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early steam vehicle In 1672, Ferdinard Verbiest, built the first steam-powered vehicle as a toy for the Chinese Emperior. But it couldn’t carry a driver.
The first steam-powered vehicle could carry people was made in France, designed by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.
By 1784, William Murdock had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, England.
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a london steam carriage had been built by richard trevithick
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In 1805, Oliver Evans had been granted the first automobile patent for his steam vehicle.
the oruktor amphibolos
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early internal combustion engine By 1806, Franﾃｧois Isaac De Rivaz invented the first Internal Combustion Engine in Switzerland.
And many years later, Austrian inventor, Siegfried Marcus built a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine for the first time.
ELECTRIC VEHICLEs A tiny model car powered by Electric Motor was created by Hungarian ﾃ］yos Jedlik in 1828.
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In 1885 The first car had been produced with gasoline-powered internal combustion engine, built by Karl-Benz. And he had gotten his first auto patent in one year later.
In 1895 Karl-Benz introduced the Benz Velo, the first standardized car with Electric Starter, while Disc Brake was invented by Frederick William Lanchester.
The first real Electric Car was invented by Andreas Flocken.
The Flocken Elektrowagen
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the veteran In the Veteran era, Europe automobiles were dominated the world. And Panhard Et Levassor, a France company, introduced the first four-cylinder engine.
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France had become the world’s leader of automobile production. With 30.204 automobiles were produced. Taking 48.8% of the world.
The first car in the Central Europe, the Präsident, was made by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau.
While in the U.S., Rambler made it successful debut. More than 1.500 units had been sold.
48.8%
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THE BRASS ERA Everything had changed in the Brass era. Named for the widespread use of brass in the United States. The engine was brought to front with rear-wheel drive.
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Stanley rocket A powerful steam automobile with top speed over 205km/h and set the world land speed record.
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The first circumnavigation of the world had opened
the 1908 new york to paris race
Was an automobile competition consisting of drivers attemping to travel from New York to Paris. This was a considerable challenge given the state of automobile technology and road infrastructure at the time. Only three of six contestants completed the course. The winner was the United States team.
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steam, electricity, gasoline-powered automobile competed for decades and the winner went to
gasoline internal combustion engine
steam engine electric motor An electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Example Detroit Electric Model 47
A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Example Stantly Steam Car
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Cycle car gasoline Internal combustion engine A heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. Example Ford Model T
A small, light-weight, 2 seats in a line and inexpensive car, using internal combustion engine, which was the most popular at this time. Example Morgan Runabout
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in the 1910s, many things were designed for automobiles
new gasoline Replacing kerosene and coal oil.
mineral oil lubricant Replacing vegetable and animal oils.
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SAFETY GLASS A glass with additional safety features that make it less likely to break, or less likely to pose a threat when broken.
drum brake A brake that uses friction caused by a set of shoes or pads that press against a rotating drum-shaped part called brake drum.
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spare tyre An additional tire carried in a motor vehicle as a replacement for one that goes flat, a blowout, or other emergency.
leaf spring A simple form of spring commonly used for suspension in wheeled vehicles.
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wheel steering Allow vehicle to follow the desired course.
chain drive A way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another.
gear transmission A transmission has multiple gear ratios, with the ability to switch between them as speed varies.
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after the world war i the vintage era had begun
During this period, the front-engined car became to dominate, with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed body.
The Hydraulic Brake apeared An arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
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in 1922, Austin 7 Was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
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the developement continued in a rapid pace
tempered glass A type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass.
multi-valves overhead camshaft engine A valvetrain configuration which places the camshaft of an internal combustion engine of the reciprocating type within the cylinder heads.
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a new body style was introduced
the ponton design Bodywork enclosed the full width and uninterrupted length of a car without fully articulated fenders, running boards and other non-compact ledge elements. But this design had just been introduced in small series like Hanomag 2/10 PS.
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cadillac v-16
the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era
the best selling car
ford model a
More than 4 million were produced
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Pre-World War II era The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon body style even incorporating a trunk or storage.
by the 1932, the first with
all-synchromesh gearbox
was added in alvis speed 20
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in the u.s, ford introduced
the flathead v8 engine
for ford model b
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BUGATTI TYPE 57 A singular refined automobile for the wealthy.
tatra 77 The first serial-produced car with aerodymical design.
citroĂŤnt traction avant The first mass-produced car built with monocoque chasis.
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volkswagen beetle a design that produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units
assembled in several contries
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the classic era
had turned to another way Automobile design and production emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949, with the revolution of ponton syle (without a non-compact ledge elements).
GAZ-M20 Pobeda A Soviet car with full ponton design. One of the first ponton style.
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in the usa
hudson motor Had introduced the “step-down� design with the 1948 Commodore, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame and was one of the first new-design postwar cars made.
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FORD MOTOR Had joined Morris and Rover in the automobile market in the United Kingdom in 1951.
chevrolet and cadillac Had represented a new design for cars - The Tailfin design in 1952. Representive models were Chevrolet Bel Air and Cadillac Eldorado Brougham.
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In the 1950s Engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobile were marketed internationally. Diminutive cars were introduced in Europe, while the similar kei car class became popular in Japan. At the same time, Nash introduced Nash Rambler, the first successful modern compact car made in the U.S. And the markets in Europe expanded with new small sized automobiles, as well as expensive grand tourers (GT).
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mini car - kei car A small car intended primarily for urbans areas and conurbations. Example Morris Mini (United Kingdom) Subaru 360 (Japan)
compact car A class of cars that is smaller than a mid-sized car. Example Nash Rambler
Grand tourer A performance or luxury car capable of high speed or spirited long-distance driving. Example Lancia Aurelia B20 GT
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in the 1960s The U.S. “Big Three� automakers began facing competition from imported car, the European makers adopted advanced technologies, and Jpan emerged as a car-production nation . So American focused on their class - the Muscle car, using high performance engine.
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in 1964 Ford Mustang developed a new market segment, the Pony car. New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Javelin and Plymouth Barracuda.
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in 1967 A new look for automobiles was made in Germany. NSU RO 80 - using the wankel engine., was emulated in subsequent decades, unlike its wankel engine.
wankel engine A type of internal combustion engine using eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion.
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By the end of the 1960s Compettion increased, with Studebaker, a pioneering automaker, shutting down as the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. The number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced from thounsands to hundreds.
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in the 1970s Which were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 Oil Crisis, stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements, increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers, as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations.
station wagon CitroĂŤn ds An automotive body style with its roof extended rearward over shared passenger/cargo volume with access at the back via a third or fifth door.
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so Smaller-sized grew in popularity. The U.S. saw the establishment of the subcompact segment with the introduction of the AMC Gremlin. The station wagons body design was popular, as well as increasing sales of non-commercial allwheel drive off-road vehicles.
subcompact car AMC Gremlin An automobile with a class size smaller than a compact car, usually not exceeding 4,191 mm.
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the automobile industry still had been developing many systems were invented in the 1970s-1980s
seat belt
anti-lock braking system
eletric traction control syste
airbag
global positioning system
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the end of the 20th century The U.S. Big Three (GM, Ford and Chrysler) partially lost their leading position, Japan became for a while the world’s leader of car production and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian, East European and other countries.
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in the 1980s - 1990s There are some technical and design aspects that differentiate modern cars from antiques. The modern era has been one of increasing standardisation, platform-sharing and computeraided design. Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front- and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. Most modern passenger cars are front-wheel drive monocoque designs, with transversely mounted engines.
fuel injection
diesel engine
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most popular body styles Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types dominate today’s market.
hatchback A car body style incorporates a shared passenger and cargo volume, with rearmost accessibility via a rear door.
SEDAN A 4-door car is divided into three separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo.
sport utility vehicle A vehicle similar to a station wagon or estate car usually equipped with four-wheel drive for on or off-road ability.
some luxury body styles All originally emphasised practicality, but have utated into today’s high-powered luxury like those body styles.
crossover A vehicle is combined SUV and station wagon or hatchback. Toyota RAV4
sports wagon A station wagon with high-powered luxury. Audi RS 2 Avant
large mpv A multi-purpose vehicle with seven seaters that could be folded or removed. CitroĂŤn Evasion
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pickup trucks people’s choice A small truck with an open rear cargo enclosure. It became popular in the U.S. and later around the world.
the world’s fastest production car The record was set by McLaren F1 on 31 March, 1998. It’s reached 372 km/h with rev limiter enabled, and 391 km/h with the rev limiter removed.
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toyota prius best known hybrid vehicle Hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric motor propulsion system.
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in the 21st century The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerised engine management systems.
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bugatti veyron has broken the record for
the fastest street-legal production car in the world
431.072 km/h
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in 2008 The economic ctrisis cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford and Nissan. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda’s sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors.
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some high-light vehicles in this hard time tata nano It’s the cheapest car in the world., around $2.200. But it is only available in India.
tesla roaster The first highway-capable all-electric vehicle. Using electric motor and motor controlled.
byd f3dm The first highway-capable plug-in hybrid vehicle made in China. It uses both electric motor and internal combustion engine but has rechargeable battery.
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in the 2010s Automakers attach special importance to the environment and fuel efficiency. So hybrid and electric vehicle are more varied and popular. Some of them are become the Green Car of the Year.
NISSAN LEAF
An all-electric car and plug-in hybrid correspondingly, is the world’s top selling mass production vehicles of their kind. And it became the Green Car of the Year 2010.
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toyota prius A full hybrid electric mid-size hatchback, has been rated as the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based on smog-forming emissions.
tesla model s
A full-sized plug-in electric, luxury liftback, has achieved rapidly growing sales and earned the Green Car of The Year 2013.
maybe, the next era will be the domination of
hybrid and electric vehicle
all sources come from en.wikipedia.org