LI YAN portfolio
2021
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00 Table of Contents
urban design play in cool
|
baltimore, maryland
1-4
regional design control the water
|
state college, pennsylvania
5-8
natural reserve take off
|
magombero forest, tanzania
9-12
01 Play in cool
An outdoor park that provides cooling for children to play, Baltimore MD Fall 2019 Individual Project Instructors: Marc Miller, Travis L Flohr
Urban heat is a serious and growing threat to public health, and the warming climate only increases the problem. Baltimore’s urban area is covered with a high rate of impervious surface and fewer canopy trees, which raised the surface temperature, especially in the region with a high poverty rate. Hot temperature brings higher levels of pollutants into the air and triggers asthma symptoms, particularly in the children’s group. My design aims to give back the outdoor playground to the children in the neighborhood by creating an exterior space where a region with hot air and a high asthma disease density. My design intent is to create a park that functions as an outdoor cooling space for children. So, children can play in a clean and pleasant outdoor environment during a hot summer day. To materialize the climatic condition, the project is invented by a catalogue of climatic devices, both natural and artificial. They function cooling and de-polluting. These devices are classified into three elements: Shade, water, wind. A healthy outdoor gathering space plays an influential role in enhancing big metropolitan cities’ well-being and health. It is an outdoor area where you can have a good time from the excessive heat and moisture; where you can relax from pollution and noise; where you can have fun in the open air with children.
1
ASTHMA PROBLEM
SUITABLE LOCATION 8.6% US
37,6650 =
9.4% US
12.4%
+
Adult cases
Asthma cases in Baltimore
10.5
20%
Million
Children cases
+Area without park
$3,266 Yearly
Missed days of school because of asthma
+Impervious surface(>35%)
Cost of asthma
+Canopy cover(<25%)
ASTHMA FOCUS Highest temp in the city (95 -103°F)
+Children(6-11 years old) Asthma hospitalization (49-92 per 10,000 ppl)
Low house income ($25,000-30,000)
Children rate 6-17 year old (>25% coverage)
+Poverty(>35%)
Heat (>33 °C)+ Asthma(>400 patients) Canopy cover (<35% coverage)
PROPOSED INTO THE COOLING
Impervious surface (>45% coverage)
Area without park
SITE ANALYSIS Land use
50’
Residential Industry
Sun (June)
Wind direction (June)
School Commercial
Summer Wind
Circulation
Summer sun Winter sun
Shade analysis
Street scape
Bike path
-10am, 12am, 14pm, 16pm and 18pm
Worker path Two way road
35°C
COOLING PARK STRATEGY
ATOM PAVING
HEAT TRANSFER 28°C
37°C
37°C
Paved surfaces
Convection
37°C
Wind
Wind tower Water cycling wind tower Breeze sitting Interactive fountain
Evaporation: Loss heat by evaporation of water
Conduction: Heat transfer from the hot skin to cooler air through direct contact
Convection: Breeze facilitates convective heat loss from the skin
Moving atom
Paving
Lack of vegetation cover
Conduction
Summer sunlight
10‘
Vegetation fence
Water
Heat URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Shade Heat triggered Chemical
Heat-generating human actives
Lighting Wind tower b Mist cooling system 2.5’ Tree pit
a
a’
b’
Rotate sitting 1-1.5’ Depth pool Wind tower a Dark stone steps Stepping stone Multi-functional canopy tents Fountain facility Amphitheater sitting Interactive fountain Stone sitting Ultrasound speaker Bicycle parking Concrete paver White permeable paver
Canopy tree Little Leaf Linden tree plaza Breeze canopy
Antimicrobial Material Ultrasonic speakers Stimulating nature sound
Mosquito City noises
Architecture style
SITE DIAGRAM Circulation
Multiple entrance for different group of people.
Tree
90% area is covered with fast growth and depolluting trees
Vegetation
60% area is covered with lawn and de-polluting plants
Paving
Bike path Children
Worker Biker
View
Trees
50’ wind tower is clearly visible to observe from far away
De-polluting plants
Sound
Stimulating nature sound that attracts neighbors.
Lawn
b Landmark visual
2
Cooled De-polluted Enjoyable park
De-polluting plants De-pollution
Pollutants
Raised mount
Breeze pool Mist cooling mount
Water sound
POLLUTION
VOCs CO
CO C8H10
CO2
NOx CO2
C7H8
Stimulating nature sound Sound of city is emitted stimulating water sound to neutralize the noise.
SO2
De-polluting plants Capture dust and pollution in the air
KEY SPECIES
TiO2 Photocatalytic coating The breeze canopy made of photocatalytic material which absorbs light to occur chemical reaction to decomposes several particles in the of the pollution in the air, meanwhile, provide shade and cooling system (hydrologic cycle)
BREEZE CANOPY MATERIAL
BREEZE CANOPY PLACEMENT
44’
BALTIMORE UTC-5 HOURS 12:00PM
Lady’s mantles Alchemilla
Common ivy Hedera helix
Spider plant Chlorophytum comosum
Ultrasonic speakers Mosquito-free environment
20’
3:00PM
2:00PM
June
1’
Canopy tent European hackberry Devilwood Osmanthus Celtis australis
55’
Littleleaf linden Tilia cordata
Curved rebar inner structure
Concrete
2’
Removable Stepping stone Maidenhair tree Ginkgo biloba
Turkey Oak Quercus laevis
Norway maple Acer platanoides
SUSTAINABLE WIND TOWER
July
1’
TiO2 Photocatalytic Coating Antimicrobial effect Self cleaning Long-life (>3 years)
White Stone
August
10‘
1’ Depth pool Warm wind
Warm wind turn cool Water collected from rain
Multi-functional canopy tents Cool air
Spreading board
50’
10 ’
7 8
6
9
22
10
21
20
INTERACTIVE FOUNTAIN DEVICE
Breeze sitting area
Sustainable Wind tower
Tree plaza
11
19
12
7
5 6
4
1
Rain water is18collected in to water tank
2
Water tank
3 2
Water is pumped into the 16Pressure15 charging system
4
Pressure charging system Pressure on non-slip bounce step Pressure both side to trigger the switch Water releasing
6 7
PARK SEASONAL FUNCTIONS Tree plaza Wind tower
13
14
3
5 1
17
Mar
Winter
Spring
Breeze canopy
Little Leaf Linden tree plaza Wind tower
Mist cooling mount Interactive fountain Breeze pool
Breeze canopy Dec
Mist cooling mount
June
Interactive fountain Breeze pool ice rink
Ice rink De-polluting structure De-polluting plant Ultrasonic speacker Sitting
Depollted material Dpollted plants Ulture sonic Sitting
Summer
Fall Sept
3
Breeze pool
Removable stepping stone
HEAT
Breeze Collects clean air from 50 feet air, through the wind tower, and give breeze to the ground.
Canopy cover Canopy tree creating shadowed spaces
WIND TOWER a-a’
Mist cooling system Produce fine droplets lowering the ambient temperature around the misted area
H2O pump
High thermal inertia material Ability of materials to store heat and give it off slowly, maintains a relatively fixed and comfortable temperature throughout the hot day
BREEZING SITS
10‘
Stone sitting Off-site building Raised mount
50’
10 ’
Spreading board
Wind tower a Pedestrian
Two way road
PARENTS AMPHITHEATER SITTING
Pedestrian Wind tower
Breeze sitting area
MIST COOLING MOUNT
Tree plaza
HIGH THERMAL INERTIA MATERIAL -Reclaimed wood from local -Comfortable to sit -Easy to replace -High thermal inertia
-Aluminum -Lightweight -Cool feeling -Higher strength-to-weight ratio than steel
TREE GROWTH RATE IN 5 YEARS -24-36” PER YEAR
Year 3
Year 5
PARENTS WATCHING AMPHITHEATER SIT Canopy & water plaza
3’
”
6 24’
1 1’4” 8’
6’
Year 1
14’4” Open lawn
ROTATING SIT 8’2” 1’6”
4
Mist cooling mount
02 Control the water
Spring Creek Watershed runoff study & strategies response, State College, PA Spring 2019 Individual Project Instructors: Stephen Mainzer, Hong Wu, Travis L Flohr
The growth of the population plays a vital role in influencing water quality in the spring creek watershed. The community has increased from 12% from the 2000 Census to 2010, and the population will increase by over 22% from 2010 to 2040. While in state college, 1946, the community was only 7,000 residences and 7,000 students at Penn State. At present, at Penn State, more than 50,000 students are living here. “That’s a doubling every 23 years, just over a 3% annual rate of growth.” The urban area is snowballing.
My design intends to reduce, collect, and treat the warm & polluted urban runoff from the upper stream’s impervious surface to address the Thermal Pollution.
Rapidly Urbanization contains a high proportion of impervious surfaces in Spring Creek Watershed. Part of the impervious surfaces is near the stream. After a storm, pollutants on the paving surface will directly flow into the creek due to the impervious surface. In addition, paving is directly exposed under sunlight will become hot, which will cause warm runoff into the stream when there is rainfall, raising the stream temperature. Class A trout and other aquatic life are disturbed living under thermal pollution and polluted runoff. Thermal pollution will upset the life in the water, such as, oxygen decreases in the warm water due to the cold water dissolve more oxygen, which fish began to experience stress, suffocates creek animal such as trout. The best growth for rainbow trout is about 69 degrees; they will stop growth excess 73 degrees and have trouble surviving when the temperature is over 77 degrees. Address the problem from upstream is the most efficient way to maintain the stream temperature from urban runoff.
5
2020
2005
1900
At least 16 pollution incidents that killed 100 or more fish.
Schueler proposed that imperviousness could serve as a unifying theme to quantify the degree of urbanization.
1994
1913
1946
The Penn state community was only 7,000 residences
The Pennsylvania State University built the first wastewater treatment plant in the watershed
Pollution increase to 10,000, yet no wastewater treatment facility.
WATER QUALITY (TEMP)
More than 50,000 students are living here in Penn state
2040
Expected thermal pollution Lifespan
History line
SUITABILITY LOCATION
Pollution in storm water runoff causes 19,000 miles of streams and rivers do not meet water-quality standards.
2015
During the months of June through September 1999 to 2007, an average of 22 Storms per year produced hourly increases of >2°C, and the mean increase for these storms was 3.7°C. The highest hourly increase was 9.6°C
2007
Wild brown trout was being negatively affected by high sediment loads originating from agricultural land and urban runoff.
1990
1903
1912
State Correctional Institution discharged raw sewage into Spring Creek.
Large springs in Pleasant Gap led to the establishment of the first trout hatchery First trout hatchery
PROBLEMS
Built Environment -Built environment is the crucial issues in Spring Creek Watershed that cause and increase the urban runoff, which raised the water temperature of the stream. Impervious surface exceed 60 percent is the suitable location for my design.
Summer temperature average 85.6 °F
2/3
40%
Lethal to trout 72 °F
In Penn State campus
Of total
35%
Hydrology -The design will maintain healthy water by decrease the impervious surface and increase the ground cover to retain health water temperature for aquatic life, which hydrology is one of the essential elements. Impervious surface around stream is a suitable location for design.
Established 1.1 million cu.ft Summer season runoff
Impervious Surface
62%
Vegetation Cover -Plant can be a most effective way to decrease the urban runoff and surface temperature, it can provide shades from water surface exposed from sunlight, it is necessary that impervious surface is covered with vegetation.
Trout cease growing 67 °F
Urban Runoff
Deforestation
25%
837
Impervious surface 344.2 arc
3.5 million cu.ft
1 year storm Part. 40%
Capacity of end of pipe
State college annual drainage
2.4 million cu.ft
2 year storm Part. 70%
Fresh flooding Carries polluted warm runoff into creek
344.2 arc Roofs
Total Penn state student 40,639
Acres in 8 years
Ongoing building construction 9 spot
Pollutants lethal to human,trouts Pesticides, oils, heavy mental, salts...
POTENTIAL PROBLEM
Deforestation
+
Piping
+ Hot roof runoff
Storm
Flow velocity
Sediment erosion
+ Hot paving runoff
+
State college urban sprawl
+
Peak flow
Thermal pollution
Warm, polluted runoff
Spring creek downstream ecosystem
+ Impervious surface
Flooding
Strom capacity
RUNOFF STRATEGIES Vegetation
System 1
Impervious surface
Roof
Green roof Cool roof
Cool
+
No vegetation cover
Summer sun
Permeable paving
Hot surface
Permeable surface
System 2 Rain
Turf paving
Parking lot Vegetation cover
Hot runoff
Rain garden Canopy cover
System 3
Near stream
Vegetation cover
Riparian buffer
Excess runoff
System 4
Peak flow
Drainage destination
6
End of pipe
Control Retened Detented Infiltrate Filtrate cooled Treated
Safe release to spring creek
PLANNING
100‘
Site
Legend:
System 1:
Runoff direction
System 2:
Parking lot strat
UPSTREAM BUILT ENVIRONMENT IMPLEMENT CONNECTED
Green roof strat
System 3:
Cool roof start
PIXELATED
Multi-scale flow diffusion throughout the creek to create a buffer and prevent polluted warm runoff into channel
System 4:
Riparian puffer start
End of pipe
CLUSTERED
Vegetation within a community help absorb and recharge runoff water
Vegetation distribution throughout the system, especially in the dense downtown area.
PIXELATED - PARKING LOT LARGE
MEDIUM
SMALL 1
1
3
1 2
3
2
1
Canopy tree provide shades to hot paver on a summer day
Aggregate mulch
Miniature garden control flow and sedimentation function as a infiltration system
Curb cut Asphalt
Mimic the crack between paver to slow down the water
1
Turf paving allow storm water to percolate and infiltrate through the pavement and into the aggregate layers or soil below.
Bedding aggregate Geotexture membrane Turf preamble paving
Water absorption plant mix
PIXELATED - BUILDING ROOF
1
Canopy tree provide cool shade to rain garden
2
Rain garden temporarily hold and soak in rain water runoff from parking lot
3
Preamble paver catches precipitation and surface runoff from the large parking lot
1
2
5
6
of
o nR
ee Gr
2
1
Plants
2
Geotextile Sheet
3
Drainage Cell
4 5
Pacoflex polymer modified asphalt Sheathing felt
6
Concrete deck
4
3
Sun’s radiation hits the roof
2
Roof surface to radiate absorbed heat
3
Some heat is absorbed by the roof and transferred to the building below
f oo
ol R
Co
1
4
Remove, transform, or store nutrients, sediments and other pollutants flowing over the surface and through the groundwater. 3
1
Residential area
3
Wetland vegetation mix
Grass filter strips to help slow and prevent warm runoff into the river, allow water to infiltrate into the ground.
1 2 4
Aggregate mulch Preamble paver
CONNECTED - CREEK STABILIZATION
GREEN ROOF - absorbing rainwater and decrease urban heat island COOL ROOF - reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat than a standard roof
1
3 2
The fraction of solar energy that is reflected by the roof
Roots stabilize the streambank, provides protection against erosion, also creates pools that form unique “micro environments.” 4
2 4 3
Grassland 25’
Woodland 30’
Vegetation along creek provide habitat for aquatic organisms, against erosion and purify the water
CLUSTERED - END OF PIPE CONCEPT Stormwater control: Slow down the runoff rate
Retention: To create sedimentation
Filtration: Advance filtrate through ground system
Phase 1
Slow PLAN
Infiltration: Recharging groundwater
Detention: Reduce peak flow rate
Treatment: Use organic matter, microorganisms, and phytoremediation to metabolize contaminants .
Phase 2
Purify
Phase 3
CONTEXT
100‘
Phase 1
30‘ Stormwater controlled
Retention pool to create sedimentation
Temporarily detain stormwater, releasing it at a predetermined design flow rate.
Concrete base
PSU campus
Phase 2
Water infiltrated through soil, significantly reduced contamination and recharge ground water
Water is filtrated through ground layers to remove sediment and contamination
Soil base Impermeable liner
Prevents infiltration of wastes down into lower aquifers and provides a substrate for root zone
Phase 1
Phase 3
Phase 2
Neighborhood
Phase 3
Replenish aquifer
7
Natural process to improve water quality, this process has minimal maintenance costs
Impermeable basin-bed
Open water transfer the wetland surface into the atmosphere
Water continually treated when releasing
DESIGN DETAIL
Pretreatment & inlet: Four inlets in the exist condition, the pretreatment help mitigate flooding and sediment deposition
-Large sediments are detained when going though the meandering spreader
Erosion zone: Capture & slow surface runoff
Slowing The Curvy path slowing down the water
-Low wall help slow and spread water to enhance vegetation contact -The vegetation both side support water treatment and sediment filtration, meanwhile provide habitat for surrounding organism
Deposition zone: Sink & Recharge waste water
-Vegetation and rocks help reduce the sediment erosion
END OF PIPE - TREATMENT ZONE POND CLASSIFICATION
Less toxic
Photodegradation
NH₃
Decrease
Phytovolatilization
Natural decay
Heavy metal removel and Bio-purification
Pathogen Removel and Bio-purification
Sedimentation
Eliminate the toxic
Proposed water flow The water is filtrated and treated when go though the gap
Maintain purification (low temp) De-nitrification
Limited Filtration
Eliminate
Cattail Typha
Softstem bulrush Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
Cattail Typha
Soft rush Juncus effusus
Common Duckweed Lemna minor
Water lettuce Pistia stratiotes
Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata
Common water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes
Common water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes
Common water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes
Spikerush Eleocharis palustris
Common reed Phragmites australis
Sedges Carex
Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinocea
Sedges Carex
Soft rush Juncus effusus
N
N
X
O₂
O₂
Knotweed Polygonum
O₂
N
X
P
N
N
X
Water is infiltrated and filtrated through soil N
Common reed Phragmites australis
Cattail Typha
P
Yellow Water-lily Nuphar lutea
Sweet flag Acorus calamus
Spikerush Eleocharis palustris
N
Sweet flag Acorus calamus
Annual beard-grass Polypogon monspeliensis
Organic matter Nutrients Pathogens
Sedimentation
Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinocea
Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata
Existing slope provide drainage for surrounding
Decrease conc
Overflow release
Aeration and Biological Purification
N
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION
Cattail Typha
Stormwater flow
Plant uptake
Sedimentation
Rhizofiltration 95% Absorb & hold
Filtration
WATER MOVEMENT
phytofiltration
phytostabilization
Filtration
Plant roots release antibiotics
N₂N₂O
Nutrient Removel P
Small gravel
-A warming environment encourages new species to inhabit “mound”, increase interaction and creates ecosystem. Water is treated and metabolized when going trough each gap.
Volatilization
Predation
Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn Rhizome network
Treatment zone - habitat Aquatic plants, Duck, canopy to purify and cool the waste water
-Water is treated and absorb in each block -Ducks renew and create habitats for ecologic system
-The gentle slope bank catch the water flow, and spread the water to the surrounding areas for further treating.
Destroy
Subsurface filtration
Treatment zone - flow: aquatic plants, overflow, Duck, canopy to purify and cool the waste water
P
O₂ O₂
O₂
Vegetation processing of nutrients into wetland vegetation and biofilms
Wetland vegetation inhibits the release of deposited nutrients by bumping oxygen into the soil
Muti stemmed vegetation slowing down runoff velocity, reduce erosion and increasing infiltration X
Overflow pipe Overflow pipe is location at the end of the treatment zone
Plant roots release antibiotics toeliminate bacteria and pathogens
Vegetation absorb and hyperaccumulate metal contaminants in harvestable root and shoot tissue
O₂ N
N
Vegetation provides carbon source and a surface for biofilms to denitrification, removing N from the water
Slowing of run-off. Ponds retain the water in a sequence of basins while the wetland ecosystem cleans the water of impurities.
Circulation
Sitting
View platform
PSU campus
View platform Neighborhood
View platform
Vegetation pond 8
Vegetation pond
03 Take off
A Canopy walkway to educate and raise people’s awareness of the importance of natural reserve, Magombera Forest, Tanzania Fall 2020 Individual Project Instructors: Larry Gorenflo The Magombera Forest cover was estimated at 17.23 km² in 1955. By 2006, the remaining forest area is 10.34 km² and completely isolated from the nearest forest fragment in the Udzungwa Mountains.
Expanding ecotourism can contribute to growth in all the sector and thus contribute to long-term economic growth. So, how to Can we protect the Magombera Forest but also make it accessible to the public?
The forest is a corridor for Africa Elephant. And habitat to over 1,000 endemic species such as Udzungwa Red Colobus Monkey, small fauna, Kilombero Reed Frog, and endanger Magombera Chameleon. Nevertheless, there are over 500 plant species in Magombera Forest. Over 50% of them are globally threatened and restricted in range. That means it’s two times more in proportional compare to UMNP. The reason for the decrease in size is that human activity and increasing population. There are several landowners. Mostly uses for agricultural lands and sugar plantations. Over 30 tribal groups live in this region, home to over 1000 people, and rely on farming. Moreover, taking resources from the Magombera forest created conflict between the forest and human activity.
My intent is to design a canopy walkway that focus on various species in different elevations, especially in birds. The birds’ flighting patterns inspired me; I integrate six flighting patterns into the walkway; each has unique experiences and activities for different groups that tell the story of the local fauna and forest qualities. My goal is to use forest resources to raise people’s awareness of the importance of natural reserve.
The surrounding village is in high poverty. The reported average daily income was 1,344 Tanzanian shillings ($0.58), and the average daily expenditure was 4,384 Tanzanian shillings ($1.89). 77% of respondents feel that their earning are insufficient, and few people get the chance to save money. Look into the Tourism industry. In 2016, 17.5% of Tanzania’s GDP in tourism created nearly 1.2 million jobs in Tanzania; 11% of the country’s labor force is still growing.
9
VILLAGE SEASONAL INCOME CONCERN Month/ season
J
Income generating activities
Agriculture, Small business (Local brew, Kiosks Labors Livestock keeping)
F
M
Income -Bad Months
Low incomes, supplies running out, farm work increase
Income - Good Months
A
M
J
J
A
Livestock keeping, labor trading forest product-timber, firewood, small business.
O
N
D
Livestock keeping, farming small business
Supplies low
Good income is available from farming, fishing and small business
Expenditure - High
Increased living costs
Living costs
Expenditure - Low
Reduced living costs
Seasonal opportunities
Good period for rains and farming season, small business, piecemeal, labor
Market - good months Market - bad months
S
The buyers come to the village to buy crops Market is bad all year; buyers decide to buy crops at the price the price they wish too. They buy crops at a low price during harvest and sell at higher prices in bad months.
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT Site
31% Endemic species of indigenous plants 2350
Biodiversity hotspot
20% Endemic indigenous mammals 100 7.7% Endemic species of indigenous birds 100
Magombera Forest
kilombero village
1.2M 100
200M
80 DIFFICULTY INCOME 1M
DEFORESTATION CONCERN
TOURISM OPPORTUNITY 1500M
0.8M
60
730% growth rate of 945,000 visoters
284% growth rate of $1.13B
1,095,000
1.75B
0.6M Tourism is 47% of econmy in Tanzania
40 2006 (10.34 km²)
La ck o Po f fo od or ec La on om ck o f in y Hi gh co me W cos t ai tin of l i g fo ving rh N a o bu rve s sin es ts Hu ma Lac s op p n/ k o an f w a im al ter / Di To se o L as m La ack e ck of uch of tra r ac ns ain ce po ss rta Pr to h tion ob e lem alth se wi rv th wi ice ld life O the r
0.4M
1955 (17.23 km²)
1000M
20 0.2M
00
SPECIES COMPLEXITY
150,000 1990
Emergent (25-35m)
Endangered
Vulnerable
1990
2013
500M
SITE CONDITION Key local species
$615M 2013
1km
Bird species Near threatened
Least concern
small mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.
Not evaluated
Topography
Circulation
-/+Elevation increase on the forest edge +Elevation relative gentle in the forest
+Accessible by two major roads -Train noise
Slope
Neighborhood
-Difficult for construction +Opportunities for interesting view and vista
+Accessible to surrounding communities +Tourism can create jobs for local residents
Hill shade
Views
-/+Hilly topography
+North view: Large agriculture land +South view: Crop land +East view: Forest wetland +West view: Udzungwa National Park & Village view
Understory (<10m)
Canopy (10-25m)
Seeds, berries, fruit
Seeds, berries, fruit, insects, larvae
Insects, larvae, invertebrates
Forest floor
Small mammals, insects, larvae, invertebrates
10
CONCEPT - FLIGHTING PATTERN
Thermal take off (Welcome walkway):
Gliding flight (Curvy path )
Raptors take advantage of rising air to increases their altitude without flapping their wings.
360°
Flapping flight (Bird educate)
Raptors take advantage of rising air to maintain its altitude without flapping its wings.
Bounding flight (Elevated walkway)
is when birds are flapping their wings, allowing itself to maintain height or to climb, this method including down-stroke and up-stroke stage. I’m visualizing the up-stroke in this project.
SITE CONTEXT
Thermal soaring (Birding Walkway)
Gliding flight is when bird against the wind to descend or maintain without flapping their wings. Their path will become curvy because of the uneven wind.
Descending flight (Descend walkway)
Small birds often fly long distances using a technique in which short bursts of flapping are alternated with intervals in which the wings are folded against the body. This flighting method made them going up and down.
°063
Is when birds decrease their altitude and prepare to land.
100m
Master plan
360°
Biomass
Features
Infrastructure
Low EL
High EL
Contour XXX
Elevation
Welcome walkway
Mainroad Branch road Railroad Proposed road Proposed Visitor Center building
Elevated walkway Birding walkway Sitting Curvy walkway Research platform Descend walkway
360°
360° 360°
360°
-The walkway is situated in the preserved forest.
-The proposed road is along the forest edges to avoid the disturbance of the cropland. Visitors will need to go through the proposed visitor center to get on the canopy walkway.
360°
-Seven feature and activities in the project, each has unique experiences 360° and activities for different groups that tell the story of the local fauna and forest qualities.
°063 360°
ZOOM IN PLAN
PHASES
100m
-The route passes through various habitat areas in the forest, blue represents the lowland area, and the area is more moisture, which has a high density of organisms and different habitat from other parts of the walkway.
PROTOTYPE - FEATURE &
100m
Phase1 (272m)
360°
360°
°063
Take off (Welcome walkway) Bounding flight (Elevated walkway) Flapping flight (Bird educate) Gliding flight (Curvy path ) Research platform
360° 360°
360°
b
ACTIVITIES
ay
lkw Wa
Flapping flight (Bird educate) Thermal soaring (Birding Walkway)
fo ov
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und
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ab
0m y (2
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Wa
ing
Sitt
c’
c
m (10
)
und
gro
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Phase2 (382m) b’
Phase3 (566m)
360°
360° Icon legend: 360° 360° 360° 360° 360° 360° observation deck
-The majority of the walkway is placed on gentle slop for easy construction
Flapping flight (Bird educate) Landing flight (Descend walkway) Sitting
°063
rvy
Cu
ay
lkw
wa
360°
ADA Accessible
WELCOME WALKWAY a-a’
Overlook
10m
Instagram hashtag spot
As people going up the ramp, they will experience the different view from each elevation.
Research stair
ed
E
at lev
ay
lkw
wa
rch
ea Res
rm
tfo
pla
Sitting Lunch spot
BIRDING WALKWAY b-b’
Research platform Binocular viewer Birding spot
a’
360°
de Bir
10m
The structure take visitors from 10 meters to 20 meters elevation.
360°
e
cat
du
360°
me
lco We
ay
lkw
wa
Bird habitat area Pram safe
INTERSECTION c-c’
10m
Bird education 360°
Intersection Ramp
Intersection of descending walkway and walkway at 10 meters.
a
11
ing Bird
ay
lkw
wa
BIRD EDUCATE DETAILS INSPIRATION
Axonometric
Upstroke stage of flapping flight is used to create an abstract structure that mimic when birds are flapping their wings.
EXTRACTION The structure is painted with colors extracted from one specific bird. Such as the Dark-backed Weaver will be partly painted with black, yellow, and orange. Ten bird education structures in the project will present the most recognizable bird species in the Magombero forest.
Plan
10m
PROCESS
One structure is created with 22 teak wood plank sets; 1 one set is combined with two planks, one shorter than the other, 2 creating a featherlike shape, and 3 by rotating one set 10 degrees in left and 10 degrees up 4 ten times, 5 then 11 on each side to create a spread wing-like shape.
Section
Front
Back 3m
2
3
REPLACEABLE JOINT
5cm
>8 days in wet season >20 days in dry season
5
4 1m
5cm
WEATHERING IRON SIGN
1
15cm
Birding distance diagram
360° observation deck
Without camouflage
Maximizing footprint at top deck
With camouflage
Increasing contact
WELCOME WALKWAY DETAIL 10m
BIRD ATTRACTING SPECIES
BIRDING WALKWAY DETAIL
Upper story (35 m)
10m
Aridan Tetrapleura tetraptera Lap: 3 Slope: 6.2%
Lap: 1 Slope: 5.1% Area: 2826 m²
African locust bean Parkia filicoidea
Ordeal tree Erythrophleum suaveolens
Isoberlinia scheffleri
Velvet tamarind Dialium holtzii
Forest fever tree Anthocleista grandiflora
Second/lower story (10 - 25 m)
15m 20m 25m
Arabian coffee Coffea spathicalyx
Craterispermum schweinfurthii
Red ironwood Ochna holstii
60m
False white ash Pseudobersama mossambicensis
Sorindeia madagascariensis
Black Plum Vitex doniana
Shrub layer (<10 m) 15.0m
13.75m
11.5m 8.75m 6.5m
10m
3.75m 1.5cm
0m
Allophylus pervillei
MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
Local material
1
LOWER BALUSTER JOINT
Forest peach Rawsonia lucida
2
Hairy-leaved violet-bush Rinorea ferruginea
UPPER BALUSTER JOINT
3
MAJOR SUPPORT
Steel handle Bamboo baluster 2
Teak wood plank Supporting structure
OTHER DETAILS
2m
2.0m 0.3m thick steel pole
Weathering steel handle
1
Bamboo baluster
Weathering steel handle Bamboo baluster Railing hole Baluster steel joint
0.05 thick steel support
Safety steel block
0.015m radius bolt
0.05m thick steel support
Safety rope rail
Safety rope rail
Forest ground 1.0m Concrete foundation
0.30m
0.06m thick teak wood plank
Steel pole branch
0.3m think steel pole
Underground soil Concrete filled 0.3m thick steel pole
1.25m
3
1.0m concrete footer
0.25m
0.3m gravel base
0.3m thick steel pole
Steel pole support 0.3m
12
0.3m 1.0m