the families both physically and mentally. I think method of hand up instead of handout would give more opportunity and respect to the local people. The method of hand up means the government may provide materials, tools and training to the local people, and the local people could construct their house by their own. For the government, the hand up will reduce the amount of investment

In my opinion, job is the fundamental thing for all the other problems including social chaos and houses. The social welfare is not always a positive thing, it can also be damaging. It pushes people off from jobs. On the other hand, the low employment rate is also the problem with culture, language, business development, housing, health, education and many other problem. In order to solve the problem, it is to provide more job opportunities, provide tanning program to prepare appropriate skills for work, and provide more social benefit from taking jobs. In a long term goal, it is provide appropriate education for the next generation, and provide the students with skills for their future career.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Jobs In the last section, Pearson believes that â&#x20AC;&#x153;jobs - not welfare - are the only way out of povertyâ&#x20AC;?. The government and other organizations are trying to support and encourage indigenous people into a life of training and work. Pearson introduces the three steps to encourage people get into jobs. Firstly, make job opportunity attractive. Secondly, introduce stronger measures to push a person off welfare into a job opportunity. Lastly, introduce safeguard against welfare reversion.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Homes Later on, Pearson focused on the problem of overcrowding, short life of social housing in Indigenous families. In order to deal with the problem of short housing life, he came up with the solution of moving home ownership into individual families. Therefore the community members would be able to obtain a long-term relationship with welfare housing, the responsibility will move passivity to a more active responsibility. He also encourages the government give hand up instead of handout.

into welfare housing. For the families, it gives the flexibility and responsibility to individual family.

DESIGN

munities, and this ruling system works much more effective to the Aborigines than the government law. (The men of the Fifth World)

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research Reading Reflection & summary â&#x20AC;˘

Staphen Long, Paul Memmott and Tim Seelig, An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute

Reflection

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

RESEARCH _ BOWER

The An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research provides an comprehensive overview to Australian Indigenous housing based on housing literature from the 1970s to 2006. Indigenous housing exists within a complex set of broader environmental relationships. A broad range of issues has been discussed in the report. Throughout the report, I think the main issue with Aboriginal housing is that the western housing model does not suited to the Aboriginal culture and Aboriginal way of life. It does not fit to the web of social relations and obligations Indigenous kinship groups possess. The housing necessitated a settled way of life. Previously Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been taking a course of Indigenous Architecture in South Pacific. The key thing about Indigenous architecture is that it always responses to the local climate, local use of material and specific cultural and historical issues. However in the reality, it seems that it is more fundamental to provide them with economically low cost shelter and provide the Aborigines a healthy place. It is to get Indigenous people to occupy forms of shelter which we think would be appropriate to them.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

On the other hand, I think the research through Aboriginal architecture raises a question about contemporary architecture. Does architecture always need to be permanent? architecture relationship need to be solid? The ‘enclosed’ nature of much of the space in the housing separated people from the environment and paid no recognition to the needs of Indigenous people to relate to their environment. The forms of shelter were also often unsuited to the regions in which they were built.

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research Reading Reflection & summary 1970s - 1990s Aboriginal housing problem in the 1970s-1990s focused mostly Aboriginal housing and its linked to health, education and employment , as well as government policy and capacity, limited design types, discrimination in rental housing sectors, and the lack of suitable land tenure.

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

RESEARCH _ BOWER

•1967 Saini: Fluctuating Household Size He identified the issue of fluctuating household size due to visitation of extended family, and formulated the need for experimental low-cost basic shelters for mobile traditionally orientated groups. •1979 Heppell: Identified Housing as fundamental issue ...without housing, other conventional support systems such as education, health, and employment could have little impact. •1979 Heppell (1979:3): How Aboriginal people housed themselves in camps It is in camps that Indigenous people experience the freedom to define socio-spatial relationships, and the freedom to self-construct living environments that support preferred patterns of domiciliary behaviour.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

•1980s Ross: Quantitative Approach, One-off Design and Portfolio of Diverse Type approach of providing one or only a few housing design types to a large community with minimal consultation on the assumption that one or two sizes will fit all. ...‘one-off designs’ for individual clients, repetitive use of a one-off design, generic design approach (extendable and generative systems), use of a portfolio of a limited number of types, and a large portfolio of diverse types. (Ross 1987:2,167-171; Memmott 1989:141).

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

•1980s Sander: differences of Aboriginal housing policy to mainstream housing policy. Sanders (1993:221) argued that the backlog of unmet housing need had stabilized in the sense that a significant demand gap was keeping constantly ahead of supply.

•1980s Mommott: Housing and Health Many groups of Aborigines suffer high levels of physical and mental stress which appear to be causally linked (either directly or indirectly) to their domiciliary environments. Stress-related factors include lack of protection from the weather, living in squalor, crowding, alcoholism, domestic violence, widespread ill-health, insecurity arising from the temporariness of living circumstances – the threat of forced eviction or migration by authorities. (Memmott 1988:34.)

DESIGN

•Heppell (1979:3): provide ‘decent housing’ for different Aboriginal groups in Australia Why are so many remote Aborigines leaving government and mission settlements to set up small homeland centres away from European influence? One of the most unfortunate aspects of Aboriginal housing policy in Australia is that there is very little information either to support or to refute statements of the kind made by the Senate Select Committee. •Aboriginal domiciliary behaviour and related housing needs: 1.How Aborigines perceive and order their environment; 2.How they organise their camps and the spatial areas within a camp; 3.How a camp supports those social institutions which operate within it; 4.The ways in which a group changes its social institutions to adapt to the changed circumstances of a housing scheme; and 5.The stresses experienced by individuals and families during the transition period of adaptation to a house. (1979:3.)

APPENDIX

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1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research Reading Reflection & summary 2000-2006

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

â&#x20AC;˘Lack of research in Indigenous self built environment The failure to engage with Indigenous camps and self-built architecture represents a significant omission from the post-2000 literature. In camps Indigenous people create their own environments (self-built), maintain architectural traditions, and maintain and enact customary domiciliary behaviour. It seems that such environments are discounted or disregarded by much housing research as they are viewed as substandard or inadequate. â&#x20AC;˘Housing and health Improvised dwellings are inadequate dwellings and in most cases do not meet the standards required to support healthy living practices. There is a strong correlation between inadequate housing and poor health outcomes. (AIHW 2005b:6.)

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CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

•Environmental Relationship provide a definition of housing that includes the physical environment of the house, external spaces and community structures as well as the social and cultural environment. The built environment describes a system that encompasses all aspects of the physical environment, including the social, cultural and environmental attributes of places. (Lee & Morris 2005a:1.)

•Vision of Home Customary houses or shelters were not a ‘home’ in the Western sense of being a permanent structure for physical protection against climate and other physical hazards, to which is also attached personal decorations, colours and symbols...For Aboriginal people, memories and experiences were associated with campsites and other places in the landscape, not with specific shelters which were too many, too similar and too impermanent to provide such a wealth of stable links with the past. (Memmott 2000:33.)

DESIGN

•Jardine-Orr: housing as a process rather than simply a product “…the design of individual houses was often of less significance than the method used to implement the housing program.” Jardine-Orr also views housing as a process rather than simply a product, one “which includes the construction, materials management, the maintenance, housing management and other activities associated with Indigenous housing” (Jardine-Orr 2005).

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research Reading Reflection & summary Indigenous Housing Issue

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

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Occupation and Use •External orientated behaviour External orientation of behaviour, including the design of ‘outdoor rooms’ for socialising and cooking. This allows them to: maintain close contact with activities occurring throughout the camp, benefit from breeze and sun, use traditional campfire cooking methods, gather informally in large groups, supervise playing children, engage in activities such as painting or carving, sleep in comfort under a shade structure or next to a fire and accommodate visitors. •Surveillance Visual surveillance of the sky and ground increased Warlpiri people’s sense of security in their environment, and was vital to their ability to predict or analyse social and climatic conditions. •Kinship and the occupation of housing specific type of socio-spatial behaviour is customary avoidance behaviour that involves “culturally prescribed rules governing behavioural relations among kin…” (Fantin 2003b:73). •Privacy Explore the relationship between smell, privacy and domiciliary behaviour.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Domiciliary composition, household size and composition •Domiciliary composition Indigenous housing must be designed in response to preferred Indigenous household compositions or types 1.the yupukarra - a residential unit of husband, wife or wives, children and visiting relative, 2.jilimi -single women’s camps, and 3.jangkayi - single men’s camps. •Household size mainstream house designs were not appropriate for Indigenous household sizes and compositions •Overcrowding overcrowding occurs where there is ‘over’ occupation of dwellings, that is, where the dwelling size is not appropriate for the household size (AIHW 2003:13). •Mobility kinship and social interaction is the great driving force of Indigenous mobility; kinship triggers mobility and it supports mobility. implications of mobility for housing services and housing design. such as an increase in the numbers of bedrooms and appropriately sized verandahs and living rooms.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

•Transformation of dwellings and personalisation easily modified, adjusted, relocated and maintained. The housing does not provide environments that totally satisfy patterns of behaviour or preferred lifestyles. Transform built environments to suit patterns of behaviour.

DESIGN

•Hearth-based activity The northern, warm, sunny sides of houses, together with windbreaks and external fires, became the focus of these activities. •Cooking Activity external cooking activities, internal or kitchen based cooking, as well as the interaction and relationship between internal and external cooking activities (Memmott et al 2000:99; 2003:32; Musharbash 2003; Scally 2003). •Daily cycle of social life the people who sleep in a house may not necessarily be the same people who occupy that house throughout the day. •Sharing behaviour sharing of accommodation and household goods and resources with kin/visitors •Seasonal domiciliary behaviour Adjusting the physical properties of camps in response to climatic conditions •Indigenous domiciliary behaviour and western housing typologies lack of fit between Indigenous domiciliary behaviour and western housing typologies •Reconstruction of customary lifestyle the reconstruction was to describe traditional architecture within the context of the associated traditional lifestyle. (Memmott 2000:15.)

APPENDIX

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1.2 INDIGENOUS HOUSING ISSUE

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research Reading Reflection & summary Design of Housing

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Response to culturally specific domiciliary behaviour •externally orientated behaviour. •accommodate Indigenous domiciliary groups and household types and compositions •accommodate fluctuating and large household sizes •accommodate visitors including consideration of overflow spaces •adequate size for large and complex households •Design informed by kinship associated domiciliary behaviour •Design and the impacts of sharing behaviour •responses to the Indigenous use of a space for multiple and changing functions •Indigenous concepts of privacy in houses •accommodate customary hearth-based activity •accommodate preferred internal and external cooking activities •responses to contemporary Indigenous sleeping groups and preferred sleeping locations •accommodate preferences for visual surveillance and non-verbal communication •Consideration of the appropriate location of toilets including for nocturnal use •implications of mortuary practices

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Design and housing as process design to facilitate the maintenance of Indigenous culture. “Traditionally, the dwellings of Aboriginal peoples were built with materials on hand and evolved with their way of life. Today, most houses in Aboriginal communities are dwellings designed for an urban, non-Aboriginal culture, built with industrially produced materials often transported form afar” (CIER 2005:1).

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Design portfolio approach explore variations in site and variations in the user requirements of the different cultural groups within the region, include designs for different building orientations, the suitability of prototypes to a range of household types and compositions.

DESIGN

•Resolving contradictions between culturally specific requirements and technical design guidelines •Appropriate visual appearance of houses •climatically appropriate design •include power supply, water supply, rainwater tanks, hot water systems, sewage systems, plumbing requirements, insulation, floor detailing and cleaning issues, wall and roof details, doors and windows minimising damage to locks and latches on doors, storage in kitchens, ponding in yard spaces and below house, insect and pest management, car, boat and equipment storage, safety and security, fire safety. •Healthy Living include : washing people, washing clothes and bedding, removing waste safely, reducing crowding, reduce negative contact between people and animals, insects and vermin, reducing dust, controlling the temperature of the living environment

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

The argument over Aboriginal Architecture is a highly contested activity. This research looks several case studies of Aboriginal Architecture in relation to media, public perception and political context, form and material and design process. The transitional housing is also a case study of a failed model of Aboriginal housing, this study helps to learn from the failure and improve the housing model in the future. As I understand Aboriginal architecture is not about primitive symbolism or simply extrude painting into architecture, it is to involve Aboriginal people in the whole design and construction process.

APPENDIX

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Form and Material Design Process Transitional Housing

RESEARCH

1.3 Case Studies

1.3 CASE STUDIES

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Marika Alderton House

Marika Alderton House is a house designed by Glenn Murcutt. It is a nice piece of architecture which deserves praise. However with the media public publicity, as well as the advertisement form the steel company, this house has become a beautiful model of Aboriginal housing, and a gesture of reconciliation. The architecture has gone far beyond the control of the architects and clients. Client: Marmburra Marika (Aboriginal woman) Mark Alderton (non-Aboriginal husband)

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Marika Alderton Houses

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Claim: “Blueprint for future Aboriginal housing” “Traditional Aboriginal shelter” “Bridge between cultures” “touch the earth lightly”

43 CONTENT

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Media people screened out of the photographs. The electricity poles, wires, and houses next door have been made to disappear through a combination of digital erasure, cropping, camera angles, and exposure.

APPENDIX

Aboriginal people other than the clients are posed in many of the photographs. Joyful naked children sit on the steps and edges of the house, and others are gathered on the floor watching television. An Aboriginal painting and a large gourdlike container is moved about from photo to photo as signifiers of Aboriginality

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

Selectively composed & â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;choreographedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; photographs

1.3 CASE STUDIES

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Marika Alderton House Media Publicity

“It has long be clear that the meaning of any work of architecture is strongly dependent on the manner in which it is framed in words, drawings and photographs in the architectural media” (Dovey 2000).

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“The authentic tradition appears to have been constructed out of Western desire, reinforced by the various interests laced through the architectural media”. (Dovey 2000).

A film of Murcutt’s work entitled Touch the Earth lightly was made by BHP and shown on the TV in 1994. The advertising shows the white architect with arm held gesture of serving the Aboriginal woman and her baby, with bay in the background. “The BHP sponsorship of an “Aboriginal” house was a form of counter-publicity, an investment in some potent symbolic capital.” (Dovey 2000) “The house has become a gesture of reconciliation, and a model for a steel solution to problems of Aboriginal housing, it has become a form of ‘symbolic capital’ which circulate through the BHP film.” (Dovey 2000)

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

In Tedi, Papua New Guinea, BHP were at that time engaged in a long-running legal dispute with the indigenous population over massive environmental damage caused by mining operations, with hundreds of millions of dollars at stake. In 1993, BHP posted the unfinished in the BHP promotion magazine. As far as BHP were concerned, the unfinished building already spoke a language with some currency.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

During construction a large mining company, BHP steel was approached for support.

DESIGN

Constructing Symbolic Capital

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.3 CASE STUDIES

Media/Public Perception and Political Context Marika Alderton House Uluru Kata-Tjuta Cultural Centre, Greg Burgess, 1995

Form and Material

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Connection to land to select materials and form The rammed red earth of the cultural centre makes sense in terms of connecting to landscape and sustainable practice of using locally sourced materials. It possibly didn’t need to look so organic in finish. However at the end of the day if the forms and materials all have a connection to the story of the people and the place does it matter what it looks like?

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Discussion Between the community sharing the story of the snakes and the final design the architect interprets and designs in their style. Is it right for an architect to represent this story in their style? If there has been a good process to design with this is it more legitimate?

There was deliberately a distance left between the car park and the building so that the visitor can experience the landscape on the journey towards the building. The landscape was designed so that it was close to the existing

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Story telling abstracted to achieve form The story of the two snakes comes from the Anangu and they are happy for that story to be told through the form of the buildings.

The Anangu wanted the visitors to slow down and feel the landscape so Burgess used curvilinear walls in the building.

DESIGN

Greg Burgess has been designing with an organic “natural” aesthetic for a long time. Lisa Findley describes the process of engagement that Greg Burgess undertook. She does not put forward a strong view but seems approving of the process.

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES

Form and Material Uluru Cultural Centre Uluru Kata-Tjuta Cultural Centre, Greg Burgess, 1995

condition, appeared barely designed and used natural found material to form path edges. Sustainability as connection to indigenous culture The rammed earth is a sustainable material choice as it is locally sourced and transport of materials to remote locations is not. The timber posts here are sourced from NSW. The posts are roughly cut and joined in a primitive style as a way to connect to the temporary nature of Aboriginal shelters in the past and the lack of importance or permanence placed on structures by Indigenous people. This approach references the historic way of building but does not consider how Indigenous people would build or design in a contemporary context.

RESEARCH _ BOWER

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The need for a cultural centre at Uluru is a contemporary need. It is designed for the visitor to gain knowledge and understanding of Anangu culture as a way to promote and preserve culture. It is mutually beneficial but not designed to be used by Anangu people. FIndley talks about the failure of the building as an object of cultural exchange and Kim Dovey says that â&#x20AC;&#x153;Much of the frustration about how life has not improved for the Anangu people has been transferred onto the building. Architecture has failed again to solve social problems.â&#x20AC;? Would the Anangu want a cultural exchange with all of the minga? They wanted to share some culture with the tourists as a way to gain respect for their land and their people. Many Anangu think it has been a success in this way.

DESIGN

Program

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES Form and Material

William Barak Building, ARM 2015

Using symbols or icons as representation of Indigenous culture has been very controversial in the case of the Barak building partly because the building does not function to serve Indigenous people and there has not been a thorough process of consultation or engagement. Howard Raggatt said that ARMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention was only to make Indigenous culture visible in Melbourne city. This has been a controversial gesture given the terrible condition of Indigenous housing, social issues and welfare. Unlike the other case studies this building has only tried to address public perception and not other avenues of making Aboriginal architecture.

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Media/Public Perception and Political Context “The question of whether it meets the formal expectations for an architecture of liberation has to be preceded by whether the building embodies forms of liberating practice. And I would maintain that it does. Yet such an approach remains problematic. Like the Marika/ Alderton house, the Brambuk centre has become part of a discourse which is not of the architect’s making -enmeshed in the romance of the bark hut, prompted by the timber industry and used as a signature building for cultural tourism. And the approaches of both Murcutt and Burgess are subject to political imperatives in the quest to represent Aboriginality and place it on public display within a framework of reconciliation.” Kim Dovey Dovey’s view is that even if there is a strong process and the design is resposive to the needs and interests of the people it is designed for, the public are looking for an image of reconciliation and they will exploit architecture to fill that gap. Should architects try to represent Aboriginal culture? Or should they avoid it? No material or technique is culturally neutral.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

“For the Aboriginal people involved, it is their building; concieved, fought for, designed, constructed, inhabited and managed. They see the architect’s work as but one element of its success.”

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Greg Burgess has been designing with an organic “natural” aesthetic for a long time. Kevin O’Brien talks about Brumbuk by Burgess being claimed as Aboriginal Architecture so in a way Aboriginal people are exploiting his architectural style as their own.

DESIGN

Brambuk Cultural Centre, Greg Burgess, 1990

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES

Design Process Uluru Cultural Centre

Form and Material Uluru Kata-Tjuta Cultural Centre Greg Burgess: â&#x20AC;&#x153; Architecture is a social art and one has to be faithful to that. While buildings are static, they can have a charged energy for the body and the psyche, rather than just to the eye and mind. An intellectual understanding is not really the purpose of architecture. It bypasses the intellect, like a poem, to get to the heart and the body.â&#x20AC;?

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Map of Ancestors’ locations

• A series of women’s meetings decide the exact location The elder women said: “We need a place to teach minga about the Anangu way. A place where they can see the landscape and hear about Tjukurpa and see that this land belongs to Anangu.” building gathered around the dead oak. • Aboriginal dot painting shows stories and spatial idea Women elders discussing the Cultural Centre

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

• First meeting around an aerial map Telling stories about the place, and marked map. Reveal extraodinary nature of the place no tourist can see.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

• Earn the respect Getting to know the Anangu, and the land, becoming part of the daily scene of the community and gradually being respected and trusted to work closely with them was a fundamental first step.” (Burgess 1997) Burgess talked and worked with the men elders, and Peters met with the women elders.

DESIGN

Engagement

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES

Design Process Uluru Cultural Centre

Top: Early diagram of the project Left top: Painting shows ancestors location and stories Left top: Painting shows spatial arrangement around the dead oak

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• Rough paper model help the local understanding the design Rough site plan

• seek for Anangu technologies and experience with building • Material & Detail: adobe mud bricks locally made, termite-resistant Australian hardwood from distance, visible connection Result Hybrid between some unknown, mysterious building sensibility and known pragmatic ones

Sketch model

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

• Early sketches form the Anangu painting

RESEARCH

• oak as function centre

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

• Begin with important points

DESIGN

Design

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES

Transitional Housing Student Led Seminar Reflection on Transitional Housing

Transitional Housing

Presentation by Llewellyn Vardon McLeod, Mitchell Gow, Matt Eagle

The transitional housing model is not a successful model for Aboriginal housing, mainly because of the un fit between housing, poorly designed living environment and insufficient funding. I understand the intention of moving Aboriginal people into mainstream housing is valid, however this process should be happened gradually and naturally through time with proper teaching in how to use the house, rather than a quick stage to stage process. However I think it is worth to revisit this model for future housing, as some of the point that was made in the transitional housing model is still valid for today. The stage to stage designed housing has incorporated some of the Aboriginal living culture and behavior into housing design through research, eg. open living space and connection with outdoor. As Memmott said:â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architects need to accelerate their research effort to document and evaluate their housing solutions, continued studies of domiciliary lifestyle, investigate aspects of Aboriginal phenomenology of objects, link their research to models of cultural change, examine the potential application of findings at regional levels, educate young practitioners (esp. Aboriginal ones) and encourage them to participate in this specialised field.â&#x20AC;?

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What is Transitional Housing

STAGE 2 - 19594 rooms Kitchen, Laundry, Bathroom and Septic ToiletElectricity and Running water STAGE 3 - 1961Fully Equiped 2 or 3 bedroom houseSimilar to commission housing of the time.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

STAGE 1 - 19573 rooms and a verandahWood burning stove insideCame in 1,2 or 3 bedroom models

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

“The new Aboriginal housing policy endorsed the construction of transitional housing settlements that would ‘teach’ Aborigines how to ‘behave’ like Anglo-Australians before being placed into mainstream Australian communities”

DESIGN

What is Transitional Housing?

APPENDIX

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1.3 CASE STUDIES

Transitional Housing Student Led Seminar Assimilation or Assistance?

Transitional Housing

by Llewellyn Vardon McLeod, Mitchell Gow, Matt Eagle

“Theoretically, the assimilation doctrine demanded that Aboriginal people reject their traditional lifestyle. Some welfare workers upheld this idea and only administered their support to Aboriginal people who adopted Anglo-living standards. However, other welfare workers interpreted assimilationist rhetoric in a more integrational sense. The more tolerant welfare workers believed that the government assimilation policies were designed to improve the material lives of Aborigines and to provide them with equal access to social services” (Manning, 2004: 207) “The policy of assimilation means that all Aborigines and part-Aborigines are expected eventually to attain the same manner of living as other Australians and to live as members of a single Australian community enjoying the same rights and privileges, accepting the same responsibilities, observing the same customs and influenced by the same beliefs as other Australians” (Heppell, 1978: 8) “Equally with education, housing provides that medium uplift without which assimilation could never materialize” (Heppell, 1978: 1)

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“The aboriginal housing problem is measured by the visual horror of people living in humpies”(Memmott,1988)

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

“The Government failed to recognise that traditional Aboriginal family structures often involved large numbers of children and extended family kin networks. As a result, many assimilation programs were inadequate to meet the needs of Aboriginal families. The inability and reluctance of many Aboriginal people to live as nuclear family units led to much resentment between themselves and government authorities” (Manning, 2004: 197)

RESEARCH

“Aboriginal groups have survived in Australia for at least 40 000 years without substantial forms of housing. To suggest that they have managed this without family stability and self-respect stretches credibility” (Heppell, 1978:46)

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

“Many Aboriginal families are living in tin shacks, humpies and in some places tents and caravans. The new policies of the Department,… could mean over the next few years the Aboriginal housing problem could be greatly overcome” (Heppell, 1978: 1)

“Gough Whitlam was a victim of this mentality when in 1971 he promised that, if elected to office, he would house all Aborigines in 10 year. Many people still assume that if sufficient politicians agree that sufficient dollars spent to build sufficient houses to replace all the humpies, then the problem would be solved.”

DESIGN

Perceived problem:

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.3 CASE STUDIES

Transitional Housing Student Led Seminar

Kingstrand house

Transitional House in Areyonga

• • •

• •

10o hotter than a outside 13o hotter than a humpy Uncomfortably cold in winter

RESEARCH _ BOWER

open to the environment cooking inside

DESIGN

“Despite strong and well informed local Aboriginal objections to the design, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs decided to ignore the Aborigines and support the European, and provided funds for this project”

APPENDIX

Howroyd House

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.3 CASE STUDIES

Transitional Housing Student Led Seminar Why didn’t it work?

Why transitional housing didn’t work

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• • • •

It wasn’t needed Insufficient consultation European housing didn’t fit Loss of control

• •

Most of the housing was unpleasant to live Funds made available for Aboriginal housing in each State and Territory were quite insufficient to make a staged approach feasible

Household units were traditionally housed separately Social obligations and restrictions Kinship obligations and responsibilities dictated dwelling arrangements A death in a group resulted in physical relocation Movement and reorganistation needed to happen based on changing circumstances.

“doing something about Indigenous housing seems important to non-Indigenous Australians as a symbol of the national self. It is supposed to demonstrate to the world and to ourselves that the nation cares about its Indigenous minority. The symbol of neglect, the humpy, is to be replaced by the symbol of assistance, the newly-built house”

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Whats now

“It would be wrong, however, to suggest that the Indigenous tradition of housing in Australia is not still alive and of great relevance to the present. Indigenous people’s lifestyles and shelters have, to a very significant degree, become Europeanised, but there are still important differences in the way Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians value, use and relate to housing. The Indigenous tradition is alive and well, even if substantially changed. It has not been totally subsumed or overrun by the non-Indigenous tradition and this needs to be constantly recalled” (Sanders, 2000: 238)

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

“They therefore exist in a twilight world, being neither conventional nor traditional”

DESIGN

What now?

APPENDIX

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

RESEARCH _ BOWER

The construction instruction gives the detail of how the Bower Studio Shade structure in remote communities, and how to pass on this knowledge to the local workforce through the form of a booklet. This manual has been used as an example to produce the construction manual for the design project.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

The limitation in material, resources, labour and transportation is one of the biggest challenge in remote location construction. This research explore a feasibility of construction and technology in remote area through analysing the associated cost, constrain and risks, and therefore promote the use of local material and labour.

APPENDIX

Remote Area Construction and Labour Construction Instruction

RESEARCH

1.4 Construction & Technology

1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY Remote Area Construction and Labour

Reflection This research on remote area construction and labour gives me an understanding of the associated constrains, costs and possibilities with remote area construction.

Remote Area Construction and Labour Presentation by Emma Crea, Anastasia Sklavakis, Rebecca Warren,

Construction in remote community always involves very high cost due to the high transportation cost and limited tools and labour. Through the research founding as well as the given the experience working and building in remote communities, it seems that the best way to construct in remote area is to encourage the use local material and workforce, and engage community into the design and build process.

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• • • • • •

• • • • •

INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

•

Use robust, locally sourced materials (MacIntyre, 2007) Use sound construction methods to limit damage and the need for future repairs If feasible build small-scale manufacturing facilities to provide communities with other locally derived materials e.g. cement (MacIntyre, 2007) Establish a decision making team with defined roles (Kennedy, 2004) Recycle and reuse materials if possible (Kennedy, 2007) Promote natural traditional building techniques that are known to work in the area (Kennedy, 2004) If possible carry out post-occupancy evaluations (POEs). Use this information to refine future designs Start off with small scale projects, these will act as prototypes

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

•

• •

DESIGN

• •

Utilise local knowledge and experience (Kennedy, 2007) Promote a non-hierarchical working framework Establish training programs so that locals can learn trades e.g. carpentry and masonry (MacIntyre, 2007) Consult with locals from remote communities to best address their needs. Ideally, this should be ongoing (Swagel, 2014) Consult organisations such as Centre for Appropriate Technology (Swagel, 2014) Encourage community participation promote ownership Provide on-going support and training for locals (CAT) Establish partnerships with other communities/ organisations to reduce costs and minimise delays (MacIntrye, 2007) Ensure post-occupancy evaluation are undertaken Establish a multi-disciplinary research team. They will be responsible for assessing the existing site conditions, problem solving and decision making Whilst more economical, avoid building repetition especially for housing. People should be able to identify with buildings they use “every building should be unique; no two families are alike, so why should their habitation be alike?” (Kennedy, 2007, p50)

APPENDIX

Ideal Practice •

67 CONTENT

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY Remote Area Construction and Labour

Material Cost • • • • •

Macroeconomic Forces

Transportation Cost • •

•

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64-80% cost increase in construction in the Northern Territory since 2003, with an additional 5% for remote areas. Cost of construction = labour (40-60%) + materials (50%) + other (10%) Cost increases (2001-2007): Steel (200%), PVC, Copper, Timber, Cement (30%), Concrete There is often a need to adapt design to reduce costs. EG. Big shady re-engineered to reduce steel. This would have implications on material & transport costs.

Transport costs make up a reasonable % of overall construction cost. This is compounded in remote areas. The impact of higher transport costs is especially felt in the Central Australian region where all building materials have to be freighted to Alice Springs by road or railway before they are shipped out to remote areas. Fuel prices higher in Alice Springs & remote areas

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Labour Cost • Reluctance of trades and skilled labour to work in remote communities results in lack of competition. This leads to an increase in labour costs. • Remoteness can lead to accomodation costs • Smaller workforce lead to increase in construction time • Engaging community-based workers is encouraged and even prescribed in some government-funded construction contracts. This can however lead to other costs. EG. Providing food as an incentive (Yash, CAT)

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Fuel prices affect other costs in remote construction, such as running building machinery and the supporting equipment of the builders’ camps and compounds in communities.

DESIGN

•

APPENDIX

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY Remote Area Construction and Labour

Skills shortage: • Of the 96 registered builders in Alice Springs in 2007, only 8-9 are working in remote communities regularly • Retention of labour force difficult in Alice Springs due to isolated location and associated lifestyle.

Capacity Restraints

Coordination: • Many difficulties associated with coordinating trades where long travel distances are involved • Communication: Communication between stakeholders & workforce becomes difficult. Quality of work: • Skills shortages lead to some quality assurance problems EG. The foundations in Areyonga were rocky and required heavy machinery to dig through. If the community did not own a jackhammer, work would have slowed down drastically. This reflects on the increased need for good communication between workforce and community prior to arrival.

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“More people need to be trained in their own community, a slow process but it would save in the long run, …{instead of } paying extra to contractors to go out bush, this money could be earned in the community.” (Builder employed by an ICHO)

•

Capacity building of local workforce creates the opportunity for maintenance to be carried out by locals. This reduces running costs.

•

Training locals outside of communities is recommended (Yash, CAT) to avoid delays caused by cultural obligations.

Pros: • Reduce risk associated with transport, on-site labour, coordination and project management as well as other unpredictable factors. • Allows for scheduling to best fit with seasons and other local factors. For example, prefab houses that can be built in 5-7 days on site. • Increases quality assurance. Cons: • Economy of scale can render prefabrication an unviable option • E.g. Quantity surveyors argue that the NT construction industry is not large enough to achieve sufficient economies of scale to make a dramatic difference in cost. • Doesn’t transfer skills to communities

CONTENT

•

Growing interest in exploring the advantages and opportunities prefabrication methods may offer in terms of cost, quantity and quality issues in remote housing Prefabrication technologies include the prefabrication of entire transportable homes to smaller modules and‘kits’ for on-site assembly.

INTRODUCTION

A local workforce and locally sourced materials, parts and equipment is essential in reducing the transport costs of people, services and volumes of goods.

RESEARCH

•

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Prefabrication:

DESIGN

Local Workforce:

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY Remote Area Construction and Labour

Distance: • Isolation and long transport distances effect all other logistical issues, increasing normal risks. Therefore unforeseen events (e.g. forgetting a tool), can have substantial consequences.

Associated Risks

Unpredictability of equipment: • As the condition and safety of equipment is often unknown, timelines can be affected. • Therefore, builders prefer to transport their own equipment, further increasing transport costs. • Builders have to be thoroughly familiar with local conditions in order to manage these uncertainties. • EG. Drill bit broke in Amoonguna resulting in the need for adaptation. In Amoonguna there was • access to welding equipment; in Areyonga there was not. Splaying of columns was implemented. Road conditions: • Longer travel time, with consequences for productivity and wages; they also cause • Substantial wear and tear on vehicles, equipment & materials.

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CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Cultural Obligations: • Other unpredictable events can cause these delays. For example, ceremonial or ‘sorry business’ can close down a community or a road for a while; community employed staff turnover is generally large – and the availability of local workforce is inconsistent.

DESIGN

Climate: • Unpredictable weather conditions effects work rhythm and can lead to delays. E.g. Extreme heat & heavy rain can have significant effects on progress and scheduling • EG. The high winds in Areyonga had implications for the completion of the roofing sheets. Furthermore, the high winds meant more workers were needed to lift the staples into place. In remote areas, extra workers are not necessarily an option.

APPENDIX

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY Construction Instruction

Construction Instruction

Presentation by Rebecca Warren, Lina Xu, Nicky McNamara, Emma Crea, Anastasia Sklavakis, Naomi Clarke,

This research gives an instruction of how to make a user friendly construction instruction It include a framework of how to set up the construction an examples of construction instructions of the Bower shade structure. This manual gives the detail of how to assemble the shade structure on site. It is important to understand the audience as Indigenous local workers and provide a simple and clear booklet for the audience. However given the experience of using this manual on site, I found many of the detail may various according to the site and material condition especially in remote communities with limited material and labour. As I observed, the instruction manual is more used as an reference on the site with detail measurement, the local workers prefer an oral instruction and real demonstration rather than reading a booklet. Providing experience working in the community, I found it is important to go on site and build together with the local workers as a engage and learn process, rather than merely passing the instruction booklet to the local community.

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• • • •

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

• •

Safety Instructions: Do’s and Don’ts Materials, tools and quantities Labor, time, abilities/difficulty Approximate costs Overall photo or axonometric with labeling Plans for setout and general arrangement Background info on design If there are multiple options make separate booklets Video with diagrams and text on side of screen with step by step instructions. This should be an extra to accompany a booklet and in the case where video cannot be viewed a booklet should stand alone Contents page Close up details where required. Use coloured axonometrics Photos to show overall construction process Balance of visual and photos, with minimal text. Where using text make lists or bullet points Written measurements on drawings as much as possible and not embedded in the text Numbering system of steps and photos or materials or drawings. Be consistent.

DESIGN

How to make a good construction instruction

• • • • • • • • •

APPENDIX

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Construction Instruction Bower Shade Structure Contents Safety Recommendations Material Checklist Tool Checklist Task 1

Timber Frame Task 2

Footings Task 3

Columns Task 4

Reinforcing Bars

Construction Instruction Manual

Task 5

Assembling Staples Task 6

Erecting Staples Task 7

Concrete Footings Task 7A

Remove Props Task 8

Y-Frame Preparation Task 9

Y-Frame Assembly Task 10

Steel Brackets Task 11

Scaffolding Task 12

Attaching Y-Frames Task 13

Attaching Roof Purlins Task 14

Attaching Roof Sheets Task 15

Remove Scaffolding

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Safety Recommendations Safety Boots

Ear Protection

Material Checklist Gloves (optional)

INTRODUCTION

Eye protection

2 x 8000mm (l), 125mm square hollow section (SHS)

Hard Hat

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2 x 6000mm (l), 250 C purlin 2 x 4600mm (l), 250C purlin 2 x 3000mm (l), 250C purlin 18 x 4600mm (l), 150 C purlin

Wear long sleeved clothing when cutting steel

2 x 2000mm steel angle

Tie long hair back

12 x 4200mm (l), 90mm x 45mm framing pine

Avoid loose articles of clothing

Concrete - 3 parts aggregate, 2 parts sands, 1 parts Cement

Locate first aid kit

2 x 1600mm (l), 19mm diameter steel reinforcing bars

Locate fire extinguisher

2 x 2400mm x 1200mm form-ply

Lift with knees when heavy lifting

1 x box of tech screws

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

7 x 1900mm (l) corrugated zincalume roof sheet

RESEARCH

7 x 6000m (l) corrugated zincalume roof sheet Safety Precautions

APPENDIX

DESIGN

1 x box of wood screws

1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Construction Instruction Bower Shade Structure Per Site

Task 1

Tools Checklist

Timber Frame

Power Tools 1 x power saw (cordless) 1 x angle grinder (cordless) 1 x drill 1 x impact driver 1 x circular saw 1 x cut off saw 6 x batteries 2 x charger Cutting discs Grinding discs

Step 1: Take 4 pieces of framing timber. Using a measuring tape, marker and set square, find the center of each piece. Measure and mark 1505mm from the center of each piece, a total length of 3010mm as shown.

Angle Grinder

301

m 0m

Step 2: Overlay these 4 pieces of timber, creating a square, ensuring they each meet at 3010mm point Step 3: Insert 1 x screw into two top corners/joints.

Xm m

Cut-off Saw 10 30 mm

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Step 6: Re-measure remaining 2 corner joints to ensure they are 3010mm apart. Step 7: Fix remaining 2 joints with 1 x screw only, so they can still move.

Circular Saw

Step 9: Fix the remaining 2 joints with a second screw in each corner to secure joint.

0m 301

Step 10: Add 1 x diagonal brace to secure frame, use 1 x screw in each end. Drill

Impact Driver

Step 5: Square off 2nd joint and secure with 1 x addition screw

Step 8: Check measure the timber frame to ensure that it is exactly square, measuring horizontally and diagonally.

Drill Bits 21 hole saw (metal) 4 Driver bits for tech screws, 8 & 10 gauge Wooden drill bit Spade Bit Other 8 x clamps 3 x paint brush/s 1 x spirit level 1 x set square Rope 1 x can of WD40 4 x star pickets 4 x star picket caps 2 x bucket 1 x safety tape rolls 2 x gaffa tape tape measure (1 per person) 2 x cans of gal paint 2 x extension cord 1 x string line (for screwing off roof) markers (per person) 1 x power board

Materials: 5 x 4.2m pine No. People: 2

Xm m

Hand Tools 1 x hammer/mallet 4 x spades 2 x crow-bars 1 x hand saw 2 x metal centre punch 1 x Stanley knife 1 x Pliers

Tools: Drill, measuring tape, marker, set square

Step 4: Using Set square, ensure 1 of corner is perfectly square and secure with 1 x additional screw to fix the joint.

Note: if the site is not flat, the lowest lying footing must meet the 600mm depth requirement. The remaining footings must all meet the same datum.

600mm

Step 1: Set out columns on a flat surface

Step 7: 1 person to drill out holes whilst 1 person sprays generous amounts of WD40 at the point where the hole is being cut.

Step 2: Measure and mark 3200mm on column Use the cut-off saw to cut column at this mark. Put 3200mm aside.

Note: drill and drill bit become increasingly hot at this stage. Do not touch or place on flammable material.

Step 3: Measure and mark 4400mm on remaining length Use the cut-off saw to cut column at this mark. Set aside remaining length.

Step 8: Clean columns to remove dirt/dust/WD40

Step 9: Measure and mark 600mm from base of column and paint this entire area with Gal paint. Allow to dry. 500mm

0mm

440

Step 5: Cover holes whilst not in use

0mm

320

Step 6: Mark out holes for reinforcing bars. Where possible, measure hole at cut edge.

Step 3: Using the timber frame as a guide to find the location for the centre point of each column, measure 500mm x 500mm squares around each centre. Mark with spray-paint onto the ground.

600

Hole location: 1 x set of holes to be 140mm from bottom of column 1 x set of holes to be 70mm from bottom of column

Step 10: Apply second coat of Gal paint. Note: paint column whilst on ground wherever possible

Important: 4 holes per column Holes on parallel faces to be at same location Each set of holes must be staggered

DESIGN

mm 500

Step 2: Lay timber guide over selected construction area.

INTRODUCTION

Things to look for: orientation, topography (the flatter the topography, the easier the build)

Step 4: Dig the 500mm x 500mm footings to 600mm depth. Ensure holes are dug with correct dimensions throughout.

Materials: 2 x 8000mm square hollow sections (SHS) No. People: 2

RESEARCH

Step 1: Find a good area to set up the structure

Tools: 1 x impact driver, 1 x hole saw drill bit, cut-off saw, measuring tape, marker, WD-40

Columns

Materials: No. People: 2

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Footings

Task 3

Tools: Spades, crowbars, spray paint, timber frame (from Task 1)

APPENDIX

Task 2

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Construction Instruction Bower Shade Structure Task 4

Reinforcing Bars

Task 5

Tools: Cut-off saw, Measuring tape, Marker Materials: 2 x 1600mm (l) steel ribbed reinforcing bars

Assembling Staples

No. People: 2

Furniture purlin No. People: 3

Step 7: Place 1 x 150mm furniture purlin (as temporary prop) above 460mm mark. Ensure equal overhang

Step 1: Place timber frame (refer to Task 1) on flat surface, away from footing holes.

Step 1: Measure and cut 8 x 360mm lengths of reinforcing bar using cut-off saw

Tools: 1 x impact driver, measuring tape, marker, set square, 1 x ply sheet, 2 x clamps Materials: 2 x 3200 Columns, 1 x 4000mm (l) 250 C-Section (staple), 1 x 4600mm (l), 150C Section

Step 8: Check measure 3010mm dimension

Step 2: Place steel columns on timber frame (using frame as guide)

Step 3: Clamp columns to timber frame

Step 4: Measure and mark out 275mm from top of columns. Place staple across columns at 275mm mark, ensuring equal overhang

460

Step 9: Add 1 x screw to each join. Check measure diagonals with tape measure Step 11: Secure all joints (12 x total screws in staple joints, 4 x total screws in prop joints)

275m

Step 5: Using ply sheet, square off 1 x staple join and secure with 4 x screws Using ply sheet, square off opposite staple join and add 1 x screw

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Step 6: Measure and mark 460mm from base of columns

Step 12: Remove from timber frame and place near footing holes

Task 5A

Staples Repeat steps 1-15 as in Task 5 for Staple B

Erecting Staples

Concrete Footings

Materials: 8 x reinforcing Bars, 2 x Staples No. People: 10-12

Step 1: Align staple A with footings A1 & A2 (refer to diagram). Ensure C-section is face down.

Step 5: Level staple using spirit level and packers.

Step 1: Mix aggregate, sand and cement on ground until evenly combined

Step 6: Use mallet to secure star pickets into ground, angled aways from structure Note: ensure star picket holes are oriented towards structure

Aggregate

Tools: 3 x Spades Materials: 3 parts aggregate, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement No. People: 2

INTRODUCTION

Task 7

Tools: Spirit level, 1 x Impact driver, star pickets, star picket caps, mallet, clamps, timber props, packers

3 : 2 : 1 + HO Sand

Cement

Step 2: Make a well in centre of mixture

Step 7: Screw timber props to star pickets using drill. Attach timber prop to columns using clamps.

Step 3: Add water and combine until mixture comes together

Step 2: Align staple B with footings B1 & B2 (refer to diagram). Ensure C-section is face down.

RESEARCH

Task 6

Note: the mixture should not be too watery, but moist enough to combine the mixture properly

Step 3: Begin to raise staple A into footing hole, whilst placing in reinforcing bars. Once bars are in, slowly lower and position staple into centre of footing hole. Keep holding in place.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Step 4: Add concrete mix to footing holes, compacting as you go.

Task 7A

Remove Props

Step 8: Allocate at least two teams members to continue holding staples until step 11 is completed.

Step 1: Once concrete has had time to set (overnight), remove star pickets and timber props

Step 9: Repeat steps 1-7 for staple B. Step 4: Use timber frame to ensure staple is in centre of holes. Cross check with B1 & B2.

Step 10: Check staples are square in X, Y & Z axis

140mm

50mm

250mm to edge of footing 250mm to edge of footing

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Step 11: Brace staples using 150 roof purlins, screw purlins to Staples, 2 screws per joint. 50mm

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Construction Instruction Bower Shade Structure Task 8

Y-Frame Preparation

Tools: 1 x angle grinder 1 x cut off saw, template F Materials: 2 x 3000mm (l) 250C purlin (short rafter) 2 x 6000mm (l) 250C purlin (long rafter) 2 x 4000mm 50x50mm Steel L Angle , 1 x 4200mm pine framing

Tools: 1 x Impact drill, Tape measure, Marker,

timber No. People: 2

Task 9

Template A, Template AA, Template G Materials: 12 x Tech screws, 18 x 330mm Steel

Y-Frame Assembly

Angles, 2 x 1000mm pine framing timber

Step 1: Place Template F on the top Flange of the short 3000mm long rafter and mark.

Step 1: Place the 6000mm long rafters next to each other with ends aligned. Mark as shown

Step 2: Mark out a straight line from the mark from Step 1, to the bottom corner of the rafter.

Step 2: Place 3000mm short rafters next to each other with ends aligned. Mark as shown 0m

0m 100 0m

100 950

100

No. People: 3

Step 5: Secure Y2 with 6 screws total, using Template G.

Step 3: Use angle grinder to cut out.

Step 6: Secure 1000mm timber bracing to both Y1 & Y2

Step 4: Repeat for short 3000mm long Y2 rafter (mirror of Y1)

m 850

Step 3: Align Y1 long and short rafters as shown. Using Template G, secure with 6 screws. Repeat Step 5 for Y2 long and short rafters.

Xm m

Xm mm

2100

Step 4: Overlay Y2 assembly on Y1 assembly. Visually check angles are the same, use straight edge to check edges are flush and in line.

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Tools: Tape measure, marker, cut off saw Materials: Steel angle

Scaffolding

No. People: 2

Step 1: Measure and mark columns at 1750mm from ground.

Step 1: Measure and cut the steel angle into 18 x 330mm lengths using cut-off saw.

marker Materials: 8 x 150mm C-sections, 2 x (1200 x 2400) form-ply sheet No. People: 3

INTRODUCTION

Steel Brackets

Tools: Spirit level, 1 x impact driver, tape measure,

Task 11

Step 5: Place 3 x 150C-sections above beams from steps 2 & 3. Arrange as shown

Step 2: Using Template B, secure steel angles to rafters at marks specified and drawn in Steps 2 & 4. Note: ensure angles are oriented correctly

Step 6: Repeat step 5 for opposite side. 1750mm to ground

Step 7: Place plywood sheet on scaffold and insert screws, as shown

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

330

RESEARCH

Step 2: Screw 150C-section to staple A. Ensure bottom of C-section is at 1750mm mark. Ensure 150C-section has equal overhang.

Step 3: Repeat step 2 for staple B. Step 4: Cut 4 x timber props and place under beams.

DESIGN

Note: These angles are opposite to others

APPENDIX

Task 10

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

Construction Instruction Bower Shade Structure Task 12

Attaching Y-Frames

Task 14

Tools: 1 x Impact driver, template D Materials: 2 x Y-frames

Attaching Roof Sheeting

No. People: 6-8

Tools: 1 x Impact driver, tape measure, marker Materials: 7 x 6000m (l) corrugated zincalume, 7 x 1900mm corrugated zincalume No. People: 5

Step 1: Starting at verandah, attach roof sheeting as shown below

Step 1: As a group lift Y1 onto staples, position as shown

Note: Y-frames must butt up to staple.

Step 2: Secure with Clamps

Step 2: Repeat for main roof

Step 3: Attach Y-frame to staples using Template D Step 4: Repeat Steps 1-2 for Y2.

RESEARCH _ BOWER

Attaching Roof Purlins

Task 15

Tools: 1 x Impact driver, tape measure, marker Materials: 9 x 4600mm 150C section purlins

Remove Scaffolding

No. People: 5

Step 1: Screw purlin to steel angles as shown below. Ensure equal overhang on both sides.

Tools: 1 x Impact driver No. People: 3

INTRODUCTION

Task 13

Step 1: Unscrew and remove form-ply sheets Step 2: Unscrew and remove 6 x purlins Step 3: Unscrew and remove 4 x timber props

RESEARCH

Step 4: Unscrew and remove 2 x C-section beams Step 5: Remove timber props and star pickets Step 6: Remove temporary prop from base of staples

APPENDIX

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Step 2: Repeat for remaining 8 purlins

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

The build experience gives me an insight into the technological issues in remote conditions and provide me with personal experience and understanding of the social and political issues in remote community. Aboard range of issues has been identified during the trip, however â&#x20AC;&#x153;More job, more money, and more housesâ&#x20AC;? seems to be the fundamental need in remote community. The project of a Visitors Centre in Areyonga came up during a informal consultation with the staff from local council, and I believe this new structure will bring both cultural and economic value to Areyonga.

APPENDIX

Build in Creswick Build in Nothern Territory Reflection on Build

RESEARCH

1.4 The Build

1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Creswick Reflection on Build: Prior to the construction on Areyonga and Amoonguna, we have spent 2 days in Creswick campus learning and preparing for the build. In the first day, the very first an important thing I learnt is how to keep safe on the site. It is important to keep yourself away from the hazard and wear appropriate safety gear according to the specific task. All the construction tools including cut off saw, drop saw, sharp edges of the steel, electricity could be dangerous on the site. Wear steel cap boots all the time, hard hat, glove and ear muff when necessary. It is interesting that no one in our studio has had any experience with steel before. I think steel is a good material use in terms of economical and durability wise. However I am not really sure if it is an appropriate material for Indigenous housing culture. During the two days construction we learnt about how to use the tools and how to build the structure from the drawings. We also learnt from the mistakes that we have made over the construction. We believe we will be able to build the structures better and faster in the future. And I am looking forward to learning about Areyonga and Ammonguna, and constructing an outdoor shelter and community space together with the local builders. 88

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Hole drilling: gloves + gaggles One person use the drill holes on each side of steel post at one ends. The other person spray oil onto the drill bits. The drill will gets hot when drilling, spray the oil will cool down drill bits Tip: Make sure the drill bits is not on reverse. Stand away from the wind direction.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Steel cutting: ear muff + gaggles Use the cut off saw to cut the steel post into correct length. The standard steel post usually comes with 8 m length. In this case we cut them into 3300mm and 3100mm in length. Tip: When using the cut off saw, stand on the left to avoid the sparks.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Site preparation: gloves Make a timber frame as a template to make sure the distance between each foundation holes are correct. Use digging bar and shovel to dig 4 of 600 deep square holes for the post. tip: While digging the holes, use digging bar to break the hard soil, and then use the shovel to clear away the soil.

DESIGN

Day 1 Morning

APPENDIX

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Creswick

Day 1 Afternoon Post and Beam: gloves Fix the beams onto the steel post according to the drawing. Measure the diagonals to makesure the beams and post are at right angle. Use the drill to fix the screws. tip: Use the MDF template to fix the screws Paint Clean the bottom of the post with cloth. Brush the paint onto the post to stop the post from rusting. Make sure to brush the inner side of the post as well. tip: Apply two thin layer of light paint rather one thick layer of paint. Use plastic bag and tape to seal the brush. 90

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DESIGN

Y Frame: ear muff + gaggles + gloves Use angle grinder to cut the top flange of the smaller rafter according to the template. Cut the steel bracket into 330mm length and fix them onto the rafter. Fix the short rafter onto the long rafter. Repeat the step to ensure two of the Y frame are exactly reciprocate. Note: It will be easier to assemble the Y frame before fix the steel bracket.

APPENDIX

Day 1 Afternoon

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Creswick

Day 2 Morning Erecting Staples + gloves Align the staple with footing and raise staple into footing hole. Then slowly lower and position staple into centre of footing hole. Keep holding in place. Use timber frame to ensure staple is in centre of holes. Level staple using spirit level and packers. Use mallet to secure star pickets into ground, angled away from structure Screw timber props to star pickets using drill. Attach timber prop to columns using clamps. 92

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Concrete: gaggles + gloves Mix aggregate, sand and cement (3Aggregate+2Sand+1cement)until evenly combined. Add water and combine until mixture comes together. Add concrete mix to footing holes, compacting as you go.

DESIGN

Reinforcing Bar + gloves Insert the reinforcing bar into the predrilled holes on the steel columns.

APPENDIX

Day 2 Morning

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Creswick

Day 2 Morning Scaffold Fix c sections on the steel post. Place plywood sheet on scaffold and insert screws Tip: the height of the scaffold should not excess 2000mm from the ground. Attach Y frame Lift Y frame on to the staples and secure with clamps. Screw fix the Y frame onto the staples using template G. Tip: It is heavy to lift up the Y frame. Suggested at least 3 people standing on the scaffold. Screw purlins to the steel bracket. 94

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Over the two days, we have learnt a lot about how to use the basic tools and be safe on the construction site. We really enjoyed the BBQ place that we designed and construct. I m looking forward to the actual build in the Northern Territory.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

In the afternoon, we learnt how to use cut off saw and circular saw to cut timber. In order to finish off the furniture for the BBQ place, we tried to fix the timber slats on to the steel framework. However we found it is hard to put screw in between the flanges, as the space in between the flanges is not enough for the impact driver. We have tried to pre-drill the timber and steel and timber, and use screw driver to fix the screw. It is really time consuming in doing so. The better way to do it is probably fix the screw in an angle.

APPENDIX

Day 2 Afternoon

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Nothern Territory

Saturday 11 April Alice Spring It is the first day of our trip to the Northern Territory, and it is also my first time going to Alice Springs. I was amazed by the beautiful desert landscape from the plane. We went to Bunnings to get the material for cubby and then went to Kmart and Coles for our camping supplies. Alice Springs has a high percentage of Aboriginal population. I was surprised that I hardly seen any Aboriginal people working in the shops and super market. I got very tired on the first day, however we haven't started our actual build yet. 96

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RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

I woke up very early at 5am in the morning. All my other classmates went to a water hole, I decided to stay in Alice and have a look around this small city. It is hot and sunny in Alice. I walked across the Todd river, however there is no water in the river. There is a big green area near the city council, many Aboriginal people sitting on the grass under the tree in big groups. The kids are running and playing. Aboriginal people love to be outside, and enjoy the sun and breeze. Many of the buildings are painted in orange or yellow, the color merges with the road and sandy ground. Then I went to the market in Todd Mall. There are white, Aboriginal and other people selling their food and souvenir. We went to Anzac park to do an demonstration for the cubby house in the afternoon. The MDF panels and cable ties are flexible to build into any form. For the demonstration, we made the cubby into a conventional square house with door, window and a outside kitchen. I am interested in knowing what the kids are going to do with the cubby, another conventional square house?

APPENDIX

Sunday 12 April Alice Spring

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Nothern Territory

Monday 13 April Amoonguna On our first day of build, we drove into Amoonguna as the first thing in the morning. Amoonguna is only 20 minutes away from Alice Springs. We met people from the McDonell Shire Council, the community store as well as the local builders. The local people are friendly, however they hardly talk. Then we split into groups, the CDE group start construction with the Builders, our thesis group had a chance to walk around the community. Amoonguna is actually much better than I thought. The buildings look much better than those communities I saw from the film. There are metal fences around all the buildings even the public spaces. Many houses has mattresses outside on the verandah, and uses sheets as a screen to protect visual surveillance. It is early in the morning, hardly see people on the street, and it is We saw a group of kids playing marbles. Then we went to Amoonguna School, the school teach came to talk to us and decided to play cubby with the kids later. We saw a few huge arch dome structure behind school, this used to be where the homeless people lives in Amoonguna. 98

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It was an interesting experience playing the cubby with the kids. Unlike Architects, the kids build the cubby into polygon shapes, they used as much MDF panels they could find to make the house bigger. They treat the cubby like their own house, they move the toy furniture into the cubby and use sheets to make their bed, and place a mat in front of the door. Then they start to paint their street numbers onto the cubby and take off their shoes when entering.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

Unlike the adults, the kids loves talking. They painted over my hands and arms, and asked me to carry them around. There are kids living on No.19, 39 and 56 on the street. One of girl lives on the No.56 with her sister, both her parents went to Darwin to visit their relatives. They didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t wear shoes because they bike to school. The other girl lives with her mum, and her sister is living in another house. Then the kids did a map of Amoonguna with painted timber block. They remembered where they live according to the park, road and other main buildings. The map looks amazing as a beautiful artwork. I really enjoyed spending time with the kids. When we were mixing concrete on the site, the kids from school come to visit us by bike. The other little boy came to play with us, however his mum came to take him away. It is my first time camping in the bush. We arrived at Trephina in the dark, and set up our tent with the torch light. It is important to find a safe spot with no dangerous tree branches hanging on the top and relatively flat ground. We cooked over the campfire. Sitting on the camp chair, hearing the fire sizzles and the music, it is also my first time seeing that many stars on the sky. I enjoyed this moment of peace in the desert.

APPENDIX

RESEARCH _ BOWER

1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Nothern Territory

Tuesday 14 April Alice Spring & Amoonguna It was my first morning woke in my tent in the dark. When the sun start to rise, I realized the camp site is actually much smaller than I imagined last night. We went to Amoonguna, and then headed to the Centre for Appropriate Technology, where a lot of our local builders were trained through the CAT programmed. The school is also a test ground of design, we saw a series of pit toilet and other facilities are being tested in here. Then we met an knowledgeable engineer from India, he is also a teacher in CAT. I agree with what he said that ‘development is a freedom of choice’. It is also the relationship between quality and quantity. With the same amount of money, increase the Aboriginal housing standard means that less houses could be build. He also concerned about the problem of one size fit all, the climate in Darwin is totally different from Alice Springs. 100

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Back to Amoonguna, the community treated us a BBQ with Kangaroo tails. The Kangaroo tails are wrapped in foil and cooked underground. The local worker cut the tail right in between the bones and peel off the skin and fur. I was the first one tried the Kangaroo tail, it has a really sticky taste. I didn’t like the taste, but I finished it to show respect to the local culture. In the BBQ, we meet a local lady who is a member of the board of the community. She told us her kids were play marbles yesterday and saw us went pass. The ICT is making a film of Indigenous housing and they are going to film her house in the afternoon. I am very looking forward to watch the film.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

In the afternoon, we went to Yipirinya School, which is the biggest independent Indigenous school in Alice Spring. We met Tim, who is an enthusiastic business manger in the school. He is very keen to improve the school facility and make the school into a model of Indigenous school in Australia, and attract more student coming to school. I was surprised by the low attendance of secondary school. The school has a total number of 120 students, however only 15 of them are secondary student. I wonder what is the reason behind this? Tim was very keen bring up the number of attendance through improve the school facility and incorporate the surrounding landscape into the school campus. However I wonder is it the teachers and students really need? After the visit to school we had a discussion about who is the real client of the school? The teachers and the students? How do we approach the real client? What is the appropriate design for desert climate? What is appropriate material for remote communities in NT? What is the relationship between politics and design? Finally we decided to visit the school again tomorrow and try to talk to our real client.

101

APPENDIX

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1.5 THE BUILD

Build in Nothern Territory

Wednesday 15 April Alice Spring & Amoonguna In the morning we went to visit a town camp near Araluen, unfortunately we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t had the chance to get into it. Instead of setting up a community, the government treat the town camp more like a suburb of Alice with multiple entries and open to the public. The government lease the town camp to people who doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have their land. I was impressed by the number of fences I saw in the town camp as well as Amoonguna. Then we had a chance to revisit the school again. We were lucky to have a chance to talk to the teachers. They do have a lot ideas, and they are really glad to be consulted by the architects. The school has an unique learning environment to be sensitive to both indigenous and western culture, especially the bilingual classroom. It is more like their second home. Many kids do not have home environment for external learning, the school bus pick up the kids from home and provide them shower and clean clothes. Aboriginal families do not value secondary education as important as mainstream families. 102

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We head back to Amoonguna after the visit to school, I start to feel dizzy under the heat. I found it is hard to engage with the local people, because they hardly talks. Then we started our way to Areyonga. I feel disconnected to the world, since we lose the cell phone reception on the way to Areyonga. We camped in the bush near Hermansberg. It is quiet at night, I was amazed by the milky way in the clear sky, and the temperature drops quickly in the desert climate.

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Build in Nothern Territory Thursday 16 April Areyonga We head to Areyonga in the morning with the sunrise. Areyonga is such a nice and friendly community with beautiful landscape. We meet Jerry from the Shire Council. He was originally from the US and he has been working in Areyonga for about 5 years. He told us that he thinks we should get away from the box idea for housing, as it is not culturally appropriate for Aboriginal people, and what they need is a robust open living space with fridge and BBQ place. He is also thinking about move the tourists from Kings Cayon to Areyonga to bring more job opportunities for the local. Our shady structure is right opposite to the community store. A lot of local people coming to the place to have food, to rest and to talk with people. The first day of build in Areyonga was tough. We have been digging foundation holes for the whole morning without support from the local workforce. The weather was hot, and the ground was hard. I was dehydrated, and I almost feel like I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t make this. However we were lucky to find a Jackhammer to help with digging. The weather got cloudy and windy in the afternoon. It makes difficult when we tried to erect the staples. We finally made this with support from the local workers. 104

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It was a tough day, and I feel good went through all the challenges. We had a really good camping spot with beautiful landscape and donkeys around. I feel welcomed that the community has already prepared firewood for us, and we also have a small unit in the community with shower and TV. It starts to rain in the evening, and the donkeys bray over the night. I got really tired during the day and had a really nice sleep.

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Build in Nothern Territory Friday 17 April Areyonga We came to the site at 8am in the morning. There is a lack of engagement with the local people on the site yesterday. We decided to divide into groups and work on different task for today. First group continue the build, second group making model of the shady structure in the shop and trying to ask local people for opinion on furniture, last group going to the school and try to ask the kids to paint some timber. It is hard to take off the scaffold with only two people on the site. After the local builders finished their job on the church, they came to help us fixing the tek screw and lifting up the steel frame. It was Henry and 3 other local builder, they were really friendly and helpful. We asked them about their opinion on furniture and painting. They said they love bright color and they want each column to have different color, and they also mentioned that they want a big table in the middle. In the afternoon, the local builders came back to site to help us. I shared some of my fruits with two of the local builders, and I found sharing food with them really brings the relationship much closer. They start to talk to me about their family and telling me about their thoughts on the shady structure. 106

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I finally had a chance to have a look around Areyonga. It is hard to tell the cultural identity through the houses and streetscape. Brick, stone and steel are the three most common materials used for buildings in here. There are a few shade structures already exist in the community with conventional bench in the middle. I think our shade structure is more like a tool we used to engage with local people and learn about their place. I m also thinking about how to make our shade structure unique and useful to the local people.

DESIGN

There were different opinions on the furniture. Some people want fire in the middle, some people want a table. Having a big rock in the middle as a table sounds like a good idea for most people. As an architect, we want the furniture to fit into the landscape and follows the shade pattern according to the sun. However I found it is hard to convince to the local people to have an angled seat. I start question, as an architect is our job just to make the client happy? or should we do what we think is appropriate to them?

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Build in Nothern Territory Saturday 18 April Kings Canyon We had a really cold night camping on the way to Kings Canyon. We finally got away from the grumpy rock road to the smooth highway. there are dust all over our my body and all over the car. Finally we arrived in Kings Canyon Resort, I had the feeling of coming back to civilization from a remote area. I was surprised that the camping ground is actually a big lawn, I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really expected this in central Australia. It feels so good to have a nice hot water shower. we set up our tent and went for a walk in Kings Canyon. I really enjoyed the nice sunny afternoon sitting on the grass and have a cup of tea. We had a nice meal in the restaurant with fresh salmon and veggie salad, after dinner we started to discus about the furniture options for the shady structure. It is interesting that the shade in the afternoon sunshine is actually not directly under the shade, and we want to incorporate this into our design as well as our observation and consultation with the local people. We made three different furniture options for the shady structure. We are looking forward to discuss this with the local people in Areyonga.

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Build in Nothern Territory Sunday 19 April Areyonga We left Kings Cayon at 8 am in the morning and came back to the bumpy road again. I start to think about my experience in Areyonga and what can we provide to Areyonga as an architect. The general feel is that the current housing in Areyonga doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t response to their culture. Most people in Areyonga are welfare dependent. The food and other resources are transported from other locations. I think what they need is more job opportunities as well as economical benefit to the local area. Areyonga is only 20km away from the main road from Alice spring to Kings Kayon. There is already a petrol station in Areyonga for the visitors. I think a visitors and culture centre would probably be a good choice for Areyonga. We arrived at Areyonga at about 11am. It seems like there is nobody in this community, the shop is closed, nobody on the street. We started to make the furniture and painting in the afternoon. Unfortunately we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any chance to consult with any local people for the furniture.

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After we finished the steel structure of the first bench, the kids came over to our site and enjoyed the bench. They were lovely and outgoing kids, they asked me for my name and where I m from. I told them I m from China, However most of the kids didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know where is China, only one kid said he saw China from the TV. The kids asked me to take photo for them. I really enjoy the time with the kids.

DESIGN

We consult Jerry in the afternoon. He thinks what the community really need is more job opportunities. He think a visitors centre, and car fixing would be great for Aryonga, and he want to move the tourist from Kings Cayon to here is stead of just bring some of the tourist to here. However I started to worry if the tourist will have negative impact to this quiet and friendly community. He said there used to be a tourist accommodation behind the church. Then I started to ask him about housing. He said the housing in the community is not as good as the mainstream housing. He told me donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t ask local people about their house, because they will feel ashamed.

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Build in Nothern Territory Monday 20 April Areyonga This is going to be our last day in Areyonga. It was windy last night, and I felt like my tent was going to be blown away. We went to the site really early in the morning, finished everything we could do and wait for the power tools. We decided to simplify our furniture design, as there is not enough time to finish the furniture. We meet a new group of builders in the morning, William and Jack. William thanked me for taking photo for his daughter Lisa and Marie. Lisa was really happy last night and showed the photo to him. Then he introduced me to other people, Chris the supervisor, and Jacob the driver. Most Aboriginal families donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have camera at home. Many Aboriginal kids grow up with no photo and memory of their childhood. Then I start to talk to the builders about their family and life. I was surprised that they all speaks different language. William speaks Pitjantjatjara and he grown up in Areyonga, the other guy speaks Arrernte, and Jack was originally from Hermansberg. They goes to Alice Springs almost every weekend to watch footy. They want more house for their family to live, and more money to buy things. They loves Areyonga and 112

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In the afternoon, I finally had a chance to have a look around Areyonga and visit the Art Centre. I was amazed by the dot painting that the local ladies did. I went to the Art Centre twice. The first lady didn’t talk much. She simply introduced some of the paintings to us and didn’t allow us to take photo. However the second lady seems more friendly. She showed us around and told us some of the stories and meaning behind the art work. She told us that they do also sell their painting in other communities as well as in Alice spring. There are actually many visitors come to visit the art centre, and the price of the paintings is actually really cheap in here. The lady is also a member of the local women singing group, and they are going to do performance

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

After we finished the steel work, we started to screw the timber as the bench top. The kids painted the timber slats and it looks beautiful. We appreciate all the works the local people did especially the big rock, it looks amazing as a table and seat. I was also surprised seeing the local builders installing the bollards nice and quick.

DESIGN

they don’t want to go to other places to work. When I ask them about the idea of a visitors and cultural centre, they told me they love visitors and their kids loves visitors too, and they suggested me to go to have a look at the art centre.

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Build in Nothern Territory in Germany. She was very excited because it is her first time going overseas, and she want to show their art and culture to other people. We finally finished the furniture in the afternoon. We went to visit the recreation centre, many kids are playing in there. There are Mac computers in the room however, there is only limited internet access. Jerry said that Areyonga has a beautiful landscape and the visitors really should visit the cave and hills around Areyonga. However there is problem of land slide, the local people will have to wait for helicopters for food and supplies. A big group of kids came to play under the shady. They jump on the bench and swing around the beam. They really loves the painting and they enjoy the shady. When we finished everything and left the site, the all the kids were waving to us and said thank you to us. We feel our work is being appreciated by the local people.

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Build in Nothern Territory Tuesday 21 April Alice Spring & Amoonguna We drove back to Alice from Areyonga in the morning. We stopped over at Hermansberg to meet the lady talk to us from Skype. Hermansberg is really different from what I was imagined as a tourist place. It is hard to find direction to the cafe and museum. Compare with Areyonga, Hermansberg is much cleaner with more new houses, and cell phone reception. We visited the art gallery and the pottery, the paintings in here is much more expensive than in Areyonga. We arrived in Alice for lunch, and I went to visit another art gallery in Todd Mall. The shopkeeper showed me a painting from Areyonga for $950, however a painting in the same size may only be $150 in Areyonga Art Centre. I was surprised by how much profit the shop is taking from the Aboriginal artist. Back to Amoonguna, I talked to the media man about the art gallery. He told me that one of the art gallery in Alice spring is running by the council, and they used the profit from the gallery to build the swimming pool in Areyonga. I felt so good sleeping on the small bed in Alice. The trip to the Aboriginal community make me appreciate more things that I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t think of before. 116

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Reflection on Build

General Concern Areyonga is a lovely community with beautiful landscape and friendly people. During the five days stay in the community, I learnt a lot of the place, and started to think about the issues within the community. The most general concern is that the buildings within the community does not fit into the local culture and life style. It hard to tell about the cultural identity with the building and infrastructures within the community. The Macdonnell Shire Council has tried to improve the living quality in the community, and provide the community with a wide range of facilities including: community store, recreation centre, post office, swimming pool, basketball court, health clinic, aged care, child care, school, internet access, art centre, womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre, and church. However, there are still issues within the community. 118

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The current model of housing is not culturally appropriate to the local people. As I observed, local people set up fire in their yard, they require more open and outdoor living space. The current houses in Areyonga has a lake of response to the local climate. Many local people use sheets and screen to cover the verandah and sleep outside. As Jerry told me, they sleep outside, because there is no heating and air conditioning in the room.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

There is certainly the issue of overcrowding. There are over 300 residents in the community with only 38 houses. As I talk to the local people, they certainly think they need more houses in the community.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Housing seems to be one of the biggest issue within remote communities. However, housing is a complex problem, it require a long period of rapport building to get the permission to enter peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house, and observe their living style. As a visitor, the local people do not feel comfortable to talk about their house and their living.

DESIGN

Housing

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Reflection on Build Health The health problem in the community is mainly related to the food, living style and hygiene problems. As the lady from the health clinic, most Areyonga people has a very high sugar level, because of the food habit. She applied for a funding to support the community shop stop selling coke and chips before lunch. However as long as the funding finishes, the shop start to sell chips and coke again. I understand the Shire Council is trying to encourage healthy living style with the construction of swimming pool, recreation centre and basketball court. There used to be an laundry in the community, however it was underutilised. The laundry building has now became a toilet where many people going to pee. In the school, I saw the kids with abscess over her hands. Most of the kids has clean clothes, however it seems like they hardly wash their hands and face, and hardly take shower. At this stage, I think letting the local people understand the importance of health and hygiene, promote a living style is more important than building health related facilities. 120

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On the other hand, the old lady in the Art Centre told me that the younger generation do not willing to learn about Aboriginal culture and traditions. She is also worried that the Aboriginal Culture is being lost. I think the local school should also obtain the study of their own culture(some of them already does), and encourage the studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interest in Aboriginal culture.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH

Many of the adults in Areyonga are uneducated and they do not have sufficient knowledge and skill for work. It is important to provide education and learning to the local adults, however it is also a problem if the adults are willing to learn, and how to encourage them to learn.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

There is an existed Early Childhood Centre and a school in Areyonga. The school doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t divide children into year group, as there is only a total number of around 30 students in the school. Most of student do not go to secondary school, as Aboriginal families do not value high school education. Even in Yipirinya school, there is only a total number of 15 secondary students.

DESIGN

Education

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Reflection on Build Income Most people in Areyonga are welfare dependant, they do not have job and other income. Within Areyonga, there are also job opportunities in the community store, school, health clinic and other places. The small number of job opportunities is really not enough for the 300+ residents. And the local people said they do not want to go to other places like Alice spring to work. On the other hand, Areyonga do not produce anything other than the paintings form Art Centre to bring external money into the community. I think the most urgent thing for Areyonga, is to create more job opportunities to the local people and bring more money into this community. Areyonga is only a 20km detour from the Mereenie Loop for visitors coming through from Kings Canyon. It is a good opportunity to provide service to the visitors and bring money into the community. eg. visitors centre, cafe, accommodation, car fixing, petrol station. Areyonga is in the valley of a deep and spectacular gorge, and has an abundant flora and fauna life along itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creekbed and waterholes. It has a thriving Community Arts Centre with sought after artists, and the town encourages visitors 122

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CONTENT

Even with in the same community different individual would have different opinion. In the Areyonga Art Centre, there was the lady who doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t talk much and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow us to take photos, and there is also the lady who showed us around and told us she was excited to visit Germany for singing.

DESIGN

Each community should be treated differently according to its context. All the individuals and all the voices should be considered while making decisions.

APPENDIX

The approach of one size fit all does not work for all the remote communities, as each community has its own identity. Compare with Areyonga and Amoonguna, Amoonguna has more resources than Areyonga as it is much closer to Alice Springs. However people in Amoonguna seems not as friendly as Areyonga, they hardly talk to the visitors and they do not allow any photo for the local people within the community.

INTRODUCTION

Areyonga has a mix of cultural identity from different Indigenous groups. There people are Pitjantjatjara, Arrernte as well as other families. Each group has their own culture and they shared the land and resources with groups in the community.

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Diversity

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The post trip research section provide a series of researches that related specifically to the design project. The study of Indigenous Tourism analyses the impact of tourism in remote community and suggest that keep the project size under control. The study of the self-build process suggests to encourage self-build in remote communities as it involves users as a part of the design and build process, and provision the broader framework of an Aboriginal community’s planning goals and cultural practices. The case studies of Art Gallery and traditional built form helps to inform the form and function of the design options.The Sandbag buildings provide a simple and low cost material and construction choice for remote area construction under the desert climate.

DESIGN

Tourism Impact on Indigenous Communities “Self- Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities Art Gallery - Case Studies Learn from the Traditinal Built From Response to the Desert Climate Sandbag Buildings

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1.6 Post Trip Research

INTRODUCTION

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Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community • • •

Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community

Jon Altman, 1989, Tourism Dilemmas for aboriginal Australians, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.16,pp 456-476, Australian National University, Australia Dorte Verner, 2009,Tourism and Indigenous People, the World Bank Latin America and Caribbean Region Ewa Legowik and Hunter Marrian. 2009.Tourism impact on indigenous community. http://www.slideshare.net/ guest809599/tourism-impacts-on-indigenous-people

Tourism is regarded by policymakers as a leading sector for the economic development of north Australia. Tourism is frequently presented as the only option available to remote Aboriginal communities to both improve their marginal economic status and to reduce their high dependence on the welfare state. (Verner,2009) However Tourism also has both positive and negative impact on the Indigenous community. As an architect it is to promote positive tourism impact, and be aware and try to avoid the negative impact.I believe that bring tourist to the indigenous community will benifit the community financially and provide more job opportunities to the local people. However it is important to keep the project scale under management, and balance the local to tourist relationship.

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The Djabugay people live in North Queensland, Australia, a popular tourist destination. Tjapukai Aboriginal Cultural Park is the place that features Djabugay culture. In The Park, Djabugay community members are involved in the representation and presentation of their cultural heritage to tourists ( Dyer et al ., 2002).

APPENDIX

Case Study of Djabugay, Australia

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Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community

Positive and Negative Impacts

Positives: • Revival of Djabugay culture • Employment opportunities • Working together with other Djabugay community members • Increased cross-cultural understanding • Improved material welfare Negatives: • Degradation of Djabugay culture • Exploitation of the Djabugay community • Minimal tourist/Djabugay interaction • Limited material improvement for the Djabugay ( Dyer et al ., 2002).

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The Djabugay people lack power and influence in the Park because of their minority shareholding, minimal voting powers, and lack of employee and managerial representation ( Dyer et al ., 2002).

RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Levels of attainment in the tourism industry are limited for Aboriginal people because their skills and circumstances are different from those required. Thus local people overall are usually employed in menial, low-paid positions in tourist enterprises.

DESIGN

Major Issues

APPENDIX

The community does not operate as an equal participant in the Park and therefore does not control or benefit fully from the presentation of its culture for tourist consumption.

INTRODUCTION

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Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community

Ecuador Case Study

About 45,000 people in six indigenous communities inhabit the Amazon region of Ecuador. The Amazon region in the eastern part of the country is receiving a greater number of tourists keen to explore the immense ecological and cultural diversity of this region. The relationship between tourists and the indigenous community is directed and managed by the tour operator or the guide (Drumm, 1991).

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Ecuador Case Study

Negatives of Tourism • But…the increased economic power brought by tourism, caused inter-tribal jealousies and rivalries between the indigenous communities involved (Sionas and Secoyas). • Tourism is encouraging young men to abandon their plots of land to work as guides and porters. As a result, food production in the abandoned community suffers and contributions to communal work are lost (Drumm, 1991). • Tourism is seen by indigenous leaders as a disruptive force in their communities, especially children who are becoming attracted to the foreign style of life • Lack of understanding of values and customs by tourists can lead to aggressive behaviour of local people.

DESIGN

Positives of Tourism • Traditional ceramic production techniques are being positively encouraged by tourism in the region • Tour operator involves the local indigenous community in the development of tourism, which benefits the community financially

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Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community

What to do(Verner,2009): •

Keep the project small, the community should stay in control;

•

Stress participation in community activities - eco tourism will bring in more“responsible tourists”

•

Develop tourism as part of a livelihood strategy for individuals and for the community

•

Develop tourism hand in hand with the revitalization of indigenous culture

Response to the Issue

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Tourism Impact on Indigenous Community

The philosophy of self build is an important model that encourages self-construction and use based consultation into design process. It works well by addressing local material, climate and construction method into architectural design.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Self-Buildâ&#x20AC;? in Remote Aboriginal Communities Introduction & Reflection

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However, it takes time for the architect to establish relationship and trust with the Indigenous family as well as training appropriate construction skill with the local workers. There is no real Aboriginal Architecture as there is no Aboriginal Architect. I believe that the selfbuild process could form Aboriginal Architecture as Aboriginal people is involved in the whole process of design and construction. As the architect passes his knowledge onto the Indigenous family, the family then become their own architect and builder.

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“The Housing as Process Philosophy is aims to firmly situate housing design and provision within the broader framework of an Aboriginal community’s planning goals and cultural practices, as well as its socioeconomic structure and development.”

APPENDIX

Housing As Process

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“Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities

A proponent of this philosophy is the architect and builder Paul Haar, who has extensive experience in self- ‐help Indigenous housing projects. The housing as process formula involves the following considerations; •

Housing As Process

•

• • •

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Participation-‐ ensuring the active participation of both men and women Consultation- ‐ supporting both the traditional owners and the residents who use and own the housing to make the key decisions concerning the housing Choice- ‐ helping to find technology which is appropriate to the community and not the donor Training-‐ equipping and training communities to operate maintain and manage their new housing and infrastructure technologies Demand Driven-‐ ensuring that projects match the true demand of the people who will use them.

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Advantages of Self Build

“There seem to be only advantages associated with the self-construct paradigm. These can be summarised to include: • Control over one’s environment • Speed of erection • The ability to source materials locally and at extremely low cost • That relatively simple tools and low levels of training are required • The buildings are easily modifiable, adjusted, relocated and maintained • Replacement parts and components are readily available • Construction principles are based on local techniques, which have been built up over time • The ownership of housing stock by individuals facilitates low financial stress and independence. (Smith, 2000: 198)

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“Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities “perhaps remaining in self-built housing has been, for these people, both a practical and a symbolic way of demonstrating control over their lives” (Sanders, 2000: 240)

What do Academics Think

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“The question was not how many more houses were being or needed to be built, but could those occupying the existing housing avail themselves of the services that a house can offer. Could they was the child? Engage in healthy living practices?” – Paul Pholeros chapter (Sanders, 2000: 240-1) “While this construction of the Indigenous housing ‘problem’ seems, at one level, to be reasonable, it totally misses any sense of housing as a lived experience or an ongoing experience. It treats housing as a noun, as a thing which once provided solves the problem. But the reality is more complex than this and the construction of the policy issue ought to be more sophisticated. The provision of a house may resolve one problem or issue for a household, but it will also almost always be the beginning of some new ones” (Sanders, 2000: 245)

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What do Academics Think

“if critically assessed and built upon, they could lead to a better future in Indigenous housing. The history of Indigenous housing in Australia is not yet finished and it is not all bad. There is cause for hope that better, more workable resolutions of Indigenous people’s different and diverse requirements for housing can be worked through in the future. The process will not be easy, but then few historical processes are which involve the interaction of such different societies” (Sanders, 2000: 248)

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“Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities

Case Study

Paul Haar, St Paul’s Village, Moa Island, 1986-‐88.

Design Process By trialing local materials and constructions methods, by viewing slides and videos, by discussing local climate and by accessing a crude model making technique the owner builder families were able to develop ambitious house plans in what were effective and enjoyable participatory design processes as described by Haar. Construction Process It took the community 3 years of hard work to complete all three buildings. With Haar noting that progress on each building site fluctuating enormously from day to day depending largely on the family head’s talent in maintaining a strong and enthusiastic workforce.

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DESIGN APPENDIX

The project in Moa Island involves 3 Indiginous families into the self build process. Paul Haar identifies the following key elements that lead to a successful project; • Small and achievable scale of works • Generous time frame • A few truly committed and self- ‐motivated prospective owner-‐builder families • A genuinely and unanimously supportive community council • Modest financial support with no strings attached

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Paul Haar, St Paul’s Village, Moa Island, 1986-‐88.

1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH

“Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities

Community Response

Case Study

Paul Haar, St Paul’s Village, Moa Island, 1986-‐88.

The project brought home ownership within the reach of families who were prepared to work hard. The first 3 self-‐built homes averaged 5 bedrooms each with an enclosed area of 157sqm and an unenclosed covered area of 145sqm. This cost each family roughly $25,000 for materials and government roughly $14,000 for construction training input. Meanwhile kit homes with floor areas of 100sqm internally and 92sqm externally were being erected on neighboring islands for $140,000. Haar also notes that the projects contributed to significant change in the social and political order of the community, with several owner-‐builders being elected into chairperson roles within the St Paul’s community subsequent to the build.

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Case Study

Paul Haar, St Paul’s Village, Moa Island, 1986-‐88.

Haar reflects that the inspiration for this self- ‐ help approach, which he describes as common sense, lies with the self- ‐constructed shelters and settlement that emerge throughout rural Australia without external assistance. Stephanie Smith who has undertaken a study of contemporary self-‐built Aboriginal architecture highlights many examples of these structures. Whilst often lacking in structural integrity and health amenity these places represent resourcefulness, self- ‐expression and hold many lessons for architects involved in indigenous housing. They are not the hapless hovels so readily depicted by mass media. Ultimately Haar highlights that a book of practice would be useful, communicating ideas directly using attractive graphic presentations supported by videos the book could detail methods of construction which community people, funding agencies and building authorities could adopt for low-‐ cost self-‐help housing.

INTRODUCTION

Reflections by Haar

1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Art Gallery - Case Studies

• • • •

Case Studies of Art Gallery Space

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Serpentine Gallery Pavilion by Peter Zumthor Leventis Art Gallery by Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios Royal/T project by wHY Architecture Goldsmiths College Art Gallery

This case studies includes cases studies of different art gallery and cafe space all over the world. It gives good examples of use form, material, light and shadow to express the atmosphere of space, connection between interior and exterior, maximize the use of wall as display spaces and encourage the use of skylight, encourage the use of multi-functional space.

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RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The project features with a planted garden enclosed by this dark structure. The building acts as a stage, a backdrop for the interior garden of flowers and light. Through blackness and shadow one enters the building from the lawn and begins the transition into the central garden, a place abstracted from the world of noise and traffic and the smells of London – it turns the exterior space to an enclosed interior space within which to sit, to walk, to observe the flowers. This experience will be intense and memorable, as will the materials themselves – full of memory and time.’

DESIGN

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is a project by Peter Zumthor. The study of this project is not only about the serpentine form, it is about the importance of light and shadow and the connection between interior and exterior space in a gallery space.

APPENDIX

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion by Peter Zumthor

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Art Gallery - Case Studies

Leventis Art Gallery The Leventis Art Gallery features in a mix use of art gallery, restaurant gallery and apartments. The art gallery space is designed to be an open and flexible space. Daylighting from rooflights designed to exclude harmful UV, floods the galleries. In upper level, interior walls are used to display the artwork as well as divide up the space and direct they journey.

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DESIGN

The Goldsmiths College Art Gallery also features in the high floor to wall ratio and the use of skylight. This corner of the gallery will be left open at ground-level, serving as an external display space and “blurring the boundary between being inside and outside.”

APPENDIX

Goldsmiths College Art Gallery

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Art Gallery - Case Studies

Royal/T project by wHY Architecture Royal/T is a playful collision of art gallery. wHY Architecture designed the space unlike any other, playing upon traditional rules of gallery, retail and restaurant design. Rather than the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;white boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; space, existing walls remained unpainted, and undulating ribbons of ten foot high acrylic walls contain the art and retail offerings in 148

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architectural vitrines. Patrons can dine in close proximity to the multi-million dollar art collection, the only barrier being the hyper-clear, butt-glazed cast acrylic. Diners become voyeurs and participants in the architectural fusion of pop-culture and high-end design.

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The art pavilion in Areyonga school is good example of using robust and open structure as an art gallery. I havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t had a chance to visit this pavilion, but I think this pavilion may give a hint for the design options.

DESIGN

Art Pavilion in Areyonga School

APPENDIX

Art Pavilion in Areyonga School

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH

Learn from the Traditional Built Form

Learn from the Traditinal Built form

Throughout a study of the traditional Aboriginal Architecture. It is to believe that Aboriginal cultures traditionally invested little meaning in built form and rarely constructed fixed building. The traditional built form includes the basic shelter in various form basic dome, intersecting dome, triangular prism, tripod based conical and ridge pole and platform structure. These forms may or may not be relevant to the present Aboriginal Architectural built form, however it helps understand the Aboriginal way of living associated with hearth and open outdoor living space. 150

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151

•

Hearth as the centre of activity: The fire is essentially the centre of family life, shared only by those between whom a special bond exists.

•

The Aboriginal investment was in landscape rather than architecture.

•

An externally oriented lifestyle required the provision of semi enclosed peripheral space to suit such pattern of outdoor living.

DESIGN

Dancing ground as an cultural gathering spot

APPENDIX

•

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH

Response to the Desert Climate

Both Areyonga and Amoonguna are features in Central Australia desert climate which is one of extremes. In summer average temperatures range between 20°C and 35°C. In winter, the average temperature range is 3°C -20°C. Spring and autumn have warm days and cool evenings. It does not only have hot summers and cold winters, but the temperature can sometimes change as much as 28°C in one day. Rainfall varies from year to year, but overall the climate is dry most of the time. 152

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Courtyards In courtyards, the cool night air is stored until the midhour of the following day while plants shield the court walls from direct solar gain. The rooms draw daylight and cool air from the courtyard during the daytime. Dome A curved roof has a larger convection heat transfer surface, whereby it is more easily cooled.

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Response to the Desert Climate

Thermal Mass In desert climates, builders had to rely on a number of imaginative techniques to optimize peoples comfort in buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; internal spaces. Having thermal mass seems to be the most simple and straight forward options. Thick walls of brick, stone, earth and concrete which in addition to their insulating property function as heat reservoirs: during the hot days, the heat flow from exterior to interior is retarded during cooler hours a given part of the heat imprisoned in the walls is released towards internal spaces.

DESIGN

In response to the desert climate it essential to control the indoor temperature to a comfortable level, as well as creating shade structures for outdoor activity.

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Sandbag Buildings

an eco solution for remote area construction

Throughout researches, I found the sandbag construction seems to be the best material solution for remote area construction like communities in Areyonga.

Sandbag Buildings

Remote community is limited in material transportation and skilled labour. The sandbag buildings encourage the use of local material of earth which can be found almost everywhere, and gives an local cost and simple solution to the construction issues. On the other hand, the sandbag buildings is also appropriate to the local climate as the thick earth wall provide massive thermal insulation which helps to control the indoor environment.

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Simple construction • construction technique can be learned easily within a few days by unskilled labour • the light bags can be handled by one person in all phases of the construction • all members of the community can participate in the construction process (feeling of identification and ownership) • construction can take place without road access and without electricity

CONTENT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Why sandbag buildings

Material quality • a tremendous thermal stability, comparatively good insulation and high thermal mass • excellent sound absorbing and insulating qualities • healthy room climate, walls are vapor permeable • the huge weight makes them wind and water resistant

DESIGN

Low cost • much cheaper than conventional brick building • less transportation: Sand can be locally sourced • fast construction rate

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Sandbag Buildings

an eco solution for remote area construction

Flexibility of Bult Form & Finishes

Flexible Built Form with sandbags buildings 156

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157

Flexible Form and finishes with sandbags buildings

APPENDIX

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Sandbag Buildings

an eco solution for remote area construction

Using sandbags piled up to create a wall is nothing new. For decades or even centuries people have been aware of the good qualities of sandbags for flood protection, for sound insulation or in providing shelter against bullets.

Background History

The idea of using sandbags as a construction material for ordinary housing is fairly new. It was developed as a complete building system during the last ten years in Cape Town, when Michael Tremeer and his company Ecobeam Technologies searched for a cheap way to assist South Africa in its endeavour to house millions of homeless residents. The result was the simple idea of building the walls of houses out of sandbags. The idea was simple. However due to political pressure and the influence of the cement and brick industries, the system could not prevail in public housing projects.

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DESIGN

Tools and materials: Frame, Joint, Sandbag, Sand, fly press and special dies to press the lattice in shape. Measure to fill the sand bags. Different kinds of tampers to compact the sandbags. cement for foundation, DPC, Plaster, roof insulation, etc...

APPENDIX

How to Build

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Sandbag Buildings

an eco solution for remote area construction

Site Preparation and Foundations

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Wall Panel Assembly and erection of the Frame Structure

Filling sandbags DESIGN

Placing Sandbags

APPENDIX

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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1.6 POST TRIP RESEARCH Sandbag Buildings

an eco solution for remote area construction

Installations

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Wire Mesh

Plastering DESIGN

Floor and Roof

APPENDIX

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN APPENDIX

The design development section documented the design development process leading to the design project.

RESEARCH

2.0 Design Development

2.0 Design Development Design Background

The idea of a Visitors Centre in Areyonga came from a informal consultation with the staff from the local council, as they want to bring more visitors from Kings Canyon(a nearby tourist place) to the community and create more job opportunities for the local people.

Background

Areyonga(Utju) itself features in its beautiful landscape as well as a mix of Aboriginal culture with mainly Pitjantjatjara and Aranda. The community has a thriving Arts Centre amazing Aboriginal dot painting and other art works. On the other hand, most people within Areyonga community are welfare dependent. The most urgent thing is to get out of poverty is create more job opportunity. I believe the visitors centre would benefit the local economy as well as the local art and culture.

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DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

Project Delivery Process

APPENDIX

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2.0 Design Development Design Brief

Who are the users??

Who are the users?

visitors

local community

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open area

painting space

info centre

gallery

clean up area

kitchen

toilet

cafe

storage

toilet

accommodation

cultural workshop

performance space

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The Design Brief massive wall

Response to desert climate

wind tower

CONTENT

New Design Brief

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INTRODUCTION

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Dancing ground?

simple construction appropriate construction

local material low cost

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

outdoor area

DESIGN

open and flexible space Response to culture

APPENDIX

hearth as the centre of activity

RESEARCH

shade for outdoor space

2.0 Design Development The Site

The Site

The site is chosen to be at the entry to Areyonga as its easily accessible by the visitors, and minimize its impact on local community life. The site (left) is currently been used as a car park space.

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selected site

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT_ BOWER

RESEARCH

to Alice Springs and Kings Canyon

40m

60m

80m

DESIGN

20m

APPENDIX

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

2.0 Design Development Material

Material

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Remote communities like Areyonga is limited in material and transportation. However there are still a few possible construction material available in the local area as well as recycled material available in the dump.

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rock/rubble

wire mesh

old tyre

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Sand

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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2.0 Design Development Stage 1 The Basic Shed: Gallery + Temporary Project Office

The basic structure include a gallery space for the art centre to display and sell locally produced painting, and included a area can be used as a project office to help the further development of the project. The form of the basic shed is simple and it include a enclosed interior space, shaded deck space, landscape and seating.

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APPENDIX

The basic shed intended to tick all the boxes from the construction compentency list, and help the RJCP builders to learn about all the different construction skills.

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT_ BOWER

2.0 Design Development Stage 2 Index

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APPENDIX

Option 1 is the most simple and straight forward solution to the visitor centre. It proposes another box like structure as the kitchen and cafe. According to the previous research, outdoor living plays an significant role in Aboriginal culture. The big deck space in the centre connect the two buildings and provide a shaded outdoor space for outdoor display, painting and dinning.

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

Option 1: Open Outdoor Gallery + Cafe

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2.0 Design Development Stage 2 Option 2: Hearth as the centre + Gallery + Cafe

Option 2 is a more linear solution which connect and extend the structure proposed in stage 1 and follows the landscape boundary of the site. The fire place in the centre responses to the Aboriginal culture that â&#x20AC;&#x153;hearth is the centre of the activityâ&#x20AC;?. The use of mud brick as the building material may explored in this option. 178

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179 CONTENT

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APPENDIX

Instead of an enclosed space, option 3 provide an open and flexible semienclosed structure. The large and open space encourage the flexible use of space, multiple activity could be happened within the space at the same time. It opens to the environment which brings the light and wind into the structure and enables the use of outdoor space.

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

Option 3: Semi enclosed/ Multi functional Space

2.0 Design Development Stage 2 Option 4: Courtyard + Dancing Ground

Option 4 proposes an semi-opened courtyard space as the centre of activity. Based on the previous research central courtyard has an significant positive environmental impact in desert climate. The semi-opened courtyard is opened to the landscape on one side and provides multiple exit. The dancing ground is proposed in the centre, serpentine walkway around the dancing ground provide a space to enjoy the display, sunlight, coffee and the dancing performance. 180

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181

APPENDIX

Option 5 challenges the idea of a box like building, and provides a freeform solution to the visitors centre. According to an informal consultation, the local people think the box shaped building is not appropriate to them. The use of sandbags enables the flexibility of built. The hearth and dancing ground are the centre of activities, the free formed building is circulated around two centres.

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

Option 5: Freeform Gallery + Hearth + Dancing Ground

CONTENT

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2.0 Design Development Stage 2 Option 6: Serpentine Walkway + Multi functional Pavilion

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Option 6 is the most scattered options. It features in a serpentine walkway that connect all the pavilions. It provides different options of fully enclosed circular pavilions, open pavilions and semi-enclosed pavilions as well. The open multi functional pavilion can be used for various activity like outdoor display, dancing and fire.

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

Option 7:

APPENDIX

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT DESIGN APPENDIX

Introduction Stage 1 Stage 2

RESEARCH

3.0 Design Project

3.0 Design Project Introduction

Research shows that tourism has a positive impact on the local culture and economy in remote Indigenous communities in Australia.

Thesis Statement

This project explores how supported self-build principles can be used to design and construct a Visitors Centre in Areyonga. Often new infrastructure in remote communities neglects cultural identities and removes users from the design and building process. This proposal outlines a process leading to the development of the Areyonga Visitors Centre. Stage 1 proposes a basic shelter for the Community Art Centre to produce and sell locally sourced paintings and includes a process that consults with the community to frame a brief for further improvements. Stage 2 highlights a series of options that could help in the further development of the Visitor Centre based on the consultation in Stage 1 and includes an open-ended process of self-build outcomes framed by the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s input and labour.

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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Project Delivery Process Diagram

Community Feedback

Consultation / Design

New Build

Community Feedback

Self Build

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Rapport Building/ Learning

DESIGN

Build the Basic Shed

APPENDIX

RESEARCH

Stage 2

Stage 1

3.0 Design Project Stage 1

Stage 1 proposes a basic structure as an Art Gallery for Community Art Centre, the space can also be used as a temporary project office for the further development of the project. The site is chosen to be at the entry to Areyonga as its easily accessible by the visitors, and minimize its impact on local community life.

Stage 1

The design is simple and easy to build, response to the desert climate, and open to the outdoor environment and intended to cover different construction skill competencies. The project is going to be built by the local RJCP people. A separate construction instruction manual is produced to illustrate the building process. It is going to be a process for the RJCP people to learn about different building techniques as well as a rapport building process between the locals and architects.

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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RESEARCH

The Site

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

selected site

to Alice Springs and Kings Canyon

N 40m

60m

80m

DESIGN

20m

APPENDIX

3.0 Design Project Stage 1

Basic Structure

1 2

4 1

3 1 2 3 4 190

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1 2 3 4

gallery painting temporary project office deck

B Basic Structure APPENDIX

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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3.0 Design Stage 1

B 192

Temporary Project Office for Consultation and Discussion

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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Construction instruction refer to separate booklet

APPENDIX

Areyonga Art Centre - the Basic Shed

Construction Instruction Manual

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

Sandbag is selected as the main building material, as its appropriate to the climate with locally sourced material. Easy and cheap in construction.

3.0 Design Project Stage 2

Stage 2 highlights a series of options that could help in the further development of the Visitor Centre.

Stage 2

The different options are based on the previous researches and various in form, function and material. However the final outcome is going to be decided and produced by the local people, through real consultation and discussion.

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195

project office

painting space

cafe

fire place

dancing ground

sandbag

mudbrick

steel

timber cultural workshop

accommodation

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

art gallery

RESEARCH

material

DESIGN

function

APPENDIX

form

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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3.0 Design Project Stage 2 Index

4 196

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? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

APPENDIX

CONTENT

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3.0 Design Project Stage 2 1

11 10

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

gallery painting clean up storage deck outdoor display outdoor painting cafe outdoor cafe kitchen toilet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

gallery painting clean up storage deck outdoor display outdoor painting cafe outdoor cafe kitchen toilet

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Simple Shed Duplication of the basic. Shaded deck connecting two spaces.

APPENDIX

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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3.0 Design Project Stage 2 2

5 4 6

4 7

5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

gallery painting clean up storage toilet deck outdoor display outdoor painting fire cafe outdoor cafe kitchen

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RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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Linear Gallery Linear gallery space. Hearth as the centre of activity.

APPENDIX

DESIGN

3.0 Design Project Stage 2 3

7 2

4 6

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 gallery 2 painting 3 clean up gallery painting 4 storage clean up 5 deck storage 6 dancing ground deck dancing ground 7 multi-functional space multi-functional space cultural workshop 8 cultural workshop cafe kitchen 9 cafe toilet 10 kitchen 11 toilet

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RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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Open Space Open to out door environment. Encourage flexible use of space.

APPENDIX

DESIGN

3.0 Design Project Stage 2 4 10

3 5

3 1

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

gallery painting clean up storage 1 gallery deck 2 painting cultural 3 clean up workshop 4 storage fire 5 deck workshop coffee 6 culturalkiosk 7 fire toilet 8 coffee kiosk 9 toilet accommodation accommodation 10

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RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Serpentine Gallery Courtyard space response to desert climate. Hearth as the centre.

APPENDIX

DESIGN

3.0 Design Project Stage 2 5

9 2

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1 gallery 2 painting 3 clean up 41 gallery storage 52 painting deck 3 clean up 64 storage fire 756 deck dancing ground fire 87 dancing cafe ground 8 cafe 99 kitchen kitchen 10 toilet 10 toilet

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INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

Freeform Flexiblity of built form and function. Hearth and dancing ground as two centres

APPENDIX

DESIGN

3.0 Design Project Stage 2 6

? 8

1 7 2 3

1 6

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1 gallery 2 painting 3 clean up 4 storage gallery 5 deck painting clean6 up multi-functional pavilion storage deck 7 cafe multi-functional pavilion 8 kitchen cafe kitchen 9 toilet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 toilet

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209 CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

Scattered Pavilions Scattered open pavilions. Flexible use of space. Open to environment.

APPENDIX

DESIGN

3.0 Design Project Stage 2 3

final outcome remains open ended

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7 DESIGN

5 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

4 RESEARCH

3 INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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Open Ended Process

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? APPENDIX

2 211

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APPENDIX

DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

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3.0 Appendix

4.0 APPENDIX UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT The Dreaming • W.E.H. Stanner, The Dreaming • The Dreaming is the key to understand the spiritual world of Australian Aborigines. • 1979, Whiteman Got No Dreaming: Essays 1938-1973, Australian National University Press, Canberra Community Profile

• • • • •

Presentation by Rebecca Warren, Lina Xu, Nicky McNamara

•

h t t p : / / m a c d o n n e l l. n t . g o v. a u / c o m m u n i t i e s / amoonguna http://macdonnell.nt.gov.au/communities/areyonga http://www.ideaswa.net/upload/editor/files/ downloads/Working%20with%20Aboriginal%20 People.PDF

•

Cultural Context • http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/docswr/_assets/ main/documents/working_with_Aboriginal.pdf • http://w w w.rahc.com.au/sites/default/files/ documents/community_profiles/Amoonguna%20 Community%20Profile.pdf • http://w w w.rahc.com.au/sites/default/files/ documents/community_profiles/Areyonga%20 Community%20Profile.pdf

•

• •

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http://smartstartforkids.org.au/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2013/05/IMG_0435.jpg http://www.stephenlumbarchitect.com/wp-content/ uploads/2011/06/IMG_2462-542x250.jpg http://blog.petercarrollphoto.com/wp-content/ uploads/2010/10/Areyonga-6757.jpg http://www.reddust.org.au/partnerships/3595 http://ozoutback.com.au/Australia/hermannsburg/ slides/1991052503.html http://www.sowetogospelfans.com/newsite/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/areyonga007.jpg http://www.reddust.org.au/partnerships/3595 http://www.clc.org.au/articles/info/Aboriginalkinship Jim Sinatra and Phin Murphy, Listen to the People, Listen to the Land http://www.indigenousaustralia.info/the-dreaming/ introduction.htm

An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research • Staphen Long, Paul Memmott and Tim Seelig, An Audit and Review of Australian Indigenous Housing Research, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute • <http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/projects/ p20281>

Presentation by Naomi Clarke, Nicky McNamara, Lina Xu

• •

Dovey, Kim (1996).’Architecture for Aborigines’, Architecture Australia, 85 (4) pp. 98 - 103 Dovey, Kim (2000). ‘Myth and media: Constructing Aboriginal architecture,’ Journal of Architectural Education, 54 (1) pp 2 - 6.

Form and Material • Findley, Lisa (2002). ‘Uluru-Kata Tjuta Cultural Centre Gregory Burgess,’ Baumeister, (3) pp. 74 - 79. • Findley, Lisa (2005). Building change: Architecture, politics and cultural agency. Psychology Press • http://w w w.placeresearch.net/aboriginalityarchitecture-place-research.htm • Greenaway, Jefa (2015) Architecture AU, Reflections on Indigenous Placemaking • Contextualising the William Barak building, Forum, 2015 • Kevin O’Brien, Awaye radio show, 2015

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

Media/Public Perception and Political Context

RESEARCH

Jobs and Homes • Noel Pearson, Jobs and Homes, The Quest for a Radical Centre, 2007 • The men of the Fifth World, New Atlantis Full Documentaries • <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRBMdS4t36c> • The Dreamtime - Documentary <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKQDoVguoIk>

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CASE STUDIES

DESIGN

INDIGENOUS HOUSING RESEARCH

215

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4.0 APPENDIX CASE STUDIES

CONSTRUCTION & LABOUR

Design Process • Findley, Lisa (2002). ‘Uluru-Kata Tjuta Cultural Centre Gregory Burgess,’ Baumeister, (3) pp. 74 - 79. • Findley, Lisa (2005). Building change: Architecture, politics and cultural agency. Psychology Press

Construction Instruction

Transitional Housing • Presentation by Llewellyn Vardon McLeod, Mitchell Gow, Matt Eagle

Presentation by Rebecca Warren, Lina Xu, Nicky McNamara

• • • • • • • • • •

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http://www.bunnings.com.au/diy-advice/outdoor-garden/backyard/decking/how-to-build-a-pergola-construct-the-frame http://www.familyhandyman.com/garden-structures/how-to-build-a-pergola/view-all http://www.theclassicarchives.com/how-to-guides/ free-backyard-garden-storage-shed-plans http://ebookbrowsee.net/gdoc. php?id=507335812&url=a9623ce869158390a43e85533e7f5262 http://web.archive.org/web/20100601233921/http:// www.magnetmart.com.au/media/magnet_mart/ startsmart/build/make_pergola.pdf http://ana-white.com/2011/04/weatherly-pergola http://cdn.workshop.com.s3.amazonaws.com/ files/2012/05/CW-May11-Pergola.jpg http://www.aussiesheds.com.au/wp-content/uploads/Building-Instructions-Frame-First.pdf?PHPSESSID=36ed3bbfebb3dab9df35d8a85ddddf35 https://secure.mitre10.com.au/media/pdf/title/300311_01.pdf http://www.surferswithoutborders.org/Resources_ files/Compost%20Toilet%20Manual.pdf

Remote Area Construction and Labour

•

Presentation by Rebecca Warren, Lina Xu, Nicky McNamara

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Fien, J & Charlesworth, E 2012, ‘Why isn’t it solved?: Factors affecting improvements in housing outcomes in remote Indigenous communities in Australia’, Habitat International, vol. 36, pp. 20-25 Kennedy, JF (ed) 2004, Building Without Borders: Sustainable Construction for the Global Village, Transcontinental Printing, Canada MacIntyre, L 2007, ‘After the Wave’, E.nz Magazine: The Magazine of Technical Enterprise, March/April, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 42-47 <http://search.informit.com.au.ezp.lib.unimelb. edu.au/fullText;dn=930332289289161;res=IELENG accessed 08 Apr 2015>

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McAnulty, Shane & Baroudi, Bassam (2010). Construction Challenges in Remote Australian Locations. In: 26th Annual ARCOM Conference Leeds, United Kindom 2010, pp.1247-1257. Swagel, W 2014, ‘Indigenous Building Techniques’, Alaska Business Monthly, October, pp. 42-47 <http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.unimelb. edu.au/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e387dcb6-5d38-48b7-b252-fdb44a6a9049%40sessionmgr4002&vid=0&hid=4202accessed 08 Apr 2015> Szava, A., Moran, M., Walker, B., West, G., 2007 ,‘Cost of Housing in remote Indigenous Communities: Views from the Northern Territory Construction Industry’, Centre for Appropriate Technology <http://www.icat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Cost-ofremote-housing-construction-industry-views.pdf>

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http://www.bluescopesteel.com.au/files/dmfile/ FLATDEKPatioAug09.pdf http://decksbydesign.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/How-do-i-build-a-deck-version1.3.pdf http://www.bowerhomesplus.com.au/wp-content/ uploads/2013/03/BowerHomesPlus_Catalogue.pdf http://www.bibliocad.com/biblioteca/manual-de-construccion-sismoresitente-de-viviendas-en-bahareque-encementado_64667

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4.0 APPENDIX POST TRIP RESEARCH Turism Impact on Indigenous Community • Jon Altman, 1989, Tourism Dilemmas for aboriginal Australians, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.16,pp 456-476, Australian National University, Australia • Dorte Verner, 2009,Tourism and Indigenous People, the World Bank Latin America and Caribbean Region • Ewa Legowik and Hunter Marrian. 2009.Tourism impact on indigenous community. http://www.slideshare.net/ guest809599/tourism-impacts-on-indigenous-people “Self-Build” in Remote Aboriginal Communities • Haar Paul, “A Self Help Approach to Remore Area Housing”, In P Read (ed.) Sett lement: A History of Australian • Indigenous Housing. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 2000. • Haar Paul, “Community Building and Housing Process: Context for Self-Help Housing.” In P Memmott (ed.) • Heppell M. (ed.) (1979). A Black Reality: Aboriginal camps and housing in remote Australia, Canberra : Australian Insti tute of Aboriginal Studies. • Memmott Paul et al, Take 2: Housing design in indigenous Australia, Royal Australian Insti tute of Architects, Canberra, 2003.

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Memmott Paul, Gunyah Goondie and Wurley: The Aboriginal Architecture of Australia, UQ Press, Brisbane, 2007.

Learn from the Traditional Built Form • Paul Memmott, 2007. Gunyah, Goondie + Wurley: The Aboriginal Architecture of Australia, Univ. of Queensland Press Sandbag Building • Stefan Kracht(2009), The sandbag House: High living Comfort, Economical and Ecological • www.sandbaghouse.com • http://www.instructables.com/id/Step-by-StepEarthbag-Building/step1/Tools-and-materials/

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