IPMnet NEWS March 2003, Issue no. 111 ISSN: 1523-7893 Š Copyright 2005 IPM NEWS --- international IPM news and programs I. IPM NEWS International IPM news and programs Drought Hits Biocontrol in Australia Successfully establishing biological control organisms is difficult under most circumstances, but a recent instance from Australia illustrates how adverse or extreme environmental conditions can amplify the challenge. The current drought afflicting much of the island nation has caused the moths, weevils, and beetles enlisted in a battle against invasive weeds to loose ground, according to a report from CSIRO. One of the worst pest plants in Australia is Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush), a native of southern Africa that thrives in a coastal environment and restricts access to beaches and destroys native shrubbery. In Australia, bitou bush has invaded and become established on hundreds of kilometers along the NSW coast. Australia now conducts a massive biocontrol program against bitou. According to CSIRO entomologist A. Swirepik, "Bitou along the coast is being affected by the dry conditions, and this affects the biocontrol agents that attack it," such as the leaf-rolling moth Tortrix, which has not established as well as predicted in the two years since it was initially released. "The leaves of bitou bush become tough and lose nutritional value," notes Swirepik, and this makes it very difficult for the young Tortrix larvae to find a niche amongst the growth tips. Extremely dry weather has also caused ants and spiders to look for alternatives to the now scarcer insects they usually consume. As a re-result the leaf-rolling larvae introduced to attack bitou instead became a feast for hungry ants and spiders. However, arrival of rain could lead to another generation of the leaf-roller which, Swirepik says, "will really boost their numbers." But, "if the rain comes later when it is too cool for the larvae to develop quickly, bitou will get a head start for the following summer." Swirepik believes that, once the leaf-rolling moth establishes, it will dramatically reduce bitou bush growth and complement other biocontrol agents attacking seed production and plant biomass. "It's two steps forward, one step back with this weed, but we're confident we'll
eventually get the upper hand," he observed. *> A. Swirepik, CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA. Eml: . Phone: 61-02-6246-4252. excerpted, with thanks, from a CSIRO report. Thanks also to Agnet for information.
Annual Global GM Crops Reviewed An annual review of commercialized transgenic (GM) Crops conducted by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), revealed, among other things, that for 2002: The estimated area of GM crops globally was: 58.7 million ha. (145 million a.), equivalent to more than 5 percent of the total land area of China or the U.S., or almost 2.5-times the land area of the U.K. Grown by: between 5.5 and 6.0 million farmers. Grown in: 16 countries, with four countries (U.S., Argentina, Canada, and China) accounting for 99 percent of the global crop area. Principal GM crops were: soybean, corn, cotton, and canola. The review, "Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 2002", by C. James, contains additional information and statistics. The document is ISAAA Briefs No. 27, and can be found in English and French versions at: www.isaaa.org click on "News & Updates." excerpted, with thanks, from the indicated ISAAA source. GLOBAL IPM NOTES The Pesticide Action Network-UK recommends that the UK Pesticide Safety Directorate be changed to the Pest Management Directorate and duly assigned broadened oversight rather than just focusing on pesticides. *> D. Buffin, DavidBuffin@pan-uk.org. Initial studies revealed that soil nitrogen levels can affect early Bt endotoxin production by genetically modified plants.*> H.A. Bruns, ABruns@ars.usda.gov. In 2002, research confirmed existence of glyphosate-resistant Lolium multiflorum Lam. (ryegrass) in Chilean orchards. *> M. Kogan, MKogan@puc.cl. For late-season melon production, reflective mulches reduced aphid populations, limited aphid-borne virus diseases, and increased marketable yield. *> J.J. Stapleton, Jim@uckac.edu . back to top IPM MEDLEY --- publications and other IPM information resources II. IPM MEDLEY General matters, publications of interest, and other resources for IPM information PUBLICATIONS PERUSED AUTHORS, EDITORS, AND PUBLISHERS IPMnet NEWS welcomes mentioning any publication, or CD, focused on, or related to, IPM. To assure coverage, please send a review copy of the publication, with full information to:
IPMnet NEWS, c/o Integrated Plant Protection Center 2040 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-2915, USA
1. NOTABLE PEST ATLAS RETURNS British entomologist D.V. Alford's long out-of-print landmark reference, A COLOR ATLAS OF PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS AND FLOWERS, (1995), has been republished in 2003 as a handsome hardbound volume containing hundreds of full color, closeup photos and a trove of useful information. This authoritative work, designed as a single source for recognition, biology, and control, presents detailed descriptions of pestsclearly emphasizing insects, but including nematodes, mammals, and moreas well as plant symptoms. Each insect pest profile includes a physical description, life cycle account, and damage definition, plus suggested control approaches. A brief introductory discussion addresses various pest management options available, but specific recommendations lean toward chemical strategies. Overall, the author draws on his long career in practical application of entomology to forge an indispensable 448-page work. *> Timber Press, 133 SW Second Ave., Ste. 450, Portland, OR 97204-3527, USA. Eml: Rebecca@timberpress.com . Fax: 1-503-227-3070. Phone: 1-503-227-2878. Web: www.timberpress.com. FARMERS, COMMUNITIES AND IPM IN ASIA The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been the prime force behind an energetic movement to marry the tenets of IPM with a direct-to-farmer (small plot farmers, primarily) delivery of practical information. A 2002 publication, FROM FARMER FIELD SCHOOL TO COMMUNITY IPM, Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia, captures the FAO program's emergence and subsequent success achieved insofar as heightening farmer awareness of pests (primarily insects), and reducing reliance on insecticides as a management strategy. Editors J. Pontius, et al, relate the post green revolution turmoil and problems existing in Asia, particularly with rice culture, and the turn-around achieved by empowering farmers with knowledge to aid decision-making in pest management. The 115-page, softbound volume is graphically attractive, reader friendly, and while short on weed and pathogen information, a useful addition to the body of IPM literature in general and an important chronicle of effective knowledge transfer in rural, small farm environments. *> FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Rd., Bangkok 10200, THAILAND. Fax: 66-2-697-4445. Eml: FAO-RAP@fao.org . Phone: 66-2-697-4000. 3. ECONOMICS, PESTICIDES, AND RESISTANCE A 2003 monograph, BATTLING RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND PESTICIDES, AN ECONOMIC APPROACH, engages the dismal science in a brave move to staunch the potential reversals of recent gains in both public health andmore in keeping with IPMagricultural science. The 390-page hard bound work, says the publisher, modestly presents "cutting-edge research and ground-breaking, comprehensive application of economic tools to analyze how antibiotics and pesticides should be used to maximize their value to society." Editor R. Laxminarayan draws on papers originally presented by an international group at a 2001 conference, supplemented by additional material. The latter, including several knowledgeable commentaries that question the more esoteric economic conclusions, are highlights. Also, interesting ideas are shadowed by some questionable, sweeping generalizations and the text is larded with multi-level equations that only a devoted economist could love. *> RFF Press, Resources or the Future, 1616 P St., NW,
Washington, DC 20036-1400,USA. Web: www.rff.org. Eml: Halperin@rff.org. Fax: 1-202-328-5137. Phone: 1-202-328-5067.
PUBLICATION & CD NOTES A PERSISTENT WEED PROFILED THE IPM PRACTITIONER often publishes in-depth reviews of integrated management of common pest organisms. The latest in this extensively researched and documented series appears in the October 2002 issue (vol. XXIV, no. 10) and concerns Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a highly invasive perennial wetland herb capable of dense infestations growing up to 2.7 m (9 ft) tall, crowding out native vegetation, and decreasing species diversity. Authors I. Woo, et al, provide an extended background, followed by a detailed discussion of each of the various management options. The conclusion: no individual method will control L. salicaria in a single treatment. The authors state that, "diligence and persistence will be required over a number of years to subdue this weed." A robust reference section completes this useful reference article. *> BIRC, PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA. Eml: BIRC@igc.apc.org . excerpted, with thanks, from THE IPM PRACTITIONER. TROPICAL PEST MANAGEMENT INFORMATION The College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) at the Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa offers a selection of free publications on topics concerning pest management in tropical crops. Categories include: plant disease; insect pests; biotechnology; and many others. As an example, an October 2002, 11-page paper entitled "Managing Coffee Nematode Decline," by S. Nelson, et al, offers a full discussion of the problem and its cause, plus clear steps to avoid or mitigate the issue. *> CTAHR Publications and Information, Gilmore 119, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Eml: pio@ctahr.hawaii.edu . Fax: 1-808-956-5966. Phone: 1-808-956-7036. Web: www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu (click on "publications"). HANDY IPM SCOUTING FIELD GUIDES Michigan State University's active IPM program has published A POCKET GUIDE FOR IPM SCOUTING IN STONE FRUITS, a handy sized 8.25 by 12.7 cm (3.25 by 5.0 in), plastic-coated resource designed for in-field use. The 90-page guide includes a ton of full color photos and descriptions to help identify pest organisms (insects and mites, diseases, beneficials, and pest-caused damage to stone fruit crops). Authors D. Epstein, et al, also included guidelines for monitoring and thresholds. Sample pages and an order form for the attractively laid out guide can be found at: www.msue.msu.edu as well as information about other available and forthcoming titles.
WEBSITE, VIDEO, & OTHER RESOURCES WEEDS AND STRAWBERRIES In the February 2003 issue of the online newsletter THE ALL ONTARIO BERRY GROWER (vol. #0.02), weed management specialist L. Huffman offers a combination of new and old ideas for managing weeds in Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry). The eight points lean toward modifying, manipulating, and managing the growing environment through reason and logic to, as Huffman
says, "put the crop at an advantage over the weeds." An additional "Ten Top Tips to Managing Weeds in Strawberries" stresses an informed approach and use of all available weed management "tools." www.gov.on.ca *> L. Huffman, Weed Management-Horticultural Crops, OMAF, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, CANADA. Eml: Leslie.Huffman@omaf.gov.on.ca. Phone: 1-519-738-2251, ext. 499. ONLINE PEST MANAGEMENT POSTERS The active Entomology Group at CSIRO (Australia) has posted 21 full color posters featuring a variety of insect related pest management topics. Subject matter ranges from biological control, such as insects attacking both terrestrial and aquatic weed plants, to an explanation of pest insects in ecualypts. Several of the posters were collaborative efforts with other Australian agencies. The colorful posters are found at: www.ento.csiro.au ABOUT MAGGOTS For maggot-philes, a group at Oregon State Univ.(USA) has launched "Maggot Mania!" a free electronic newsletter with sole focus on Delia radicum (cabbage maggot) and management of this pest insect in brassica crops. The newsletter's initial issue, spring 2003, briefly discusses "MagNet," a research and extension program to study D. radicum, devise appropriate management strategies, and disseminate information. Unearth "Maggot Mania" at: oregonipm.ippc.orst.edu *> A. Dreves, Horticulture Dept., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. Eml: DrevesA@science.oregonstate.edu . Phone: 1-541-737-5576. IAPPS ADDS MULTILINGUAL PAGES IAPPS, the International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences, dedicated to "production of healthy crops economically and in a healthy environment for the benefit of all," has added "Overview" website pages in German, French, and Chinese, to complement existing versions in Spanish, Arabic, and English. Web: www.plantprotection.org *> IAPPS Secretary-General, eml: J_Apple@ncsu.edu .
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, & SERVICES LIVING AND LUNCHING ON APHIDS Among the more entertaining product catalogs extant, the GREEN METHODS CATALOG lists materials offered by the Green Spot Ltd., a U.S. firm specializing in biological and biorational control. For instance, where else might one find an article entitled "California Girls," relating the escapades of Jeanne and Mary who just happen to be two plump and happy Hippodamia convergens (convergent lady beetles)? Green Spot's proprietor and writer of the "ladybug" article explains that it was intended to both educate and entertain. Mission accomplished. The 2003 edition of the liberally illustrated, 62-page catalog is free. *> M. Cherim, The Green Spot, 93 Priest Rd., Nottingham, NH 03290-6204, USA. Eml: info@greenmethods.com . Fax: 1-603-942-8932. Phone: 1-603-942-8925. Web: www.greenmethods.com. DEVICE CONSERVES HERBICIDE To eliminate unnecessary application of herbicide between crop rows, in vineyards, in orchards, and other settings where weeds occur intermittently, a patented device mounted on a sprayer senses when a weed plant is present and signals a valve cartridge/spray nozzle to deliver a precise amount of herbicide and then immediately shut off. The compact enclosed sensor units, main controller, and valve cartridges are marketed together as WeedSeeker. The sensors employ advanced optics and utilizecomputer circuitry in the
controller "to see" weeds within a 30.5 cm (12 in.) field of view. WeedSeeker sensors can be placed under spray hoods for use in close proximity to crop plants, or ganged along a single boom to cover multiple rows in a single pass. Other configurations are available. Electric power, supplied by a battery, is used to operate the system. *> Patchen Inc., 740 S. State St., Ukiah, CA 95482, USA. Eml: John@weedseeker.com . Fax: 1-707-467-3750. Phone: 1-707-467-3747. Web: www.weedseeker.com.
back to top IPM RESEARCH/TECHNICAL PAPERS --- categories and topics related to IPM III. RESEARCH/TECHNICAL PAPERS categories and topics related to IPM. IPMnet NEWS will gladly provide the postal address for any first author mentioned in the titles that follow. E-mail requests to: IPMnet@bcc.orst.edu. Featured Paper INTEGRATED APPROACH CUTS INSECTICIDES A 2-year program undertook to reduce organophosphate and carbamate insecticide use and mitigate their associated risks in Prunus persica (peach) production in the U.S. state of New Jersey. A reduced risk arthropod management regime, combining mating disruption and ground cover management, was implemented and compared to conventionally managed (sprayed) orchards by A. Atanassov, et al, who recently reported their findings. The reduced risk system was found to provide a level of pest insect control equal to or better than the conventional pest management program, with the added benefit of significantly reduced insecticide usage. *> P.W. Shearer, Shearer@aesop.rutgers.edu. excerpted, with thanks, from: "Development and Implementation of a Reduced Risk Peach Arthropod Management Program in New Jersey," JRNL. OF ECON. ENTOM., 95(4), 803-812, August 2002.
This Month's SELECTED TITLES (broadly grouped by pest or tactic categories). General "Biotechnology and European Corn Borer: Measuring Historical Farmer Perceptions and Adoption of Transgenic Bt Corn as a Pest Management Strategy," Pilcher, C.D., et al. * JRNL. OF ECON. ENTOM., 95(5), 878-892, October 2002. "Insect-resistant Transgenic Plants in a Multi-trophic Context," Groot, A.T., and M. Dicke. * THE PLANT JRNL., 31(4), 387-406, August 2002. Biocontrol "Assessing the Feasibility of Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers in West Africa: Incorporating the Farmers' Perspective," De Groote, H., et al. * AGRIC. AND HUMAN VALUES, 18(4), 413-428, 2001. "Environmental Risk Assessment of Exotic Natural Enemies Used in Inundative Biological Control," van Lenteren, J.C., et al. * BIOCON., 48(1), 3-38, February 2003. "Nontarget EffectsThe Achilles' Heel of Biological Control? Retrospective Analyses to Reduce Risk Associated with Biocontrol Introductions," Louda, S.M., et al. * ANN. REV. OF ENTOM., 48, 365-396, 2003. Phytopathology
"Integrating Cultural Control Methods for Tomato Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Uganda," Tumwine, J., et al. * ANNS. OF APPLD. BIOL., 141(3), 225-226, December 2002. "Managing Plant Disease Risk in Diversified Cropping Systems," Krupinsky, J.M., et al. * AGRON. JRNL., 94(2), 198-209, March-April 2002. Weed Management "A Risk-qualified Approach to Calculate Locally Varying Herbicide Application Rates," Faechner, T., et al. * WEED RESCH., 42(6), 476-485, December 2002. "Integrated Weed Management: Effect of Herbicide Choice and Timing of Application on the Survival of a Biological Control Agent of the Tropical Weed, Mimosa pigra," Paynter, Q. * BIOL. CONTROL, 26(2), 162-167, February 2003. Entomology "Modeling the Development of Resistance by Stalk-boring Lepidopteran Insects (Crambidae) in Areas with Transgenic Corn and Frequent Insecticide Use," Onstad, D.W., et al. * JRNL. OF ECON. ENTOM., 95(5), 1033-1043, October 2002. "Population-level Effects of Pesticides and Other Toxicants on Arthropods," Stark, J.D., and J.E. Banks. * ANN. REV. OF ENTOM., 48, 505-519, 2003. Special Bt Sub-section "Bacillus thuringiensis-Toxin Resistance Management: Stable Isotope Assessment of Alternate Host Use by Helicoverpa zea," Gould, F., et al * PROC. NATL. ACAD. OF SCI. USA, 99(26), 16581-16586, December 2002. "Yield Effects of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries," Qaim, M., and D. Zilberman. * SCIENCE, 299(5608), 900-902, February 2003. Nematology "Use of Remote Sensing to Detect Soybean Cyst Nematode-Induced Plant Stress," Nutter, F.W., et al. * JRNL. OF NEMATOL., 34(3), 222- 231, 2002. back to top U.S. REGIONAL IPM CENTERS AND THE IPM-CRSP --- news, developments IV. U.S. REGIONAL PEST MANAGEMENT CENTERS News, developments West Nile Virus Alert An informative National Pest Alert highlighting "West Nile Virus in North America" has been published as a joint effort of the U.S. Regional Pest Management Centers and the U.S. National IPM Program. The alert, a two-sided, full color fact sheet, and a website (below), illustrates the typical life cycle of the transmitting vector (various species of mosquito), and then lists important steps for prevention and control of the problem. Getting rid of any standing water is the key to eliminating mosquito breeding sites. Common sense measures for human protection from mosquito bites are set forth as are the symptoms of the virus which range from no effect to very serious (enchephalitis). The same information can be found and freely downloaded from: www.ncpmc.org This website offers extensive links to other sources for additional information, answers to questions, and more. *> S.T. Ratcliffe, SRatclif@uiuc.edu . Phone: 1-217-333-9656. Pest: A Threat to California's Olives An insect pest first discovered in 1998 in California has rapidly spread to 37 counties and poses a
serious threat to the state's olive groves. The persistent pest, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (olive fruit fly), has damaged olive crops in the Mediterranean for centuries. A well-funded program has been launched in California to monitor and control the pest, in part based on information developed in Europe and other olive growing regions. Univ. of California scientists are actively investigating the pest's phenology and habits as well as devising a range of IPM strategies. Parasitic wasps that attack B. oleae will be imported from sub-Saharan Africa as potential biocontrol agents; monitoring traps will be deployed to aid in the timing of sprays; and attract-and-kill technologies that hold promise of efficacious olive fruit fly management will be researched in an all-out program. The battle against the olive fruit fly is a collaborative effort involving federal and state agencies plus local jurisdictions. See: danr.ucop.edu excerpted, with thanks, from CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, 57(1), January-March 2003. back to top U.S. AID's IPM-Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) back to top IPMNET CALENDAR --- recent additions and revisions to a comprehensive global V. IPMnet CALENDAR a comprehensive global listng of forthcoming IPM-related events (conferences, symposia, workshops, training courses, etc.) for 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 NOTES: This issue of the IPMnet NEWS lists only: (N)EW events that have not been previously cited; and, (R)EVISED events, with new information compared to an earlier listing in the IPMnet CALENDAR The complete IPMnet CALENDAR is e-mailed to all IPMnet e-mail subscribers once annually, but is kept up to date and may be requested any time from IPMnet ipmnet@bcc.orst.edu. It can also be found on the IPMnet website: www.ipmnet.org Please send information about future events, or revisions, to: IPMnet NEWS at ipmnet@bcc.orst.edu. Information listed in the IPMnet CALENDAR was supplied by, and collected from, a variety of sources; IPMnet greatly appreciates all cooperation. New and Revised listings Previously Listed events See also AgNIC's Agricultural Conferences, Meetings, Seminars Calendar
IPMnet CALENDAR Update (N)ew and [R]evised entries only; current as of 27 February 2003. 2003 (N) 10-11 April * MANAGEMENT OF PEST RESISTANCE: STRATEGIES USING CROP MANAGEMENT, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PESTICIDES SYMPOSIUM, Indianapolis,IN, USA. Organized by the Council for Agric. Sci. and Technology,in conjunction with the 4th National (U.S.) IPM Symposium.Contact: C. Richard, eml: CRichard@cast-science.org. Phone: 1-202-675-8333, ext. 12. Web: www.cast (N) 19 April * 79TH ANNUAL MEETING, KANSAS/CENTRAL STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Manhattan, KS, USA. Contact: J. Reese, Dept. of Entomology,
Waters Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506-4004,USA. Eml: JReese@oznet.ksu.edu. Fax: 1-785-532-6232.Web: www.oznet.ksu.edu 03-05 June * 6TH FUMIGANTS & PHEROMONES INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE, Copenhagen, DENMARK. Contact: D. Mueller, eml: Insectsltd@aol.com. Fax: 1-317-867-5757. Phone: 1-317-896-9300. (N) 23-27 June * CURSO/TALLER: MANEJO INTEGRADO DE PLAGAS EN LA PRODUCCION AGRARIA SOSTENIBLE, Havana, CUBA. Contact: L.L.Vazquez M., Calle 110, #514 e/ 5taB y 5ta F. Playa, CP 11600, Ciudad de la Habana, CUBA. Eml: LVazquez@inisav.cu. Fax: 53-7-202-9366. Web: www.inisav.cu (click on "cursos"). (N) 09-12 September * 4TH EUROPEAN VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, Parma, ITALY. Contact: L. Nieder, Dipart. di Biologia Evo., Univ. di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, I-43100 Parma, ITALY. Eml: Nieder@biol.unipr.it. Fax: 39-0521-905657. Phone: 39-0521-905634. Web: www.biol.unipr.it 12-17 September * 14TH MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE STUDY OF VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF THE GRAPEVINE, Locorotondo, BA, ITALY. Contact: D. Boscia, Dept. of Plant Protection and Appld. Microbio., Univ. of Bari, Via Amendola, 165/A, I-70126 Bari, ITALY. Eml: ICVG2003@area.ba.cnr.it. Fax: 39-080-544-3067. Phone: 39-080-544-2911. Web: www.agr.uniba.it December * COURSE, "NEMATODES IN CROPPING SYSTEMS: IDENTIFICATION AND TECHNIQUES," Glen Osmond, SA, AUSTRALIA. Contact: K. Davies, Univ. of Adeliade, GPO Box 1700, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, AUSTRALIA. Eml: KDavies@waite.adelaide.edu.au. Fax: 61-08-8379-4095. Phone: 61-08-8303-7255.Web: www.ento.csiro.au (N) 07-11 August * ANNUAL MEETING, SOCIETY OF NEMATOLOGISTS, Estes Park, CO, USA. Contact: SON, PO Box 311, Marceline, MO 64658, USA. Eml: SON@mcmsys.com. Fax/phone: 1-660-256-3252. Web: www.nematologists.org September * 7TH CONFERENCE OF THE EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Aberdeen, UK. Contact: M. Dickinson, School of Biosci., Univ. of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK. Eml: Matthew.Dickinson@nottingham.ac.uk. 2005 No NEW or REVISED entries. 2006 No NEW or REVISED entries.
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