Project Yggdrasil- Icelands National Arboretum & Genetic tree research institute by live3095

project yggdrasil [Re]Planting Iceland

The Icelandic National Arboretum & Institute of

Forestry Genetic Research

Daniel Mclean

The tale of Yggdrasil

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In the middle of Asgard, where the Gods and Goddesses lives, is Yggdrasil. Yggdrasil is the tree of life, and it is an eternal green Ash tree; the branches stretch out over all of the nine worlds in Norse mythology, and extend up and above the heavens. Yggdrasil is carried by three enormous roots, the first root from Yggdrasil is in Asgard, the home of the Gods it is just next to the well-named Urd, this is where the Gods and Goddesses have their daily meetings.â&#x20AC;?

Daniel Mclean Sustainable cities MArch year 6 2018/19 Page count: 206 (not including title pages)

University of Bath

Acknowledgements In the preparation of this report the I would like to give a special thanks to Rob Gregory for his guidance and knowledge throughout the course of the project.

I would also like to thank the following for their support through the process which made the realisation of the design possible: Professor Alex Wright Rupert Grierson Andy Jarvis Jamie Siggers John Martin

Lastly thank you to the all the review critics for their constructive Comments and positive response to my design proposition.

“Iceland is certainly one of the most catastrophic examples of de-forestation in the world, but this is changing.” Þröstur Eysteinsson

Director of the Icelandic Forest Service.

Welcome to

Project Yggdrasil

Arboretum & Research Institute

Vatnajรถkull National Park after 30 years of successful forestry - Year 2050

The Icelandic institute of

Forestry Genetic Research In over a century of forestry in Iceland, Project Yggdrasil has prevented the destruction of the last remnants of natural forests. The project has enabled the education and research to further develop Icelandic tree populations with results positively showing tree growth in areas once thought impossible to grow upon. The institute is proud to house all the northern hemisphere tree population and is at the forefront of Boreal forest genetics internationally. The benefits of this research is being exercised globally. Without a doubt, the most important outcome of Yggdrasilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the past 10 years is the slow realisation among the Icelandic people that

we can actually grow forests and reap the resulting benefits. A century ago, most Icelanders had never even seen a tree, planting trees was the harmless hobby of a few eccentrics. Today, forestry for timber production, land reclamation and amenity is being carried out by thousands of people all over Iceland. Growing forests are both an outcome of and cause for optimism for the re-forestation across the country. What once started as an idea as part of the change of identity in Reykjavik, project Yggdrasil has resulted in a seed for change across Iceland and the world.

Contents

16 Narrative 36 Site 54 Proposal 154 Landscape 180 Structure 196 Environment 214 Regulations 224

Process & Reflection

narrative

A BARREN LANDSCAPE A Treeless landscape

‘A century ago, most Icelanders had never seen a tree. Fifty years ago, few Icelanders believed that trees of any size to speak of could grow in Iceland. Planting trees was the harmless hobby of a few eccentrics, but forests for timber production were out of the question.’ Thröstur Eysteinsson (Director of the Icelandic Forest Service.) From the days of the first settlers, Iceland suffered arguably the most dramatic levels of deforestation in recent history. Geological exploration and the melting of Glaciers has led scientists to find samples of trees which has led the scientific community to belive that 1500 years ago over 40% of the country was covered in trees. However, because of the unstable logging (from lack of education) this number is said to have reached 1.9% in the year 2018. This catastrophic example of deforestation has been further exemplified by rising temperature levels meaning that any of the native species which survived would no longer grow resulting in the vast, barren landscape which has become synonymous with Iceland today.

AD 879 40% of tree coverage

However, recent research suggests that the impact of climate change on increasing temperature, rising water levels and increasing ambient carbon dioxide concentration all show that Iceland is soon to become a hospitable location for tree growth which has been capitalised through various re-forestation efforts around the country. Project Yggdrasil aims to be at the heart of it.

2018 1.9% of tree coverage

“Iceland is certainly one of the most catastrophic examples of de-forestation in the world.” Þröstur Eysteinsson Director of the Icelandic Forest Service.

80%

of Iceland’s forests have been deforested.

700 critically endangered native tree species.

number of hectares of Iceland’s largest forest.

1.9

% of landscape occupied by forests.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Only soil samples from the Moon blew as easily as the Icelandic soils.â&#x20AC;? Andres Arnalds

Director of the Icelandic soil conservation service.

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS A country reliant on imports

99.8%

of Icelandic construction timber is imported

Eruptions over the ensuing centuries from some of Iceland’s many volcanoes deposited thick layers of volcanic material. The ash, while rich in nutrients, made for very fragile, poor soil that couldn’t hold water and moved around as the wind blew resulting in difficulties in forestry. The investment in tree growth research in Iceland could provide a huge platform for the Icelandic economy. Currently, due to low forest density, there is little room for timber production for the construction industry and therefore it accounts for a large import into the country. There have been efforts in the recent years to create construction timber through the Hrymur project which has enabled a certain sector of small residential extensions to use the materials. However, the Icelandic housing boom in Reykjavik and the continued need for houses creates a market for Icelandic timber.

19% £900million

Iceland’s vast energy stores can we used in the production and with the research from project Yggdrasil, potentially could create a system of high preforming timber to specifications suitable for the building regulations in the city. Currently the country imports £900million of timber a year. Not only is this a large financial burden on construction projects resulting in higher build costs, it also has implications on Iceland’s oil use and C02 emissions.

of total imports are timber products costing a year

“Boreal forests hold up to 44% of Earth’s land based carbons.”

NEED FOR TREES A degrading ecosystem

The future health of the planet depends heavily on one vast ring of trees: the boreal forest, which spans nearly the entire globe just below the Arctic Circle. In addition to being one of the world’s greatest remaining stretches of wilderness, home to many vulnerable species, the forest stores an enormous amount of carbon. Some experts calculate that the boreal holds about 44 percent of earth’s land-based carbon. Upsetting that ecosystem and casting that carbon back into the atmosphere would undermine efforts to limit global warming. Bottom line: Keeping the boreal intact is crucial to the fight against climate change.

“600m2 of Boreal forests absorb enough CO2 to offset the emissions of 24million cars per year.” 20

Despite the widespread use of geothermal energy and hydropower, Iceland has high per-capita emissions of greenhouse gases, largely because of transportation and heavy industries like aluminum smelting. The government is working with the European Union and Norway to meet an overall goal of a 40 percent emissions reduction from 1990 levels by 2030. Separately, Iceland has its own target of a reduction between 50 percent and 75 percent by 2050. Trees, by incorporating atmospheric carbon dioxide into their trunks, roots and other tissues, can offset some of the country’s emissions.

The Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forests

KEY Tundra Boreal Forest Temperate forest Temperate grasslands savannas and shrublands Desert and dry shrublands Tropical and sub-tropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands Tropical and sub-tropical forests

46,750+

Number of newly planted treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s across the three major plantations.

290%

12.5%

Carbon emission reduction in Reykjavik

Increase in the number of trees in Iceland

GENETIC BREEDING A tree filled future?

Breeding programmes are ongoing and seed orchards have established in Iceland as in most other countries with organised forestry. The decision was made in 2006 to change direction in larch breeding in Iceland. Emphasis was placed on producing the European x Siberian larch hybrid using parents selected in Iceland.

An LED growing house in Iceland

It started in 1993 with the aim of breeding Siberian larch (Larix sibirica / Larix sukaczewii) to be better adapted to Icelandic conditions. Included in the original selections was a clone of European larch, and controlled crosses were made between that clone and several Siberian larch clones. Progeny trials soon revealed that the hybrid outgrew all Siberian larch families, especially in volume, and had much better form than European larch generally shows in Iceland. The advantage of the hybrid over both parental species in growth and adaptation to Icelandic conditions has since become increasingly obvious over the years. Since the mid-1990s, the climate has been warming, which in Iceland mostly means milder winters, exactly the climatic factor that Siberian larch has limited adaptation to deal with. 22

“Genetic research into Siberian Larch has produced seedlings far better suited to the Icelandic environment.” Þröstur Eysteinsson

Director of the Icelandic Forest Service.

60% of energy produced by geothermal

35% of energy produced by hydro-electrics

RENEWABLE TO LED Tapping into a system

Sitting on the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the largest fault line on Earth, Iceland has an abundance of resourcLED growing of saplings

es which allow if to be the gold standard for renewables. Iceland are the pioneers in geothermal space heating with 9 in 10 of Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s homes being heated through geothermal water. Iceland position as a renewable energy leader can enhance its position as a tree growing capital through the use of artificial light and the techniques used in this process. Grown in the labs under test conditions. Use of colour spectrum light which can use different lights depending on the tree. Different grow lights produce different spectrum of light. Plant growth patterns can respond to the colour spectrum of light, a process completely separate from photosynthesis known as photomorphogenesis which can increase yield on plant species by up to 200% 24

95% Iceland

57.1% Norway

30.2% Denmark

8.0% Ireland

7.9% United Kingdom

5.0% Netherlands 9.2% Belgium

23% France

30.5% Portugal

17.3% Spain

Research

Grow

Store 40m2 Office x4 15m2

Classrooms x4 WC x2 20m2

Private labs x4 40m2

Practical labs 450m2

Teaching labs 250m2

Changing x2 30m2

Production and delivery 300m2 Office x4 15m2

Plant 40m2 Store 40m2 WC x2 20m2

Equipment 30m2

Store 40m2

Meeting room x 2 30m2

Growth Viewing and exhibition 200m2

Education space x2 40m2

Arboretum 5000M2

Existing process of forestry in Iceland

Plant existing species

Active production and growth 3500m2

Cafe 30m2

15 years

Use sun for photosynthesis (1/2 the year)

Sapling growth

Little yield in mature trees

Proposed process of forestry in Iceland- Project Yggdrasil 5 years

Plant new species

Use sun and LED for photosynthesis

Sapling growth under artificial lighting during dark months

Larger yield in mature trees

CLIENT & BRIEF A collaborative approach

EUFORGEN – the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme – is an international cooperation programme that promotes the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe as an integral part of sustainable forest management. Already working with the European forestry commission and the Icelandic government they require a base for their research which will have global appeal- Project Yggdrasil, Reykjavik.

Client

Research

Being the main stakeholder in the project Euforgen will gain invaluable research expertise from the University of Iceland acting a research partner with the institute. The regional and national impact of the project will benefit both local and national government whilst the nature of the building provides a public asset the municipality of Reykjavik which can integrate within the city. The research provided by the project against boreal forest degradation, as well as research into European species will be governed by the European forestry commission and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Although EUFORGEN are acting as the principle client of the project and therefore own all intellectual property of the institute the collaboration of all party’s will have a local, national and international benefits.

Reykjavik Region

International Governance

European Governance

National

Regional impact

A CONNECTED BUILDING Creating links in the world Icelandic impact

The Project Yggdrasil institute will have significant global values. The overall aim of the project is to provide the research and facilities to re-plant Iceland and provide a platform to reduce Boreal forest degradation globally. Yggdrasil will work at three scales providing a key purpose to each. The first will be the immediate local scale and will provide Reykjavik a building which acts as a catalyst for change in the landscape tying into the 101 masterplan. Secondly, it will have national value having outreach projects across Iceland to further test and explore tree growth. Finally, people will travel from all over the world to learn from Yggdrasil and the building will act as a seed for change for forestry internationally.

Global Impact

Mógilsá Húsafell

Vaglaskógur

Reyðarfjörður

Yggdrasil

Búrfells

Tumastaðir

COLLABORATION A collaborative approach Not only does the site act as central node to the rest of the 101 locale, it has a defining position in the existing Hólavallagarður park and the new winter park. The combination of the two parks creates the sqm needed for the research at the institute and creates the opportunity for exploration in the trees which can also be engaged by the public within the parks. In order for the program to be successful it is important that all aspects have input to the site. The location of project Yggdrasil has been positioned in the site so that it has the best opportunity to be a successful addition to the city. The key connections of the site are as follows: Icelandic government -Provides the authoritative connection of the site to the wider context of Iceland and the world. Sustainable energy centre 101’s exploration in renewable energy can act as a research partner to the institute. National travel gateway Import and export nationally and internationally as well as the highest footfall in the city. Regional travel connections Local import and export. University of Iceland The key research partner to project Yggdrasil creates an educational link to the site. 30

KEY -Icelandic Government -Sustainable energy research centre -National travel gateway -Regional travel connections -University of Iceland

YGGDRASIL ARBORETUM A greener Iceland. Extract from Project Yggdrasil launching website: Opening in spring 2021, Project Yggdrasil is the new national arboretum and Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre for tree research and development which is integral for the future health of the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forests. The arboretum will contain over 25Hectres (10,000+ trees!) of new tree species used in reforest across the whole of Iceland. In the park you will be able to experience all sorts of activities and trail routes where you can learn what is happening in the battle to make our country green again. 32

Launch of the website

site

Greenland Sea

Greenland

Iceland

Europe

ICELAND An isolated island off Europe

Iceland is not just a sprawling vista of untouched majesty. It’s a place with the population of a small town—338,000 people—that’s an actual country. It’s a battlefield hosting a centuries-long battles between fire and ice, where unpredictable weather makes it seem like three seasons have passed in the course of four minutes. Iceland is an island, a European country, located midway between North America and mainland Europe lying just below the Arctic Circle between 64 and 66 degrees north. Its capital city- Reykjavik is the northernmost capital in the world, located exactly halfway between New York and Moscow. It’s location on the Mid Atlantic ridge (the largest tectonic plate boundary in the Northern hemisphere) has created a unique environment which is enhanced by the countries position on the north of the Gulf stream bringing warm air to break the Arctic climate providing temperate weather allowing for the settlement of Iceland. 36

Arctic Circle

Iceland

Satellite image of Europe

SITE In the heart of the 101

101 is the heart, soul and centre of Reykjavik. It is the area of the city which was first settled and is the connection of all political, social, economical and recreational activities of the city and Iceland. Its position in the North of the city means it benefits from protection from the Greenland sea due to the Reykjavik fjord forming a bay which the city spreads out along.

Reykjavik

Satellite image of site

Site

Satellite image of Reykjavik

Before masterplan

After masterplan

REPLANTING REYKJAVIK Masterplan proposal

The masterplan aims to plant a total of 46,750 trees in the 101 zone across the summer coast, winter park and harbour, acting as a means of improving air quality in the city.

46,750+

Number of newly planted tree’s across the three major plantations.

480% 2.5% Park strategy

carbon emission reduction.

Increase in the number of tree’s in Reykjavik Centre.

Reykjavik currently emits around 2.8 CO2 tons per person per year (2013), with a population of around 123,000 that equates to total of 343,000 CO2 tons per year. Trees at their most productive rate can absorb 0.18 tons per year, therefore planting 46,750 in the 101 alone can aborbs 2.5% of the cities emissions. By varying the density across these three areas, we can create differing environments to suite the areas purpose and programme. For example, the trees along the summer coast are densly populated to provide protection from the wind; whereas around the harbour it’s scarce to encourage interaction with the water.

A city of trees- Masterplan proposal Reykjavik

WINTER PARK Species: Black Spruce, Picea mariana, Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera, Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides. Area: 93,000 sq.m Density: HIGH No. of trees: 17,500 Carbon emission reduction: 3,150 tons per year (1%of total emission in Reykjavik)

WINTER PARK Species: Black Spruce, Picea mariana, Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera, Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides. Area: 170,000 sq.m Density: MEDIUM No. of trees: 21, 250 Carbon emission reduction: 3,825 tons per year 1% of total emission in Reykjavik

Vegetation

Building figure ground

Building density

REYKJAVIK Position in the city

The site is positioned between the existing Hólavallagarður park and the proposed winter park: a redevelopment project aimed to re-connect the city back to the landscape as part of its identity change through the ‘city of light’ masterplan. The location creates a site with two sides, particularity with its

View of site from Halalgrímskirkja Church

connections to key buildings in the vicinity. Most noticeable is the location to the University of Iceland. It is important that this connection is emphasised as the university is a major client in the project which is offering the research support which project Yggdrasil requires. The site has good connections to transportation, government and the visual identity to the city which

Site

provides context for the site which can be explored during the design process. Equally there is a strong visual connection within the park to the typical Icelandic architecture. This can add context to the proposal and provide the project with precedent to integrate into the landscape. 42

Site

A city of trees- Masterplan proposal Reykjavik

EXISTING TYPOLOGY Reykjavik’s history of architecture

The result of the 1960’s masterplan meant that many of the roads are given over to the use of the car, and therefore lack identity. The typology of Reykjavik has started to change over the past decade, however it is still dominated with the typical Icelandic form shown on the opposite page, a derivative of the old turf houses. Corrugated iron dominates the streets-in Reykjavik. Most often utilised solely for industrial purposes— such as to build sheds, storages or barns—in Iceland, the material proved so ideal for the local weather that it got embraced by the nation as a whole, allowing it to develop aesthetically. For instance, while the iron plates of such houses are elsewhere applied horizontally, in Iceland they are vertical, making them better suited for fending off rain and salt.

Typical Reykjavik typology

Typical typology

Map of building heights in Reykjavik

KEY 1-2 storeys 3-4 storeys 5-6 storeys 7-8 storeys 9+ storeys

View of the city towards the bay

EXISTING MATERIALITY Material pallet of Reykjavik

A- Grey pigmented concretes B- Charred timber cladding C- Lime render D- Coloured corrugated metal roofs E- Fair-faced concrete F- Granite G- Limestone H- Volcanic rock and pumice I- White render J- Corrugated metal cladding K-Corrugated metal roofing L- Basalt rock M- Black brick 46

C B

F J

A-View along the street (site on the left of image)

B-View back towards the city

SITE PHOTOS Hljómskálagarður Park

The site is within the existing Hljómskálagarður park in Reykjavik therefore already has a strong presence with the public. It is the inetntion that the existing tree and plant stock be intergrated into Project Yggdarsil.

C-View back towards site

D-View from proposed site

A D

SITE CONDITIONS Key components of the site

The site is bound by both existing context and the new winter park to be completed in the Reykjavik â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;City of lightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; masterplan. This creates design issues for a building which responds to both contexts, however the opportunity to explore ideas in both parts of the parks will be addressed in the design process with design inspiration being drawn from both the immediate locale to the wider conditions of Iceland. Contextually the site has three major conditions. Firstly, the park edge is lined with the traditional Reykjavik archetype. This strong boundary creates scale to the edge of the site and provides opportunity for development of form to create a building which

Opportunity for public engagement.

is holistically design with its landscape. Secondly the landscape of the park provides a natural setting

Site is bounded by existing parkland to the South and new park to the North

which can inspire the form of the building. There is a particular importance for the connection the building lakes with the existing and new context in the park. Finally is the sites position to the lake. There are potential view opportunities whilst also constraints on the construction. The environmental context of the site is largely driven by the light. Because of the duality of sunlight in the city between winter and summer, the building has to address different lighting conditions, particularly important for the efficiency of the growth of trees.

View from pedestrian bridge

Low maximum sunlight . Creates lighting requirements and shadow.

Adjacent street provides scale and overlooking.

Site entrance

Low maximum sunlight . Creates lighting requirements and shadow.

Summer sun

Adjacent street provides scale and overlooking.

Site entrance

Winter sun

Prevailing Wind Sunrise

Key views from the site

Sun-set

proposal

YGGRDASIL ARBORETUM Reykjavik’s new park

Welcome to Yggdrasil arboretum, Iceland’s new national centre of trees. Located in Reykjavik’s Hljómskálagarðurinn park this 26 acre arboretum accommodates all the tree species used in the reforestation of Iceland. At the heart of the park sits the pair of buildings which create a gateway to the park forming the start of the various trail routes around Yggdrasil. The two buildings consist of: The research building Located adjacent to the road the building houses the brains of the arboretum, accommodating 12 labs and LED growing facilities the building provides all the research needed for the re-forestation of the park and Iceland. The growth building The arboretums jewel in the landscape, the growth building houses 13 growing bays which monitor and exhibit new and existing species of tree for the public to enjoy and interact with. 54

KEY

Project Yggdrasil

Hard path (Wheelchair access) Woodchip path

Arboretum & Research Institute

Unsurfaced path Informal woodland routes Dog free zone Steep slope Benches Small sapling growth Tree <5 years Tree >5 years Project Yggdrasil LED growth Labs Information Trail Starts First Aid Picnic Area Toilets Disabled Toilets Baby Changing Accessible changing Parking Bins Mobilty scooters Tram Station

ROUTES Process trail 500m (15mins)- Learn the process of how the researchers plant the trees and the time it takes before they are sent away to re-forest Iceland. Light and Dark trail 1km (30mins)- Explore our collection of trees through different levels of lights creating an experience you will never forget . Large trail 2km (50mins) - Take in the process of sapling to seed and enjoy the sights, sounds and smells of Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest collections of native trees.

IDENTIFYING A TREE Tree identification number

Date of Planting

Country of origin Plant family Blue labels indicate that a tree is a championthe Largest species of its kind in Iceland!

Funded by our partners:

Grow

a pair 56

of twins

Research 57

CONCEPT OF THE DESIGN

Mirrored proportions

Creating meaning on the site Continuity to street

Learn

The two buildings are derived from three design concepts in the park which will allows the architecture to become engrained in the typology of Hljómskálagarðurinn park, Reykjavik and Iceland. Continuity to street Reykjavik’s typical typology is a result of the cities young planning strategy. Yggrdasil aims to adopt this typology to create strong links to the place and create a ‘typical’ piece of architecture to Iceland which had a very un-typical function.

Grow

A pair of twins Reykjavik is a city of duality. Iceland’s position just below the arctic circle means that summer creates almost endless light and winter endless dark. The buildings materiality and form aim to mirror this duality creating a pair of twins in the landscape, two buildings which have a direct relationship to each other.

A pair of twins

Private

Public

A beacon in the park Reykjavik’s long winters create un-sociable public space. The growth building and arboretum aims to create a social beacon which becomes a hive of activity and a centre for the cities events during winter.

Connection of knowledge Servant

Served

A beacon in the park 58

View back across lake to proposal

KEY MOVES Journey of the building

Courtyard

Allowing light

Starting as a courtyard typology the building aimed to centralise

The North and South ends of the buildings were both removed

the growth of trees around research facilities, however this

which enabled the maximum amount of sunlight and daylight

disconnected the program to the park and creating problems

to enter the central growing zone and buildings. However, the

with light entering the buildings.

arrangement created problems with the buildings connection to the landscape.

Orientating the building

Creating hierarchy

The building programs were split to public and private and

In order to improve the hierarchy and arrival to the buildings

the orientation of the buildings were opened to form a strong

the growth house was extended becoming a prominent addition

relationship to the park creating benefits of light and public/

to the park and creating an arrival forecourt which forms the

private circulation.

gateway to the arboretum.

MASSING Sitting the buildings on the site

Following massing exploration of the buildings key design decisions were made in the way that two buildings interacted with the site. A distinct hierarchy was established, the research building was private and the growth building public with the two buildings being tied together with a shared landscape and courtyard. The arrival to the buildings is the only time the two buildings meet creating slight tension and increasing the prominence of a gateway. Linear architecture creates problems with the how the buildings end, however Yggdrasil has highly functional ends creating a linking between inputs and outputs to the buildings in the form of people, knowledge or trees.

Proposed scheme

Arboretum

Public cafe Output of trees to the park

PRIVATE

LIC

PUB

Access for vehicles for tree planting and removal

Site entrance

Shared courtyard

Four connected ends 62

Gateway to the park

Masterplan of the Arboretum

Opening up the arboretum

KISSING BUILDINGS Aligning the roofs

Taking inspiration from Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical existing typology the two

buildings maintain consistent

roof profiles which are inverted to create an undulating pitch, strongly expressed internally and forms the character of Yggdrasil. The ridge line of the roofs follow the same angle which is maintained from its origin at the entrance, this simple move creates strong geometry to the site which allows subtle links between small landscape decisions such as furniture and planting all the way to the overall masterplanning of the site. 64

Roof ridges align

Aerial view of the proposal

INTEGRATION TO SITE How the buildings sit in the park

Project Yggdrasil uses its architectural design as a response to site specific issues such as wind, solar control, topography and access. The buildings also use the huge advantages of the site to further improve its place in Reykjavik. It does this in three ways: Functionality- Using the large park to extend the growth of trees and the arboretums ability to act as a nursery in the production of trees for Iceland. Connectivity- Being located close to a new major transportation hub for Reykjavik as part of the 101 masterplan allows for greater and more efficient connections to the region and Iceland. Accessibility- The sites location in the centre of Reykjavik allows for access for all people through sustainable modes. There is an already well established identity with the park which has been utilized to improve the buildings future success upon completion and handover.

Site section of the proposal 66

Visitors from the City Public cafe addresses the park

Public amenities block Service yard

Prevailing winds

Service forecourt and deliveries

Shared courtyard Public growth and allotments

Identity to street

Identity to street Public

Private

New tram station Largest amount of sunlight hours per year

Cycle store

Circulation pivot point Site Entrance

Tram visitors

Building response to site

BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN 0m 5m 10m

20m

1-Plant store and equipment 2-Access to plant and growth rooms 3-Plant 4-Controlled lobby 5-Store 6-LED sapling growth room 7-Seed store 8-Plant sub station for Growth building

Connected plant

1 2

4 5

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 0m 5m 10m

20m

1- Research Entrance 2- Growth Entrance 3- Plant shop 4- Growth Research bay 5- Cafe 6- Cafe kitchen 7- Reception 8- Controlled lab entrance 9- Male changing and showers 10- Female changing and showers 11- Equipment cleaning and store 12- Lab support 13- Store 14- Lab monitoring 15- Growth testing 16- Growth testing support 17- Office 18- Seedling output control 19- Access to below ground growth 20- Public courtyard 21- Public Cafe 22- Public amenities and toilets

Researcher Public

Building flow

17 16

14 13

11 8

10 9

7 6 5

4 2 3

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 0m 5m 10m

20m

Servant

Ser ve

1- Growing house flexible education 2- Break out space 3- Escape stair 4- Unisex toilets 5- Staff kitchen 6- Private lab 7- Private lab 8- Office 9- Store 10-Lab support 11- Education lab 12- Education lab 13- Lab support 14- Lab write up 15- Escape stair 16- Store 17- Main lab 18- Lab write up 19- External testing and monitoring balcony 20- Growth viewing gallery

Servant and served spaces

20 18 17

15 21

13 12

11 9

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

SECOND FLOOR PLAN 0m 5m 10m

20m

1- Growing house flexible education 2- Arrival 3- Unisex toilets 4- Office 5- Computer lab 6- Meeting room 7- Meeting room 8- Small presentation room 9- Riser access 10- Escape stair 11- Large classroom and lecture theatre

Roof plan

10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2

SECTION OF THE BUILDINGS Mirrored proportions

The research building is organised based on scales of human activity and need for light. The building will get progressively busier with people are you move up the three floors which have been categorised as: Grow (ground floor) Test (first floor) and Learn (second floor). Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low sun means that light at ground level is sparse because of overshadowing therefore the majority of experiential spaces which are used by people such as the classrooms and meeting spaces will be higher up the building offering views out of the arboretum and less risk of overshadow. The growth building is fundamentally for the monitoring and exhibition of trees giving users a various vantage points through the use of a mezzanine level 4 meters above ground.

10m

20m

Most light

Learn

Most people

Test Least light

Least People

Grow Plant

Connected plant

Grow

Connection of iconic buildings in the city

Regional impact

CONNECTING ARCHITECTURE Strong links in the city

Hallgrimskirkja church

Project Yggdrasil

Reykjavik Town hall

As part of the 101 Reykjavik masterplan it was identified that Reykjavik needed a strong architectural identity in order to improve its status as the capital city of Iceland. The city is young and therefore does not have many architecturally significant buildings however the development of Yggdrasil aims to add to Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s collection. It is the intention that the four significant buildings be joined through city trails and marketing strategy within the masterplan to increase the cities identity to the rest of the world. Yggdrasil aims to have a strong regional impact by connecting its research and tree species to outreach programs and buildings around the region and country.

Harpa Concert Hall

Project Yggdrassil

Research building

Genetic research

Sustainable energy input

PROCESS OF GROWTH Failed Testing

Seeds

Soil Further research

Growth building

Growth house

Interact Production

Park landscape

Arboretum

Mass growth Interact National Forestry Seed harvesting

Transportation

Icelandic benefits

Global benefits

Creating efficiencies in a system

The relationship between the research building, growth building and arboretum through the process of growing a tree. Firstly research is gathered in the labs and tested in small LED growth labs. Then once a species is showing promise the saplings are grown in scale using Blue and red light for photosynthesis under a nutrient rich Hoagland solution. Once the saplings reach 1-2 foot, which takes 2-3 months, they are transferred of the research building and into either the growth building or arboretum. Only a small selection of trees will be planted in the growth house as this allows researchers to monitor the trees and for those species to act as a library to exhibit to the public. The trees in the arboretum will be sequentially moved to allow land fallow and moved to outreach facilities across Iceland for planting once large enough.

KEY A- Research integrated and progressed in Laboratories. B- Saplings tested under LED growing conditions C- Large scale production of saplings. D-Saplings moved to growth house for monitoring E-Trees matured in growth house for exhibition and public interaction. F-Trees planted in the park and arboretum. G-Trees removed and populated around Iceland and research sent to outreach centres across the country.

Vaglaskógur Reyðarfjörður

Húsafell Búrfells Yggdrasil Tumastaðir

Outreach research institutes

A E B

ENTRANCE FORECOURT Improving way-finding Arboretum

The volume of both public and private visitors the arboretum and research centre means that the entrance forecourt is key for wayfinding around the site. As part of the Reykjavik masterplan sustainable transport is due to be implemented across the city resulting in the majority of people arriving by foot or bicycle. The land which would have been used for hard landscape to accommodate vehicles has instead been given over to create landscape pivot points which reduces the need for signs and the clash of public and private users of the buildings. The forecourt also provides facilities for sustainable travel such as cycle stores and good walking

Gateway to the park

connections to the tram station. 82

Researcher C

D I B

Visitor A F G

KEY A- Main site entrance B- Low level planting C- Researchers entrance D- Meadow-flower planting E- Tourist information sign F- Trail start point G- Cycle store H- Building choice point I- Growth building entrance J- Arboretum entrance K- Research building entrance

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A GATEWAY TO THE ARBORETUM Creating a structural entrance

As you arrive and journey through the entrance forecourt you are immediately drawn to the trees inside the growing building. This draws you closer to the where the building expresses its structure through the oversailing roof from the research building acting as a canopy to both entrances and a moment of tension where the buildings almost kiss. The landscape of the forecourt continues beyond the large CLT column structures acting as guardians to the arboretum which once you pass through are revealed trees of the arboretum as the two buildings disappear into the landscape.

Entering project Yggdrasil

Growth build acting as a beacon in the winter

Private

Public

Connection of knowledge

Servant

Served

A BEACON IN THE PARK A centre of activity in winter

Reykjavik’s long dark winters mean that socialising in winter is difficult for Icelandic people particularly in public space. As part of the Reykjavik masterplan it was planned that the park would act as centre of winter socialising using lighting installations and geothermal heating to create areas for events forming ‘the city of light’. Yggdrasil aims to tie into this strategy by using LED lighting to grow trees and during the winter months using this light to illuminate the growth building acting as a beacon in the city. Yggdrasil and the arboretum aim to become a centre for winter activity in Reykjavik. 86

WINTER IN THE PARK Functioning in winter

As you walk through the snow filled air, brushing against snow covered trees, the promise of a warm drink from the cafĂŠ is so close as you peer around the last turn of the path and greeted by the glow of the growth building. The lush green leaves contrast against the now white arboretum as you walk closer towards building. Every step you take is closer to a refuge from the cold and a sip from a warm mug amongst the green trees.

Walking towards the building from the arboretum

Yggdrasil aims to mirror Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical typology

Mirrored proportions

CONTINUITY TO STREET Creating architecture of place

Creating continuity in architecture is important for a how a building sits in its context. This is particularly important for a city like Reykjavik which has a strong architectural typology present. Yggdrasil has mirrored the typology which creates a strong relationship to place. The buildings public nature meant that it was important that the typology was contested in order to make a landmark building in the city. Yggdrasil will use new materials and its roofscape will form architectural surprise in the interior of the buildings. 90

View down Hagrimka street (Yggdrasil on the left )

CONSISTENT STREETSCAPE Walking along Hagrimka street

Whilst walking along Hagrimka street during a cold winters night it is as if Yggdrasil has always been there. The buildings upper floors glow above the trees where people can see what the building is by capturing glimpses of researchers tending to their plant species in the labs.

View from Hagrimka street

Research

Grow

A PAIR OF TWINS Mirrored proportions

Project Yggdrasil consist of two buildings which are a pair of architectural twins in the landscape. The two buildings mirrors each other proportions and structure whilst creating differences through material choices. In order for the two buildings to read as a coherent scheme the expression of details has being explored and refined. The following pages will explain the individual buildings in more detail focusing firstly on the Research building and then the Growth building.

Building levels

A pair of Twins

RESEARCH BUILDING A functional building

Located adjacent to the road the building is an internationally recognised institute for the research and development of tree species used in the protection of worldwide boreal forests and the reforestation of Iceland. The building accommodates labs, LED growing facilities and learning spaces providing all the necessities needed to be successful in the experimentation of plant and tree species and the future forestry in Iceland.

East elevation model

The building is heavily functional which has been a key feature within the design process and conception which is explained in the following pages focusing on the key features building. 96

Research building facade connection

STRUCTURAL BUILD-UP Structural axonometric

The adjacent page explains the structural detail of the building which define the material experience of the building. Project Yggdrasil aims to be exemplary for timber frame construction in Iceland used as a precedent for future architecture in the city. The internal feeling of the building will express the timber wherever possible emphasising the visual and sensual effects of the building whilst the outer skin of the building is an endless wall of black Siberian larch which is only punctured through deep window reveals.

Alumansc Galvanised steel gutter profile, RAL 7016.

Greencoat Pural BT steel roofing. Fixing at 400mm centres, seam Ship-lapped and welded. Finish Nordic night black.

Siberian Larch roof cassette panel (200mm wood-fibre insulation sandwich between)

Siberian Larch 250mm x 150mm timber beam roof structure at 400mm centres.

500mmx250mm Grade C24 Siberian Larch CLT structural timber frame with RAL 7006 (midnight black) anodized steel connections.

2.4m x 7.5m Siberian Larch CLT timber Cassette walls at 250mm thickness with 100mm wood fibre insulation sandwiched

2.4m x 7.5m Siberian Larch CLT timber cassette floors at 300mm thickness with 100mm wood fibre insulation sandwiched between. Suspended ceiling for service runs.

Structural utilized frame , bottom hung. Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns. 25X15mm charred Siberian Larch fixed black to battens. Layed at 45degrees at 50mm centres. 25x40mm charred Siberian larch, screw and plug. 45degrees at 50mm centres. Ends to be kept and reused on panels. Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E.

RESEARCH ELEVATION Scale 1:250

The façade of the building is a regular repetition of angled charred Siberian larch broken by deep set window reveals and two ends of full height windows which express the warm qualities on materiality within the building. The regularity of windows is a result of the labs on ground and second floor however the first floor has a different treatment. As a result of the Reykjavik’s contrasting lighting conditions it was important to allow as much light in during winter and create levels of shading in the summer. As a result there is a continuous row of the façade which uses blackened timber slats- at the same angle as the rest of the face- to cover large window openings which sit on the third floor. This floor will have the most amount of people and therefore the impromptu meeting (a common way of sharing knowledge) was and important factor in the design. By creating long continuous, regular light along the circulation space and void allows for flexible meeting spaces and consistent lighting qualities within the building.

Eastern Elevation

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LONG SECTION Scale 1:200

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LEARN RESEARCH

GROW

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DETAIL SECTION Scale 1:50 @ A1

Please refer to following pages for details A and B. Detail A

Ground connection A- Euval 80.20 buff terrazzo finish grey. B- Self levelling compound to be poured to 40mm C- Hot water piping Visqueen Damp proof membrane D- Insulated concrete slab. Services channels to be layed during pouring E-Timber retaining structures, in accordance with Structural Engineers details and specification. F- - Alderburgh membrane as NBS J40 145 G- - Visqueen DPM with Visqueen treadguard as NBS J40 130. Installation strictly in-accordance with Visqueen standard details and recommendations. H- Steel purlins connected to underside of slab -I 2 layers of 12.5mm British gypsum ceiling board.

Detail B

Ventilation 1) Mechanical extract to w.c @ 15ltrs p/s 2) Mechanical extract to Labs @ 30ltrs p/s 3) Mechanical extract to Utility @ 30ltrs p/s Timber All structural timber is to be strength graded and stamped and confirmed on site for compatibility in accordance with design specification. Minimum free end bearing of timber sections is to be 90mm unless suitable duty joist hangers used where joists secured tightly to supports. Any gaps between joist ends to be filled with masonry or timber noggins. All new timber is to be kept dry on site prior to use and stored so as to prevent warping along minor axis. Windows 1) To achieve a minimum u-value of 1.6W/m2k 2) All glass within 800mm from the floor level need to be toughened safety glass and all glass within doors and side panels and windows adjoining doors from floor level upto a height of 1500mm and to a width of 300mm in accordance with Approved Document â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;K - Glazingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the British Building Regulations. 3) Windows to be fitted with trickle vents for background ventilation. These are as follows; All Habitable rooms - 8000mm2 Kitchen and Utility Rooms - 4000mm2 Bathroom and shower rooms - 4000mm2

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DETAIL A- ROOF & GUTTER Scale 1:10

A-Membrane coated galvanised steel flashing, RAL 7016 (Anthracite Grey) B- 50mm Vapour controlled Celotex insulation around services C-Alumansc gutter profile, RAL 7016. Fixed and overlapped to L D- PVC membrane E-Service route F- Syphonic drain G-Greencoat Pural BT steel roofing. Fixing at 400mm centres, seam overlapped and welded. Finish Nordic night black H-25x38mm tantalised timber battens I-25x40mm timber joists fixed to Q J- Sarking felt to BS747 K-Breather membrane to wrap and seal under side of gutter and flashings L-Galvanised steel purlin fixing to Q M-Propietry 60x30mm SHS galvanised guarding N-2 layers of Rockwool insulation. 100mm acoustic below battens and 150mm above. O- Polythene vapour control barrier P- 30mm plywood panel with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard Q- Siberian Larch CLT 500mm x 250mm joists at 1m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard R- Siberian Larch CLT 750mm x 250mm beam at 2m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard

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L M

N O P

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R Soil stack and RWP run behind cladding Q C

DETAIL B- WALL BUILD UP Scale 1:10

A B

C O

F G H I J K L M

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A-25X15mm charred Siberian Larch fixed black to battens. Screw and plug. Layed at 45degrees at 50mm centres B- Insect mesh fixed to line of D C- Triple glazed, 12% transparent, Argon filled 10ppm at low-E. U value of 1.2 W/mÂ˛K D-50x 100mm Tanalised timber battens painted RAL 9006 (midnight black E- Galvanised steel Cill steel to wrap over L. RAL 9006 grey. F- Vapour Control barrier G- Services to routed to CLT wall panel H-200mm Rockwool insulation between studs at 0.35 W/mÂ˛K I-Larch Glu-lam panels painted RAL 9006 for cladding fix J-Breather membrane K- Proprietary steel fixing to M L- 25x40mm charred Siberian larch, screw and plug. 45degrees at 50mm centres. Ends to be kept and reused on panels. M-225mm Larch CLT wall panel. panels to be made at 7.5m x 2.4m, service channels to be predetermined and routed off site. Inside wall face left unfinished unless otherwise stated. N- Line of window frame beyond O- Reynaers Cw- 86-CF structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to Clt panel. Anodized RAL 9005 at 40 microns P- Light fitting Q&R-CLT timber Column 500mmx250mm Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications.

B A

CHARRED LARCH FACADE Reducing material waste

Material sourcing and preventing waste is key in Yggdrasilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction therefore it is the intention that all of the timber be used to create various patterns on the facade and furniture in the building The external cladding will be charred Siberian larch at 125mmx50mm section. All timber is to be class 2/3 according to BS EN 350-2. Charring the timber creates resins and extracts in the wood create a high resistance to decay and rot, the high density of Siberian Larch means that it is more difficult for decaying organisms to penetrate the wood creating a natural lifespan in excess of 50 years. Four different patterns will be used on specified areas of the building which will use any waste timber from the other parts of construction.

Charred Siberian larch

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Main facade

A- Lapped

B-Angled joint

125mmx 50mm sectional timbers are layed flat then on ends to create an undulating ribbed facde. All fixings to be screw and plug using the same timber.

125mm x 50mm sectional timbers are layed at 45o where they meet a 200mm x50mm sectional layed on end.

Offcuts

C- Re-use shingles

D- 45 Degree angled

The timber felled in the clearing of the site and any offcuts from the cladding will be turned into timber shingles and used to add a different character to the facade

Offcuts from the angled joints will be used to add a different character to the facade

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SPECIFICATION Materials in the building

It is the intention that all materials for the project be sourced as close to Reykjavik as possible. In the possibility that a material is not available in Iceland, every effort will me made to enable that it is from a sustainable source. A- Siberian Larch CLT timber cassette B- Charred Siberian Larch cladding C- Birch face ply wood D- Iroko E- Charred birch flooring F- Downy birch engineered timber G- Midnight black stain resistant upholstery H- Beige stain resistant upholstery I- Peridot green stain resistant upholstery J- A grade ply wood K-Charred Siberian larch L- Fibre cement floor tiles M- GreenCoat PLX Pro BT midnight black steel N-GreenCoat PLX Pro BT Norse grey steel O- Hay Noc wall light P- Vernon rustic ceramic tile Q- Exposed black electrical conduit R- Matt black power sockets S- Matt black pendant lighting T- Grey granite terrazzo floor tile U- Black granite terrazzo floor tile 110

P R S

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A- The window and the wall

A C

B- The door and the floor

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C- The railing and the floor

D- The tile and the floor

MATERIAL CONNECTIONS A building of detail

The key materials of the building will express subtle connections through well crafted details. It is the intention that material be exposed wherever possible expressing the nature of various timbers giving an identity to the building.

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THE SECOND FLOOR A dancing roof

From the second floor mezzanine the researchers are able to appreciate the undulating pitched roof dance off into the distance. The large atrium provides good air circulation to the building and the varying roof pitches give a high quality acoustic adding to the success of the space. Large glass openings allow each room on the second floor to be easily identifiable and generous circulation creates more space to accommodate for impromptu meetings and the sharing of knowledge.

The arrangment of the building

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Looking towards the second floor classrooms

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Services strategy

PRIVATE LABS Service vents run in suspended ceiling to main ventilation routes in corridors.

Flexible services

The private labs face out on to tree tops so researchers and contain rich qualities of materials found around the building. The flexibility of the labs is integral to the design and therefore uses suspended ceilings and floors to run services such as water and power allowing for easy access for future changes. Pre routed channels in the cassette walls will house the hot water system (power by geothermal heat) with the intention that the labs will gain ambient heating.

Ambient heat from hot water pipes. Geothermal power and hot water Water and drainage delivered below and above to allow for flexible labs space.

All furniture will be crafted locally with all fixtures and fittings maintaining a matt black finish to allow for a researcher to easily locate a connection. 116

A private lab on the first floor

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Circulating air in the building

LED GROWTH LABS Creating warm air circulation

Heat

CO2

Heat & air recovery

CO2 N

The LED growth labs will have a connected ventilation system to the rest of building allow for greater efficiencies in heat recovery and the circulation of fresh, warm air. Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outside air temperature will very rarely be of ambient temperature for internal conditions therefore warm air is recovered in the atrium spaces of the building. This air will be rich in moisture/ C02 because of human activity and therefore ideal for the plant growth. The air collected and combined with input of other airs as Nitrogen and Oxygen controlled by the researchers, which once suitable is pumped into the labs to enhance growing the rates of saplings. The air that is given off from the plants, which is warmed by the LED lighting is then collected and mixed with fresh external air via a heat transfer which is then delivered to the building and ground creating a flow of warm clean air around the building.

Input to the system Heat

Rainwater collected from roofs Scientist input and filtration

Warm clean air circulated to building

Controlled gas rich air pumped into growth rooms.

Water solution fed to plants

Heat transfer and mixing

Waste water cleaned and deposited in Arboretum

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The water used in the irrigation of the plants will be collected from the roof. Once delivered to the plants all water will be filtered to remove nitrates and used in toilets throughout the building.

LED growing room

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Sitting in the courtyard

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COURTYARD Reflection and research

Sitting in the courtyard a researcher will be surrounded by controlled planting beds with species of plants derived from the work inside the building. This is the first time where the public can engage with the researchers and trees therefore the landscape strategy will include various seating spaces and hard surfaces which will be able to host events and education seminars for the public.

Research building facade

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY Creating an efficient system Solar shading on mezzanine

A- Timber window slats act as solar shading during the bright summer months. B- Sensor controlled roof windows allow warm air to escape. C-Heat recovery system. D-Roof profile and acoustic insulation to reduce sound transfer. E-Void allows warm air to rise F- Windows to open to allow for natural ventilation. G- Services to run in ceiling void and serve both floors. H- Low level planting creates shading to labs I-Geothermal heat water system creates passive benefits and ambient heating J-Ambient heating through water service runs. K- Ambient heating through geothermal ground. L-Service void to run central to allow for building flexibility in the future. M- Fresh warm air introduced at ground floor from heat recovery system. N- Connected risers to transfer services. O- Warm CO2 rich air collected from building and pumped down into the growth labs to increase growing efficiencies. 122

C B

A CO2

CO2

E F

O N G

H J

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GROWTH BUILDING The jewel of the arboretum

The Growth building is the arboretumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s jewel in the landscape. The building houses 13 growing bays which monitor and exhibit new and existing species of tree for the public to enjoy and interact with. The nature of species which will be grown do not require high levels of heat such as a typical tropical greenhouse and therefore the has been designed with passive solutions to create efficient conditions for the researchers whilst also maintaining good levels of internal comfort for the public to enjoy the building.

Western elevation model

Taking the same form of as the research building structural composition is key to the architectural success and its harmonious relationship to the site. the building is for the people of Reykjavik yet has to maintain a key level of functionality for the researchers which has been a key feature within the design process which is explained in the following pages. 124

Growth building facade connection

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STRUCTURAL BUILD-UP Structural axonometric

The adjacent page explains the structural detail of the building which define the material experience of the building. Project Yggdrasil aims to be exemplary for timber frame construction in Iceland used as a precedent for future architecture in the city. The building will have strong timber structure and roof which will be a dominant feature of the design. The structure is the architecture and therefore every connection is expressed an visible to the large faรงades of structural glass. 126

Membrane coated galvanised steel with integrated services flashing, RAL 7016 (Anthracite Grey). Alumansc Galvanised steel gutter profile, RAL 7016.

Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E.

Siberian Larch 250mm x 150mm timber beam roof structure at 400mm centres.

500mmx250mm Grade C24 Siberian Larch CLT structural timber frame with RAL 7006 (midnight black) anodized steel connections. 30mm Ancon tension cable, stainless steel to withstand 254.6Kn. Fixed to RHS bracing steel work between CLT columns. RAL 7016 at 40 microns.

Haver Docker Mono stainless steel mesh at 75% visibility. Fixed back to Glass mullions & Transoms. Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E. Structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to structural with movement gaskets Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns. Euval 80.20 buff terrazzo finish grey. Steel Flitch connections RAL 7006 (midnight black) anodized steel connections. Concrete slab to leave 450mm growing depth to growing bays. Services integrated in the pour.

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GROWTH ELEVATION Scale 1:250

The building maintains a structural regularity of CLT timber columns set at 4 metre centres and fixed with expressed matt black moment resisting joints to the ground and roof beams. It is the intention that the structure is obvious therefore the largest possible size panels of glass have been used to minimise the amount of mullions and transoms visible. Using a structural utilized glass system which fixes back to the structure allows for moment joints to protect the faรงade from wind loads. The true beauty of the building are the trees which grow within it therefore the architecture is subtle with the only expression being the obvious connections between materials being finished matt black making them stand about against the green back-drop. A large stainless steel mesh runs at high level hung on the buildings service routes which dance along the joint between wall and roof. This provides environmental benefits explained later in this report whilst not effecting the views in and out of the building.

View towards the growth house

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LONG SECTION Scale 1:200

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Tree >1 years

LOBBY

ZONE A

Tree 1-3 years

Tree 3-8 years

Tree 8+ years

ZONE B

ZONE C

ZONE D

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CAFÃ&#x2030;

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DETAIL SECTION Scale 1:50 @ A1

Please refer to following pages for details A,B and C.

Detail A

Detail B

Detail C

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DETAIL A- ROOF CONNECTION Scale 1:10 A-Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E. U value of 1.2 W/mÂ˛K. Solar power on West elevation with services integrated into frame. Peak power 28 Wp/m2) B- Reynaers Cw- 86-CF structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to D, Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns C-Linking gasket with movement joint fixed to L RAL 7016 at 40 D- Siberian Larch CLT timber Beam 500mmx250mm Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications. E-Haver Docker Mono stainless steel mesh at 75% visibility. Fixed back to Glass mullions and D F-Membrane coated galvanised steel flashing, RAL 7016 (Anthracite Grey). G- 3 x 18mm ply wood sheething sheet H- 70mm Celotex PIR drainage insulation I - Visqueen DPM to wrap around flashing and under K J- Alumansc gutter profile, RAL 7016. Fixed and overlapped. Any penetration to I to be sealed and water tested. K- Syphonic drain linked to water storage tank L- 3 x 18mm ply wood sheething sheet M- PVC membrane between F and I N- Service route O-Membrane coated galvanised steel flashing, RAL 7016 (Anthracite Grey). P- 100mm x 100mm SHS to S.E specifications. Fixed with steel flange to T. Insulation wrapped around steel. Q-Reynaers Cw- 86-CF structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to P, below K. Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns. R- Line of beam beyond S- Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E. U value of 1.2 W/mÂ˛K. Solar power on West elevation with services integrated into frame. Peak power 28 Wp/m2) T- Steel flitch plate to S.E engineers specifications. Anodized RAL 9006 at 40 microns. U- Siberian Larch CLT 500mm x 250mm joists at 1m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard

1:20 Facade connection model

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S N Q T

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P Q

F E

T U

B A

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C A

DETAIL B- BRACING AND LOUVRE

Scale 1:10

A-Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E. U value of 1.2 W/mÂ˛K. Solar power on West elevation with services integrated into frame. Peak power 28 Wp/m2) B- Reynaers Cw- 86-CF structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to slab, below K. Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns C-Linking gasket with movement joint fixed to L RAL 7016 at 40 microns D- Vertical face cap RAL 7016 at 40 microns E- Temperature sensors. F- 24mm aluminium frame RAL 7016 at 40 microns G-2.3mmx 2.3mm insect screen H-Louvre glazing to same glass as curtain wall. I- Line of Transom beyond J- Steel bolt to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005 (Midnight black) at 40 microns K- 30mm Ancon tension cable, stainless steel to withstand 254.6Kn. Fixed to L L- RHS bracing steel work between CLT columns. RAL 7016 at 40 microns M- CLT timber Column 500mmx250mm Grade C24. With fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications.

A B C

J K L

D E F M

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E D

DETAIL C- INTEGRATED SLAB Scale 1:10 I

E F G

D H A

B C

I J K L M N P

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A- Ground Slab to S.E engineers specifications B- Smart drain Alumansc gutter profile, RAL 7016. To be layed flush with finished floor level C- Drainage to fall Left to right and collected in storage tank D- Onyx Amorphous Silicon glass, triple glazed, 30% transparent, Argon filled 12ppm at low-E. U value of 1.2 W/mÂ˛K E- Steel bolt to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005 (Midnight black) at 40 microns F- Siberian Larch CLT 750mm x 250mm Column at 4m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications. G- Steel flitch top plate to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005 at 40 microns H-Steel flitch base plate to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005 at 40 microns I- Reynaers Cw- 86-CF structural utilized frame to be fixed directly to slab, below K. Anodized RAL 7016 at 40 microns J-Ventilation chanel K- Euval 80.20 buff terrazzo finish grey. L- Insulated concrete slab. Services channels to be layed during pouring M- Visqueen Damp proof membrane N- Visqueen Damp proof course P- Integrated services

SPECIFICATION Materials in the building

It is the intention that all materials for the project be sourced as close to Reykjavik as possible. In the possibility that a material is not available in Iceland, every effort will me made to enable that it is from a sustainable source. A- Siberian Larch CLT timber cassette B- Birch face ply wood C-Downy birch engineered timber D- Amorphous silicon glass E- Stainless steel mesh F- Granite terrazzo floor tile G- Grey granite terrazzo floor tile H- Bare faced aspen I- Charred birch timber floor panels J- Iroko K-Limestone render L- Acid wash larch board-walk M- LED spotlights matt black N- Fibre cement concrete floor tile O- GreenCoat PLX Pro BT Norse grey steel P- GreenCoat PLX Pro BT Midnight grey steel Q- Hay terrazzo based poser table R- washed green Hay benches S- Vernon rustic ceramic tile T- Electrical fixings wrapped in black conduit U- Electric sockets. 138

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Lateral services Services zones located at building edges to provide flexibility centrally.

EXPERIENCING THE BUILDING How visitors experience the growing bays

Heated walkways

Geothermal heated air delivered through ground air vents to increase user comfort.

Flexibility is key for the functionality of the building and its success for the research and monitoring of trees. This has resulted in lateral services routes which create a fully flexible central space allowing for the flexible growth of tree in the bays. The lateral service routes also provide key benefits to the way visitors can experience the building in a comfortable environment. These zones, explained in the three diagrams on the left, are heavily serviced with power and heating from a geothermal system creating comfortable circulation routes around the building which will not affect the growing conditions of the trees which are specific to a researchers needs.

Circulation routes Two main circulation routes are connected around each growing bay. 140

Walking under the viewing gallery

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A- View from circulation route

B- Looking into the building from external walkway

C D

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C- Meeting and pic-nic tables facing a growth bay

D- View back towards viewing gallery

MOVING AROUND A BAY Views from inside the growing house

The main focus within the building are the growing bays therefore walkways enable views around them where visitors can experience different views of the trees being displayed and become educated through display boards and labelled species 143

Exploring the structure

MEZZANINE A place to see and learn

The structural expression of the roof is best seen from the viewing gallery on the mezzanine level. The repetitive undulating structure continues the length of the building creating varying shadows throughout the day. It is from this viewpoint where all 13 bays are visible and the functional aspect of the building can be truly appreciated. 144

Looking from viewing gallery

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The cafe seating area

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CAFE AND EXHIBITION A clearing in the forest

The cafĂŠ is a clearing in the trees where visitors can enjoy views out across the arboretum and whilst being the comfort of the building and all the sites, sounds and smells that brings. This area is fully flexible and offers Yggrdasil vital exhibition space for events and education seminars in the future against the backdrop of the projects new tree species. 147

Sitting in the courtyard

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COURTYARD View into the growing house

Sitting in the courtyard a visitor will be surrounded by planting beds with species of plants derived from the work inside the research building. This is the first time where the public can engage with the researchers and trees therefore the landscape strategy will include various seating spaces and hard surfaces which will be able to host events and education seminars for the public.

Growth building facade

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A G

H20

C02

L J M

K N

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY Passive environmental systems

A D

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A-Amorphous silicon glass allows for sunlight to penetrate at ideal wavelengths for growth. Stainless steel mesh creates dappled light. B- Service run laterally integrated into the capping to provide flexible growth bays. C-Sensor controlled roof windows allow air to escape. D- Sensor controlled louvre at upper level open when air humidity gets to high. E-Double skin facade promotes air circulation through convection. F-Convection fans push warm air down to create air flow. G-Heat recovery in lateral service capping H-Water to trees controlled from above. I-Low level louvres input to the system with fresh air. J-Integrated services in slab K-Geothermal heat through vents to be blown on windows to reduce condensation L-Growing bay depth dependant on species and researchers variations M- Growth bed max 1.3m. N-Drainage water collected and fed to water purification tank and then lake. O-Low level vents create cross ventilation which provides external conditions to trees.

landscape

REYKJAVIK ARBORETUM Iceland’s new national centre of trees New road layout

Yggdrasil arboretum, Iceland’s new national centre of trees is located in Reykjavik’s Hljómskálagarðurinn park is the heart of Eufrogens and the Icelandic governments efforts to reforest the country. This 26 acre arboretum accommodates all the tree species used in the re-forestation of Iceland through its various outreach facilities across the country. The arboretum offers various trail routes and activities for all ages and abilities, a perfect day out for all the family. Yggdrasil aims to be as inclusive for visitors and tourists alike with a range of events running throughout the year which celebrate our mission to reforest Iceland. Be sure to be on the look out for all the new species of trees, plants and animals that have thrived in the area following its opening in 2021. The following pages will explain all the design decisions which have been made resulting in Yggdrasil arboretum’s success. 154

Tourist information at the park

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LANDSCAPE MICRO-STRATEGY Design of the arboretum

Trail routes 3 primary trail routes with increasing length. All wheelchair and disability friendly with amenity stops along .

Wildlife & Ecology - Bat boxes

- Insect hotels

- Bird boxes

- Wildlife hides

Event Spaces The Arboretum offers flexible event spaces ranging from large scale music festivals to small education and story telling areas

Catchment

Retention

High priority species

Water management

Trim Trail

Trees in this zone are primarily new species from the research centre.

The building uses the roof to retain water whilst any excess groundwater is directed to the two lakes.

The perimeter of the arboretum includes a trim trail with varies activities depending on weather conditions.

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KEY -Trail start

-New species

-Cafe

-Batbox

-Amenity shed -Trim trail -Swimming -Education -Woodland music

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-Birdbox -Insect hotel -Wildlife hide -Large events

PLANTING What you can expect to see

As visitors move around the various trail routes they can use QR scanners to find out the various species of trees and the journey it has been on from the research institute. The trees grown in the arboretum will form the basis of the new tree stock which will cover Iceland in years to come. A- Betula pubescens B- Picea mariana (New Species) C- Black Spruce, D- Black Cottonwood, E- Populus trichocarpa, F- Paper Birch G- Betula papyrifera (New Species) H- Populus tremuloides (New Species) I- Quaking Aspen, J- Hyrmur papyrifera (New Species) K- Picea engelmannii (New Species) L- Pinus contorta M- Larix sukaczewii (New Species) N- Quarit engid (New Species) 158

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Walking around the Arboretum

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EXPLORING THE ARBORETUM

itie en Am

The masterplan of the arboretum follows the same geometry used in the placement of the two buildings giving subtle coherency to the site. Around the site there are small versions of growth houses and research centres which house educational facilities and amenities such as toilets and baby change. Around these small buildings will be education and activity spaces which can be used by Yggdrasil to explain and educate Reykjavik on planting trees. It is the aim that this will have secondary benefits on Icelandic peoples attitude towards trees aiming to result in residents taking their own initiatives in planting trees around the city and country.

Visitor experience

Education space

Learn to grow

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I 4 H

G 3 E

D C 2 B

KEY A- Cafe & park entrance B- Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area C- Amenity block D- Research building input/output E- Dipping pond (groundwater attenuation pond filled post construction) F- Existing tree species retained at the street edge G- Low level planting to reduce overshadow H- Research lab controlled planting I- Hard surface presentation area J- Entrance forecourt K- Isolated tree growth for local sapling production for nursery shop. 162

Larch board-walk treated with acid wash. To achieve score 60+ on Pendulum floor test as per BS 7976-2.

C3 basic meadow mix to be sown at 10 kilos per acre/ 5 kilos per ½ acre.

Black monotone – Engobed Wirecut brick with a Stebah Anthracite mortar

BUILDING LANDSCAPE The immediate context of the building

Brushed concrete poured as per BS EN 13036-1. Striations to be between 1.5–3mm.

Basalt floor tile to Conforms to frost resistant rating of ISO10545-12.

The immediate landscape of the building proposal uses hard landscaping to frame planting beds which can be used by the researchers. The landscape aims to be subtle and focus attention on the growth house therefore a series of low level planting beds which will reduce the risk of overshadow to the building. Key material choices have been made to create a pallet which complements the connection of the buildings to the ground. More detail of the landscaping around the building can be seen in the diagram on the adjacent page. 163

EVENTS A full year of activities

The arboretum will host a series of events throughout the year which will put Yggdrasil at the centre of Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social calendar. Yggdrasil will give the city not only high quality research but also an internationally recognised venue with the capacity to host festivals, concerts and yearly activities. Because of long winters the park becomes particularly active in the dark months expressing the LED technology and becoming a beacon in the city. An example of the events which could be in Yggdrasil arboretum are shown in the 2019 calendar on the left with the recent forest festival which hosted numerous worldwide artists on the right. 164

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- Bat boxes - Bird boxes - Insect hotels - Wildlife hides

ECOLOGY Can you spot the wildlife?

The secondary benefits of the arboretum is the number of wildlife species the park now hosts. Using the detective sheets see if you can find all the animals on show. For the hard to spot ones be sure to use the route map to find the various bird boxes, bee hives, bat boxes and insect hotels dotted around the park. Biodiversity is a key part of the Yggdrasil project and all the species of trees being researched in the centre aim to provide habitat to a number of species of wildlife in Iceland. 169

0-5 years

10-20 years

Growth patterns initiated in the early stages of research and the buildings impact assessed to identify desire lines of people to establish trail routes.

The success of research from Yggdrasil allows for larger planting zones to be set up to the park and building boundary. A small sapling nursery is opened adjacent to the growth building which will allow small scale replanting through public purchase.

20-30 years

30+ Years

A secondary nursery is opened and further pockets of trees are grown to the edges of the park

The successful planting of trees allows for the removal of woodland to create pockets of land to allow for non native species to be incubated. Potential for the arboretum to expand to the East

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IMPACT OF THE LANDSCAPE Tree growth through the years

The true quality of the arboretum will be seen in years to come when the species derived from project Yggdrasil have had time to grow to their full height. In order for the project to have an immediate impact to the city of Reykjavik, semi mature planting, grown in the outreach centres across Iceland will be used in planting the immediate vicinity of the building. The park already has a significant number of trees which will be used as the basis for location of trail routes and education zones. There is a planting strategy over the next 30 years which aims to utilize the space made as part of the Reykjavik masterplan explained on the adjacent page.

Planting in first 5 years

30+

20+

KEY - 0-10 year saplings for transportation around Iceland -10-20 year saplings for transportation around Iceland -High priority species and research

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IMPACT OF THE PROJECT Changing peoples perceptions

Planting trees in Iceland was historical something for the few eccentrics. However thanks to research conducted by project Yggdrasil this is a thing of the past. Various educational events will be run throughout the year sharing this knowledge onto the public to have secondary impacts on re-forestry in Iceland. Yggdrasil aims to be seed which changes the Icelandic landscape. Future forests of Iceland -Forest size

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Growing crate for easy tree removal Top soil Growing medium (To researchers specifications) Porous aggregate

Drainage

GROWING ZONES Bays in the growth building Top soil 400mm growing medium (To researchers specifications) 800mm growing medium (To researchers specifications) 1200mm growing medium (To researchers specifications) Porous aggregate

Drainage

In order for the growing bays to have suitable conditions for the growth of trees four bay specifications have been designed which allow for the researchers to control factors which could result in more efficient growth. The four growing bays have various depths shown in the diagrams on this page. The depths of the bays get progressively deeper the closer to the cafĂŠ area of the building, it is the intention that the trees at this end of the building be grown for a number of years and act as an archive for the work produced in Yggdrasil. Smaller growing depths are used with a crate system being implemented in the high turnover of small trees found in Zone A.

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Zone D

Zone C

Zone B

KEY Zone A

Zone A- Planting zone 1-2 years maximum root depth 300-600mm. Zone B- Planting zone 2-5 years, maximum root depth 600-800m. Zone C- Planting zone 5-10 years, maximum root depths 800-1200mm. Zone D-Planting zone 10+ years, root depths beyond 1200mm (intended to remain in the growth house as exhibitor species). E-Stainless steel mesh and structure create dappled light to enhance growing conditions for species

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The type of vehicles need in the arboretum

TRANSPORTATION Removing trees from the growth building An opening section of the facade

Accessibility is key for the removal of trees in the growth house and access for maintenance. At key parts of the building, shown in the diagram on the adjacent page, the structural bracing will be moved to 8 metres above Ground floor level. This will allow roller doors to be installed which can be used for larger vehicles to access the trees. The circulation routes of the building will be co-ordinated the building management to allow for small vehicle access at various times out of visitor hours. For larger species of plants, the front end of the faรงade can be opened up which will allow for large vehicle access, however these will only be implemented in times of closure of the building. 176

KEY -Large vehicular access -Small vehicle service routes -No vehicle access -Turning circles A- Fob controlled entrance shutters fixed to steel bracing B- large vehicles able to enter and reverse to tree bays C- Circulation routes act has vehicular access out of visitor hours.

Opening facade

Large vehicle service route A

Vehicle access plan 177

structure

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY A structurally proud building Structural strategy model

Project Yggdrasilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture is formed through its structural capabilities which has led to a continuous dancing roof becoming an iconic feature of the project. A well-crafted CLT timber frame is set on a 4 metre grid which is connected by expressive steel joints anodized midnight black to create a relationship with the charred Siberian larch cladding on the research building. The two buildings aim to have identical forms to further strengthen their appearance in the landscape, therefore structural integration was necessary in order to create a strategy which could work for both a timber building and a glass building. The following pages explain the decisions made which has made this possible. 180

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Optimum building window

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PRE-FABRICATION A sustainable construction process

Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cold winters mean that construction is primarily limited during the summer months therefore Yggrdasil will use pre-fabrication in order to reduce on-site construction times. The established forestry outreach centres across Iceland will act as pre-fabricators during the winter months enabling the CLT cassette walls to be made. This will then allow quick erection of the building during the summer months. Pre-fabrication of the building will reduce the amount of waste created with all the saw dust being used to compress into wood fibre insulation panels. Any timber which is then not needed for construction will be turned into long burning wood pellets for the biomass heater which will add to the energy input of the building.

TumastaĂ°ir forest- the source of the timber

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Connections to Iceland’s forest Mógilsá Húsafell

Vaglaskógur

Reyðarfjörður

Yggdrasil

Búrfells

Tumastaðir

Imports directly to site

Off site- Prefabrication

Outreach forestry centres will become pre-fabricators during the winter months and make the CLT timber frame, Cassettes and furniture.

Transportation

Using a sustainable method the panels are brought to site. Because the panels need to be transported they are limited to 2.5mx 7m dimensions.

On site assembly

A skilled workforce will assemble to panels and frame during the light summer months, reducing the time needed to be spent on site.

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Final Fix

The building quick erection means that it will be weather-proof far quicker than conventional construction therefore internal and final fixes can be made far sooner in the process

Completion and handover

Pre-fabrication of the building allows for the completion to be far sooner. It also demands a higher quality finish to the building as the panels will be checked prior to leaving the fabricators.

CLT structural residential building, Portland

by Path Architecture

Structural grid and beam spans

RESEARCH BUILDING Cores and frame

4m centres

The research buildings structural strategy- as explained in the diagram on the left- is CLT timber frame set at 4 metre centres which is then stablished with three concrete cores along the building. The central zone of the building, acting as circulation for people and services, will be made up of structural timber cassettes which will act as loadings for the floors. There will be movement in the building, particular with the expansion of timber over time, therefore movement joints are placed every 20 metres. All structural timber is to be strength graded and stamped and confirmed on site. Minimum free end bearing of timber sections is to be 90mm Any gaps between joist ends to be filled with masonry or timber noggins. All new timber is to be kept dry on site prior to use and stored so as to prevent warping along minor axis.

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KEY -Structural CLT wall zone to load floors. Joined with 250mm Glu-lam -CLT frame stiffened with integrated cores. Cores to act as service risers. -CLT- Timber frame connected with steel moment resisting joints.

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KEY -CLT- Timber frame connected with steel moment resisting joints. -Steel ties and SHS to stabilise frame

-Structural Curtain walling. Integrated moment brackets to reduce wind loading

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Mont Cenis academy, Herne

by Jourda & Perraudin Architects

GROWTH BUILDING Stiffness/Torsion

Tied frame and glass

Unlike the Research building the growth building must rely on bracing and ties to stabilise the frame. Every other frame will contain ancon steel ties whilst there will be a continuous line of steel SHS between timbers. Like the Mont Cenis academy by Jourda & Perraudin Architects, the building will use structural utilized glass supported by the mullions and transoms. The glass faรงade will produce high levels of wind loading which is addressed through the transoms fixing back onto the frame using movement gaskets. The scale of the frame means that connections between materials and the ground have been designed which allow moment and therefore reduce the stress on the structure, the joints are explained on the next page.

Wind load

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CONNECTING THE FRAME Structural connections of the timbers

The structural connections between the timbers are expressed through a steel flitch plate which has been designed to resist moments an therefore reduce the stress on the structure through wind and snow loads. Reykjavik experiences slight seismic activity from Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volcanoes and therefore when designing the timber frame this was taken into account. Each timber has been sized based on AIA CLT timber sizing and will withstand loadings 2.5x their weight allowing for resistance to movement and the capacity to take the load of the glass roof and snow loads.

The structural model on the adjacent page shows a typical structural bay with ties and bracing eliminating torsional and lateral loads. C B

KEY A-Siberian Larch CLT 750mm x 250mm Column at 4m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications. C-Cut to column B-Steel bolt to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005 D-Steel flitch plate stress tested prior to assembly. Anodized RAL 9005.

D E

E- Siberian Larch CLT 5000mm x 250mm Beam at 4m centres. Grade C24. with fire painted retardant at Euroclass BS0 standard. Treated to S.E specifications

F-. Steel bolt to S.E specifications. Anodized RAL 9005

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Massing

Structural bay model - Scale 1:50

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MATERIAL TREATMENT Protecting against the seasons Said to have all four seasons every day, Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s varying climatic conditions have been taken into account in the design of the structure. The use of timber as a primary construction material creates particular issues in the city however the diagrams on the adjacent page explain how the building deals successfully with the sun, wind, rain, and snow. 10

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UV Treatment

Wind loads -Primary UV protected structure

-Primary UV protected structure

Wind loads primary on growth building because of its structural frame. Therefore bracing is needed

-Secondary UV protected structure UV protected paint required on external faรงades of research building and the structural frame of the growth building.

Moisture protection

Snow loads

-Knauf moisture protection paint to all timber

-Snow loading direction

The building will rely on the sustainable waterproofing properties of charred timber, however in high rainfall areas a protective paint will be applied to increase longevity.

High snowfall is expected therefore the structure has been designed to a structural overload factor of 15% to accommodate all eccentric loads

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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Work stages and construction

Due to Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s young planning history there is no work stage plans for construction, therefore the RIBA work stages will be referred. It is expected that stage 4 will continue over the dark months with construction (stage 5) to commence the following spring 2020. Stage 6, handover is expected before the following winter with the building opening for research in November 2020 and the arboretum spring 2021.

Stage 5

A-Site preparations

B-First Frame

The site firstly needs to cleared and then the foundations, basement and ground floor slab can be poured. Due to the nature of the site, the public park will remain open and the site protected with heras fencing

The concrete cores will be cast in situ providing stability to the CLT frame. The frame will be erected under covered conditions to reduce its exposure to UV, rain and cold weather. The slab of the growth building will be checked for appropriate fixings to be integrated.

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Spring 2021-

November 2020-

Spring 2020-

Stage 5

Stage 6

C-Stability and growth

D-Final fix

The rigid frame of the research building will allow fixings for the pre-fabricated timber CLT panels. The erection of the panels will provided a water tightness to the structure allowing for trades to start initial fixing. The frame for the growth building is erected, braced and tied in each module

Both buildings environmental systems will be checked including air quality and water management. The soft landscaping of the park can begin using the site as the centre for future development.

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environment

ENERGY STRATEGY A fully sustainable building

Project Yggdrasil aims to tie into Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy masterplan by utilizing the sustainable options available. There is also the ambition that the project and arboretum can produce energy and water enabling the buildings to be closed system which can function off the main grid. There are key targets which Yggdrasil aims to meet set out below: -Production of 1million saplings a year under LED controlled conditions. -100% Geothermal heating system with electricity production using biomass in the winter months -Solar power use during summer months. -An exemplary example of timber construction in Iceland -Controlled Laboratory conditions using passive options. -To achieve BREAM excellence, particularly in construction standards and energy performance. -To become carbon neutral through the afforestation of trees in the arboretum. 196

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY Plant within ceiling void to act as heat recovery system and air circulation to growth rooms

Roof windows to automatically open and increase natural ventilation

Roof channels optimize rainwater collection

Solar shading to preve overheating during win months

C02

Saturated air captured and circulated to growth rooms

Heat recovery

C02 C02

Small trees in courtyard to reduce overshadow

Acoustic separation using CLT cassettes

Blinds to control overheating

Labs between services risers to create efficiencies in the system and radiant heating and coolth through floors

Controlled input to air 02 C0

Heat recovery

Warm air used to natural ventilate voids through ground vents

C02

Rainwater storage for irrigation of seedlings and grey water Natural radiant heating from ground

Geothermal water source

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Lightweight mesh to create dappled light and increase solar shading

ent nter

Sensor controlled ventilated louvres to passively control air temperature in the building

Double skin glass facade to force air back down and mix with cooler, fresher air.

Mechanical fans Circulate air

Ventilation louvre built into external benches

Solar energy collected to power LED lights

Drainage to lake in the park

Rainwater storage for irrigation of trees

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SITE SUSTAINABLE GOALS A zero impact building

The whole of the project Yggdrassil site and arboretum will add to the buildings ambition to have as little impact on the environment as possible. There are four key targets which the project aims to address.

Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy Using Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s already highly system and adding to it through solar power and biomass. Water retention

Water retention Using the roof-scape and park lakes to gather greywater for irrigation and sanitary uses within the building. Temperature control Using passive design to create ambient temperatures within the building.

Temperature control

Solar control

Solar control Creating a pair of buildings which react to Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long days of light as equal to dark. These four targets are explained on the following pages.

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Wood chip and biomass heating Solar energy from glass

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Snow traps allow for the snow to stay on the roofs to increase thermal mass

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Heat recovery

Power lights in buildings for78,610 hours per year.r

Passive system through automatic louvres allow for the circulation of fresh, warm air in the building

Photovoltaic Onyx Amorphous silicon glass. 1.2W/m2K

Biomass

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Cool air mixed with warm

Air control

Energy production

Using a heat recovery system the outside air will be mixed to provide ambient temperatures throughout the building. The geothermal hot water system will be directed through floors to provided heating. The growth house will use a series of passive ventilation systems controlled by mechanically louvres to reduce below 0 degrees air entering the building by mixing it through a geothermal system.

The building will be power by 100% renewable energy for Reykjavik existing geothermal grid. Furthermore, the building will have self-sufficient inputs to the system when such as biomass using wood-chips from the arboretum and solar power during the light months. Total Glass covering- 5228m2. Energy potential= 6.2KW per hour. =7,861KW per year 202

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Rainwater collected Stainless steel mesh creates dappled light Tree irrigation Structure provides solar shading Grey water supplied to toilets and labs

Timber slats

Water used for plant solution Water Tank

Water management

Solar control

All grey water will take advantage of Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high rainfall using the roof as a large rainwater catchment. Reykjavik average rainfall- 0.71m3 per year Growth building roof area - 1940m2 Research building roof area- 1145m2

During the summer months Reykjavik experiences high levels of sunlight hours during the day. Because of this solar shading measures have been introduced on both faĂ§ades to break up the light. In the dark winter months the building will take advantage of a high preforming LED lighting system designed to provide lighting comfort for users.

Total rainwater collection per year2190.35m3 per year = 2.19million Litres per year = 301,000 toilet flushes 203

WINTER ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

SEASONAL ENVIRONMENTS

Warm air from people and geothermal heating collected through heat recovery and circulated around the building

Windows behind timber slats closed shut to prevent cold air entering the building. The air is carried behind the cladding in order to ventilate the insulation

Warm air introduced at low level to create convection in the void and circulate fresh,warm air

Warm walkways used to melt snow and ice on walkways

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Hard landscaping built up to >750mm (Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maximum recorded snowfall in 2018) to allow for snow to settle in courtyard without effecting the building

Roof-lights create ventilation in voids

Heat recovery system

Windows at upper level provide passive ventilation

Stacked services around the riser creates efficiency in service and water system

Saturated warm air used in growth labs

Ambient heat from growth labs

Geothermal heating introduced at low level to create convection in void

Roof-lights create ventilation in voids

Heat recovery system

Localised heat recovery systems in labs

RESEARCH BUILDING Geothermal heating introduced at low level to create convection in void

A building that reacts in winter

Reykjavik seasons are dramatically different and therefore the environmental strategy has to accommodate a range of climatic possibilities. During winter the city experiences cold temperatures and heavy snowfall which results in the summer environment strategy varying slightly. The changing strategies are explained through the diagrams on this page.

Ambient heating from warm ground

WINTER

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Upper louvre opened to release moisture saturated air and prevent condensation.

Air circulated

Cool air introduced at low level and mixed with recovered warm air

Lower level louvre opened to create cross ventilation

Summer

Upper louvre opened to release moisture saturated air and prevent condensation.

GROWTH BUILDING Mechanical louvres regulating temperature

Mechanical fans circulate air and recover heat. Lower level louvre closed. Warm air introduced at low level to create warm glass and reduce condensation and frost.

Winter

A large glass building creates building environment problems during winter months. The growth building uses passive systems combined with mechanical heating and ventilation to reduce condensation in the building. A key feature are the mechanical louvres which operate on temperature sensor control. The diagrams on this page explain how the louvres work in both summer and winter in order to regulate the internal quality of the building.

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WINTER ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Upper louvre opened to release moisture saturated air and prevent condensation.

Mechanical fans circulate air and recover heat.

Glass fixed to movement gaskets to reduce excessive wind loads on structure. Warm air circulated and mixed with cool air at ground level.

Lower level louvre closed

Hard landscaping built up to >750mm (Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maximum recorded snowfall in 2018) to allow for snow to settle in courtyard without effecting the building.

Warm walkways used to melt snow and ice on walkways.

Drainage reduces time snow builds up against glass

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Warm air introduced at low level to create warm glass and reduce condensation and frost.

FLEXIBLE SERVICES Future proofing the building

Already outlined in the report the project has a series of micro-strategy which add to the overall environmental aspirations of the building. The overall strategy is explained below: The primary services strategy of the building as been designed to centralise service routes which will enable flexibility should the building need to change function in the future. All services will rise up through the cores where they can be circulated around the building easily. In order to increase travel distances and efficiencies, the SVP and greywater runs are located closer to the cores where the toilets and showering facilities are stacked. Yggdrasil aims to have has little impact on the environment as possible, therefore all the grey water will be collected from the roofs and stored in water tanks. Pre-fabrication of the timber cassette floors and walls mean that services runs can be-determined prior to construction reducing the time needed for tradesmen to be on site. However, to further improve the flexibility of the spaces, suspended ceilings and floors will run in all labs to allow for lab benches to be able to moved in the future. Both buildings will be connected to the same plant to reduce the need of enclosed rooms in the growth building improving its purity in the landscape. They will be connected via a sub-plant under the courtyard which has access via either the basement of the research building or the courtyard itself. Each building must achieve the following ventilation outputs:

Centralised serive runs

1) Mechanical extract to w.c @ 15ltrs p/s 2) Mechanical extract to Labs @ 30ltrs p/s 3) Mechanical extract to Utility @ 30ltrs p/s 4) Mechanical extract to Growth @ 40ltrs p/s

-Service runs

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KEY Hot/cold water supply Ventilation Services & waste SVP and Drainage stacked Plant

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Hallgrímskirkja Gateway

ZONE 2

Elliðaárdalur Station

Elliðaárdalur Park To Úlfarsársdalur & Grafarholt

New Regional and Inner City Transportation

SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL Connecting Yggdrasil sustainbly

As part of Reykjavik’s wider sustainable travel plan Yggdrasil will be located within walking distance multiple tram stops. The site will be located on the Inner city line with a new dedicated tram station being built during construction of the buildings.

KEY KEY CentralLine Line Central Northern Line Northern Line Inner City City Line Line Inner Inner City City Line Line future Inner Futureexpansion Expansion Airport Express express train Airport Train Future Southern Southern Line Future Line

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At the base of the arboretum is the national gateway hub which has connections to Keflavik airport adding to Yggdrasil’s draw as an international recognised institute. Yggdrasil will offer facilities for staff to use bicycles by having staff changing and showering.

Sustainable transport routes around Reykjavik

KEY Tram Stops Northern line Southern line Inner City line 5 minute walking Project Yggdrasil

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regulations

PART B: FIRE AND SAFETY Approved document B compliance

B1- Means of warning and escape

B5- Fire Access

Due to the separate natures of the buildings there are two separate classifications of fire risk. The research building is under category 5 and the growth house category 6 therefore both horizontal travel distances to a protected stairwell is 18m in one direction and 45m in two. The linear nature of the buildings has resulted in the installation of fire curtains and fire protected corridors every 12m in both buildings. Both buildings will be fitted with heat and smoke detectors with an integrated system of audio and visual alarms too BS5839-9. Escape routes and doors exceed the minimum requirement of 1100mm wide.

According to document B5 of the building regulations and buildings below 2000-8000sqm with a highest story being no more than 11m above ground floor level must have a minimum of 15% perimeter for access. Due to the nature of the building there is hard landscape around both buildings to allow the movement of tree species around the arboretum. The research building ( A higher fire risk) has direct adjacencies to a main road in Reykjavik for sufficient access for fire vehicles. The three service cores also contain a fire riser for access to the upper floors.

B2 & B3- Internal fire spread The primary construction material is CLT therefore fire spread is high risk. To reduce the risk a sprinkler will be installed throughout the building and all primary timber structure will be fire protected to 120minutes as per building regulations B2 Appendix A table A2. A fire retardant paint to be used on timber to BS 5839-1:2017. The Research building has three protected cores which enables safe exit and provision for ambulant recovery. All internal doors and partitions to be 60minute fire regulated

5m 15m 5m

5m 5m

Second floor plan

B4 External fire spread The external entrance canopy must be treated with the same fire retardant paint as internal. Although climatic conditions reduce the risk of fire spread, the buildings nearest adjacencies are two far away to pose and threat.

7m Refuge and emergency access TBC

Basement plan

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KEY -Final exit -45O Access to exits within 18metres - Protected stair or lift - Fire Assembly point Disable refuge and escape

- Fire Vehicle Access - Worst case scenario

24m

- Travel distances

Disable refuge and escape

20m

20m Disable refuge and escape

20m

18m 12m

12m

First floor Plan

18m 18m 18m 18m 18m

15m

12m

10m 15m

Access from highway

Ground floor Plan 215

12m

ESCAPE STAIRS B1- Means of warning and escape

For structural purposes the Research building contains three concrete cores which house the escape stairs and means of access to the upper floors. The cores create three areas of escape and refuge in-case of a fire and are fire-rated up to 120minutes. It is expected the occupancy of the building will exceed 60 people but be no more than 600 therefore a required minimum of two exits is necessary.

KEY A- Access to fire riser for emergency fire vehicles. B- Push plated escape door 2050mm C- Timber clad fixed directly onto concrete core. D- 1750mm width landing for disabled refuge. E- Protected lobby for disable refuge F- Vision panel to stair core- Fire rated to 120minutes. G-1050mm 120minute rated fire door H-Emergency voice communication device (EVC) to BS5839-9. I- Disabled refuge. J- Fire rated ceiling board within core to compartmentalise core.

G F 105

0m m

m 0m

105

0m m

175

C m 0m

200

A B

45 Metres 216

FIRE CURTAINS B1- Means of warning and escape

Due to the open nature of the growth house compartmentalisation is vital for the fire strategy. fire curtains offer greater flexibility to designers, enabling larger open plan areas as part of a fire engineered solution. However, since they often replace other fire safety measures, they play a vital life safety role and must be maintained to high standards to ensure they will perform as expected in the event of a fire. Recommendations include a capability for multistage deployment, inclusion of emergency retract controls and obstruction warning devices. The standard also recommends that deployment speeds should range between 0.06m/s and 0.15m/s.

KEY

A- Curtain to be fixed to Fire rated beams to control fire resistance line B- heat and smoke detector for curtain deployment C- Fire curtain to BS 8524 D- Final exit within compartment

etres

16 M

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PART M: ACCESS Approved document M compliance

Project Yggdrassil has been designed to allow everyone, no matter what ability the means to access and use all areas of the building and arboretum. In areas of the building which provide level changes, provision has been made to create a non-biased, inclusive design.

Access & Approach As part of Reykjavik’s wider sustainable travel plan Yggdrasil will be located within walking distance multiple tram stops. The site will be located on the Inner city line with a new dedicated tram station being built during construction of the buildings. At the base of the arboretum is the national gateway hub which has connections to Keflavik airport adding to Yggdrasil’s draw as an international recognised institute. Yggdrasil will offer facilities for staff to use bicycles by having staff changing and showering. The masterplan allows for sustainable vehicle methods to be used for delivers to buildings within the city therefore Yggdrasil utilises the sites location to the Hagrimka street which will act as the delivery and service artery for the building. The growth house café will use front door delivery.

Entrances, Circulation and Navigation All doors provide level access into each room , with main entrance door widths exceeding the minimum requirement of 1200mm. To allow the building to be accessible across all levels a series of lifts have been incorporated into the design in prominent positions, generally located to provide the structural core of each main vertical circulation stair. This enables clear navigation and removes design discrimination by positioning lifts in separate positions to the main route of travel. All lifts have a minimum 1500mm x1500mm clear zone in front of the lift doors and all stairs

have level landings with no more than 12 risers without providing a level landing which is equal to the width of the stair. All stairs throughout the building have consistent risers (170mm) and goings of (300mm) withhandrails provided to both sides. Within the growth house access to the mezzanine level is provided through platform lifts integrated next to the stairs.

Sanitary provision Accessible WC’s are positioned on each floor level and are provided with outward opening doors of sufficient width for wheelchair access and incorporate a minimum 300mm nib to the pull side of the door to allow ease of access for wheelchair users. Separate male and female toilets, changing and showering facilities are provided for research staff on the ground floor. Separate male and female toilet facilities for visitors are provided around the park with the numbers calculated using expected maximum occupancy numbers and recommendations set out in BS8300.

Security Project Yggdrasil will experience high volumes of visitors and staff particularly during events. It is therefore important that access is managed through secure points in the building. The growth building is a free building and therefore access as been controlled to either through the main entrance or café. The research building will be controlled through a series of fob access doors with off the main entrance foyer with a controlled reception guarding the stair.

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Via Hagrimka street WCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stacked on first and second floor

KEY -Disabled WC

Main delivery

-Vehicle access

-No public access

-Private access

-Public access

-Delivery forecourt -Refuse

-Front door delivery

-Lifts

-Private entrance

-Access via fob

-Public Entrance

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CDM Construction design management (2015)

Pre-construction

Construction

Maintenence and use

Under the CDM regulations a principle designer must be appointed, this does not necessarily have to be the project architect and the role could be carried out by another design team member or external consultant. Although in this case it will be assumed the project architect will take on this responsibility as they form an integral part in the design team, with clear oversight on all aspects of design and coordination. The principle designers role in the pre-construction phase is to carry out the following:

The site occupies a prominent city location, however its position is not particularly constrained by compact urban development, with neighbouring buildings in set back positions allowing sufficient access and space around the site. Main arterial roads which pass close to the site along its South-West and North-West boundaries provide efficient and safe means for construction goods to be delivered to site. However, due to the site proximity to potentially high numbers of pedestrians using the park a secure site boundary will be erected using hoardings and will be managed to protect and separate construction works from members of the public. Site access will also be carefully managed and separated from pedestrianised walkways with timed allocations put in place for deliveries which avoid peak city rush hour periods. Project Yggrdasil will maintain a high standard of construction practice during the whole process, including:

Yggdrasil is working building with a high volume of public and private people therefore key site strategy will be implement by builing management to co-ordinate deliveries and tree removal to avoid the risks resulting from overlap.

- Plan, manage, monitor and coordinate health and safety in the pre- construction phase between all parties and design team members. - Advice and provide assistance to the client to bring together pre- construction information and also provide relevant information to designers and contractors in order for them to effectively carry out their duties. - Work with design team members and other designers to eliminate foreseeable health and safety risks to anyone affected by the works and where it is not possible reduce or control associated risks. - Ensure everyone working on the pre-construction phase is properly and effectively communicating and coordinating work. - Liaise with the principle contractor, keeping them updated on any risks that need to be controlled during the construction phase. A pre-construction risk assessment will also be carried out to identify potential risks to surrounding buildings and city occupants. This may include but may not be limited to a noise and air quality impact assessments in order for risks to be removed at the design stage or mitigated during construction.

- During construction all workers must complete relevant health and safety training prior to working on site and must wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) at all time. - The primary structure primarily pre fabricated , with large elements being manufactured off-site. This not only provides quality assurances in material finishes but reduces time required for construction on site and the associated risk attached. - For the construction of the outer facade which mainly consists of glass or timber clad, risk assessments will be needed to identify risks and for measures to be put in place for construction workers to safely work at height and for the safe delivery of materials to height.Around these areas sufficient protection will be put in place such as fixed scaffolding with permanent access stairs. Safety nets will also be installed.

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All necessary considerations were taken into account during the design stage to allow safe maintenanc of the building fabric whilst in use: - In order to allow windows of the growth house to be cleaned and maintained they have been specified as self cleaning with extra provision made available in the doors designed to a sufficient width to safely allow a MEWP boom (cherry picker) to enter the hall to provide a safe working platform for maintenance workers to clean and maintain the windows. In order for this to be successful the slab has been designed to withstand such loads - All external timber cladding is demountable to allow the ongoing maintenance of moving parts and for necessary future repairs replacement.

KEY -Site office -Machinery and material storage -Vehicle access -Pedestrian access -Vehicle Entrance -Building works boundary -Wheel wash

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process & reflection

Exploring the site section (Plan 3) Section A_A

DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN Planning iterations Public cafe addresses the park

The nature of the site meant that there many contextual parameters which made forming an initial concept the most difficult task in the process. therefore I chose to focus on the functionality of the building and the way people would experience it in both public and private aspects.

Public amenities block Shared courtyard

Pub-

Gateway Private to the park

Identity to street

A key precedent was cloister architecture and the way this created privacy which could be particularly relevant for the protection of tree species. The initial idea was to sink the central courtyard and give visitors a ‘look but don’t touch’ view of the trees however, this created un-certainty with the way the building would present itself to the park.

Prevailing winds

Growing house entrance Research entrance Largest amount of sunlight hours per year Entrance forecourt Site entrance

From then the building continued on a journey which tried to address how the building could stay both public and private and how the building could present itself to the park. This process is explained on the adjacent page.

How the environment effects the building.

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Plan 1

Plan 2

The plan restricted the level of control over privacy and created issues with lighting and circulation my sinking the courtyard.

The decision was made to introduce a solely public aspect to the west wing of the building which allowed visitor access. However the building lacked any realtionship with the park and instead closed itself off.

Plan 3

Plan 4

With the buildings struggling to form a relationship to the park I decided to separate them which created greater control of public and private users. The architecture started to form more of a realtionship to the park acting as a gateway.

The growth building was given more priority on the site and therefore enlarged whilst the ends of the building were experimented in order to create a more prominent entrance.

Ground Floor Plan

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Exploring mass on the site

MAKING A BUILDING Designing through models

Throughout the process models have been used as a key method in the design. This enabled me to gain a key understanding in space and volume and help develop a key understand of materiality and detail which would be reflected if the building was to be built. The models worked particularly well in rapid testing of ideas and the development of the structural capabilities of the roof. The collection of models on the next pages where integral in the conception, design and delivery of Project Yggdrasilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design. 226

Making a building

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DRAWING A BUILDING Designing through sketch

In unison with models, sketching and diagramming was a method to quickly text ideas which then could be explored volumetrically through model. The following pages show a key selection of sketches which were used in the process and that had a particular prominence in the iteration of the design and the eventual delivery of project Yggdrasil. During this process I feel that my ability to quickly communicate through sketch has improved, particularly during consultant tutorials which added to the coherency of the design.

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Light

Acoustics

Light

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REVIEWS Feedback and contemplation

Review 2- Sketch scheme

Review 1- Concept

Prior to this review particular interrogation was spent on the resolution of the building plan and the way the scheme, as a whole, became more specific to site. The development of the arboretum gained the critics enthusiasm, however the way the two buildings represented themselves lacked coherency, particularly with the intention of the building acting as gateway to the park.

The intentions of the building were well received, however I feel that I developed the architecture to quickly which led to criticism on the sunken courtyard and the way the building related to site. There were concerns about public and private access and whether this type of building was necessary in the city without having a fundamental public use.

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Review 3- Detail

Review 4- Final presentation

Project Yggdrasil began to come to life during the detail and tectonic stage of the project. The structural exploration became the key focus of the building which enabled a positive conversation with the critics on how this could be pushed even further. Constructive advice was given on the capabilities of timber frame construction which was used in the development of the final design of the project.

The final design was well received by the panel of critics and I gained positive comments on the coherency of the design concept and its delivery into a valuable piece of architecture to the city. It was expressed that I try to further develop the environmental aspects of the building and how project would react in the harshest of Reykjavikâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s winters. It was nice to see the project come together and the use of models enabled a higher level of engagement from the critics.

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Personal Reflection would take on a public site , I feel that the level of detail reached during the design process created a building which is ingrained in the context of Reykjavik and is a strong addition to the city.

The final project of my architectural education has been the most rewarding academic project I have undertaken to date. Working with my peers on the masterplan of Reykjavik identified all the challenges in architecture which comes with designing in a context far different to the UK. The masterplan enabled a level of understanding of place which was ever present through the design process, creating a richness of architecture which has its place in Reykjavik.

If there was further time to explore and develop the design I feel I would focus on developing the link between the arboretum and building more , with a greater focus on how people would use the park and the buildings as a collective potentially with the exploration of smaller installations and furniture around the park.

During the design process Project Yggdrasil became real in my mind. This helped me to interrogate the details of the building down to the way people touch, see and experience the spaces and the way the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Project Yggdrasil brandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; could represent itself to the world. Although this presented challenges along the way, particularly with the form the building

Although Project Yggdrasil will never be built, the lessons I have learnt in its conception, design and delivery will stay with me throughout my future career as a more socially-minded, confident architect.

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Daniel Mclean University of Bath 2018/19