The future of online publishing within the women's lifestyle sector. Conducted By: Saliba, E., Lyons, E., Pritchard, P. & Rawlings, C.
January 2011
Friday, 21 January 2011
In this Issue Elliott Saliba goes into how the Publishing industry is changing and how the flux is picking up momentum. Lyons swoops in to find out CULTURE Liz how culture is impacting the VULTUREdigitalisation of print media. From Cool to Profitable, Rachel Pritchard analyses the market and the publishers’ approach. Are companies turning paper to gold? Making A Case- Vogue, Heat and Take A Break, are they ready for digitalisation- do they need to be? Charlotte Rawlings finds out...
MESSAGE FROM THE CONTRIBUTORS The need for this report is becoming more validated as time goes on; more publications are shifting into the digital-print field- but do all magazines need to, and how quickly is this transition happening? Little Fish aims to find out the future of online publishing within the women’s lifestyle sector using existing research, evidence and primary research conducted by Little Fish.
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The History
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History
T
he story of online publishing began in the late 90s, when people began to upload user-created text files on the internet, starting the first generation of Blogs. All major publications now have a website that offers extended content from their publication, and more recently have began to start charging for their online content. In 2010, The Times newspaper (owned by News Corporation) became the premiere major British publication to charge for its online content (this service is also known as The Times+). Any user can access and view limited content on The Times website , but a pay wall comes up if you try and access any further or more detailed content. The tariffs for The Times+ start at ÂŁ2 a week, or ÂŁ1 for a day, matching the price of the paper copy.
BLOGA website that allows users to reflect, share opinions, and discuss various topics in the form of an online journal while readers may comment on posts.
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The Times Model
Data collected (as shown) by paidContentUK and Harris Interactive, just before The Times+ went live shows what people are willing to pay for online content, who is willing to and why they’d pay. Questions for Times Online were asked of those amongst the sample who said visited Times Online most days (4%), at least once a week (6%), at least once a month (6%) and less than once a month (11%), totalling 584 Times Online readers. As you can see the results shown prove to be slightly sceptical about the success and need for The Times+, with the majority being not likely at all to pay for the service.
PAYWALLA pay wall (or paywall) blocks access to a webpage with a window requiring payment
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From Paper to Pixels
“The old business model based on ‘advertisingonly’, is dead”. -Rupert Murdoch
The PPA state that adding a pay wall to the online version of a publication is more common in niche fields. The data is more exclusive and less open to the wider audiences and thus appeals increasingly to business to business publications rather than the wider consumer audiences. Since the launch of devices such as the Amazon Kindle and the iPad books and magazines now have another platform to function on, and create for. As the PPA is keen to point out, the British public can be ‘frugal’, especially when it comes to paying for content, that was already free (like The Times Online). What the new platforms do create is a second wave of life for industries, such as magazine publishing, to breathe a new generation of content into an format that can be seen as tired or dying. PPA goes on to argue the point that currently the pay wall format and charging for online content is very much more present in the business to business (B2B) publication fields.
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Many publishers have made a version of the their magazine available for the iPad since it’s launch as well as applications or ‘apps’ for the iPhone and iPod Touch devices. Condé Nast (the publishers of Vogue), have already caught on to this trend and have created a copies of Vanity Fair, Glamour, GQ and Wired magazines optimised for the device. The first issue of Wired that was released on for the iPad outsold its print version, managing to sell as huge 73,000 copies in the first nine days; but over a course of months, it began to average out, and the print version of Wired became more popular. As for the other Condé Nast publications: Vanity Fair slumped from 10,500 digital magazines sold in August-October to 8,700 in November. In addition, Glamour slid from 4,301 copies in September to 2,775 in November. After averaging roughly 13,000 digital magazines sold from May-October, GQ slid to 11,000 in November.’ -Source: Tiger Fish Interactivity
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The Digital Newsagents Though magazines are increasingly beginning to sell copies of their magazines online via their websites; this is typically un-popular as many titles are either looking to move into the digital market- or don’t deem there to be an audience for a digital copy of their publication. A few titles offer their magazines as PDF; but very few are doing what some of the titles at CondÊ Nast are doing- making them fully digital with video, and media rich content. Looking at an area outside of content, the consumer needs a marketplace to buy the titles- bring in Zinio. Zinio celebrates its 10 year anniversary in 2011, with the company have offices globally. What Zinio does for the magazine industry is offer a digitalised news stand and book store, for users to download individual magazine titles, subscribe to magazines or gift a subscription- all the elements you expect from a traditional magazine- but cutting out the middle-man; the newsagents.
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Culture
Liz Lyons looks into the culture behind magazine habits in the Women’s Lifestyle Sector
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C
ulture is an ever changing part of life. It is a big part of
ancestry, effecting how people live their lives. It is passed down through generations, and gradually adapts over time. Culture can define someone and creates the foundations of their moral compass.
Culture All over the world there are millions of different cultures. While here in western civilisation we have become dependant on electricity. We panic at the mere thought of a power cut and believe it truly is the end of the world when our curling tongs won’t turn on in the morning and were already late for work. There are tribes over the other side of the world who can not even comprehend the idea of a computer.
In Britain’s culture today people are obsessed with celebrity. Magazines have dominated the way we find out the celebrity gossip, read exclusive interviews see pictures and get tips on how to live our lives accordingly. However with the rise of the machines more and more publications are adapting their magazines to the internet. The demand is growing, but is there a new market for paid for online magazines? Friday, 21 January 2011
Technology has rapidly progressed. The1940’s- when the first computer was to enter the world and would require a whole room, a lot of man power and a lot of parts to function. In today’s society the thought of this is very extraordinary. The 21st century culture it is normal to have technology such as smart phones, MP3 players and e-readers. The way we consume information has also changed. The news is 24/7 and we can access this whenever we want. Also with social networking sites if there is a breaking news story it is most likely to have a big impact within a very short time.
This Graph exhibits the use of internet and that there has been a massive increase within the last 10 years. This is because ‘The Computer’ is now everywhere. At home, at work, on your mobile phone you can access the internet anywhere and everywhere. The connection has also developed from dial up – a long, loud process which can cut out at any minute to wireless and 3G, quick and easy.
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The World at Your Fingertips The internet has become part of our daily routine. Activities we used to devote time and effort too are now just one click away. It has advanced so much so that it is now possible to do your weekly shop, book a holiday, catch up with friends and find your long lost sister all with out leaving the comfort of your own home. In the 21st Century it is beneficial to be with time and become internet Savvy. As both the quote and the graph (full article available at http:// digitalmarketingnetwork.ning.com/group/ littlefish/forum/topics/women-turn-toweb-ahead-of) both portray that women use the internet leisurely. Having the world at your fingertips opens up a whole load of possibilities.
“According to the research, 73% of women visit shopping sites, 65% visit social networks, 55% visit major portals, 48% visit video sites and 28% visit magazine sites.� Friday, 21 January 2011
Editorial High End Glossy Fashion Trends Fashion Pictures Glossy Designer Adverts Coverage of fashion events Interviews with fashion designers and well respected celebrities. On trend Accessories Beauty Tips Home styling
Women’s Lifestyle -What’s it all about?
Celebrity Lifestyle Celebrity Interviews Celebrity Pictures Celebrities in crises High Street Fashion Bikini Bodies Celebrity stories/gossip Hot Celebrity Males Spotted Celebrities Celebrity style steal Beauty Tips TV/Movie/music/books Reviews Tv guide Horoscopes
Real Life Low GSM paper Weight lose stories Competitions Extraordinary life stories Puzzles and games Agony Aunt Health tips High street fashion Pet specials Cooking tips Bargain Holidays Horoscopes
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Print Vs. Online Print
Online
• Tangible object • Having it folded up in your bag can be very convenient. • You can share the love and pass it on to your friends when finished. • Its nice build up a collection • Content is exclusive • Glossy Finish
• Free • Convenient when on the computer/tablet • Quick navigation • Allot of content is the same as in the magazine • Good for the environment • Don’t have to carry it • Can have it on a RSS feed • Less adverts • Interactivity
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iSay Charlotte Déchamps is a music and events management student at university. She owns a smart phone and is regularly on the internet. Charlotte has a subscription to Vogue and regularly buys celebrity gossip magazines. We asked Charlotte to honestly analyse our three publications websites; Vogue, Heat and Take a Break. What three words would you use to describe the aesthetics of the websites? V – Clean, elegant, expensive H- Interactive, Bright, Blocky TaB- Tacky, clashing, colourful
How easy was it too navigate the sites? I found the easiest sites to navigate were Vogue and Heat. The navigation bars was simple and the headings were clear. Unfortunately what let down Take a Break was the absence of a search bar.
How would you rate the quality of the content? [laughs] This is very easy! Just like the print formats quality of content is highest in Vogue followed by heat and last is Take a Break. Quality of images, aesthetics and articles really differ between all three.
“You want access to exclusive content if you’re going to part with your money...” Friday, 21 January 2011
How much do agree with the statement‘You get more content from going online than from buying the magazine’ I love having the magazines because I enjoy sitting down with a nice cuppa-tea and getting lost in the magazine. That being said my subscription to Vogue encourages me to go online because there’s always more to offer in terms of content.
Based on the websites, how likely is it for someone like yourself to pay for online content of these publications? I think it’s important to recognise that consumers are unlikely to pay for online content if the quality isn’t up to scratch. I think online will have to offer more than just what’s in a print version of the magazine or website – you want to get access to exclusive content if your going to part with your money. It has to be content that isn’t readily available any other way or it isn’t worth paying for it.
How do you see the future of Women's Life Style magazines and how do you think it will effect you? I think allot of publications will jump on the online bandwagon. Whether or not there will be a huge demand I don’t know. I think only a select few will get away with charging for online content. As for me I like the idea of getting exclusive content and being more interactive with the publications I like. I will most probably ended up paying for online content and still having the magazine with my cuppa-tea.
Finance
Rachel Pritchard finds out about monetising online publishing & if there’s a market for it Friday, 21 January 2011
Finance
T
he Association of Online Publishers
(AOP) is a body formed in 2002 to represent digital publishing companies who create original, branded, quality content. Full board members include that of BBC, Haymarket Media Group, Sky, Telegraph Media Group and News International. Research from the AOP census has shown that from more than 40 of its members, the majority already have or plan to have an online paid content model. As more and more publications are looking into putting pay models into place, research has been implicated to investigate the topic further.
AOP say that paid for content gets the Green Light
Richard Freudenstein, CEO of News Digital Media, said in a memo; “if we get the product and delivery system right, people will happily pay for news content online, on mobile, e-reader or other device”. It seems that the publishers themselves are looking for content which they can charge for. The paid for exclusives are additional such as special reports, archives and multi-media. AOP says that according to 2009 poll from NMA; just 12% of consumers would pay to read a newspaper online, while only 30% of publishers have no plans for content pay models.
Online Vs Offline and Free Vs Paid For From Mintel reports it’s clear to see the changes in how people get their news these days. It was reported in April 2010 that the circulation of national newspapers had fallen by 14%, and the top three online national news sites had attracted 10 million UK unique visitors. Friday, 21 January 2011
The Audit Bauru of Circulation (ABC) also states that in the same amount of time, the top 100 “actively purchased” magazines are down by 17%. Although the initial idea of implementing pay-walls was rejected or ignored by publishers; the falling circulation figures suggest that paid for online content may be the answer to survival. Growth tends to be in favour of online rather than offline which in a knock on affect will see a lot more content becoming chargeable whether in the form of apps, e-commerce or micro-payments.
Continued.
Early 2010 showed Mintel that the majority of newspaper and magazine readers were not willing to pay for online content and the ones who would, would on average pay a very little £1.80. Almost a year on, it would be interesting to see how this has changed. Would the tolerance of paying for content online increase and how much are the consumers willing to pay?
The Profit in Pay-walls In comparison to that of advertising revenue, it is being highly sung that pay-walls and paid for content online may be the ticket to a pretty profit by PPA. This being the case it does seem that it may not be the answer for every type of publications. B2B magazines have had a success as they offer information that’s hard to get anywhere else. On the other hand Ian Eckert, project director at Abacus eMedia says that it’s a harder job for consumer magazines as “People won’t pay for something that just rehashes from what they can get elsewhere online.” Eckert goes on to say that the trick is to not let the consumer see a pay-wall as an obstruction, but tease them with part of the information so they are enticed to subscribe. F o r t h e f u l l P PA a r t i c l e g o t o : h t t p : / / www.ppa.co.uk/ppa-marketing/feature-articlearchive/are-paywalls-the-future-of-magazines
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Magazine Revenue and the Tablet Trend According to Mintel, an estimated 530 million copies of women's lifestyle magazines were sold in 2010, with a revenue of around £691m. Despite the impact of the recession, the publication industry has stabilised. This is just for now however. Although its said that online magazines have had little impact on the print sales; Mintel reveals that “1 in 16 women are buying celebrity weeklies and glossy magazines less often as a result.” With a growing opportunity of technology providing new platforms for content, the glossy magazines have little option than to take advantage of investing in Smartphone and e-reader apps. The threat seems to be that the more magazines invest in online, the greater risk in losing revenue from print sales. The world of women's lifestyle magazines will find themselves, in the near future, having to follow the lead of newspapers, and implicating pay walls and online subscriptions.
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It has been found that over 25% of consumers surveyed owned a smart phone. The research by YouGov for KPMG also showed that the ownership of Smartphones has risen to 44% for 18-34 year olds. Within this 35% downloaded paid apps and 1 in 10 spent over £10. The survey showed a 2% ownership of e-readers and tablets, although this figure may not seem significant, it is trending. The Apple iPad itself is owned by almost half of these trend setters. David Elms, Head of Media Sector for KPMG, says: "Whilst the appetite to pay for web content is moving slowly, the pace of spending money to download content on mobile devices is moving much more quickly.” For more on this topic and the KPMG UK report go to: http:// rd.kpmg.co.uk/mediareleases/ 24239.htm
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Research & Findings
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The Future of Online Publishing; Women’s Lifestyle Sector.
W
hen carrying out our own research we
wanted to discover the attitudes of consumers towards print, online and the concept of paid for content. We surveyed a cross section of females between the ages of 16 and 50 about their own consumer habits and opinions. The females ranged from students to those with earnings of up to £50,000 a year. The aim was to get a complete variation of women in order to get a broader view of the topics at hand. The Results When asking which one of the following women’s lifestyle magazines are of most interest to you; the results showed an over all higher interest in those which focus in celebrity gossip. The women had less of an interest in the “real life” magazines which concentrate in reflecting the lifestyles of real women. When comparing our three sample magazines; Take a Break, Heat and Vogue, we more interest in Vogue (33.3%) the Heat (27.7%) then Take a Break (5.5%). This information proves interesting as Take a Break currently charges the most out of the three, with a monthly subscription at £11. We then wanted to figure out the behavioural patterns concerning online Vs offline. We would ask the women which source they would use when looking for certain information; would they go online, or use print copy instead? The majority of responses showed that preferred information outsourcing was via online.
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This Graph exhibits that there has been a massive increase within the last 10 years. This is because ‘The Computer’ is now everywhere. At home, at work, on your mobile phone you can access the internet anywhere and everywhere. The connection has also developed from dial up – a long, loud process which can cut out at any minute to wireless and 3g quick and easy.
National current affairs Local news Local weather Celebrity gossip articles Celebrity gossip pictures Fashion trends Real life stories Where to buy a top you saw a celebrity wearing TV listings Film reviews Album and artist reviews "Celebrity" interviews Considering the reference to be online rather than print, it’s clear to say the women are regular internet users, but we wanted to see on what platforms. Although the emergence of Smartphones and tablets is a growing trend, internet usage is still dominated by laptop computers. This being said, online connection via Smart-phones is higher than that of desk top computers.
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36.10% 50% 6.10% 51.40% 45.70% 57.10% 77.10% 34.30% 47.20% 27.80% 20% 57.10%
Online
This is a reflection on how the world is becoming more compact, portable and high speed. Even though the usage of e-readers had a disappointing response of 2.9% “once a year” – it’s still early days for this technology.
63.90% 50% 93.90% 48.60% 54.30% 42.90% 22.90% 65.70% 52.80% 72.20% 80% 42.90%
When getting down to the core of the research; asking how likely these women were to pay for online content of the magazines of their interest, responses varied. It was interesting to see that 27.7% of the responses were positive and 72.3% negative. Although the ratio is very one sided, there seems to be enough evidence to suggest a future for consumers accepting paywalls.
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Final Findings
Results have shown that consumers wont pay for anything, it will have to be in their interest and offer enough so they get a bang for their buck. One challenge is getting people to pay for online content, the next is determining how much. When comparing the three magazines of Take a Break, Heat and Vogue; the rule of thumb suggests that the higher quality content publications stand a better change of benefitting from the future paywalls – as long as they have online content that matches and even exceeds the quality of their print magazines.
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Online Vs. Offline
Charlotte Rawlings investigates the comparison between online and o f fl i n e m a g a z i n e p u b l i s h i n g focusing on Vogue, Heat and Take A Break.
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Online Vogue in general is renowned for its high profile designers and fashion straight off the catwalk. Online they maintain a glossy and sophisticated look that is also throughout its offline publications. This is portrayed through simple, colours and fonts which are related to the modern, simplicity look. Surprisingly Vogue holds the cheapest subscription charge, ÂŁ28.50 per a year. This may well be down to the sheer amount of their advertisements in offline publications meaning they have space to charge cheaper monthly subscriptions. Vogue in general is renowned for its high profile designers and fashion straight off the catwalk. Online they maintain a glossy and sophisticated look that is also throughout its offline publications. This is portrayed through simple, colours and fonts which are related to the modern, simplicity look. Surprisingly Vogue holds the cheapest subscription charge, ÂŁ28.50 per a year. This may well be down to the sheer amount of their advertisements in offline publications meaning they have space to charge cheaper monthly subscriptions.
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The main purpose of the magazine itself is centred around top celebrity designers, many names young high street consumers will not have heard of, and the latest fashion to just hit the catwalks around the world. If celebrity endorsement is involved within an issue it will only be A-list celebrities known world-wide within the fashion industry. In comparison to high street magazines like Heat and Take a break, which cover real life and celebrity storeys, their main content consists of designer blogs and cat walk clips. This magazine is targeted at people with a genuine interest in the latest fashion.
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Online
Offline Vogue is without a doubt one of the world’s top women’s fashion magazine. Today it is published in 18 national countries, informing them of all the latest topics in fashion, life and design. Although Vogue is best recognised for its presence in high fashion and society it also includes work on art, culture and politics. For many generations Vogue has held a great power and influence over its women’s audience; this has led to other wellknown magazines to join in this competitive market; Cosmopolitan, Glamour. However no other publication has been able to achieve the lasting influence and success of Vogue. Out of all three publications both of Vogue’s offline and online publications stands out as the most expensive. Even stretching to the exterior of the magazine, the quality of the paper is thick and glossy; the appearance and standard of quality in Vogue makes other publications like Take A Break look cheap and poorly constructed. This is also reflected in the price, Vogue charging up to £4.00 for one monthly publication. The content of the offline magazine itself is crammed full of the latest designer fashions, styles and of course advertisements. Compared to its Heat which hits the middle class target, it includes minimal amount of celebrity endorsement; Any that do appear in Vogue will be strictly A list celebrity’s that are also linked in to the fashion industry; for example Victoria Beckham who appeared on the front cover of February 2011’s issue.
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The first 14 double pages of Vogue, before even reaching its contents page, are bombarded with advertisements from top designers such as Channel, Dior and Gucci. Through the course of the magazine nearly every other page has a designer advertisement, which appears to be never ending throughout. Any advertisements that are not designer, e.g. Aussie hair heat, are positioned at the back of the publication. This clearly shows how Vogue mark there designer brands above the normal high street market.
"the world's most influential fashion magazine" -Caroline Weber, New York Times, 2006 Friday, 21 January 2011
Offline
It is Heat magazine which focuses solely on the celebrity and fashion industry, only concerning with high street and well-known figures. All the celebrities featured with-in this magazine are constantly within and recognised by the public. There is even an opportunity to send any celebrity pictures they have taken to be sent in and exchanged for money. Heat also use many amounts of ways to get the readers involved online; Heat mobile were readers can receive latest celeb gossip straight to there mobile phones and competitions to meet these talked about celebrities.
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Throughout the site the reader is bombarded with different advertisements that would be of interest to the average person, for example; Sky, Virgin and First choice. This online publication is the only of the three to incorporate outside paid advertisements. Similar to Vogue it sticks to plain simple backgrounds, however the audience is bombarded with a large amount of contents that can overwhelming which relates in many ways to take a break are third magazine.
Heat offline is one of the UK’s biggest selling magazine, reaching over half a million of the population. Heats pages are full of the latest celebrity stories, reviews and star style. It is suitable for adults and teenagers. It loads you up with the latest gossip and embarrassing pictures. It also has a spotted section which enables you to send in pictures of celebrities you spotted on the street. Similar to the website, there publications are flooded with advertisements. These consist of what is considered the average persons intrests; Herbal essences, Max factor, Volkswagen. In total Heat bombard there readers with 21 full page advertisements. Asides from Heats numerous articles it also include a variety of entertainment; crosswords, horoscopes and games are all located towards the last pages of the magazine. However the entertainment provided in its offline publications is limited in comparision to its online website. Many personal advertisements through out its offline publications provide a link for readers to get on there online website, for example membership to Heats own bingo lounge.
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Take a break is undoubatably a down to earth, realistic magazine tackling real problems concerning real members of the public. Although these magazines are targeted at female audiences, there is no rule preventing male readers to take an equal interest, however Take a break offers very little content to satisfy male curiosity. This is due to the strict women story lines, established pressure groups such as ‘Justice4mums’ and the pink, feminine layout. In comparison to the previous two magazines it does not follow the modern, glossy theme; instead bombards the reader with loud colours and big pictures, in many opinions it can be seen as looking cheaper than other magazines like Heat and Vogue. However, their subscription fee is the highest of all three magazines despite appearing cheaper in both online and offline publications. A monthly fee of £11 will however mean readers get a collaboration of magazines extending to examples such as ‘Take a puzzle’ and ‘Take a crossword’.
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Take a Break takes all its attentions away from celebrity culture and concentrates on the real people and their lives within communities. A number of pressure groups have been introduced online, ‘Chums4mums’ is one of the many were women can connect with other mothers in their local area, there is also opportunities to find part-time jobs that fit around there childcare. A-sides from this there are also other a great amount of features that would generally be of interest to the average house wife; TV guides, horoscopes and crosswords. It is the latest feature of their own established Bingo online that sets take a break apart from other online publications. This means many audiences will be using the website to not only read their contents, but to also get involved.
Take a Break is a weekly magazine, full of real life stories, reader’s photos, tips and helpful hints; all this retailing at just 80p per issue.The magazine sits within the true life sector of the women's weekly market and is read by women who prefer to read stories about everyday women and their lives rather than celebrities. It is the magazines competitions that provide a popular element, each week over £32,000 worth of prizes are given away and the pictures of the winners are printed in the next week’s issue. The content of the magazine itself contains no celebrity endorsement and all pictures and stories are from real women. The front cover of Take a Break also does not have any celebrity fix and it simply a picture of an average, happy women. Their stories consist of a range from tragedies, unusual stories and successful diets. The closest to fashion they get, is the latest high street brands that readers can pick up a bargain from. Unlike both Heat and Vogue the only advertisements they include are ones of their own materials; for example own competitions. Compared to Vogue whose pages are crammed full of designer advertisements, Take a Break use cheap and cheerful entertainment to fill there pages throughout; for example horoscopes, crosswords and puzzles.
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Little Fish Predicts...
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Both technology and culture drive the changes in how we consume our content. Gender aside, consumers gradually progress to the next generation of publication platforms. As older forms tend to decline in revenue due to technological advance, it will still be a long time before print publication is eradicated completely. Online publication had has substantial growth from the beginning; and there’s no real reason to slow down. As new platforms and models develop there’s even more potential for all online content. When looking at the future of paying for online content; it’s clear that there are certain restraints. The three key aspects for any publication to benefit from pay-walls are: •
A high quality of content.
•
A high quality of content.
•
All paid for content to be exclusive.
Consumers will only part with their money if what they get in turn is worth while. This is why pay-walls are so successful amongst B2B.
‘Consumers will only part with their money if what they get in turn is worth while.’
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Due to the new platforms such as iPad, kindle and all e-readers, paying for online content gradually flows into the B2C sector. As women’s lifestyle magazines investigate paywalls; evidence shows that not all publications will be suitable. As a prediction, a magazine such as ‘Vogue’ will excel in the world of paid for online content. The publication offers the three needs of content in quality, quantity and exclusivity. In comparison publications like ‘Heat’ adheres in quality and quantity but due to the celebrity based nature exclusivity of content will be hard to achieve. Take a Break, a cheaper magazine and of lower quality, has little or no future in this area. This type of publication offers none of the three key aspects. Paying for online content is soon to become normality. But not for all publications, in order to succeed it is imperative that content is of high quality, high quantity and exclusive.
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Report By:
Elliott Saliba- 20905669 Elizabeth Lyons- 20914440 Rachel Pritchard- 20902515 & Charlotte Rawlings- 20826853 Bucks New University, January 21st 2011 Friday, 21 January 2011