ARCHITECTURE OF THE PAST DEFINING A NEW APPROACH TO AGED RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
THESIS BOOK SIXING QIN APRIL 2014
ARCHITECTURE OF THE PAST: DEFINING A NEW APPROACH TO AGED RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Sixing Qin Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture Wentworth Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture April 2015 Approved by the Committee:
Primary Advisor:
________________________________________ Zachariah Pursley
Interim Director, Graduate Studies: ________________________________________ Elizabeth Ghiseline
TABLE OF CONTENTS /
SECTION 01. INTRODUCTION Abstract Glossary of Key Words Claim
5 6 8
SECTION 02. CONCEPT/THEORY Methods How to Deal With Historic Preservation
10 10
SECTION 03. RESEARCH AND CASE STUDIES Mythology
15
Theoretical Studies Aldo Rossi Alois Riegl Norman Foster Daniel Libeskind Peter Eisenman
17 17 19 22 24 26
Precedent Studies Introduction Xintiandi, Shanghai Elbe Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg Baroque Court Apartments, Ljubljana Convent de Sant Francesc, Santpedor HuTong Bubble, Beijing
29 30 34 36 38 42
SECTION 04. PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY Site Method Program
46 48 50
SECTION 05. PROPOSAL AND PLANNING Criteria of Evaluation Objectives and Time Line
52 53
SECTION 06. DESIGN PROJECT Site Analysis 54 Concept 61 Design 64 SECTION 06. CONCLUSION Conclusion And Prospects
79
SECTION 06. APPENDICES Annotated Bibliography Figure Credits References
81 88 90
INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT
Carelessly demolishing historical buildings in China’s urban centers loosens
people’s ties to their history and undermines community cohesion as expressed through the devaluing of common spaces, social activities, and the abandonment of dilapidated housing. The purpose of this thesis is to encourage city planners and architects to pay attention to their inherent possibilities. This thesis also seeks to develop a method of best utilizing the local materials and existing buildings to fit the contemporary needs of people living in those buildings while also allowing the history of the city to live on. By identifying the primary reasons for demolition, this thesis will suggest several potential solutions for architects and city planners to safely incorporate these valuable historical buildings into contemporary city life. Through case studies of urban revitalization programs and specific renovations of historical buildings in Germany, USA, and China, this thesis identifies some promising ways to move forward in China. Building on Aldo Rossi’s theory that the city can recollect its past as “collective memory”, Alois Riegl’s belief that the old can only reappear to the present by finding its difference from the historical culture. My thesis project is trying to develop a method of rebuilding the historical buildings, deepening the community’s connection to its own history and thereby improving the quality of resident’s life. We need to give more purpose, form, and space to the historical buildings to fit the contemporary world.
Thesis Prep Introduction 7
INTRODUCTION KEYWORDS These key terms reveal the sensitive and delicate nature of the discourse. Each definition has been carefully curated in an effort to provide a particular frame in which to view the content that follows.
Restoration: (res•tor•at•ion) noun; accurately depicting the form, materials, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time. Restoration retains as much of the historic period fabric as possible. Inconsistent features may need to be removed and missing features faithfully reconstructed in accordance with the restoration period. Reconstruction: (re•con•struc•tion) noun; depicting by means of new construction the form, materials, features, and character of a historic property that no longer exists, as it appeared at a particular period of time, in its historic location Living Heritage: (liv•ing her•i•tage) noun; humanity’s cultural diversity Conservation: (con•ser•vat•ion) noun; working with the built environment Identity: (i•den•t•i•ty) noun; the fact of being who or what a person or thing is Memory: (mem•or•y) noun; the things learned and kept in the mind Ruins: (ru•ins) noun; the physical destruction or disintegration of something or the state of disintegrating or being destroyed Artifact: (art•i•fact) noun; a building or fragment
8 Thesis Prep Introduction
Community Development: (com•mun•it•y de•vel•op•ment) noun; term given to the practices of civic activists, involved citizens and professionals to build stronger and more resilient local communities Nostalgia: (no•stal•gia) noun; a wistful or excessively sentimental yearning for return to or of some past period or irrecoverable condition Restorative: (Re•stor•a•tive) noun; a wish to return to that past Reflective: (Re•flec•tive) noun; to be critically aware of the past
Preservation: (pre•se•vat•ion) noun; applying the measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property. Preservation work generally focuses on the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic fabric rather than extensive replacement or new construction. Rehabilitation: (re•hab•bi•ta•tion) noun; adapting a property for continuing or new compatible use through repair, alteration, and additions, while preserving those portions or features that convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values. Traditions: (tra•dit•ions) noun; the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation,or the fact of being passed on in this way
“If the neighbor is destroyed, we will be like leaves without our roots. The spirit of the city is nowhere to be found.” RESIDENT OF HU TONG
INTRODUCTION CLAIM
Aged residential buildings with historical value in China’s city centers need to be renovated by adding new structures and adjusting usage practices in order to accommodate the need for additional space and raise the quality of daily life.
10  Thesis Prep Introduction
INTRODUCTION / CLAIM
Beijing HuTong [1-4]
Thesis Prep Introduction 11
CONCEPT & THEORY/
How to Deal With Historic Preservation When Nowadays Cities Require Much More Use of the Lands
Current issue of old cities:
Because of the residents’ need of living space, the scarcity of urban CBD areas, and poor functionality of the old structures, a lot of old buildings in the urban area are being demolished or at least poorly protected.
Ways to preserve historical buildings:
Many cities have adopted the practice of preserving the façade of historical buildings, renovating them using new technology, or even relocating historic buildings.
Projection of the issue:
Most cities have comprehensive historic preservation plans; however, very few of cities considered the future use of the space, quality of the building material, and original conditions which constituted the individual roots while redeveloping them.[1] Architecture has the power of sheltering people, and the responsibility of bettering the residents’ quality of life. Architects are facing key considerations of the quality of environmental, the needs of humanity, the evoking of the culture, promoting communities’ connectivity, and rebuilding of rundown historical buildings.
Considerations in the preservation of Historical buildings:
12 Thesis Prep Concept And Theory
Even though there are ways to preserve historical buildings, the value, the memory and significance of the building decreases when the context of the historic building changes. In today’s city centers, these historical low-rises on this valuable land not only need major renovations in order to function well, but also need to provide more space and facilities to fit the growth of population, density, transportation needs and many more. Furthermore, historical buildings have the obligation to keep the memory and culture intact.
CONCEPT & THEORY /
Red area indicates the locations of historical residential buildings in Beijing, China [5]
Initial thoughts about the renovation process:
As an architect who grew up in a city center, I’ve seen many renovations, and demolitions that paid no affection to the identities of the citizens the history, or the use of space. This cause damages to the historical building ‘s quality, and people’s memory about the place. More importantly, it damages the traditional lifestyle and thus may lead to a lost of culture.
Thesis Prep Concept And Theory
13
CONCEPT & THEORY /
Facts of Historical Buildings :
In the inner city of Beijing,
inner-city neighborhoods and in the
Institute of Canada, and re search
the problems have reached serious
destruction of the traditional domestic
groups at the University of British
proportions. Overcrowding, deteriorating
architecture. The absence of post-
Columbia, McGill University and the
housing and lack of basic services
occupancy evaluation of implemented
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
have resulted in substandard living
projects and of follow-up studies of
already collaborate with Chinese design
conditions for most residents. Mass
the displaced population has prevented
institutes and local researchers on
housing projects have gradually been
the identification of the possible
the development of renewal projects
built on the city ‘s outskirts to relieve
shortcomings of the renewal program.
in Beijing. Most experts agree that
some of the pressures on the inner city,
[1]
new
but the scarcity of agricultural land has
s trate gie s,
mo re
s ensitive
though realistic, must be developed
forced the government to limit urban
years,
by studying previous interventions
expansion and to renew the old city
there has been worldwide
and evaluating the current renewal
core.[1]
concern about the possible
program. For professor Wu Liang Yong
social,
and
of Tsinghua University in Beijing, “...
In 1990, the Beijing municipal
environmental impacts of
no complete strategies have worked
government initiated a program for the
modernization upon great
out for rehabilitation of the Old City
renewal of the old city area. Since then,
historical cities.[1]
area. The appropriate method is to sum
In
recent
cultural,
a series of neighborhood regeneration
up the past experiences and explore
projects has been implemented in
residential districts of the inner
recognition of the importance of
city and new housing projects have
researching this problem and an
replaced clusters of old housing. This
increasing number of people are getting
process has resulted in the relocation
actively involved. Foreign institutions,
of many of the original residents of
such as the Royal Architectural
14 Thesis Prep Concept And Theory
In China, there is a growing
new solutions beyond the existing models.”[1]
CONCEPT & THEORY /
Drawing of HuTong in Beijing, China [6]
Facts of Historical Buildings: Problems of historical buildings in the city centers: The utilities of the buildings are mostly dilapidated and need major repairs in order to function. Historical buildings often need more spaces in order to accommodate nowadays’ population. Functions of the existing building might not be needed, it needs to be changed and adapt to the contemporary needs.
Advantages of having historical buildings in the city center: Because of the building’s unique look and historical importance, old historical buildings often are a landmark which attracts people to that site for multiple purposes. Prevent the lost of roots that may occur in the transition from residential to business buildings.
Thesis Prep Concept And Theory 15
RESEARCH AND CASE STUDY I. THEORETICAL STUDY
Mythology The researches rest upon a qualitative analysis based on observation and interpretation. It is based on both primary and secondary sources. The methodology used in the research is divided into two parts: literature review and precedent study. The theoretical part of the thesis is based on literature reviews of Aldo Rossi, Alois Riegl and other architects who have done renovation projects. The gatherings of information regarding regeneration projects are also studied under precedents. The complete methodologies used for the conduct of the projects are presented in detail in the next chapter. The information about the case studies was compiled and analyzed. The current approaches to neighborhood regeneration in old Beijing as well as the main problems involved in the current process were identified. Emerging issues guided the formulation of recommendations regarding appropriate approaches to regeneration for future project implementation.
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies  17 
18  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / ALDO ROSSI
Aldo Rossi Architecture History and Memory
book
“We may look at modern cities
Architecture and the City believes that
without enthusiasm, but if we
a city must be valued as something
could only see with the eye of
constructed over time. Rossi believes
the archaeologist of Mycenae,
that the city can recollects its past
we would find behind the
events, as known as “collective
facades and fragments of
memory”. He believe monuments give
architecture the figures of
the skeleton to the city, and urban
the oldest heroes of our
artifacts use memory and time to
culture.”[2]
Aldo
Ros si
in
the
construct monuments. San Cataldo
Ro s si
he re
s t a te s
tha t
Cemetery in Italy is a cemetery which
architecture is fundamentally connected
embody this notion of collective
with the whole urban area, and buildings
memory, and Rossi uses this cemetery
can and should develop itself from
to form a “haunting and enigmatic city
the past and tradition of the city and
of the dead”. [2]
of the civilization. There is “a clearly articulated bond between the shapes of things throughout history”. We can search in the history of city to find prototypes of an indisputable method of design. Rossi thinks buildings currently are missing its own characteristics, and relying on the function of buildings itself to organize and express architecture will diminishes the significance of the city’s
Rossi’s drawing [7]
culture.[2]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
19
20  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / ALOIS RIEGL
Alois Riegel
And His View of Value of Monuments
“I am a Monument”, drawing by Robert Venturi [8]
Intentional monument [9]
Unintentional Monument [10]
In the essay, The Modern Cult of
Riegl thinks that age has the
On the other hand, he argued
Monuments, Riegl stated his believe of the
potential and necessity to be the new, the
that the new ones has to gain its value by
old in the past cannot be reclaimed directly,
cult of the old would free the new from its
differentiating themselves from the old ones:
it can only reappear to the present days
historical value. Riegl has an unconventional
in a way of finding its difference from the
driven mind and wishes to break the
“The truly modern work
cult. The new on the other hand defined
traditional historicism from the 19th
must, in its concept and
its newness by its very coherence with the
century. He disagree with the theory about
detail, recall earlier work
present, its oneness with the time.[3]
the new can arise from the past.[3]
as little as possible”.[3]
Riegl’s age value theor y has
resolutely sited the monument in the realm of the old were it was separated from the functionality and utility from our daily life.
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 21
THEORETICAL STUDY / ALOIS RIEGL
Relative art-value is inherently opposed to age-value [11]
Rie gl
dif ferent
identifie s a ge s
He states that memory values belong to the three
with different fulfillment. It includes both psychological and
different values that boost intellectual needs. It includes: the cult of architecture in two major categories:
Age value:
Age value is an interpretation of the monument as organic piece in
a state of degradation from the moment it is created. It thrives on a purely visual appreciation of age, regardless of historical or artistic considerations. The cult from age value doesn’t require connections to building’s weathering progression, which means it disallow any method of conservation to happen because it will destroy the age value.
22 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / ALOIS RIEGL
Historical value:
Historical value is a preventive method of conservation which thinks the documentary value of monuments
need to be restored back to the original state. It believes that the history of the monuments lies in its original structure and shape.
Intentional commemorative value:
Intentional commemorative value promotes renovation and compete against the theory of age value. It’s
only applicable to intentional monuments, which are the monuments created memory value to events. Intentional commemorative value’s conservation method is to renovate the monument as new, in order to memorize the event.
The other categories is present day values. Present day values focused on the
fulfillment of both practical and aesthetic needs. It includes: Use Value
In most cases use value contradict with age value, it is about utility functions and daily use of a monument.
Art Value
Newness value
Newness value is the opposite of age-value, which require formal integrity. It is recognized as a mark of
the accomplishment of creativity and civilization verses the normal view of natural law.
Relative art value
Relative art value believes in an aesthetic gratitude of monuments. It promotes conservation and want it
to renovate all monuments to the original form and structure.
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 23
THEORETICAL STUDY / NORMAN FOSTER
Norman Foster Expression of Values
The Reichstag Dome [12]
Norman Foster represents his adamant attitude on technological innovations and forms. He also represents his firm dedication to architectural detailing and craftsmanship by his designs.[4]
24  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / NORMAN FOSTER
Norman Foster thinks that architecture
technologically remarkable projects are
removed and a new glass dome was
should give a feeling of emphasis and
based on ecology-conscious concepts,
added by Foster. This glass dome rep-
an effect of dramatic-ism. He respects
which build an effective interaction of
resents the shape of original dome in a
the local culture. Meanwhile, he always
buildings with their environment. Also,
modern way. Meanwhile, it is a model of
remind himself that it is a new centu-
they have changed the cityscapes, im-
sustainability. The dome provides a new
ry, he should use innovations inside
proved transportation systems and ren-
solution of building’s natural lighting
projects, such as technology and ma-
ovate city centers. Berlin was destroyed
and ventilation. There are sun-shields
terial. I personally appreciate on his
terribly in the Second World War, the
track the path of the sun in the day-
design of glass roof and central space
Reichstag (German Parliament) also lost
time to block solar glare and gain. In
using. Depend on this kind of design,
its dome. In 1999, Foster and Partners
the night it reversed to a shining star on
he creates more free space with natural
restored the building as a parliamenta-
the city skyline, signaling the German’s
light in a building. His aesthetically and
ry center. The mezzanine floors were
development.
Diagram of new addition (red and pink) vs. old [13]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 25
THEORETICAL STUDY / DANIEL LIBESKIND
Daniel Libeskind Architecture Is Not to Parody History But to Articulate It
The Jewish Museum [14,15,16]
Daniel Libeskind is thought to be a master of deconstructivism.
Along
with
Modernism,
Post
Modernism, Brutalism, this style loosely referred to a sensibility vaguely connected to the deconstructivism art of the second two decades of the 20th Century.[4]
26  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / DANIEL LIBESKIND
Connection Diagram of The Jewish Museum [17]
Daniel Libeskind is thought
As Libeskind said “The new
Libeskind suffered much in the
to be a master of deconstructivism.
design, which was created a year before
Holocaust because he lost his family.
However, I think the description of de-
the Berlin Wall came down was based
He transferred different levels of mean-
constructivism is too narrow to him.
on three conception that formed the
ing in the building. The base of the proj-
He can be a poet. He said that archi-
museum’s foundation: first, the impos-
ect is a broken, zigzag pattern, creating
tecture is a drama of optimism, ruin is
sibility of understanding the history of
a floor plan like the Star of David. There
not a cemetery for dead people. On my
Berlin without understanding the enor-
is a space is constituted by blank con-
opinion, that means an architecture is
mous intellectual, economic and cul-
crete walls, calling the Void. This empty
built or restored not only can be sat-
tural contribution made by the Jewish
space is 66 feet tall, which suggests
isfied with the spiritual need for dead
citizens of Berlin, second, the necessity
the absence of Jewish Berlin history.
history, but also can revive the vigor
to integrate physically and spiritually
Angular slices of window allow light
of the city and reborn lives of the citi-
the meaning of the Holocaust into the
enters from diverse directions to create
zens. In 2001, the Jewish Museum de-
consciousness and memory of the city
violent feeling. Meanwhile, an adjacent
signed by Libeskind opened in Berlin.
of Berlin. Third, that only through the
sculpture garden forms a meditative si-
The museum becomes one of the most
acknowledgment and incorporation of
lence feeling. Because the spatial ex-
popular museums in German not only
this erasure and void of Jewish life in
perience is so powerful, the museum
because of political and social reasons,
Berlin, can the history of Berlin and
doesn’t need somewhat installations
but also because the museum itself at-
Europe have a human future. ”
and facilities.
tracts people’s mind by its own charm.
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 27
THEORETICAL STUDY / PETER EISENMAN
Peter Eisenman Value Is Controversial
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe [18]
Conservation destroys the present. If we are only busy preserving the past, we are not living in the present and unable to look forward. I am against conservation. We should let young people move forward, whether we agree with them or not. We should let new things happen.[10]
28  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
THEORETICAL STUDY / PETER EISENMAN
If Daniel Libeskind is a poet,
etc. He makes people think and feel
field, there are green trees, there are
Peter Eisenman is a philosopher.
more in his projects. After 4 years, in
children’s laughs, there are hopes.
Eisenman is not only interested in
2005, the memorial to the Murdered
building work itself, but more con-
Jews of Europe designed by Eisenman
think people will eat their lunch on the
cerned the conceptual form of archi-
was finished. There are 2,711 con-
pillars,” he said. “I’m sure skateboard-
tecture, in which the diagrams are
crete stelae with different heights on
ers will use it. People will dance on top
represented in the process of architec-
the ground, arranged in a grid pattern
of the pillars. All kinds of unexpected
ture rather than actual construction.
on a sloping field. Under them, it is a
things are going to happen.” Eisenman
He said that, “When you feel comfort-
museum exhibits the information and
created a public special park in the
able inside an architecture, it means
archives about the Holocaust.
city center of Berlin to remind people
you begin to ignore the space. ” He is
never forget the history. “It stands
not interested in architecture itself,
these stelae, especially in a cold snowy
there, silent,” he said, “the one who
but he is more interested in the hided
winter, what will you do and what will
has to talk is you.”
continuous rules. I appreciate on his
you say? I think the only thing we will
attempts on introductions from many
do is thinking and feeling, think the
different subjects such as philosophy,
past and feel the suffering, no one will
philology, mathematics, and biology
speak in that moment. However, in the
When you are standing inside
Like Eisenman expected, “I
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Sectional Diagram [19]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 29
30  Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
RESEARCH AND CASE STUDY II. PRECEDENT STUDY:
This part of studies will illustrate projects with new method of renovating a
historical buildings. The gatherings of information regarding regeneration projects are studied under precedents. The information about the case studies was compiled and analyzed. The current approaches to neighborhood regeneration in old Beijing as well as the main problems involved in the current process were identified. Emerging issues guided the formulation of recommendations regarding appropriate approaches to regeneration for future project implementation.
Ways of Preserving Historical Buildings: • Renovation • Demolition and Rebuild • Add-on • Revitalization • Preserving without content • Deconstruction
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 31
XINTIANDI, SHANGHAI
Night life at Xintiandi [20] LOCATION Shanghai, China
This single owner, retail and entertainment complex is
COMPLETION DATE 2001
located in a formerly dense neighborhood of “Shikumen
ARCHITECT Benjamin Wood
Style” homes in the central core of Shanghai. This
TYPE Single Developer Project
project widened streets, renovated historic structures, and turned them into an upscale shopping destination. The location in the center of Shanghai and the transit access available to the site makes this a popular destination for visitors and locals alike. While this is a successful project for a major.[7]
32 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
XINTIANDI, SHANGHAI/
Xintiandi is an affluent car-free
with some apartments costing more
shopping, eating and entertainment dis-
than Tokyo, New York and London. It is
trict of Shanghai, China. The Xintiandi
home to the Chinese elites. Xintiandi is
district “gives you a perspective on what
the location of the site of the first con-
China looks like today,” says David Li.
gress of the Communist Party of China,
Filled with high-end boutiques and in-
now preserved at the Museum of the
ternational ateliers arrayed around a re-
First National Congress of the Chinese
constructed vision of historic Shanghai,
Communist Party. Also nearby are the
it’s the first place he sends visitors
Shikumen Open House Museum and the
when they come to town.[7]
site of the Provisional Government of
The district is composed of an
the Republic of Korea when Korea was a
area of reconstituted traditional mid-
Japanese colony. Renovated Shikumen
19th century Shikumen (“stone gate”)
lane in Xintiandi.[7]
houses on narrow alleys, some adjoining
houses which now serve as book stores,
demolished and rebuilt, in order to im-
cafes and restaurants, and shopping
plant an art gallery, cafes, and restau-
malls. Most of the cafes and restaurants
rants. Many tour groups both domestic
Plan of Xintiandi [21]
feature both indoor and outdoor seat-
and from abroad also visit Xintiandi as
This urban renewal is consid-
ing. Xintiandi has an active nightlife on
one of the main attractions in Shanghai.
ered one of the first examples of the
weekdays as well as weekends, though
The Xintiandi redevelopment was de-
place making approach in China.[7]
romantic settings are more common
signed by Benjamin T. Wood and Nikken
than loud music and dance places.[7]
Sekkei International. This construction
displaced 3,500 Shanghainese fami-
It is considered one of the first
lifestyle centers in China. It is also the
Some houses in Xintiandi were
lies.[7]
most expensive place to live in China,
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 33
XINTIANDI, SHANGHAI/
Xintiandi [22]
Development Concept of
As we all know, big cities or
Block. The South Block mainly consists
Xin Tian Di
metropolises of the world all have their
of modern architecture with Shikumen
representative buildings which reflect
architecture as an accompaniment. Its
the local history and culture, and which
North Block kept the old Shikumen ar-
also become renowned tourists attrac-
chitecture style, forming a contrast to
tions. Xin Tian Di was established with
the modern South Block. [7]
this phenomenon in mind. The result
was to endow Shikumen building with
of shopping, entertainment and leisure,
new commercial value by changing its
the South Block covers 25,000 square
function of residence, changing old
meters (6.2 acres) and opened in the
blocks into a new world full of life!
middle of 2002. This glass wall build-
Thus, not only the Xin Tian Di, Shanghai
ing has a very modern atmosphere.
typical Shikumen architecture of the
Besides restaurants from all over the
city was kept, but a block of commercial
world, boutiques, fashionable ornament
area was also developed.[7]
shops, food courts, cinemas and one-
The Shikumen Building ap-
peared in the mid-1800’s, and is a product of Chinese and Western archiSouth Block: As the complex
tecture styles. In the early 1900’s, it was the residential buildings of local citizens. The building represents modern Shanghai history and culture. However, with the development of the city, the formerly glorious Shikumen gradually faded out the historical stage as it could no longer satisfy people’s demands of residence. Thus, the idea of rebuilding stop fitness centers provide places of Shikumen buildings was launched by
Xin Tian Di is divided into two
leisure and entertainment for customers
parts: the South Block and the North
and tourists from home and abroad. [7]
the developer of Xin Tian Di in 1997.[7]
34 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
XINTIANDI, SHANGHAI/
Street Diagram [23]
1010ft by 435 ft
Density Diagram [24]
57600 people per sq
Transit Diagram [25]
North Block: Composed of
people from all over the world. Famous
in pace with international fashion. Also,
antique Shikumen buildings with inner
stars open their restaurants or shops
the typical Shikumen buildings of old
modern design, decoration and equip-
here, which become good places for
Shanghai seem to be telling people
ment, the North Block features upscale
fans to communicate with their idols.
beautiful stories about the history and
stores and restaurants with cuisine from
Except for that, the fascinating cabaret
culture of the city. [8]
different countries such as France,
and cellar dinning room of the French
Brazil, America, Japan, Germany and
restaurant, the inspiring rock music
best place for visitors to appreciate the
Italy, fully revealing the international
played by the Japanese music restau-
history and modern life of Shanghai,
level of Xin Enjoy coffee in Xin Tian Di.
rant and the folk performance of South
and is also a meeting place for local cit-
[8]
America in the Brazilian restaurant
izens and foreign visitors. Two kilome-
leave people with great impressions. [8]
ters away, there is a place of the same
between two blocks, is the site of First
kind, called Tianzifang, which is also a
Congress Hall of the Communist Party
and tomorrow meet in Shanghai today’.
of China. The Shikumen buildings along
It embodies the comfortable and con-
two sides of the street have become the
venient life of the 21st century, having
scenery embodying both the historical
all conveniences such as an automat-
and artistic features of the city. [7]
ic elevator, central air-conditioner and
broadband network. Its boutique keeps
Xingye Lu, the dividing line
Xin Tian Di attracts the eyes of
Xin Tian Di is where ‘yesterday
Xin Tian Di has become the
welcoming art street. [8]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 35
ELBE PHILHARMONIC HALL, HAMBURG, GERMANY
Elbe Philharmonic Concert Hall[ 26]
LOCATION Hamburg Germany
In Hamburg, Germany, the city’s ambitious reshaping
COMPLETION DATE 2017
of its harbor area, focusing on the Elbe Philharmonic
ARCHITECT Herzog & de Meuron
project by Herzog & De Meuron. The concert hall would
TYPE Concert Hall
be housed in a renovated warehouse and an addition that sits atop the old brick structure.[9]
36 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
ELBE PHILHARMONIC HALL /
ADDING
EXISTING
Sectional Diagram of new vs. old[27]
The concert hall is current-
300 feet atop a massive triangular
concert-goers and casual passer-bys
ly being constructed in the industrial
shaped brick warehouse crowned with
alike.[9]
quarter of HafenCity, an area undergo-
an undulating, curvaceous, inclined
ing major revitalization with the conver-
glass structure that evokes alluring
of existing materials, and the integra-
sion of hundreds of dated warehouses.
nautical imagery not unlike that which
tion of new ones offers a nod to both
As one of the more understated German
surrounds it. The sleek glass façade
contemporary and historic port archi-
cities, Hamburg is hoping the striking
provides a peek into the multi-function-
tecture. With its prime position on the
design will bring the sort of landmark
al building which in addition to three
waterfront, the Elbphilharmonie also
cultural transformation that was seen
concert halls, will contain a 250-room
offers unrivaled panoramic views of the
more than a decade ago in Bilbao,
hotel, luxury condominiums, interna-
Elbe and the harbor to the south and
Spain with the opening of Gehry’s
tional conference areas, a nightclub, a
west, the city center to the north, and
Guggenheim Museum.[9]
massive parking garage (occupying the
HafenCity to the east.[9]
base warehouse) and a public plaza for
The new concert hall will tower
The thoughtful preservation
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 37
BAROQUE COURT APARTMENTS, LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA
Baroque Court Apartments [27]
LOCATION: LJUBLJANA HISTORICAL CITY CENTER TYPE: RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS BLDG. AREA: 692 M2
As a residential block in the historic city center
of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Positioned opposing the robba fountain and within the vicinity of plecnik’s bridges, this renovation of three adjacent homes transforms an
STRUCTURE: REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STEEL
originally contained internal courtyard into an open-air
MAX. HEIGHT: 18.32 M
contemporary glass light well.[10]
PROJECT TEAM: OFIS ARHITEKTI D.O.O.
They say if it ain’t Baroque,
center that was enclosed and used for
don’t fix it, but this historic Baroque
mechanical equipment. To renovate it,
apartment building in the center of
OFIS Arhitekti hollowed out its core and
Ljubljana, Slovenia needed a major
rebuilt it with a modern glass atrium
overhaul to transform it into a modern
that lets an abundant amount of light
apartment building. The former his-
flow into the space. The renovation also
toric block featured a courtyard in the
included a rehabilitation of the historic
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: ELEA IC D.O.O.
38 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
BAROQUE COURT APARTMENTS /
Baroque Court Apartments Diagram [28]
stone arches, columns and facade.[10]
OFIS was able to open the building up
from the interior courtyard through the
OFIS Arhitekti was hired to
to light, views and natural ventilation.
glass facade. Transparency and reflec-
design the renovation of the histor-
While the exterior retained all of its his-
tion are now very important elements
ic Baroque Court Apartments from an
toric elements and included a rehabil-
of the complex, which now contains 12
office building with an enclosed central
itation of the classic design elements,
apartments. Energy use is minimized
courtyard. Located in the old city center
the interior is completely modern and
through the use of natural daylighting
next to the City Hall, opposite the Robba
features a quiet and reflective garden.
and natural ventilation. No air condi-
Fountain and close to Plecnik’s three
The rehabilitation and reno-
tioning is needed except for the very
bridges, the apartment building now
vation was performed under the super-
roof apartments. The project was just
features a beautiful open air central
vision of State Heritage to ensure the
recently completed this year.[10]
courtyard with a modern glazed facade.
historic Baroque elements remained.
By hollowing out the central court,
These elements are also easily seen
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 39
CONVENT DE SANT FRANCESC, SANTPEDOR, SPAIN
The Convent Complex of Sant Francesc [29]
LOCATION Santpedor, Spain
The construction and the building methods used have
COMPLETION DATE 2011
sought to strengthen the church without deleting the
ARCHITECT David Closes
signs of deterioration the building has suffered. The
PROJECT AREA 960.0sqm
intervention has sought to preserve the building’s historic legacy by adding new values that enhance it and give this ancient convent a unique, contemporary form.[11]
40 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
CONVENT DE SANT FRANCESC, SANTPEDOR /
Diagram of the New Addition Locations [30]
The convent complex of Sant
however, showed – despite its dilapidat-
of natural light. Attempting to maintain
Francesc was built in the eighteenth
ed state – remarkable spatial qualities.
light inputs at different points led us
century. Only the church and part of the
Thanks to the sinking roof and crum-
to propose different solutions: a large
perimeter wall of the convent remained
bling ceiling, the church was surprising-
skylight on the north side of the apse,
standing, although in very poor condi-
ly enhanced by large inflows of natural
a skylight with views of the belfry from
tion. The church, due to its very modest
light. The interior of the church, which
the inside of the nave, an open main
construction quality, was in ruins. It
originally received virtually no natural
chapel, and a cut in the roof right at
bears noting that the roof had sunk, the
light whatsoever, took on a majestic air
the beginning of the nave to ensure light
choir had disappeared, and the vaults
in the light. [11]
would reach the inside of the entrance
of the nave and chapels had partially
The premise of the project
fallen. The church, from the outside,
intervention was to maintain the size
The renovation of the build-
was only interesting from a historical
and spatial quality of the nave of the
ing has been developed with the goal
perspective. The interior of the church,
church as well as the important inputs
of differentiating the new elements
wall.[11]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
41
CONVENT DE FV FRANCESC, SANTPEDOR /
Corner Condition [31]
Lobby [32]
Stairs [33]
constructed (using contemporary con-
for uses and requirements the church
a circular path that runs throughout the
struction systems and languages) from
had never had before: stairs to climb to
whole building, much like a museum’s.
the original elements of this historical
the upper floors, toilets, and equipment
This circular route allows you to trace
church. With the aim of preserving all
rooms. To preserve the sense of space
back and revisit the church as a whole,
aspects of the building’s past, the inter-
and unity inside the church, these vol-
from distinct points of view.[11]
vention has not hidden traces, wounds
umes have been located, in part, out-
This project involves the renovation
or scars. Thus, they have remained vis-
side the building or have been placed
of three Baroque blockhouses with an
ible depressions, holes where the al-
inside in a way which maintains the
enclosed internal court in the old city
tarpieces once were, traces of missing
vision of unified space, in both the nave
center next to the City Hall, opposite the
elements.[11]
and the main chapel.
Robba Fountain and close to Plecnik’s
The set of stairs and ramps
three bridges. The ground floor is used
tain the unity and dimension of the nave
built, apart from ensuring access to the
as bookshop and the spaces above on
of the church, even with new volumes
upper floors of the church, also define
the first floor were used for offices and
Another challenge was to main-
42 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
CONVENT DE SANT FRANCESC, SANTPEDOR /
New Addition [34]
New Addition to Old Facade [35]
last adapted in the early eighties. The
concept reinstates the existing court
internal court was rebuilt as a closed,
as a new central communicating space
semi glazed service space used for the
between levels and apartments. At the
building’s main air conditioning devices.
same time, it provides light into the
The brief required connecting
apartment spaces overlooking the court.
the houses into one single unit with im-
Since the court is very narrow and en-
plementation of 12 apartments around
closed from all sides the main concern
the small internal court. Baroque eleva-
was how to provide as much light as
tions facing the street had to be mainly
possible and to become a central form
reconstructed to their original state, the
of internal garden. The result is a fully
internal court on the other hand could
glazed envelope formed along with re-
be adapted and revitalized; both under
flective elements covering historic ele-
the State Heritage supervision. The
ments on the courtyard elevations.[11]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies  43 
HUTONG BUBBLE, BEIJING
HuTong Bubble [34]
Bathroom [35]
Roof Deck [36]
LOCATION Beijing, China
Progress does not necessarily call for large scale
COMPLETION DATE 2009
construction – it can occur as interventions at a
ARCHITECT MAD
small scale. The Hu Tong bubbles, inserted into the
TYPE Courtyard Renovation
urban fabric, function like magnets, attracting new
CONSTRUCTION COST 400,000RMB
people, activities, and resources to reactivate entire neighborhoods.[12]
44 Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies
MAD architects have suggested
no indoor bathroom, and includes a
a type of new urban lifestyle by insert-
staircase to the roof garden. Taking the
ing the modern architectural structure
shape of a bubble, it is attached to the
Hu tong bubble 32 into a traditional
wooden column and brick structure of
HuTong building. HuTong bubble 32
the old building.[12]
includes a bathroom since residents of
HuTong usually have limited space with
call for large scale construction – it can
Progress does not necessarily
HUTONG BUBBLE, BEIJING /
New Addition [37]
Exit of Stairs [38]
New Addition to Old Facade [39]
occur as interventions at a small scale.
new one-story structure on the opposite
surface. The large oval skylight gives
The Hu Tong bubbles, inserted into the
end of the courtyard – as retail space.
the small space a lofty, weightless flair.
urban fabric, function like magnets,
The bubble cuddles up to the new
[12]
attracting new people, activities, and
building; its mirrored surface reflects
resources to reactivate entire neighbor-
the older building and the lush foliage,
bubble is to link this culturally rich city
hoods.[12]
and almost seems to melt into air. The
to each individual’s vision of a better
bubble shelters the stair that leads to
Beijing. The bubble is not regarded as a
interventions in the form of metallic
the roof terrace and the patron’s WC.
singular object, but as a means to initi-
bubbles, implanted in the urban fabric,
ate a renewed and energetic communi-
are intended to attract additional target
sists of steel hollow section; the skin
groups and to reinvigorate the districts.
is made of 2 mm thick sheet steel that
The program for this first realization: a
was welded to the framework off site
wine shop. The adjacent existing house
and chromed. In the final step, the skin
was refurbished and serves – as does a
was polished to create a unified, shiny
The bubble are small-scale
The structural framework con-
The goal for the Hu Tong
ty.[12]
Thesis Prep Research And Case Studies 45
PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY SITE - BEIJING HUTONG
Beijing HuTong 1891 [40]
China’s rapid development has altered the city’s landscape on a massive scale,
continually eroding the delicate urban tissue of old Beijing. Such dramatic changes have forced an aging architecture to rely on chaotic, spontaneous renovations to survive the everchanging neighborhood.
Old Beijing is composed of HuTong, alleys of communal courtyard homes. HuTong
are gradually becoming the haven for the wealthy, the museum for tourists, but the local inhabitants repugnance it. In the past few decades, large segments of the HuTong, the historic central districts of Beijing whose delicate urban fabric consists of narrow streets and courtyard buildings, have been destroyed to make way for much taller buildings. However, 46 Thesis Prep Process And Methodology
Introduction Abstract 46
SITE - BEIJING HUTONG / FLOOR PLAN LAYOUT STUDY
Typical HuTong Layout
more recently, a new trend has developed: new residential districts are being built to look like the ones that have been lost. The few remaining historic districts are being discovered by the wealthy, and, at the same time, are becoming a tourist attraction. In addition, poor standards of hygiene have turned unique living space and potential thriving communities into a serious urban problem. The self-perpetuating degradation of the city’s urban tissue requires a change in the living conditions of local residents.
Under the hatchet of fast-paced development, we must always be cognizant of Beijing’s
long term goals and the direction of its creativity. Perhaps we should shift our gaze away from the attraction of new monuments and focus on the everyday lives of the city’s residents. Thesis Prep Process And Methodology 47
PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY METHOD
Old and New Structure Comparison
These old buildings in Beijing were taken down because of its inefficiency in many as-
pects. The poor pluming facilities, poor physical conditions of the building, and the little space for a family are why these buildings are getting rebuild. However, I do not think, torn down buildings and then rebuilding it to keep the from can still evoke the memories of the place.
Therefor, in my mind, to improve the standard of living, to improve the feeling of
community and a sense of the old times, and improve the architecture and keep the history
48  Thesis Prep Process And Methodology
METHOD / STRUCTURE SYSTEM STUDY
Old Post and Beam Structure
and culture intact are three key goals of this project. Furthermore, These desires can all be meet if we can implement modern system, enhance the community and keep the quality of architecture.
From the study and compare the old brick pattern and structural system to the new, I’ve
discovered the traditional building techniques, even though require a greater skill level, offers the residence a nice thermal insulating material with out using any insulation material. The structure of housing changed from wood frame with brick filling to brick wall supporting roof structure.
Thesis Prep Process And Methodology 49
PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY PROGRAM
Possible Courtyard Connection
This prototype proposal has these features: 1. Master plan the entire neighborhood in the city context.
Floor plans that’s focusing on the circulation between street-to-street, street-to-courtyard
will create staying places are people to sit outside and communicate with each other. Second floor are projected out from first floor, gives a nice shading for the first floor and out door area, also gives a sense of space with out covering up the street. 50  Thesis Prep Process And Methodology
PROPOSAL AND PLANNING / PROGRAM
Possible Room Layout
2. New structural system which build up on the traditional structure.
New structural system of these houses allows better ventilation and shading for the resi-
dences. The walls on the sides functions as the supporting structure and the floors will be siting on these two walls. The other two sides of the walls won’t be structural, thus allows big openings for ventilation. This building technique is sustainable, yet represents the traditional culture of southern architecture. 3. Material selection from considering using both used and high tech material.
Reusing the special attributes of these houses’ material makes people aware of the his-
tory, culture and life of the old neighborhood. I will use bamboo as the framework of concrete floors, thus the finished concrete has the pattern of bamboo on the skin, kind of like the brick pattern on the wall. 4. Reprogram the buildings on the site to make it a livable cultural neighborhood.
Enhancing the community by creating activities along the site can attract engagement of
residences. This can help regain the population and culture. Thesis Prep Process And Methodology 51
PROPOSAL AND PLANNING / FUTURE OBJECTIVE & TIME LINE
PROPOSAL AND PLANNING FUTURE OBJECTIVE • Testing the limits of the system proposed by conducting further experiments. • Finding cons and pros of the proposed renovation method. • Finding array of architectural uses in the neighborhood. • Developing detailed design of a courtyard houses using the proposed systemic method.
PROPOSAL AND PLANNING TIME LINE
52 Thesis Prep Proposal And Planning
Nov. 27 – Dec. 10
Finishing and submitting prospectus.
Dec. 11 – Jan. 12
Spring Break Assignment.
Jan. 13 – Jan. 31
Finish site analysis.
Feb. 1 – Feb. 15
Further develop and design the site.
Feb. 16 – Mar. 15
Architectural design developing.
Mar. 16 – Apr. 20
Final thesis development.
Apr. 21- Apr. 30
Printing and preparing for the final.
PROPOSAL AND PLANNING CRITERIA OF EVALUATION
At the final review this thesis should be judge by following intellectual criteria: • Importance of the subject matter. • Depth of the research. • Innovativeness of the subject matter. • Writing and language abilities. • Graphic design of the prospectus. • Importance and completion of the design proposal. • Level of completion of the final requirements. • Final verbal presentation. • Clarity of the layout.
Thesis Prep Proposal And Planning 53
DESIGN PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
Diagram of the Hutong’s different types of Siheyuan housing types
In the inner city of Beijing, the housing problems have reached serious proportions. Overcrowding, deteriorating
housing and lack of basic services have resulted in substandard living conditions for most residents. Mass housing projects have gradually been built on the city ‘s outskirts to relieve some of the pressures on the inner city, but the scarcity of agricultural land has forced the government to limit urban expansion and to renew the old city core.
In 1990, the Beijing municipal government initiated a program for the renewal of the old city area. Since then, a
series of neighborhood regeneration projects has been implemented in residential districts of the inner city and new housing projects have replaced clusters of old housing. This process has resulted in the relocation of many of the original residents of inner-city neighborhoods and in the destruction of the traditional domestic architecture. In recent years, there has been worldwide concern about the possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts of modernization upon great historical cities.
Thesis Prep Design Project 55
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
Diagram of Old vs New, and Renovation vs Reconstruction
Some important ancient relics have lost their glory
between preservation and development is growing worse
in the shadow of over-sized new buildings beside them.
because these factors all interrelate and change rapidly.
Some traditional neighborhoods have vanished forever. To
preserve the traditional spatial environment as a whole is a
current renewal program must develop new strategies, more
task to be done now or never. There is a growing recognition
sensitive though realistic. Property ownership is extremely
of the importance of researching this problem and an
complex in China. Technically, all property belongs to the
increasing number of people are getting actively involved.
People’s government, and is rented or leased to residents.
The infrastructure of the old city is inadequate to meet the
However, some private (or original) ownership is now partially
needs of modern requirement of working and living; more and
recognized. We explore the possibilities this structure holds
more traffics need to be accommodated; indeed, the conflict
for project phasing, as well as the more elusive concept of
56  Thesis Prep Design Project
By studying previous interventions and evaluating the
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
SHARED BATHROOM
Drawing of HuTong in Beijing, China [6] Diagram of different activities happening in the neighborhood
“ownership” as a sense of belonging, or of stewardship. There are ingeniously constructed structures of building materials can be found all over the site, testifying to the resourcefulness of the residents.
The citizens who grew up on the old neighborhood, all shared a memory of how residents used to bring bamboo chairs
out to their front doors and on to the street itself after dinner on warm evenings, to cool down, and to socialize. Playing “hide and seek” is an important activity for the kids, and as children being able to thread from courtyard to courtyard, sometimes passing through people’s homes.
This thesis thus intends to do a design on the housing redevelopment in the Old City of Beijing, from initiation
to design, construction and distribution. The process will be examined from the perspectives of professional dedication, economical growth as well as cultural prosperity. Hopefully, it will become apparent how conflicting interests of the different players arise, where the contradictions lie, and which sectors have played dominant roles in shaping the outcomes.
Thesis Prep Design Project 57
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
Diagram of site analysis
Diagram of site analysis steps 1 and 2
58
Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
Diagram of site analysis
Diagram of site analysis steps 3 and 4
Thesis Prep Design Project
59
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
Initial idea of the site diagram showing the additions to the existing structure
60  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT CONCEPT
BROKEN
FIX IT BY USING GOLD AS CONNECTION
NEW ART
Diagram of broken jade bracelet
The concept of this project is taken from a jade bracelet.
When a jade bracelet is broken, there are two ways to fix it: buy a new one; seal it back
but leaving the sealing line; or, to add a piece of gold connecting the broken pieces. Adding a piece of gold makes the broken jade bracelet even more valuable than before.
Renovating a historical architecture in respect to that is: rebuild it with the new method;
renovate it back to the exactly same condition 100 years ago; or, adding at where the existing structure is lacking features. Thesis Prep Design Project   61 
DESIGN PROJECT / CONCEPT
Diagram of the steps of adding on to the existing housing
62  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / CONCEPT
Diagram of the many possible shapes of new housing
Thesis Prep Design Project 63
DESIGN PROJECT DESIGN
Proposed courtyard houses
64  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Proposed house layout
Thesis Prep Design Project 65
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Original structure in elevation , gray represent existing
Purposed structure in elevation, brown represent new
66  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Original structure axon, red is where will be demolished
Purposed structure axon, red is where will be demolished
Thesis Prep Design Project 67
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
68 Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Thesis Prep Design Project 69
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
70 Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Thesis Prep Design Project 71
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Rendering of a typical room on first fool, where existing structure is
72  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Rendering of first floor
Thesis Prep Design Project 73
DESIGN PROJECT / SITE ANALYSIS
Rendering of basement with skylight
74  Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Rendering of second floor balcony
Thesis Prep Design Project 75
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Site plan
76 Thesis Prep Design Project
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
Aerial view of the site
Section of the site
Thesis Prep Design Project 77
DESIGN PROJECT / DESIGN
78 Thesis Prep Design Project
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS
This design is trying to bring attention to the resident of Siheyuan area, that this is still
a full of culture, life, and memory, yet comfortable living place. It has shown to the designers, residents, and the government that a renovation can be done with respect to the history, but also fit the current needs of the families.
The shortcoming of this proposal is that one of the courtyard houses will apply this design
and method. The rest of neighborhood will see the result, and will be seeking a method to renovate their houses in a similar method, but achieve the same goal – which is to have a decent living condition for the family to continue to live in these traditional houses.
Again, the main goal of this design is to make sure it’s applicable, so that the residence
will see the hope of bettering this neighborhood and thus will keep living there. The unrealistic part is that the construction of the basement requires special attention to the existing structure. The cost of construction will not be so cheap. However, from the previous research, Beijing’s government have two hundred millions founding every year just for the Siheyuan housings. The further step is to prepare a proposal asking for government’s approval,
When looking at the result of this thesis project, it’s clear that I’ve found a reasonable way
to resolve the issues of these aged Siheyuan housing. However, I’ve never imagined this whole neighborhood of Beijing Hutong will be developed by this single method. This neighborhood should have more varieties in terms of design method and final goal. I wish there will be future focus on enriching this neighborhood, such as commercial area and tourism features.
Thesis Prep Design Project 79
APPENDICES ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Bercé, Françoise, Bruno Foucart, and Jean Aillagon. Viollet-le-Duc, Architect, Artist, Master of Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C. (1744 R St., NW, Washington 20009): Trust for Museum Exhibitions, 1988. Viollet-le-Duc was one of the founders of modern historic preservation and is known for his French Gothic Revival work, especially his designs for the restoration of Notre Dame. His "historic preservation" often included substantial reinterpretation and redesign. Thus, he is an important, adored, and controversial figure in the history of architecture. Capello, Ernesto. City at the Center of the World: Space, History, and Modernity in Quito. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. This study examines strategic moments in the city’s history in relation to their colonial past and regional contexts as city elites and indigenous communities worked to reshape ‘traditional’ historical discourses and city spaces to craft a modern capital to their respective advantage. Carroon, Jean. Sustainable Preservation: Greening Existing Buildings. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010. Jean Carroon has been practicing green conservation for years, her projects have attracted positive acclaim and professional awards, and her performance on the lecture circuit and in symposia has made her a 'must have' for many audiences, and a powerful advocate for the integration of green technology, and even more importantly comprehensive and inter-disciplinary approaches to preservation as a sustainable practice. This book is a guide to green strategies for preservation and adaptive reuse and the power of preservation as well as reuse as a green strategy. Cohen, Nahoum. Urban Planning Conservation and Preservation. New York: McGrawHill, 2001. Cohen drew on his own broad experience in the practical study of urban conservation, assembled a variety of examples copiously illustrated. From these he has distilled the principles which govern the practice of conservation, based on clearly defined urban elements.This book analyzes the key elements of the urban environment, Thesis Prep Appendices 81
APPENDIX / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
stated all concerned with the theory and practice of this complex and elusive art. Collins, Richard C., and Elizabeth B. Waters. America's Downtowns: Growth, Politics & Preservation. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1991. This book provides an in-depth look into ways preservation values can be integrated into local policies that shape growth and development. The authors sift through the information generated from several studies, focusing on local growth management policies and preservation issues in 10 major cities across America, identifying the most important lessons each has learned. Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco and many more are being studied in the book. Each of these cities has experimented with goals and strategies designed to help it increase the attractiveness of its downtown through historic preservation. Dolkart, Andrew. Guide to New York City Landmarks. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press ;, 1998. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is responsible for preserving New York's significant buildings. The book talked about new historic districts in NYC with a new focus on neighborhoods with local history and details explaining some of the more remarkable buildings in the districts. Ehrlich, George, and Margaret Supplee Smith. Report on Architectural History and Historic Preservation Programs. Philadelphia: Society of Architectural Historians, 1985. Fingerhuth, Carl. The Kunming Project: Urban Development in China ; a Dialogue = Kunming He Zuo Xiang Mu : Guan Yu Zhongguo Cheng Shi Fa Zhan De Guo Ji Dui Hua. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2002. This book talkd about the whole process of a pioneering collaboration between western and Chinese planning teams, and the ways in which urban planning has been managed. As a direct result of this partnership, Kunming now has the first inner-city bus line in China, the first large-scale conservation of a historical part of the town, and new concepts for urban development at a regional level. Garnham, Harry Launce. Maintaining the Spirit of Place: A Process for the Preservation of Town Character. Mesa, Ariz: PDA Publishers, 1985. 82  Thesis Prep Appendices
APPENDIX / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Holleran, Michael. Boston's "changeful Times": Origins of Preservation & Planning in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Michael Holleran concludes that the tools invented for stopping change proved even more powerful for shaping change. The preservationist efforts helped to pioneer new approaches to planning and real estate development that eventually spread from Boston and other key cities to the rest of the nation. Hurley, Andrew. Beyond Preservation Using Public History to Revitalize Inner Cities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010. This book gives a idea of preservation proposes a framework for stabilizing and strengthening inner-city neighborhoods through the public interpretation of historic landscapes. Kapp, Paul Hardin. SynergiCity: Reinventing the Postindustrial City. Chicago: Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2012. SynergiCity argues that cities such as Detroit, St. Louis, and Peoria must redefine themselves to be globally competitive. This revitalization is possible through environmentally and economically sustainable restoration of industrial areas and warehouse districts for commercial, research, light industrial, and residential uses. It presents a holistic vision for restoring industrial cities suffering from population decline back into stimulating and productive places to live and work. Even though my topic is about the opposite world, this book gives me ideas of what are good in a city to keep and promote. Karmon, David E. The Ruin of the Eternal City: Antiquity and Preservation in Renaissance Rome. New York: New York : Oxford University Press, 2011. The Ruin of the Eternal City offers a new interpretation of the ongoing life of ancient buildings within the expanding early modern city. The book shows a study of how civic officials balanced the defense of specific sites against the pressing demands imposed by population growth, circulation, and notions of urban decorum. Need to read more... Lindgren, James Michael. Preserving South Street Seaport: The Dream and Reality of a New York Urban Renewal District. New York: NYU Press, 2014. This book talks about historic preservation, urban history and urban Thesis Prep Appendices  83 
APPENDIX / ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
development, and contemporary NYC's South Street Seaport District of Lower Manhattan. Mason, Randall. The Once and Future New York Historic Preservation and the Modern City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009. This documents the emergence of historic preservation in New York at the turn of the twentieth century. Between 1890 and 1920, preservationists saved and restored buildings, parks, and monuments throughout the city’s five boroughs that represented continuity with the past. Mason argues these efforts created a “memory infrastructure” that established a framework for New York’s collective memory and fused celebrations of the city’s past with optimism about its future. Focusing on three major projects—the restoration of City Hall Park, the ultimately failed attempt to save historic St. John’s Chapel, and the construction of the Bronx River Parkway— Mason challenges several myths about historic preservation. Against the charge that preservationists were antiquarians concerned only with architecturally significant buildings, Mason instead asserts that many were social reformers interested in recovering the city’s collective history. Even more important, he demonstrates that historic preservation in this period, rather than being fundamentally opposed to growth, was integral to modern urban development. Moore, Arthur Cotton. The Powers of Preservation: New Life for Urban Historic Places. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Nash, Gary B. First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. In this bellwether book, he uses his prominent voice to go beyond the stodgy boundaries of landmarks alone by showing how preservation can spark new directions in design and help us reclaim our cities. It and lays out ideas for preservation, restoration, and adaptive reuses of often-overlooked buildings; pitfalls to look out for, and proven strategies for downtowns; and an expanded, more permissive populist approach to preservation Newman, Peter, and Anne Matan. Green Urbanism in Asia the Emerging Green Tigers. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2012. This book finds emerging innovations and first signs of green urbanism in Asia and suggests they may be the guiding light for the rest of the world. The authors highlight seven archetypal cities exhibiting green urbanism: the renewable energy city, the bioregional carbon neutral city, the distributed city, the biophilic city, the eco-efficient city, the place-based city and the sustainable transport city. 84 Thesis Prep Appendices
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Orbasli, Aylin. Architectural Conservation: Principles and Practice. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 2008. This book provides an introductory text for students in built environment disciplines, as well as those who manage or own historic properties, and those embarking upon architectural conservation professionally. It is designed to give an understanding of the main principles, materials and problems in the field of conservation and it features a number of case studies. Page, Max, and Randall Mason. Giving Preservation a History: Histories of Historic Preservation in the United States. New York: Routledge, 2004. Giving Preservation a History touches on the European roots of the historic preservation movement; on how preservation movements have taken a leading role in shaping American urban space and urban development; how historic preservation battles have reflected broader social forces; and what the changing nature of historic preservation means for the effort to preserve the nation's past. Paumier, Cyril B. Creating a Vibrant City Center: Urban Design and Regeneration Principles. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 2004. This book reveals the key planning and design guidelines needed to create a lively, appealing city center in any metropolitan area. overview of urban design principles and how they can be applied to regenerate/revitalize downtowns and city centers. a collection of case studies offers live examples of how cities successfully integrated the principles outlined in the book. Prentice, Helaine Kaplan, and I. M. Pei. Suzhou: Shaping an Ancient City for the New China : An EDAW/Pei Workshop. Washington, DC: Spacemaker Press, 1998. This book is an essential guide for planners developing sensitive and historic areas like the ancient and garden laden city of Suzhou. Prentice takes the reader on a rich visual, historical and political journey along slow moving canals, over resonant foot bridges and into quiet, shady courtyards. Simultaneously, one follows the progress of the master planning workshop lead by EDAW/Pei group. The account presents surprising and often poetic insight into cross-cultural negotiation and provides a vivid understanding of the nuances of the charrette process. Riegl, Alois. The Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Essence and Its Development 6 (1982): 69-83. Thesis Prep Appendices  85 
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Alois Riegl (1858-1905) was an Austrian art-historian and philosopher. In 1903 he published (in German) this seminal article, outlining the competing values to be considered when approaching the preservation and/or conservation of historic structures. It is a criticism of the appropriation of historical forms. Rossi, Aldo, and Peter Eisenman. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982. Aldo Rossi was an Italian architect. He became editor and started writing for the Casabella magazine. Rossi's critique focuses not on the sterility of forms in modern architecture, but rather on the neglect and destruction of the city, the repository of "the collective memory of man." Perhaps most important to Americans, who face a resurgence of idiosyncratic and highly personal designs, is Rossi's emphasis on the collective, the public realm. He thinks that individual reputations and accomplishments are less important that our cities themselves. Ryan, Brent D. Design after Decline: How America Rebuilds Shrinking Cities. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. In Design After Decline, Brent D. Ryan reveals the fraught and intermittently successful efforts of architects, planners, and city officials to rebuild shrinking cities following mid-century urban renewal. With modern architecture in disrepute, federal funds scarce, and architects and planners disengaged, politicians and developers were left to pick up the pieces. In twin narratives, Ryan describes how America's two largest shrinking cities, Detroit and Philadelphia, faced the challenge of design after decline in dramatically different ways. While Detroit allowed developers to carve up the cityscape into suburban enclaves, Philadelphia brought back 1960s-style land condemnation for benevolent social purposes. Both Detroit and Philadelphia "succeeded" in rebuilding but at the cost of innovative urban design and planning. Rypkema, Donovan D. The Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader's Guide. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2005. Faced with convincing government officials, developers, property owners, business and community leaders, or his or her own neighbors that preservation strategies can make good economic sense. Author Donovan D. Rypkema—real estate consultant and nationally known speaker and writer—makes his case with 100 "arguments" on the economic benefits of historic preservation, each backed up by one or more quotes from a study, paper, publication, speech, or report. Count on Rypkema to be entertaining, provocative, and convincing as he describes and demonstrates how strategies that include preservation help communities make cost-effective use of resources, create jobs, provide affordable housing, revive downtowns, build tourism, attract new businesses and workers, and more. 86  Thesis Prep Appendices
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Schmickle, William Edgar. The Politics of Historic Districts: A Primer for Grassroots Preservation. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2007. Politics of Historic Districts is a political battle plan in a fight to designate a local historic district. Tabb, Phillip, and A. Senem Deviren. The Greening of Architecture: A Critical History and Survey of Contemporary Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub., 2013. Describing the progressive development of green architecture from 1960 to 2010, it illustrates how it is ever evolving and ameliorated through alterations in form, technology, materials and use and it examines different places worldwide that represent a diversity of cultural and climatic contexts. The book is divided into seven chapters: with an overview of the environmental issues and the nature of green architecture in response to them, followed by an historic perspective of the pioneering evolution of green technology and architectural integration over the past five decades, and finally, providing the intransigent and culturally pervasive current examples within a wide range of geographic territories. Venetas, Alexander. Continuity and Change: Preservation in City Planning. New York: Praeger, 1971. Young, Robert A. Stewardship of the Built Environment Sustainability, Preservation, and Reuse. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2012. Robert A. Young argues that the greenest building is often the one that has already been built. In Stewardship of the Built Environment, he shows how rehabilitating and reusing existing structures holds untapped potential for achieving sustainable communities. Students and professionals alike will discover the multifaceted benefits of reuse. Young begins by describing how historic preservation in the United States, often overlooked because of the predominant focus on new construction, is actually an important sustainable design strategy. He then examines the social, environmental, and economic benefits of preservation—from the societal value of reusing existing buildings to financial incentives available for rehabilitation. Young concludes with insights into the future of reusing buildings as a sustainability strategy. He also provides several informative appendices, including a glossary of key terms and acronyms and recommendations for further reading.
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APPENDICES FIGURE CREDITS
01-04. Snowyowls. "Beijing HuTong [1-4]." Wikimedia Commons. Accessed September 8, 2014. 05. Campa, Marcella, and Stefano Avesani. "Red Area Indicates the Locations of Historical Residential Buildings in Beijing, China [5]." Micro-urbanism for Macrodensity. Accessed September 15, 2014. 07. Rossi, Aldo. "Rossi’s Drawing [7]." Accessed October 10, 2014. 08. Venturi, Robert. "“I Am a Monument”, Drawing by Robert Benturiage [8]." Learning from Las Vegas. Accessed October 11, 2014. 09. The Rio Grande Historical Collections. "Intentional Monument [9]." Accessed November 3, 2014. 10. Bouts, Thierry. "Unintentional Monument [10]." Flickr. Accessed November 5, 2014. 11. Riegl, Alois. "Relative Art-value Is Inherently Opposed to Age-value [11]." Accessed November 5, 2014. 12. Moore, Taylor. "The Reichstag Dome [12]." Pinterest. Accessed October 6, 2014. 13. Foster, Norman. "Diagram of New Addition (red and Pink) vs. Old [13]." Accessed October 10, 2014. 14-16. Bredt, Bitter. "The Jewish Museum [14,15,16]." E-architect. Accessed September 20, 2014. 88 Thesis Prep Appendices
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17. Libeskind, Daniel. "Connection Diagram of The Jewish Museum [17]." Accessed September 21, 2014. 18. Einsta, Webber. "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe [18]." March 16, 2012. Accessed September 24, 2014. 19. Busheri, Yousef. "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Sectional Diagram [19]." Paris Foreign Studies 2010. Accessed September 25, 2014. 20. Lv, You. "Night Life at Xintiandi [20]." Xintiandi. Accessed September 30, 2014. 21. Jiang, Tianyi. "Plan of Xintiandi [21]." Stitching Cities. Accessed November 30, 2014. 22. Jiang, Tianyi. "Xintiandi [22]." Stitching Cities. Accessed November 30, 2014. 26. Herzog & De Meuron. "Elbe Philharmonic Concert Hall[ 26]." E-architect. Accessed October 30, 2014. 27. Herzog & De Meuron. "Sectional Diagram of New vs. Old[27]." E-architect. Accessed October 31, 2014. 27. OFIS Arhitekti. "Baroque Court Apartments [27]." Archdaily. Accessed November 24, 2014. 28. OFIS Arhitekti. "Baroque Court Apartments Diagram [28]." ArchDaily. Accessed November 24, 2014. 29-32. David Closes. "The Convent Complex of Sant Francesc [29]Diagram of the New Addition Locations [30]Corner Condition [31]Lobby [32]Stairs [32]." ArchDaily. Accessed November 20, 2014. 34-39. He, Shu. "HuTong Bubble [34]Bathroom [35]Roof Deck [36]New Addition [37]Exit of Stairs [38]New Addition to Old Facade [39]." ArchDaily. 40. Sun, Ping. "Beijing HuTong 1891 [40]." Hu Tong Details. Accessed December 1, 2014. Thesis Prep Appendices 89
APPENDICES REFERENCES 1.Broudehoux, Anne-Marie. "P12.P15.NEIGHBORHOOD REGENERATION IN BEIJING: AN OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN THE INNER CITY SINCE 1990." McGill University Press. July 1, 1994. Accessed October 20, 2014. 2.Rossi, Aldo. "P17.The Architecture of the City." The MIT Press. September 13, 1984. Accessed October 22, 2014. 3.Arrhenius, Thordis. "P19.The Fragile Monument: On Alois Riegl’s Modern Cult of Monuments." Royal Institute of Technology Press. August 8, 1998. Accessed October 22, 2014. 4.Favermann, Mark. "P24.Berlin's Jewish Museum By Daniel Libeskind." Berkshire Fine Arts Press. June 15, 2009. Accessed November 1, 2014. 5.Bianchini, Riccardo. "P25.Daniel Libeskind - the Jewish Museum Berlin." Inexhibit Museum and Exhibition Resources Press. September 1, 2009. Accessed November 3, 2014. 6.Eisenman, Peter. "P26.Peter Eisenman Quote." Brainy Quote Press. April 10, 2010. Accessed November 5, 2014. 7.Lv, You. "P32.P33.Shanghai Xin Tian Di." Travel China Guide Press. March 8, 2013. Accessed September 25, 2014. 8.Hill, John. "P.34A Daily Dose of Architecture." Hamburg Calling Press. June 16, 2005. 90 Thesis Prep Appendices
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Accessed December 1, 2014. 9.Aldo, Giacomo. "P35.Herzog De Meuron’s Hamburg Philharmonic Concert Hall Breaks Ground." Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Press. May 2, 2013. Accessed November 24, 2014. 10.Gregorico, Tomaz. "P36.P37.OFIS Architects: Baroque Court Apartments." Designboom Architecture Magazine Press. January 30, 2012. Accessed November 25, 2014. 11.Tee, Munny. "P38.P39.P40.P41.Convent De Sant Francesc / David Closes." The Superslice Press. August 1, 2012. Accessed November 30, 2014. 12.Bai, Mike. "P42.P43.P45.P47.Hutong Bubble 32 by MAD." Dezeen Press. September 13, 2009. Accessed November 3, 2014.
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THESIS BOOK SIXING QIN APRIL 2014