Bernard Lietaer - Natural Savings - A New Microsavings Product for Inflationary Environments. How to

Page 1

« Natural Savings »: A New Microsavings Product for Inflationary Environments. How to Save Forests with Savings for and by the Poor? M. Hudon and B. Lietaer Decentralized sustainable resource management in developing countries is important both from a poverty-reduction and an ecological viewpoint. At the same time, no financial instrument is available that enables small savings to be protected against the vagaries of monetary instabilities and inflation. This paper proposes a solution that would address all three issues simultaneously: an inflation-proof savings instrument, fully backed by the organic growth process of a local resource, which at the same time gives a market-based financial incentive to protect that natural resource. A specific example involving sustainable forestry plantations in the Third World is provided. JEL Classifications: G21, G32, L22, L31, O16, P23, Q14 Keywords: savings, microfinance, natural resources, deforestation, inflation, sustainable development, poverty reduction.

CEB Working Paper N° 06/014 2006

Université Libre de Bruxelles – Solvay Business School – Centre Emile Bernheim ULB CP 145/01 50, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 1050 Brussels – BELGIUM e-mail: ceb@admin.ulb.ac.be Tel. : +32 (0)2/650.48.64 Fax : +32 (0)2/650.41.88


³1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV´ $ 1HZ 0LFURVDYLQJV 3URGXFW IRU ,QIODWLRQDU\ (QYLURQPHQWV +RZ WR 6DYH )RUHVWV ZLWK 6DYLQJV IRU DQG E\ WKH 3RRU"

0DUHN +XGRQ )156 5HVHDUFK )HOORZ ± &HQWUH (PLOH %HUQKHLP 8QLYHUVLWp /LEUH GH %UX[HOOHV 8/%

%HUQDUG /LHWDHU &HQWHU IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 5HVRXUFHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD DW %HUNHOH\

$EVWU DFW 'HFHQWUDOL]HG VXVWDLQDEOH UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV LPSRUWDQW ERWK IURP D SRYHUW\ UHGXFWLRQ DQG DQ HFRORJLFDO YLHZSRLQW $W WKH VDPH WLPH QR ILQDQFLDO LQVWUXPHQW LV DYDLODEOH WKDW HQDEOHV VPDOO VDYLQJV WR EH SURWHFWHG DJDLQVW WKH YDJDULHV RI PRQHWDU\ LQVWDELOLWLHV DQG LQIODWLRQ 7KLV SDSHU SURSRVHV D VROXWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG DGGUHVV DOO WKUHH LVVXHV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DQ LQIODWLRQ SURRI VDYLQJV LQVWUXPHQW IXOO\ EDFNHG E\ WKH RUJDQLF JURZWK SURFHVV RI D ORFDO UHVRXUFH ZKLFK DW WKH VDPH WLPH JLYHV D PDUNHW EDVHG ILQDQFLDO LQFHQWLYH WR SURWHFW WKDW QDWXUDO UHVRXUFH $ VSHFLILF H[DPSOH LQYROYLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH IRUHVWU\ SODQWDWLRQV LQ WKH 7KLUG :RUOG LV SURYLGHG

$FNQRZOHGJPHQW $ ODWHU YHUVLRQ RI WKLV SDSHU ZLOO DSSHDU LQ 6DYLQJV DQG 'HYHORSPHQW .H\ZRUGV VDYLQJV PLFURILQDQFH QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHV GHIRUHVWDWLRQ LQIODWLRQ VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW SRYHUW\ UHGXFWLRQ - (/ &RGHV * * / / 2 3 4


%DFNJU RXQG 7KLV SDSHU GHVFULEHV D QHZ PLFURILQDQFH SURGXFW FDOOHG ³1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV´ D UHWDLO VDYLQJV LQVWUXPHQW IXOO\ EDFNHG E\ D QDWXUDO JURZWK SURFHVV DQG XVHDEOH DV D ORFDO PHGLXP RI H[FKDQJH 7KH EDFNLQJ FRXOG EH DQ\ FRPPHUFLDOO\ YDOXDEOH SURGXFW WKDW JURZV RUJDQLFDOO\ RYHU WLPH ZKRVH RZQHUVKLS FDQ EH VHFXUHG DQG ZKLFK FDQ EH PDLQWDLQHG DQG KDUYHVWHG ZLWKRXW XQGXO\ KLJK FRVWV ([DPSOHV RI VXFK SURGXFWV LQFOXGH WUHHV RU DQ\ RWKHU FRPPHUFLDO SODQW WKDW JURZV RUJDQLFDOO\ LQ YDOXH RYHU \HDUV EUHHGLQJ ILVK LQ D SURWHFWHG ODNH RU ZLOG JDPH LQ DQ HQFORVHG IRUHVW ,WV RULJLQDOLW\ LV D UHWDLO VDYLQJV SURGXFW WKDW SURWHFWV DJDLQVW LQIODWLRQ DQG PRQHWDU\ LQVWDELOLWLHV IXOO\ EDFNHG E\ D QDWXUDO JURZWK SURFHVV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG DV DQ LQIODWLRQ SURRI PHGLXP RI H[FKDQJH DQG WKDW UHDOLJQV ILQDQFLDO LQWHUHVW ZLWK HFRORJLFDOO\ VXVWDLQDEOH SUDFWLFHV ,I VXFK D ILQDQFLDO SURGXFW ZHUH LPSOHPHQWHG RQ DQ DSSURSULDWH VFDOH LW FRXOG FRQWULEXWH WR DGGUHVV WKUHH LQWHUUHODWHG 7KLUG :RUOG GHYHORSPHQW LVVXHV SRYHUW\ UHGXFWLRQ VXVWDLQDEOH UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW DQG VDYLQJV DW WKH JUDVV URRW OHYHO $V D FRQFUHWH H[DPSOH WKH ³QDWXUDO JURZWK SURFHVV´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¶V ODQG VXUIDFH EXW WKH\ KROG EHWZHHQ ILIW\ SHU FHQW DQG HLJKW\ SHU FHQW RI WKH ZRUOG¶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


)LQDOO\ RQO\ SHU FHQW RI WKH ZRUOG¶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µFXVKLRQ¶ IRU WLPHO\ UHSD\PHQW RI ORDQV WKH\ FDQ EH XVHG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH DQG UHODWLYHO\ FKHDS VRXUFH RI IXQGV IRU WKH PLFURILQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV EHFDXVH WKH LQWHUHVW UDWHV IRU GHSRVLWV DUH LQYDULDEO\ ORZHU WKDQ WKRVH IRU ORDQV 5RELQVRQ 6FKPLGW DQG =HLWLQJHU


,QWHUQDWLRQDO H[SHULHQFHV DOVR VKRZ WKDW HIIHFWLYH PDUNHWLQJ DWWUDFWV VLJQLILFDQW YROXPHV RI VDYLQJV DQG WKDW D PXFK ODUJHU QXPEHU RI FOLHQWV FDQ EH UHDFKHG WKURXJK VDYLQJV PRELOL]DWLRQ WKDQ WKURXJK FUHGLW JUDQWLQJ )LHELJ HW DO )LQDOO\ VDYLQJV DUH VLJQLILFDQW QRW RQO\ IURP WKH PLFUR HFRQRPLF SHUVSHFWLYH EXW DOVR IURP WKH PDFUR HFRQRPLF RQH DV WKH RYHUDOO SURFHVV RI GHYHORSPHQW LV FOHDUO\ VWUHQJWKHQHG ZLWK D VDYLQJV EDVH 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ DOO WKHVH DUJXPHQWV PLFURVDYLQJV KDYH ORQJ EHHQ WKH IRUJRWWHQ KDOI RI ILQDQFH LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV HYHQ ZKHUH ILQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV UHDFK WKH ORZHVW OHYHOV RI WKH HFRQRPLFDOO\ DFWLYH SRRU 9RJHO ,Q FRQWUDVW RWKHU PLFURILQDQFH SURGXFWV KDYH LPSUHVVLYHO\ GHYHORSHG WR UHDFK DURXQG VHYHQW\ PLOOLRQ FOLHQWV WRGD\ 6WDUWLQJ DW WKH HQG RI WKH VHYHQWLHV PDLQO\ ZLWK PLFURFUHGLWV WKH\ KDYH QRZ H[SDQGHG WR RWKHU ILQDQFLDO LQVWUXPHQWV WR DOOHYLDWH SRYHUW\ VXFK DV PLFURLQVXUDQFH -DODQ DQG 5DYDOOLRQ 0RUGXFK IRUWKFRPLQJ %XW PLFURVDYLQJV KDYH ORQJ UHPDLQHG QHJOHFWHG HYHQ ZLWKLQ WKH PLFURILQDQFH VHFWRU LWVHOI )RU LQVWDQFH WKH *UDPHHQ %DQN LQ %DQJODGHVK GLG QRW WUDGLWLRQDOO\ SODFH PXFK HPSKDVLV EH\RQG FRPSXOVRU\ VDYLQJV RQ SURYLGLQJ VDYLQJV VHUYLFHV WR WKHLU PHPEHUV 7KLV QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJ SUHFHGHQWV RI H[SHULHQFHV RI VDYLQJ V\VWHPV WKDW FDQ EH IRXQG LQ :HVW $IULFD ZKHUH LWLQHUDQW GHSRVLWV FROOHFWRUV FROOHFW VDYLQJV IURP WKHLU FXVWRPHU DQG FKDUJH WKHP D IHH IRU WKLV VHUYLFH 8GU\ 6R ZK\ DUH WKHUH VR IHZ VXFFHVVIXO VDYLQJV LQVWUXPHQWV IRU WKH SRRU LQ WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG"

,PSHGLPHQWV WR 6DYLQJV LQ &RXQWU LHV ZLWK +LJK ,QIODWLRQ 2QH RI WKH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH HFRQRPLF HQYLURQPHQW RI WKH SRRU LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV LV WKDW WKH\ KDYH WR OLYH ZLWK XQXVXDOO\ KLJK OHYHOV RI LQVHFXULW\ DQG ULVN 7KUHH PDLQ UHDVRQV IRU WKLV LQVHFXULW\ LQFOXGH WKH IDFW WKDW IORZV RI LQFRPH DQG H[SHQGLWXUH RIWHQ GR QRW FRLQFLGH KRXVHKROG VSHFLILF IDFWRUV VXFK DV VLFNQHVV WKHIW SUHPDWXUH GHDWK DQG FROOHFWLYH HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV VXFK QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV H J IORRGLQJ


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

7KHVH VL[W\ FRXQWULHV DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH :RUOG %DQN GDWDEDVH ZLWK DYHUDJH RI LQIODWLRQ UDWH DQG VDYLQJV UDWH EHWZHHQ DQG


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³1DWXU DO 6DYLQJV´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³UHWDLO SURGXFW´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


DJULFXOWXUH ZKLFK KDYH DOUHDG\ VSUXQJ XS LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV RYHU WKH SDVW GHFDGH 3UHWW\ :DUG $V HPSKDVL]HG E\ 3ODWHDX DQG %DODQG ³LQ PDQ\ LQ PDQ\ FLUFXPVWDQFHV FR RUGLQDWLRQ DQG OHDGHUVKLS SUREOHPV SOD\ D GRPLQDQW UROH ,Q WKRVH HDVHV UXUDO FRPPXQLWLHV FDQ HIIHFWLYHO\ VXVWDLQ FR RSHUDWLRQ HYHQ WKRXJK XVHUV DUH QXPHURXV DQG GR QRW LQWHUDFW IUHTXHQWO\ SURYLGHG WKDW DQ HIIHFWLYH DXWKRULW\ VWUXFWXUH H[LVWV WR SURYLGH WKH UHTXLUHG OHDGHUVKLS DQG VXIILFLHQW WUXVW LV HVWDEOLVKHG WR FRXQWHQDQFH RSWLPLVWLF H[SHFWDWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ RWKHUV LQWHQGHG EHKDYLRXU´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³1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV FRPSDQ\´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³WUHH VKDUHV´ ±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


FRPPXQLW\ /HW XV DVVXPH WKDW WKH NLQG RI WUHHV SODQWHG ZRXOG EH PDWXUH DQG UHDG\ IRU KDUYHVW DIWHU WZHQW\ \HDUV :KDWHYHU WKH YDOXH FXUYH LV IRU WKH SHULRG EHWZHHQ SODQWDWLRQ DQG KDUYHVW LW VKRXOG SURYLGH DQ HDV\ UHIHUHQFH IRU WKH QXPEHU RI VKDUHV WKDW ZRXOG EH SDLG IRU D GD\¶V ZRUN :RUNGD\V

9DOXH RI RQH WUHH VKDUH LQ :RUNGD\V LQ HDFK <HDU

<HDU

) LJXUH ([DPSOH RI WKH 9DOXH RYHU 7LPH RI RQH 7UHH 6KDUH H[SUHVVHG LQ ZRUNGD\V 6 )RU H[DPSOH OHW XV DVVXPH WKDW WKH YDOXH RI D ³WUHH VKDUH´ DW PDWXULW\ DIWHU WZHQW\ \HDUV LV IRXUWHHQ ZRUNGD\V DQG WKDW LWV JURZWK LV UHIOHFWHG E\ WKH YDOXH FXUYH RI )LJXUH ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH RQH GD\¶V ZRUN ZRXOG JLYH ULJKW WR RQH VKDUH GXULQJ WKH ILUVW WZR \HDUV RI WKH SURMHFW %XW E\ WKH WK \HDU WKH VKDUHV KDYH JURZQ LQ YDOXH WR IRXU GD\V RI ZRUN VR D GD\¶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¶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³FDVK LQ´ WKH VKDUHV EHIRUH PDWXULW\ ZLWK SD\PHQW LQ QDWLRQDO PRQH\ 7KLV SRVVLELOLW\ PD\ EH XVHIXO WR EXLOG XS WUXVW LQ WKH V\VWHP 7KLV RSWLRQ FRXOG

'HSHQGLQJ RQ WKH VL]H RI WKH ODQG DQG WKH FRPPXQLW\ RQH FRXOG RI FRXUVH PDNH WKLV D FRQWLQXRXV SURFHVV ZLWK QHZ SODQWDWLRQV DQG KDUYHVW RQ SDUWV RI WKH WRWDO IRUHVW RQ D SHULRGLF EDVLV RQ D URWDWLQJ EDVLV :HOO NQRZQ IRUHVWU\ PDQDJHPHQW WHFKQLTXHV VKRXOG EH DSSOLHG DV DSSURSULDWH


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µUXQ RQ WKH VDYLQJV FRPSDQ\¶ WKH HTXLYDOHQW RI D µUXQ RQ WKH EDQN¶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

6RPH 7KHRU HWLFDO &RQVLGHU DWLRQV 0RVW HFRQRPLF WH[WERRNV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DVVXPH WKDW D FXUUHQF\ KDV WR SOD\ WKH WKUHH FODVVLFDO IXQFWLRQV WR EH SURSHU ³PRQH\´ L H XQLW RI DFFRXQW PHGLXP RI H[FKDQJH DQG VWRUH RI YDOXH )URP D OHJDO SHUVSHFWLYH RQH RIWHQ DGGV WKH UROH RI ³OHJDO WHQGHU´ DV ZHOO 7KLV DVVXPSWLRQ LV LQ IDFW LQYDOLG ERWK KLVWRULFDOO\ DQG HYHQ RSHUDWLRQDOO\ WRGD\ +LVWRULFDOO\ PDQ\ FLYLOL]DWLRQV KDYH XVHG GLIIHUHQW LQVWUXPHQWV DV XQLW RI DFFRXQW DQG PHGLXP RI H[FKDQJH )RU LQVWDQFH +RPHU DOZD\V UHIHUV WR FDWWOH DV XQLW RI DFFRXQW ³'LRPHGHV¶ DUPRXU ZDV ZRUWK VHYHQ R[HQ´ ZKLOH PRVW SD\PHQWV ZHUH DFWXDOO\ PDGH


LQ D YDULHW\ RI RWKHU ± PRUH SUDFWLFDO ±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³WUHH FXUUHQF\´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

&RPSOHPHQWDU LWLHV ZLWK 0LFURILQDQFH 3U RGXFWV $ 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV SURGXFW ZRXOG EH D XVHIXO DGGLWLRQ WR H[LVWLQJ PLFURILQDQFH SURGXFWV 7KHLU FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ PDQLIHVW LQ WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV FXVWRPHUV SURGXFW DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDO


&XVWRPHU &RPSOHPHQWDU LW\ 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV SURGXFWV ZRXOG ILOO VRPH LPSRUWDQW JDSV LQ FXVWRPHUV¶ UHDFK IRU PLFURILQDQFH SURGXFWV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH SRRUHVW RI SRRU 2QH RI WKH KRWWHVW GHEDWHV FXUUHQWO\ RQ JRLQJ LQ WKH PLFURILQDQFH ILHOG ± VRPHWLPHV GXEEHG WKH ³PLFURILQDQFH VFKLVP´ LV DERXW KRZ PLFURFUHGLW FDQ UHDFK WKH ORZHU VRFLR HFRQRPLF OHYHOV 0RUGXFK 5HIHUULQJ WR WKH ELOOLRQ SHRSOH OLYLQJ EHORZ WKH RIILFLDO SRYHUW\ OLQH RI 86 SHU GD\ DV ³WKH SRRU´ GRHVQ¶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¶W KDYH WKH VNLOOV RU WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR GR VR ILQDOO\ WKH SHUPDQHQWO\ GLVDEOHG DUH WKRVH ZKR DUH LQFDSDFLWDWHG PHQWDOO\ RU SK\VLFDOO\ WR WKH SRLQW ZKHUH DQ HFRQRPLF DFWLYLW\ LV XQIRUWXQDWHO\ QRW UHDOLVWLF VR WKDW FKDULW\ ZLOO EH HQGXULQJO\ QHFHVVDU\ LQ WKHLU OLIHWLPH 0DQ\ H[SHUWV EHOLHYH ILQDQFLDOO\ VXVWDLQDEOH PLFURFUHGLW GHOLYHU\ FDQQRW EH DFKLHYHG ZLWK WKH ³SRRUHVW RI WKH SRRU´ ,QGHHG PLFURFUHGLW SURGXFWV DUH RIWHQ VSHFLILFDOO\ GHVLJQHG IRU LQFRPH JHQHUDWLQJ DFWLYLWLHV DQG VRPHWLPHV IRU LQFRPH VPRRWKLQJ IRU OHVV SRRU FOLHQWV


0LFURFUHGLW

0LFURVDYLQJV

1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV 70

(FRQRPLFDOO\ $FWLYH

2IILFLD O S RYHU W\ OLQ H

7HPSRUDULO\ ,QDFWLYH 3RRU 3RWHQWLDOO\ $FWLYH 3RRU 3HUPDQHQWO\ 'LVDEOHG 3RRU

)LJXU H 0LFU RILQDQFH SU RGXFWV YV 1DWXU DO 6DYLQJV IU RP D FXVWRPHU SHUVSHFWLYH LQ D FRXQWU \ ZLWK KLJK RU XQSU HGLFWDEOH LQIODWLRQ

7UDQVODWHG LQWR RXU IUDPHZRUN WKLV ZRXOG PHDQ WKDW WKHUH LV FRQVHQVXV WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH PLFURFUHGLW ZRUNV EHVW IRU WKH HFRQRPLFDOO\ DFWLYH EXW WKDW WKHUH LV VRPH GHEDWH DERXW KRZ PDQ\ RI WKH WHPSRUDULO\ LQDFWLYH SRRU FRXOG EH LQFOXGHG 0RVW H[SHUWV DOOHJH WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH PLFURFUHGLW ZRXOGQ¶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

3U RGXFW &RPSOHPHQWDU LW\ )URP D SURGXFW FRPSOHPHQWDULW\ YLHZSRLQW VDYLQJV VHUYLFHV GHOLYHUHG E\ WRGD\¶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± SUHFLVHO\ EHFDXVH RI WKH EHQHILFLDO EXLOG XS RI VRFLDO FDSLWDO SURGXFHG E\ SHRSOH ZRUNLQJ WRJHWKHU WR SODQW WUHHV 2QH NH\ LVVXH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH PLFURILQDQFH VHFWRU FRXOG DOVR ILQG D SDUWLDO VROXWLRQ ZLWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV FRPSDQLHV ,Q D VHFWRU LQFUHDVLQJO\ GRPLQDWHG E\


FRPPHUFLDO SOD\HUV VXFK DV FRPPHUFLDO EDQNV RWKHU W\SHV RI PLFURILQDQFH LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV VRFLDO SXUSRVH QRQ JRYHUQPHQWDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV 1*2V QHHG WR GLYHUVLI\ WKHLU DFWLYLWLHV DQG SURGXFWV WR UHDFK VXVWDLQDELOLW\ 1*2V SURYLGLQJ PLFURILQDQFH VHUYLFHV WR YHU\ SRRU ERUURZHUV IDFH WKH PRVW GDXQWLQJ KXUGOHV WR UHDFK VHOI VXIILFLHQF\ DV WKH\ GHSHQG RQ D UDSLG LQFUHDVH RI WKHLU FOLHQWV¶ LQFRPH WR EHFRPH ILQDQFLDOO\ VXVWDLQDEOH WKHPVHOYHV 0RVOH\ DQG +XOPH )XUWKHUPRUH 'HKHMLD HW DO KDYH VKRZQ WKDW OHVV ZHDOWK\ FOLHQWV DUH WKH PRVW VHQVLWLYH WR WKH LQWHUHVW UDWH YDULDWLRQV 0),¶V SRUWIROLRV ZRXOG WKXV VKLIW DZD\ IURP LWV SRRUHVW ERUURZHUV ZKHQ LQWHUHVW UDWHV DUH LQFUHDVHG /LQNDJHV ZLWK 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV FRPSDQLHV ZRXOG RIIHU WKHP RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU QHZ SURGXFWV DQG WHFKQLFDO DVVLVWDQFH ZKLFK PDNHV LW HDVLHU IRU WKHP WR DYRLG KDYLQJ WR LQFUHDVH WKH LQWHUHVW

6XFK

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¶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


V\VWHP ZRXOG EH OLPLWHG WR WKH OHJDO FRVWV IRU LQFRUSRUDWLQJ D FRPSDQ\ WKH UDZ PDWHULDOV IRU WKH LQLWLDO SODQWDWLRQV WKH LQVXUDQFHV DJDLQVW ILUHV DQG GLVDVWHUV WKDW VKRXOG SURWHFW WKH SODQWDWLRQ DQG WKH FRPSRQHQW RI ODERXU FRVWV WKDW ZRXOG EH SD\DEOH LQ QDWLRQDO PRQH\ 7KH ODQG LWVHOI FRXOG EH OHDVHG DV VWDWHG HDUOLHU DQG WKH OHDVH SDLG LQ ZKROH RU SDUW ZLWK 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV VKDUHV VR WKH XVH RI WKH ODQG ZRXOGQ¶W QHFHVVDULO\ KDYH WR EH D QDWLRQDO PRQH\ H[SHQVH )LQDOO\ LW LV FOHDU WKDW SD\PHQWV LQ 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV VKDUHV ZLOO QRW UHSODFH SD\PHQWV LQ FRQYHQWLRQDO FXUUHQF\ *UHVKDP¶V ODZ ³EDG PRQH\ GLVSODFHV JRRG´ ZRXOG DSSO\ 3HRSOH ZRXOG WHQG WR KRDUG WKH WUHH FXUUHQF\ )RU RUGLQDU\ H[FKDQJHV SHRSOH ZRXOG SUHIHU WR FRQWLQXH WR XVH QDWLRQDO PRQH\ LQ WKLV FDVH ³EDG PRQH\´ LQ *UHVKDP¶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xR %XW WKLV JLYHV RQO\ D YHU\ URXJK LQGLFDWLRQ RI ZKDW ZH DUH ORRNLQJ IRU ,QGHHG JOREDO WUDGH QXPEHUV GR QRW LQFOXGH GHPDQG RI WKHVH SURGXFWV LQ GRPHVWLF PDUNHWV ZLWKLQ WKH SURGXFLQJ FRXQWULHV WKHPVHOYHV )XUWKHUPRUH YDOXHV ZRXOG EH VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH FKRLFH RI VSHFLHV WKDW ZRXOG EH SODQWHG DQG WKH GHJUHH RI ORFDO SURFHVVLQJ WKH SURGXFW ZRXOG UHFHLYH EHIRUH EHLQJ H[SRUWHG )LQDOO\ WUDGH QXPEHUV JLYH DQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI WLPEHU SURGXFHG GXULQJ RQH \HDU¶V KDUYHVW 8VLQJ WKH WZHQW\ \HDU KRUL]RQ RI RXU WUHH H[DPSOH DERYH WKH SRWHQWLDO EDFNLQJ IRU VDYLQJV VKRXOG EH DW OHDVW DQ RUGHU RI PDJQLWXGH ODUJHU WKDQ \HDUO\ VDOHV 2Q WKH GRZQ VLGH 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV SURGXFWV VKRXOG EH H[SHFWHG WR FDSWXUH RQO\ D IUDFWLRQ RI WKH JOREDO PDUNHW )RU WKH WUHH H[DPSOH LI WKHVH SODQWDWLRQV FRXOG EH RSHUDWHG LQ D VXVWDLQDEOH ZD\ WKH\ FDQ REWDLQ FHUWLILFDWLRQ E\ WKH )RUHVW 6WHZDUGVKLS &RXQFLO )6& 7KH )6& WDNHV LQWR DFFRXQW ORFDO VRFLDO EHQHILWV VR WLPEHU SURGXFWLRQ IRU 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV SURMHFWV ZRXOG REWDLQ D SOXV WKDW PLJKW EH KHOSIXO LQ FDSWXULQJ D PRUH VLJQLILFDQW VKDUH RI WKH )6& FHUWLILHG IRUHVWV PDUNHW +RZHYHU ZH VKRXOG UHFRJQL]H WKDW LQ DQ\ FDVH WKHUH H[LVWV VRPH WKHRUHWLFDO SK\VLFDO XSSHU OLPLW WR WKH YROXPH RI 1DWXUDO 6DYLQJV SURGXFWV WKDW FRXOG EH LVVXHG HYHQ LI WKDW OLPLW LV KLJK HQRXJK QRW WR FRQVWLWXWH D FRQVWUDLQW IRU WKH IRUHVHHDEOH IXWXUH

6HH ZZZ IVF RUJ


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


$33(1',; &RU U HODWLRQ PDWU L[ RI 0DFUR HFRQRPLF 'DWD IRU 'HYHORSLQJ &RXQWU LHV :RU OG %DQN 'DWD %DVH ,QIODWLRQ *'3 GHIODWRU DQQXDO ,QIODWLRQ *'3 GHIODWRU DQQXDO

,QIODWLRQ

*URVV

*URVV

FRQVXPHU

GRPHVWLF

GRPHVWLF

SULFHV DQQXDO

LQFRPH

VDYLQJV

/&8

/&8

,QIODWLRQ FRQVXPHU SULFHV DQQXDO *URVV GRPHVWLF LQFRPH /&8 *URVV GRPHVWLF VDYLQJV /&8

5()(5(1&(6 $GDPV 0 DQG - &DVWDxR µ:RUOG 7LPEHU 6XSSO\ DQG 'HPDQG 6FHQDULRV *RYHUQPHQW ,QWHUYHQWLRQV 6LJXHV DQG 3UREOHPV¶ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 7LPEHU 3ODQWDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQW 0DQLOD )$2 &RUSRUDWH 'RFXPHQW 5HSRVLWRU\ KWWS ZZZ IDR RUJ GRFXPHQWV VKRZBFGU DVS"XUOBILOH GRFUHS DF H $& ( K $OL[ *DUFLD - GH -DQYU\ DQG ( 6DGRXOHW µ$ 7DOH RI 7ZR &RPPXQLWLHV ([SODLQLQJ 'HIRUHVWDWLRQ LQ 0H[LFR¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW $QGHUVVRQ . µ:KR 7DONV ZLWK :KRP" 7KH 5ROH RI 5HSHDWHG ,QWHUDFWLRQV LQ 'HFHQWUDOL]HG )RUHVW *RYHUQDQFH¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW ± $UPHQGDUL] GH $JKLRQ % DQG - 0RUGXFK µ0LFURILQDQFH :KHUH GR ZH VWDQG"¶ LQ & *RRGKDUW HG )LQDQFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW DQG (FRQRPLF *URZWK ([SODLQLQJ WKH

/LQNV %DVLQJVWRNH +DPSVKLUH 8. 3DOJUDYH 0DFPLOODQ


%HFNHU & µ*UDVVURRWV WR *UDVVURRWV :K\ )RUHVW 3UHVHUYDWLRQ ZDV 5DSLG DW /RPD $OWD (FXDGRU¶¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW &DVWUHQ 7 µ2ZQHUVKLS DQG ,QFHQWLYHV LQ -RLQW )RUHVW 0DQDJHPHQW $ 6XUYH\¶

'HYHORSPHQW 3ROLF\ 5HYLHZ &KULVWHQ 5 DQG 5 5RVHQEHUJ µ5HJXODWLQJ PLFURILQDQFH WKH RSWLRQV¶ 6PDOO

(QWUHSULVH 'HYHORSPHQW 'HDFRQ 5 µ'HIRUHVWDWLRQ DQG 2ZQHUVKLS (YLGHQFHV IURP +LVWRULFDO $FFRXQWV DQG &RQWHPSRUDU\ 'DWD¶ /DQG (FRQRPLFV 'HKHMLD 5 - 0RUGXFK DQG + 0RQWJRPHU\ µ'R ,QWHUHVW 5DWHV 0DWWHU" &UHGLW 'HPDQG LQ WKH 'KDND 6OXPV¶ $'% ,QVWLWXWH 'LVFXVVLRQ 3DSHU QR 0DQLOD $'% 'H 6RWR + 7KH 0\VWHU\ RI 0RQH\ :K\ &DSLWDOLVP 7ULXPSKV LQ WKH :HVW DQG

)DLOV (YHU\ZKHUH (OVH 1HZ <RUN %DVLF %RRNV 'LDPRQG - &ROODSVH +RZ 6RFLHWLHV &KRRVH WR )DLO RU 6XFFHHG 1HZ <RUN 9LNLQJ %RRNV (OVHU / $ +DQQLJ DQG 6 :LVQLZVNL µ&RPSDUDWLYH $QDO\VLV RI 6DYLQJV 0RELOL]DWLRQ 6WUDWHJLHV¶ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU &*$3 :RUNLQJ *URXS RQ 6DYLQJV (VFKERUQ *7= )LHELJ 0 $ +DQQLJ DQG 6 :LVQLZVNL µ6DYLQJV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI PLFURILQDQFH ± 6WDWH RI NQRZOHGJH¶ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU &*$3 :RUNLQJ *URXS RQ 6DYLQJV (VFKERUQ *7= *DXOG 5 µ0DLQWDLQLQJ &HQWUDOL]HG &RQWURO LQ &RPPXQLW\ EDVHG )RUHVWU\ 3ROLF\ &RQVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV¶ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG &KDQJH *RGTXLQ 0 µ0LFURILQDQFH 5HSD\PHQW 3HUIRUPDQFH LQ %DQJODGHVK +RZ WR ,PSURYH WKH $OORFDWLRQ RI /RDQV E\ 0),V¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW ± +DQQLJ $ DQG 6 :LVQLZVNL µ0RELOL]LQJ 7KH 6DYLQJV RI 7KH 3RRU ([SHULHQFH IURP 6HYHQ 'HSRVLW 7DNLQJ ,QVWLWXWLRQV¶ 0LPHR (VFKERUQ *7= +ROYRHW 1 µ7KH ,PSDFW RI 0LFURILQDQFH RQ 'HFLVLRQ 0DNLQJ $JHQF\ (YLGHQFH IURP 6RXWK ,QGLD¶ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG &KDQJH +XGRQ 0 µ1HZ &KDOOHQJHV LQ 0LFURILQDQFH 7KH &DVH IRU ([WHQGLQJ LWV 5DQJH RI )LQDQFLDO 6HUYLFHV¶ 5HYXH %DQTXDLUH HW )LQDQFLqUH


-DODQ - DQG 0 5DYDOOLRQ µ$UH WKH 3RRU /HVV :HOO ,QVXUHG" (YLGHQFH RQ 9XOQHUDELOLW\ WR ,QFRPH 5LVN LQ 5XUDO &KLQD¶ -RXUQDO RI 'HYHORSPHQW 6WXGLHV /LHWDHU % 7KH )XWXUH RI 0RQH\ /RQGRQ 5DQGRP +RXVH /LHWDHU % µ&RPSOHPHQWDU\ &XUUHQFLHV LQ -DSDQ +LVWRU\ 2ULJLQDOLW\ 5HOHYDQFH¶

,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO IRU &RPPXQLW\ &XUUHQF\ 5HVHDUFK 0DKPXG 6 µ$FWXDOO\ KRZ (PSRZHULQJ LV 0LFURFUHGLW"¶ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG

&KDQJH 0DWLQ , ' +XOPH DQG 6 5XWKHUIRUG µ)LQDQFH IRU WKH SRRU IURP PLFURFUHGLW WR PLFURILQDQFLDO VHUYLFHV¶ -RXUQDO RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 0DWLQ 0 DQG ' +XOPH µ3URJUDPV IRU WKH 3RRUHVW /HDUQLQJ IURP WKH ,*9*' 3URJUDP LQ %DQJODGHVK¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW 0D\RX[ / µ7DFNOLQJ WKH 'RZQVLGH 6RFLDO &DSLWDO :RPHQ¶V (PSRZHUPHQW DQG 0LFURILQDQFH LQ &DPHURRQ¶ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG &KDQJH 0H\HU 5 µWKH 'HPDQG IRU )OH[LEOH 0LFURILQDQFH 3URGXFWV /HVVRQV IURP %DQJODGHVK¶ -RXUQDO RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW 0RUGXFK - ¶ %HWZHHQ WKH VWDWH DQG WKH PDUNHW FDQ LQIRUPDO LQVXUDQFH SDWFK WKH VDIHW\ QHW"¶ :RUOG %DQN 5HVHDUFK 2EVHUYHU 0RUGXFK - µ7KH 0LFURILQDQFH 6FKLVP¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW 0RUGXFK - IRUWKFRPLQJ µ0LFUR LQVXUDQFH 7KH 1H[W 5HYROXWLRQ"¶ LQ $ %DQHUMHH 5 %HQDERX DQG ' 0RRNKHUMHH HGV :KDW +DYH :H /HDUQHG $ERXW 3RYHUW\" 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 0RVOH\ 3 DQG ' +XOPH µ0LFURHQWHUSULVH )LQDQFH ,V 7KHUH D &RQIOLFW %HWZHHQ *URZWK DQG 3RYHUW\ $OOHYLDWLRQ"¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW 1HXPDUN ' µ$UH 5LVLQJ (DUQLQJV 3URILOHV D )RUFHG 6DYLQJV 0HFKDQLVP"¶

(FRQRPLF -RXUQDO 3DULNK 7 µ6HFXUH 'LVWULEXWHG 'RFXPHQW 3URFHVVLQJ IRU 5HPRWH 5XUDO $UHDV XVLQJ 6PDUW 0RELOH 3KRQHV¶ ,((( 3HUYDVLYH &RPSXWLQJ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 3LWW 0 DQG 6 .KDQGNHU ³7KH ,PSDFW RI *URXS %DVHG &UHGLW 3URJUDPV RQ 3RRU +RXVHKROGV LQ %DQJODGHVK 'RHV WKH *HQGHU RI 3DUWLFLSDQWV 0DWWHU"¶ -RXUQDO RI

3ROLWLFDO (FRQRP\


3LWW 0 6 .KDQGNHU 6 0F.HUQDQ DQG 0 $EGXO /DWLI µ&UHGLW 3URJUDPV IRU WKH 3RRU DQG 5HSURGXFWLYH %HKDYLRU LQ /RZ ,QFRPH &RXQWULHV $UH WKH 5HSRUWHG &DXVDO 5HODWLRQVKLSV WKH 5HVXOW RI +HWHURJHQHLW\ %LDV"¶ 'HPRJUDSK\ 3ODWWHDX - 3 - 0 %DODQG +DOWLQJ 'HJUDGDWLRQ RI 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV ,V 7KHUH D

5ROH IRU 5XUDO &RPPXQLWLHV" 2[IRUG &ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV 3UHWW\ - :DUG + µ6RFLDO &DSLWDO DQG WKH (QYLURQPHQW¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW 5LFKDUGV 0 µ&DQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 7URSLFDO )RUHVWU\ EH 0DGH 3URILWDEOH" 7KH 3RWHQWLDO DQG /LPLWDWLRQV RI ,QQRYDWLYH ,QFHQWLYH 0HFKDQLVPV¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW 5RELQVRQ 0 7KH 0LFURILQDQFH 5HYROXWLRQ :DVKLQJWRQ ' & 7KH :RUOG %DQN 5XVK - 7KH /DVW 7UHH 5HFODLPLQJ WKH (QYLURQPHQW LQ 7URSLFDO $VLD 1HZ <RUN 7KH $VLD 6RFLHW\ 5XWKHUIRUG 6 7KH 3RRU DQG WKHLU 0RQH\ 1HZ 'HOKL 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 6FKHUU 6 $ :KLWH DQG ' .DLPRZLW] $ 1HZ $JHQGD IRU )RUHVW &RQVHUYDWLRQ

DQG 3RYHUW\ 5HGXFWLRQ 0DNLQJ 0DUNHWV :RUN IRU /RZ ,QFRPH 3URGXFHUV :DVKLQJWRQ ' & )RUHVW 7UHQGV DQG &,)25 6FKPLGW 5 DQG & =HLWLQJHU µ&ULWLFDO ,VVXHV LQ 0LFUREXVLQHVV )LQDQFH DQG WKH 5ROH RI 'RQRUV¶ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 6HULHV 'HSDUWPHQW RI )LQDQFH *RHWKH 8QLYHUVLW\ )UDQNIXUW 8GU\ & µ5LVN DQG ,QVXUDQFH LQ 5XUDO &UHGLW 0DUNHWV¶ 5HYLHZ RI (FRQRPLF

6WXGLHV 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV :RUOG 6XPPLW IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW 3ODQ RI

,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 1HZ <RUN &LW\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV &DSLWDO 'HYHORSPHQW )XQG 81&') µ6DYLQJV 3ROLF\ 6WDWHPHQW 'HWDLOHG 6WDWHPHQW¶ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 6SHFLDO 8QLW IRU 0LFURILQDQFH 680 1HZ <RUN 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV &DSLWDO 'HYHORSPHQW )XQG 81&') 9RJHO 5 µ6DYLQJV 0RELOL]DWLRQ 7KH )RUJRWWHQ +DOI RI 5XUDO )LQDQFH¶ LQ ' $GDPV ' *UDKDP DQG - 9RQ 3LVFKNH 8QGHUPLQLQJ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW ZLWK &KHDS

&UHGLW SS %RXOGHU :HVWYLHZ 3UHVV


:LJJLQV 6 0DUIR . DQG 9 $QFKLULQDK µ3URWHFWLQJ WKH )RUHVW RU WKH 3HRSOH" (QYLURQPHQW 3ROLFLHV DQG /LYHOLKRRGV LQ WKH )RUHVW 0DUJLQV RI 6RXWKHUQ *KDQD¶ :RUOG

'HYHORSPHQW :RUOG %DQN $ UHYLVHG )RUHVW 6WUDWHJ\ IRU WKH :RUOG %DQN *URXS :DVKLQJWRQ ' & 7KH :RUOG %DQN :ULJKW * µ$ &ULWLFDO 5HYLHZ RI 6DYLQJV 6HUYLFHV LQ $IULFD DQG (OVHZKHUH¶ :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 1DLUREL 0LFUR6DYH :XQGHU 6 µ3RYHUW\ $OOHYLDWLRQ DQG 7URSLFDO )RUHVWV²:KDW 6FRSH IRU 6\QHUJLHV"¶ :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.