Bound for the Promised Land: Loretto Roots and Enslavement

Bound for the Promised Land: Lore3o Roots and Enslavement Dr. Annie E. Stevens Webster University 2023

IntroducEon For the first five decades of its existence in the antebellum South, the Sisters of Lore9o at the Foot of the Cross, as an early American religious congrega>on, par>cipated in the system of enslavement of human beings of African descent. Some early Sisters brought enslaved persons with them as patrimony, which they were required by canon law to transfer to the religious community. Among them was the first “Dear Mother” or Superior, Ann Rhodes, whose “Negro man slave named Tom” was sold in August 1812 to Reverend Charles Nerinckx, the money being used to purchase land and build the first log cabin complex for the new religious community.1 Ann and her sibling Mary Rhodes, who served as Superior aNer Ann’s death, had both inherited enslaved persons in the 1797 will of their father, Abraham Rhodes, of Saint Mary’s County, Maryland: “to Mary one boy called George and one girl called Anna and to Ann one boy called Tom and one girl called Sarah.”2 Like their forebears in Maryland, Catholic immigrants to Kentucky brought enslaved persons with them as family “servants” – a term frequently used in the nineteenth century that masks the reality of enslavement “for life” unless emancipated, either by individual enslavers or by the

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Cons>tu>on in 1865. Bound by their birth to enslaved mothers, these African Americans were subject to their enslavers and denied legal status under a caste system that kept them in perpetual bondage. Census records listed them by number, without names (see Federal Census Evidence for Lore9o Slaveholding, 1820-1860 – Lore9o Community). Some families remained with their same enslavers for genera>ons, while other individuals were either sold or “hired out” on contracts, usually within the Catholic communi>es.

Catholic enslavers, including the Sisters of Lore9o, believed that the salva>on of the souls of their enslaved people required access to the sacraments and religious instruc>on. As early as 1824, Father Charles Nerinckx proposed a “Negro Sisterhood” within Lore9o where young free Black women were to be trained as teachers for Black children (enslaved or free), but his death prevented this promise from being fulfilled. Instead, genera>ons of enslaved children at Lore9o Motherhouse farm were bap>zed and taught their prayers, enslaved men and women were married by local priests, and at their death they were given last rites and a Chris>an burial in consecrated ground.

Few records exist of these early years, because of fires and forgo9en stories, as the Lore9o narra>ve was wri9en in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to emphasize the story of missionary priest Charles Nerinckx and the westward movement of the Sisters of Lore9o with the American fron>er. As Lore9o taught African American children, first in “colored schools” and later in desegregated Lore9o schools, ques>ons arose regarding the place of Lore9o in the Civil Rights – and the Civil War – eras. Inspired by the speeches of Rev. Dr. Mar>n Luther King, whose aspira>ons of the “beloved community” linked racial equality and human freedom, Lore9o began a deeper inquiry into the forgo9en stories of our own past. In the 1970s, Mary Luke Tobin SL encouraged Joan Campbell SL, who had taught at Jackson State University in Mississippi during the Civil Rights era, to examine the role of race and enslavement in Lore9o history. For over twenty years, Campbell conducted field work research, interviewing local historians throughout the South, searching archives and government records in the pre-Internet era.

In 2000, the Lore9o Community dedicated a memorial at the Lore9o Motherhouse in Nerinx, Kentucky, which names more than 60 individuals who had been enslaved by Lore9o in Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas. These names were compiled from Joan Campbell’s extensive research and her manuscript was edited and published aNer her death as Lore%o: An Early American Congrega3on in the Antebellum South (2015). Dr. Shannen Dee Williams, an African American Catholic historian and author of Subversive Habits: Black Catholic Nuns in the Long African American Freedom Struggle (2022), cites and commends Campbell’s research into a forgo9en past. Williams notes, “For most of the twen>eth century, the SL leaders adopted a strict code of silence about their order’s slaveholding past – failing to teach their members about it and, according to Campbell, censoring typed references to this history from 1929 to the early 1970s.”3 Since January 2022, I have served as lead researcher on the Lore9o Roots Enslavement project, conduc>ng further research into the individuals and families listed on the Slave Memorial, while finding a few others whose names had not been known earlier. This project report is based on

my research, which includes sources from current academic scholars in diverse fields who are bringing new awareness to the mul>ple intersec>ons of race, gender, and culture. I have shared my findings at monthly mee>ngs with Lore9o leadership and with wider audiences at regular intervals online via Zoom presenta>ons, Ancestry.com genealogy website, and Lore9o publica>ons and social media plagorms. To date, I have been in touch with some twenty descendants of the families enslaved by Lore9o, deeply moved by those whose lives are closely linked with ours. We stand together at the foot of the Cross, working and praying for the truth to set us all free.

On Jordan’s stormy banks I stand, And cast a wishful eye To Canaan’s fair and happy land, Where my possessions lie.

I am bound for the promised land; Oh who will come and go with me?

I am bound for the promised land.

Samuel Stenne9 (1727-1795)

Clements Family: Nancy and Sons George and Lewis Nancy Clements and her descendants were bound to Lore9o for genera>ons, beginning in 1816, when 16-year-old Chris>na Clements entered the convent and transferred ownership of the woman and her sons (leN to her in her father’s 1803 will) to the Lore9o congrega>on.

Documenta>on is found in her personal file: “Old Aunt Nancy Clements was Sister Angelica’s negro woman. When Sister Angelica made vows of course she had to dispose of her Nancy, whom she sold with all her children ‘Jesse, Jerry, GEORGE, John, Francis, and all her increase’ to Father Nerinckx for Four Hundred Dollars. George became a very dignified representa>ve of Lore9o in aNer life, living thus >ll his death; he acted in the capacity of overseer, and the name of ‘Black George’ or ‘George of Lore9o’ was respected everywhere.”4 The precarious life of enslaved women is illustrated in the story of Nancy, brought from her na>ve Maryland to central Kentucky in the early 19th century, as described by Hannah O’Daniel4: “The life of Lorelne slave Nancy illustrates the tumultuous reality of enslaved motherhood and families in the border South. In 1803, Nancy experienced the upheaval of her Nelson County slave owner’s death. Her master, Catholic widower John Clements, willed that his executors separate his sixteen slaves among his nine children.5 “Control of Nancy transferred to Clement Hamilton, a Washington County Catholic and guardian of the minor daughter to whom Clements willed Nancy. From 1804 to 1815,

Nancy awaited Hamilton’s annual trip to Bardstown to learn who had hired her for the ensuing year.6 Meanwhile, she had five children.7 From year to year she faced the uncertainty of whether she would be hired near her children or her partner, and if Hamilton would sell one of her family members further away. John Clements’s estate also faced numerous suits between 1806 and 1814, raising the risk that others would claim Nancy or her children as property or that Hamilton might decide to sell the slaves to se9le debts.8 “Nancy’s owner, Chris>na Clements, turned sixteen in 1816 and thereaNer was old enough to make decisions about her inherited property as s>pulated in her father’s will.9 Clements entered the Sisters of Lore9o in 1816 as Sister Angelica and transferred legal control of Nancy and her children to Nerinckx for the use of the order. Nancy and her children moved away from the personal networks they had forged while hired in Nelson County to yet another post in Washington County.10 Nancy and her children certainly heard the debates about the Lorelnes’ rapid expansion, and they knew that the order’s leadership could separate their family across an increasingly broad geographic area. The three black women who sought entrance to the Sisters of Lore9o chose a path that would avoid the stressful motherhood Nancy experienced” (145-146).

The 1820 US Census for “Mother Ann’s Congrega>on of Nuns” in Washington County, Kentucky, lists a total of 68 persons. Of these, there are 7 enslaved persons, with one adult male (who may be Tom Rhodes) and one adult female “over 45,” who may be Nancy Clements. There is one male 14-26, and 2 young males under 14, possibly George and two of his brothers. There are also 2 females under 14, who may have become part of the 1824 “Black Sisterhood.”

No further informa>on exists concerning Nancy and five of her sons, but George and Lewis Clements spent their lives at or near Lore9o, even aNer 1865. Lewis and his wife Minerva had 12 children (Rose, Nancy, John, Lewis, James, Thomas, Richard, Teresa, William, Mary, Joseph, Marcus) listed in 1870 and 1880 US Census for Marion County, Kentucky. George and his family are listed on their own farm near the Lore9o Motherhouse in the 1870 US Census.

This anecdote concerning George Clements in the early 1820s is from Mother Berlindes Downs’ personal file (LMA, RG III-2, Box 1, Folder 8): “George was the son of Sister Angelica Clements’ black woman Nancy. George and Lucy [Downs, later Mother Berlindes] were children together and were oNen companions in shelling corn for the mill. Once at the mill, mischievous George incurred the displeasure of the miller who sent word to the Mother Superior about his misconduct who wrote a note to the miller, telling him to give a good flogging to the culprit George and make him behave himself. Of course, George could not read the note and Lucy told George its contents, and, needless to say, it never reached the miller. In aNer years, Old George used to say, gratefully, that Mother Berlindes had saved his back many a >me. He grew into a personage, was faithful to Lore9o and acted for a long >me in the capacity of overseer;

he was respected everywhere and known as ‘George of Lore9o.’” (qtd. in Joan Campbell, Lore%o: An Early American Congrega3on in the Antebellum South [2015] 379) A common prac>ce at the >me, “flogging” may have meant anything from a light switch to a rough bea>ng, but the reality was that it did not happen in this instance because the white orphan girl Lucy could read the note to her companion to “save his back.”

George Clements was married twice, first to Teresa Miles (died by 1860), whose four children he names in his 1877 will: Transcrip>on: “George Clements Will. Marion Co. Ky. June 30, 1877. Know by these presents that I George Clements, do make this as my last will and testament: Witnesseth I give and bequeath to my beloved wife Martha all my property consis>ng of thirty-one acres of land, stock, farming untensiles, house-hold and kitchen furniture to have and to hold in full possession un>l death or marriage, subject to the following condi>ons, Viz. My daughter Eliza to have a house here un>l marriage or death, and also my other children by my first wife that is Eli[z]a, George, Leo, and Sally, to have a house if at any >me they should be sick and des>tute of a house. C. S. Smith. George X his mark Clements Witnessed by J. M. Pash, Thomas Hutchins”12 His will was produced in court September 3, probably soon aNer his death. The fact that he owned a 31-acre farm in the vicinity of Lore9o Motherhouse, where he served as farm overseer, indicates that he was able to afford (perhaps with assistance) to buy land within a decade aNer emancipa>on.

His second wife, Martha Linton, is listed in the 1880 U.S. Census as a widow with eight children (James Madison, Mary Ann, Bertha Berlinda, John Francis, Georgeann, Christopher Columbus, Elizabeth, and Ambrose) living on a farm near Lore9o Academy/Motherhouse, next to Lewis Clements, George’s brother.

ANer George Clements died, his son Leo took his father’s place as overseer at Lore9o Motherhouse farm. When he was an old man, he shared stories of his life at Lore9o with Sister Antonella Hardy, Lore9o’s first archivist. At some point, the sisters explained to him that “though he had always borne the name of Clements, he could also claim that of Nerinckx since he had belonged to him. The old man’s eyes sparkled, as he exclaimed, poin>ng to the statue of the founder: ‘To that man? I’m mighty proud of that sure.’”13 Born enslaved in 1847, he was s>ll part of his grandmother Nancy and father George’s “belonging” to the then-deceased Charles Nerinckx and his heirs, the Sisters of Lore9o. He lived to see the logs from Father Nerinckx’s cabin, inhabited for years by the Black family of Aus>n Smith, sold and moved from the original site at Li9le Lore9o and reassembled at the Motherhouse in 1895. Leo Clements-Nerinckx died October 27, 1911, and Sister Antonella Hardy wrote his obituary for the Catholic Record of Louisville. He was buried at St. Francis cemetery, but his grave is unmarked.

Leo and his wife Ma>lda Boone14 had 12 children, many of whom migrated north to Indiana and Illinois. In the summer of 1941, a le9er from a grand-daughter in Chicago arrived at the Motherhouse, asking if she might visit the place where her grandfather Leo “once belonged” and on the back there is a note in Sister Antonella Hardy’s handwri>ng saying that the family came to visit and were welcomed on September 1st, some 125 years aNer their great-great-grandmother Nancy and her sons arrived in bondage.

Clements Family Descendants Children of Lewis B. Clements and Minerva Clements: 1) Rose 1850; listed on 1870 US Census; no further information.

2) Nancy 1852; listed on 1870 US Census; no further information.

3) John 1855-1917, m. Emma (Emeline) O’Daniel 1875. Living in Jeffersonville IN in 1900 and in Anderson IN 1910 Census. Children: a) Jennie 1876-1957; m. 1895 Henry Young; daughter Emma 1899-1911.

(Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]). b) Prudy 1878, working as a cook in 1903 in New Albany (New Albany, Indiana, City Directory, 1903) No further information. c) John Louis 1879-1966, m. 1904 Sally Montgomery; 1910 US Census lists them living in Jeffersonville IN; 1933 birth certificate for his son John Louis Jr. (d. 2005) John Louis Clemons Jr. (1933-2005) - Find a Grave Memorial with second wife Vera, living in Anderson IN (Indiana Archives and Records Administration; Indianapolis, Indiana; Birth Records; Year: 1933; Roll: 006); obituary states “John Clemons” lived in Anderson at the time of his death (Anderson Herald, 22 Dec 1966, p. 2). d) Louis 1880 The 1930 US Census lists Louis Clements (a carpenter) and his wife Mary living in Bardstown, KY. No children. e) Joseph 1882-1909. Death by homicide in Indianapolis. (Indiana Archives and Records Administration; Indianapolis, IN, USA; Death Certificates; Year: 1909; Roll: 07). f) Hugh Leo 1879-1968. Army private during World War I (National Archives at St. Louis, MO; St. Louis, MO, USA; Applications for Headstones, 1/1/1925 - 6/30/1970; NAID: NAID 596118; Record Group Number: 92; Record Group Title: Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General). The 1930 US Census lists him as “Hugh L Clemons” and his wife Mary Etta in Anderson, IN, where he is the proprietor of a restaurant. No children listed in 1930. Obituary says a daughter survives (Anderson IN Herald 3 May 1968 p. 2). g) James Eugene 1888-1961 James Clemons (1885-1961) - Find A Grave Memorial (m. Mary Lavinia Boone, daughter of Carl and Frances Boone of Loretto, KY), child: i) Frances 1921-2002 Frances Caroline Clemons Vertner (1921-2002) - Find A Grave Memorial)

h) Sarah “Sadie” 1888-1962 (m. William Jessie Cox) Sarah Ann “Sadie” Clemons Cox (1888-1962) - Find A Grave Memorial, i) Theresa/Treacy 1891-1965, m. George Stonestreet 17 Aug 1911 in Anderson, IN. Living in Detroit, MI in 1920, 1940, 1950 US Census. No children. Theresa M. Stonestreet (unknown1965) - Find a Grave Memorial

j) Cresie 1892, listed living with parents in 1910 US Census. No further information. k) Wilford 1894-1952, married Lula Johnson 18 Aug 1920 in Anderson, Indiana.

(Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Marriages, 1810-2001 [database on-line]). No children. l) Miller 1897, listed in 1900 US Census, no further information. m) Frank 1897-1953 Frank Emerson Clemons (1897-1953) - Find A Grave Memorial married Zelma Fergerson; lived in Anderson IN. 4) Lewis 1857, listed in 1870 Census, no further record.

5) James 1859-after 1940, farmer in Loretto KY 1900 US Census; wife Maggie Brooks and three children: a) Mary F. 1888, no further information. b) Mary E. 1891, no further information. c) Joseph L. 1895 PVT Joseph Lee Clements (unknown-1929) - Find a Grave Memorial 6) George 1860, listed in 1870 Census, no further information.

7) Thomas 1861-after 1930, listed in 1870 and 1930 Census, no further information.

8) Richard 1863, listed in 1870 Census, no further information.

9) Treacy [Teresa] 1865, listed in 1880 Census, no further information.

10) William H 1867-ca. 1915, listed in 1880 Census, married 1892 Mary Lizzie Spalding (18731916) Mary Lizzie Spalding Clements (1873-1916) - Find a Grave Memorial (her nephew last African American member of St Francis of Assisi church John Henry Spalding (1899-1986) - Find a Grave Memorial ; Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965). Children: a) William 1897, living with family in 1910 US Census, no further information. b) Mary R “Ollie” 1900-1948, married George Mattingly. (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]). Children: i) Georgia Mae 1932-1978 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Index, 19112000 [database on-line]). ii) James William 1934-2001 James W Mattingly (1934-2001) - Find a Grave Memorial c) Willie Bell 1901-1943 Willie Bell Clements (1901-1943) - Find a Grave Memorial d) Stella M 1902-2000, married John William Porter. Stella Mary Clements Porter (1902-2000) - Find a Grave Memorial

e) Lucy A 1904-1925, married Jolly Lucy Clements Jolly (1904-1925) - Find a Grave Memorial f) Ida M 1905, living with family 1910 US Census, no further information. g) Lydia E 1906-1972, married Joseph Porter Lydia Clement Porter (1906-1972) - Find a Grave Memorial

h) Lisa M 1907, living with grandmother Martha Spalding 1920 US Census, no further information.

i) Joseph E 1907, living in Detroit 1942 (Ancestry.com. U.S., World War II Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 [database on-line]).

Charles 1911-1920 Charles Clements (1911-1920) - Find a Grave Memorial

j) 11) Mary 1867, listed in 1870 Census, no further information.

12) Joseph L 1869, listed in 1880 Census, no further information.

13) Marcus E 1875, listed in 1880 Census. There is a Marcus Clements, teamster (age 46 in 1918) registered for the draft in Cheyenne, Wyoming, who is Black and lists no relatives.

Children of George Clements and Teresa Miles Clements: 1) Sally 1836-1921; m. John Edward Cambron; living in Fredericktown KY (1880 and 1900 US Census); Indianapolis (1910 US Census); d. Indianapolis IN Sally Clements Cambron (1836-1921) - Find A Grave Memorial Children: a) Cynthia Ann (Graham, Johnson) 1872-1960 (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]). Children: i) Gertrude Graham (Lewis) 1903-1965 ii) Damon Graham 1907-1938 iii) Edna Graham (Reed) 1909-1950 b) Eliza B. 1875; “Liza Cambron” in 1900 US Census, no further information. c) Belle (Moore) 1876-1952; m. John Moore Bell Moore (1876-1952) - Find a Grave Memorial Son: i) George A 1898-1969; wife Eliza Ray; no children. d) Alice G. 1877; no further information. e) George John 1879-1934; lived in Indianapolis (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]); no children. f) Thomas Damon 1885-1927; m. Jennie Hord in Indianapolis 1911; no children. g) Theresa Jane “Freesy” (Hagan) 1873-1949; (Ancestry.com. 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940 United States Federal Census [database on-line] and Indiana Archives and Records Administration; Indianapolis, IN, USA; Death Certificates; Year: 1949; Roll: 05.) Five children: i) Cynthia Hagan Horton 1895-1992 (Indiana Archives and Records Administration; Indianapolis, IN, USA; Death Certificates; Year: 1992; Roll: 03). ii) John Hagan 1898; living in Detroit 1950 (Ancestry.com. 1950 United States Federal Census [database on-line]). iii) Alice Hagan Rutherford 1899-1985 (Indiana Archives and Records Administration; Indianapolis, IN, USA; Death Certificates; Year: 1985; Roll: 05) iv) Thomas Hagan 1908-after 1940 (Ancestry.com. 1930, 1940 United States Federal Census [database on-line]) v) Charles Hagan 1901-1968 (Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line] and Social Security Death Index).

2) Eliza T, 1847-1892, listed in 1880 US Census living with sister Sally “Annie” and brother-in-law Edd Cambron in Fredericktown, Kentucky. Married William Barnett 1886 in Louisville (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 and Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]). No children.

3) George Jr. 1848-after 1880, m. Letitia “Letty” Hagan (b. 1850) The 1880 US Census lists this family living on a farm in Loretto, Marion County, KY, adjoining farms owned by his stepmother Martha Clements and his uncle Lewis Clements. (Ancestry.com 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]). George Jr. married 2nd Susan O’Daniel 1881 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]).

Daughter of George and Susan: a) Elizabeth (1884-1925) m. Thomas Bullock. (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]). Daughter: i) Mary Magdalene Bullock (1903-1991) Mary Magdalene Bullock Walker (1903-1991) - Find a Grave Memorial

Children of George and Letty: b) John (1869-1914, killed by train John Clements (1869-1914) - Find A Grave Memorial c) Treacy [Teresa] 1873; no further records. d) Josephine 1873; no further records. e) Martha 1875; no further records. f) Charles 1878-aft 1897. Married Catherine Jones 1897. (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]). g) Bethana 1879; no further records.

4) Leo Clements b. May 1847 son of George Sr. and Teresa Miles Clements, m. 1872 Matilda Boone (b. May 1854), d. 27 October 1911. He took his father’s place as an overseer at Loretto Motherhouse farm. His death certificate #26442 says he was buried at Saint Francis of Assisi, Marion County, Kentucky, on Nov. 2, 1911, in cemetery #2, but the location of his unmarked grave is unknown. Leo Clements (1846-1911) - Find A Grave Memorial. Leo’s wife Matilda was the daughter of Stephen and Catherine Lancaster Boone, both free persons of color by the time of her birth. Stephen was emancipated by John Miles “Miley” Boone in 1829, according to descendant Carl Boone (Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves, 1936–1938; Volume: Vol. 117; Page: 15). Carl and Matilda may have been related to Jerome Boone (1807-1902) named on the Slave Memorial. Catherine was freed in the 1848 will of Nancy Lancaster (see Anderson Herald 13 Dec 1953, p. 37 re: original freedom document).

Children of Leo and Matilda Clements: a) Borgia 1872-1902; m. Kate Lancaster 1895, lived in Louisville KY (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]). i) Irene b. 1896, m1. Frank Miles 1911 and m2. Perry J. Miles 1933; d. 1968 Francis “Frank” Miles (1890-1913) - Find A Grave Memorial

ii) Mary b. 1897 b) Blanche 1873-1904; m. Robert Hays 1899 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]). i) Myrtle b. 1900; m. 1922 George Chandler; d. 1954 Jeffersonville IN. No children. ii) Artie Richard Hays b. 1902; m. Lucille Pierce; son William Samuel Edmund Hays 19241925. c) Thomas 1875; listed on 1880 US Census; no further information. d) Nora 1879-1907 Nora L. Clements O'Daniel (1880-1907) - Find A Grave Memorial Children: i) Mary Teresa Gertrude 1898-1978 married William Hagan, lived in Chicago IL. (Ancestry.com. Cook County, Illinois Death Index, 1908-1988 [database online]). Children: [Possibly some of them visited Loretto Motherhouse in 1941] (1) William Dexter Hagan 1919-1947, mail carrier in Chicago (2) John E. Hagan 1933-1995; m. Hattie Mims; son John Edward 1964-1998 (3) Mary Gertrude Hagan 1935-2022 (4) George Samuel Hagan 1937-2005 ii) Joseph Toltan O’Daniel 1902-1966 m. Linnie Vause; living in Chicago IL 1940 (US Census Year: 1940; Census Place: Chicago, Cook, Illinois; Roll: m-t0627-00926; Page: 61A; Enumeration District: 103-161). Children: (1) Joseph Jr. 1927-2012 (2) John H 1928-1978 (3) Linnie 1929-1944 (4) Agnes 1932-1936 (5) Louis Eugene 1934-1979 (6) Rosalyn 1941-1965 5) Benedict J, b. 25 Mar 1851, baptized 26 March by Rev. James Quinn, Holy Cross, Nelson County. Sponsor: Lucy of Loretto. No further record.

Children of George Clements and second wife Martha Linton (Source: 1880 US Census): 1) James Madison 1861-1944, born March 29 and baptized April 1, 1861, by Rev. Francis Wuyts, Holy Cross, Nelson County. m. Annie Miles; d. Lebanon KY (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]). Son: a) George Frank 1891-1961 was a Pullman porter for L&N Railroad; he and his wife Carrie lived in Louisville; no children. (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 18521965 [database on-line]).

2) Mary Ann 1864; baptized 23 April 1864 by Rev. Francis Wuyts, Holy Cross, Nelson County.

Listed in 1880 US Census in Marion County KY. 3) Bertha Berlindes 1866-1927; b. June 6 and baptized June 9, 1866, by Rev. Francis Wuyts Holy Cross, Nelson County. m. George Blincoe; living in Louisville 1911; worked as a laundress.

(Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 [database on-line]). Children: a) James M 1883-1915; married Louise Taylor; children: i) Nancy 1908-1932, married Russell George, no children.

ii) Joshua Columbus 1909-2000, Joshua C. Blincoe (1909-2000) - Find a Grave Memorial b) Chris Columbus 1886 living with family in 1900 US Census; no further information. c) Joseph Alphonso 1888-1924; WWI veteran; no children. d) James Anthony Hayes 1890-1918; m. Pearl Burnett 1911; died of wounds from accident at Camp Zachary Taylor (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]).

4) John Francis b. 6 Sept. 1868, baptized 24 Oct 1868 by Rev. Francis Wuyts, Holy Cross, Nelson County; no further information.

5) George Ann 1870; Listed at end of roster for Loretto Academy in 1880 US Census, one of five females (2 black, 3 white) presumably working there. No further information.

6) Christopher Columbus 1874-1938; 1900 US Census lists living in Chicago, Marion County with wife Jane [Bullock]. The 1920 US Census lists Christopher living in Louisville KY. Daughter: a) Luella 1895-1928; m. Lawrence Bostick 1910. i) William Bostick 1911-1983 William M Bostick (1911-1983) - Find a Grave Memorial ii) Edna Pearl Bostick 1913 m. Jesse Grant Edna Grant (1913-1968) - Find a Grave Memorial 7) Elizabeth E 1874-1926; husband Enoch Mitchell; died Indianapolis IN. (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]).

8) Ambrose 1879-1909; wife Mary Arline Mattingly m. 1902. (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]). Died in Jeffersonville, Indiana, of tuberculosis. (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2011 [database on-line]).

Boone Family: Stacie and Sons Jerome and Patrick On June 7, 1899, a le9er arrived at Lore9o Motherhouse from nearby New Haven, Kentucky. The writer was a 92-year-old Black man, the recipient a 96-year-old Sister of Lore9o who was celebra>ng her Diamond Jubilee of 75 years in religious life. Jerome Boone and Sister Generose Malngly shared a connec>on to early Lore9o, as his le9er indicates: “Dear Sister, “I learn from the Sisters at this place that you are s>ll among the living and that this day your Diamond Jubilee is being celebrated.

“Sister, I remember when you taught school at Gethsemani; you was then young. I also remember when you was Superioress at Lore9o. I also remember your sister Sister Columbus [Sister Mary Columba, d. 1853]. Many years with their various changes have passed since then, for I learn that you are 96 and I am 92. I must remind you that my parents and their children belonged to Father Badin who went north as a missionary among the Indians and leN us to Father Rowan and Miss Betsey Wells. Father Badin bap>zed me; Father Rowan and Miss Betsey were godfather and godmother. Bishop Flaget placed Father Chabrat over the female Academy, Mother Isabella [Clarke] being the Superioress. We were then turned over to the female ins>tu>on. Out of twelve children I am the only one leN, my last brother [Patrick] died last October. We know now dear Sister that our >me is very short, and I am no>fied by my Creator, “I come like a thief in the night, be ye ready.”

“Please remember me in your prayers, and I will do likewise.

“Your old servant, “Jerome Boone”15 Sister Generose was the last Sister of Lore9o to receive the religious veil from the hands of their priest-founder, Reverend Charles Nerinckx before he leN Kentucky for Missouri in 1824. But the Boone family connec>on to the land of Lore9o predates the congrega>on itself. In the 1790s, Reverend Stephen Badin lived in a simple log cabin atop the hill of “Priestland” where Lore9o Motherhouse now stands. No>ng that the woods needed to be cleared in order to make a farm, a local Catholic slaveholder named Charles Boone offered help from his enslaved people. Badin rejected the offer several >mes un>l, finally, Charles, along with his sister Henrie9a and a growing family of enslaved persons, came to live and work in the fall of 1796. With the priest being absent frequently on his pastoral visita>ons around the area, Henrie9a Boone ordered the Boone slaves to clear nearly 100 acres of woodland for plan>ng. The father, mother, and eventually 12 children, kept the Boone surname, yet referred to Badin as their master.16 From his arrival in Kentucky in 1805 un>l he moved to St. Charles Church in 1812, Reverend Charles Nerinckx shared Priestland with Badin, so the Boone family would have known both

priests well. ANer 1824, Jerome and some of his family were “turned over to the female ins>tu>on” and remained enslaved at Gethsemani and other convents for the next forty years.

Stacie Boon, born about 1782 in Maryland, is the mother of the family. She was listed as age 98 in the 1880 United States Census, living with her youngest son Patrick in New Haven, Kentucky.

There are no other records; her son Jerome’s 1899 le9er states that she and her husband and 12 children were enslaved by Reverend Stephen Badin at the >me he leN Kentucky in 1819. Badin’s decision to entrust his enslaved persons to their bap>smal sponsors, rather than Bishop Flaget, was because he thought Flaget had treated enslaved workers unfairly during the construc>on of St. Joseph’s Cathedral in Bardstown.17 Jerome Boone was born around 1807 while his family lived on the hill at Priestland. His le9er indicates that he spent some >me at Gethsemani in the 1820s and may have worked there and other Lore9o farms for the next four decades. By 1877, he lived in Price’s Precinct, Larue County, Kentucky, where he (age 70) and his wife Mary F. Boone are listed on the death record for their 2-month-old daughter Josephine. There are no other children in the records, and he is a widower living in New Haven, Kentucky, in the 1900 U.S. Census.18 Patrick Boone, the “last brother,” was born in 1825, aNer the Boone family became enslaved by Lore9o. There are no records of where he and his siblings lived during the forty years, but several Black Boone families appear on the 1870 U. S. Census as farmers in Price’s Precinct, near New Haven, Kentucky. In 1870, Patrick and his wife Lavina “Viney” Dawson have 9 children: Pius, William, James, Mary, Patrick, Jennie, Sarah, Elizabeth, Mildred. By 1880, the family has relocated to the town of New Haven, with Patrick’s 98-year-old widowed mother Stacie. Patrick died 11 October 1898. Patrick Boone (unknown-1898) - Find a Grave Memorial Patrick’s daughter Mary Boone Clagett (1856-1936), is named as sole heir in her uncle Jerome’s will. She graduated from State Normal School19 and taught in public schools for 43 years. In 1916, the school in New Haven was taught by daughter and mother, Willa F. and M. B. Claggett.20 Mary Boone Clagett likely penned the letter as dictated by her uncle Jerome in 1899, making the oral memories of the Boone family part of the written record a century later.

Other Boone/Boon families (Black or Mula3o) in Larue County KY 1870-1880 Census There are census entries in Price’s Precinct for Black families named Boone or Boon; John (Jack), Jeremiah, and Alfred may be siblings of Jerome and Patrick. There are no further records and Jerome’s 1899 le9er indicates he is the last one s>ll alive.

1870 Census: John Boon b. 1813 and children Lucy 1845, Luisa 1855, Martha 1858, Emily 1862, Susan 1865, Julia 1868, William 1869. This is the same father with a second wife in the 1880 Census: John “Jack” Boon b. 1808, wife Sarah and children: Samuel 1864, William 1870, John 1872, Thomas 1874, Charles 1876.

1880 Census: Jeremiah Boon b. 1810, wife Frances b. 1850 and children: John 1868, George 1870, William 1877; Alfred Boon b. 1807, wife Harriet b. 1812; sons: George 1849, Frank 1856.

Boone Family Descendants Children of Patrick Boone and Lavina Dawson Boone: 1) Pius (twin) 1853-1902; born New Haven KY, working on farm there in 1880 US Census; buried St. Catherine cemetery Pius Boone (1852-1902) - Find a Grave Memorial 2) William M (twin) 1853-1920; born New Haven KY, one of the “Exodusters” migration to Kansas Exodusters - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society (kshs.org) by 1880 US Census, died Monrovia, Kansas. William Boone (1853-1920) - Find a Grave Memorial Wife Maria 1853-1943.

Sons: a) William Joseph 1877-1967 William Joseph Boone (unknown-1967) - Find a Grave Memorial Farmer in Atchison, KS. Wife Rosetta, no children. b) Frank Lawrence 1878-1955; Frank L. Boone (1879-1955) - Find a Grave Memorial butcher in Chicago IL (1910-1950 US Census), wife Lillian and children: i) Marie 1908-1996 married a Livingston; daughter Marie 1925-1983. ii) Leo Albert 1909-bef. 1920. iii) Teresa 1910 married a Nelson. iv) William 1913-1963 William Boone (1913-1963) - Find a Grave Memorial v) Frank L 1917-aft. 1950.

3) James F 1855; living in Hodgenville KY 1870 Census; no further information.

4) Mary A 1856-1936; married John D. Claggett; two daughters: a) Mary Jessie Claggett Lewis 1883-1946; Husband Ralph Lewis and children: i) Marie Angeline [Dickerson] 1910-1952 (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]). ii) Bernice [DeWeese] 1915-1967 lived in Cleveland OH (Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio, U.S., Death Records, 1908-1932, 1938-2018 [database on-line]). iii) Frank 1911-1932, died of influenza in Indianapolis (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]). iv) Julian 1919-1988 Julian Pierre Lewis Sr. (1919-1988) - Find a Grave Memorial v) William Ray 1921-1997 William Ray Lewis (1921-1997) - Find a Grave Memorial b) Willa F Claggett Patton 1886 Willa Claggett Patton (1886-1976) - Find a Grave Memorial Husband James Patton and sons: i) James Jr. 1924 James Henry Patton Jr. (1924-2019) - Find a Grave Memorial ii) Joseph Cornelius 1927 Joseph C. Patton (1927-1965) - Find a Grave Memorial 5) Patrick 1857-1914; unmarried, worked for railroad; died Louisville KY (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965).

6) Sarah 1866-1916; married John Williams; living in Bardstown KY 1900 US Census; died in Louisville KY (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965). Daughter: a) Tracey Williams Anderson 1889-after 1910.

7) Jennie 1863; living in Hodgenville KY 1870 US Census. No further information.

8) Elizabeth Bettie 1869. Living in Hodgenville KY 1870 and 1880 US Census. No further information.

9) Millie Mildred 1871-1943; married 1st Henry Phillips in Jeffersonville IN in 1891; married 2nd Richard Tucker in Louisville KY in 1902; married 3rd Green Walls in Lucas, Ohio in 1923; died in Louisville KY (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965). Son: a) Eugene Tucker 1905; living in Ohio 1920 US Census. No further information.

Smith Family: Austin and Kate Smith Not listed on the Loretto Slave Memorial, but connected to the log cabin home of Reverend Charles Nerinckx adjacent to the Loretto Motherhouse Cemetery, is the family of Austin Smith.

He and his wife raised six children in this cabin at the Hardin’s Creek site of Little Loretto, near Saint Charles Church, in the late 19th and early 20th century. In a 1980 pamphlet, Sister Florence Wolff refers to an article written by Sister Antonella Hardy in Loretto Magazine, September 1912: “In 1895 Mother Catherine Connor desired to have Father Nerinckx’ home moved to the Motherhouse. The old cabin at Lore9o had been bought some years earlier by a Black man, Aus>n Smith, who lived in the cabin for many years with his wife Kate. In 1912, at the >me of Lore9o’s Centenary, Aus>n Smith, s>ll living at old Lore9o, said, ‘When I had to abolish my old house, which I gladly did to accommodate the Mother Superior, who wished to purchase Father Nerinckx’ logs, my family wanted me to move nearer the road for convenience but, in the presence of my wife and family, I said, “No…I want it put back just as it was where I found it when a seven year old boy, fiNy years ago.”

“Mother Catherine paid the Smiths $100 for the logs of half of Father Nerinckx’ double cabin. According to the owner’s desires, the founda>ons were not removed and the other half of the cabin, wherein the Smiths were living, was leN on the property. Lore9o’s workmen took the building apart, hauled the logs to Lore9o, and rebuilt the cabin on the east lawn of the Academy building … Mother Francisca Lamy in her Diary of November 19, 1899, adds: “Father Nerinckx’s house is moved to the Cemetery. Mr. John Elder, Superintendent, and his workmen effected the transporta>on, at a ‘snail-pace’ with round bars as rollers.”21 Aus>n A. Smith was born October 24, 1853, in Marion County, son of Samuel Beaven and Sarah Elizabeth Smith (enslaved by Ambrose Smith, whose wife was Eleanor Mary Beaven), and bap>zed Louis Aus>n Maguire Smith. He is likely one of two 7-year-old Black males listed under Ambrose Smith on the 1860 Slave Schedule.22 According to the 1912 Lore%o Magazine ar>cle, he was sent by Father Lavialle to live with an older couple, the Bowmans, in Father Nerinckx’s old cabin around 1861, where he remained for a short >me, and then was elsewhere for 15 years. In the 1870 US Census, “Aus>ne Smith” is a 17-year-old farmhand on the Byrne farm (with two young Black men named Beaven) working in Union County, Kentucky, where he apparently saved money and was able to return to Marion County to get married.23 On November 18, 1879, he married Sarah Catherine “Kate” Phillips (1853-1931).24 In the 1880 US Census they are listed as servants (incorrectly “white”) in the household of Robert Igna>us Smith, son of Ambrose Smith, in Raywick, Kentucky.25 Aus>n and Kate Smith bought the Li9le Lore9o property, moving to the old Nerinckx cabin on the bank of Hardin’s Creek, where they and their six children are listed in the 1900 US Census.26 At the >me of the 1910 U.S. Census, Aus>n, Kate, and five of their children were all living in this cabin. Aus>n is a farmer and Kate is a laundress; their two sons “hire out” and their oldest daughter Mary is a schoolteacher. They live next door to the priest, Rev. James J. Pike.27 By 1920, Aus>n and Kate live here with a grandson Lee Philip Smith.28 Aus>n Smith died on December 30, 1925, and is buried at Saint Charles Cemetery. Aus>n A Smith (1853-1925) - Find a Grave Memorial His widow Kate lived her remaining years un>l her death in 1931 with their youngest daughter, Sarah Smith Cowherd in Lebanon, Kentucky.29

Smith Family Descendants Children of AusEn and Kate Smith: 1) Martin (twin) 1883-1958. Married Sarah Jane Osborne (1890-1989) and lived in St. Mary, Marion, Kentucky. Martin Smith Sr. (1883-1958) - Find a Grave Memorial a) Cecilia 1917-18

b) Joseph Martin Jr. 1920-1986 Joseph Martin Smith (1920-1986) - Find a Grave Memorial married Mary Elizabeth Hayden Mary Elizabeth Hayden Smith (1929-2018) - Find a Grave Memorial Lived in Marion County. Eleven children. c) James David 1921-1976 James David Smith (1921-1976) - Find a Grave Memorial d) Robert Benedict 1924-1990 Robert B Smith (1924-1990) - Find a Grave Memorial e) Douglas Augustine 1929-2006 Douglas Augustine Smith (1928-2006) - Find a Grave Memorial f) Francis Aloysius 1930-1989 Francis Aloyisus Smith (1930-1989) - Find a Grave Memorial g) Thomas Leo 1935-2015 Thomas Leo Smith (1935-2015) - Find a Grave Memorial 2) David (twin) 1883-1906. Listed as a colored man in his death entry on page 17, line 5 of St. Charles Death Register #I. He is listed as the 21-year-old [or 23] son of Austin (1853-1925) and Kate Smith (1853-1931), possibly the father of Lee Philip Smith listed on 1920 census. He has no tombstone in this cemetery. David Smith (1885-1906) - Find a Grave Memorial 3) George Bernard 1886-1978. Married Rose Elizabeth Hocker 1911. George Bernard Smith (1886-1978) - Find a Grave Memorial Five children, most buried at Saint Charles Cemetery: a) Teresa Catherine 1914-1999 m. Benjamin Bell Theresa Catherine Smith (1914-1999) Find a Grave Memorial b) George Bernard Jr. 1918-1991 George Bernard Smith Jr. (1918-1991) - Find a Grave Memorial c) Anna Irene 1920-2020 Anna Irene Smith (1920-2020) - Find a Grave Memorial d) Earl 1923-2001 Francis Earl “Tite” Smith (1922-2001) - Find a Grave Memorial e) Ella Cecelia 1924-1997 Ella Cecelia “Ella” Smith Thompson (1924-1997) - Find a Grave Memorial husband William Key Thompson. Eleven children. f) Mary Magdalene 1927-2009 Mary Magdalene Smith Golder (1927-2009) - Find a Grave Memorial 4) Mary Xavier “Xavia” 1889-1972. Married 1915 Len J. Abell (1890-1962). Mary Xavier “Xavia” Smith Abell (1889-1972) - Find a Grave Memorial a) Leonard A. Abell Jr. (1916-1969) Leonard A. Abell (1916-1969) - Find a Grave Memorial married Anna Rhodes, lived in Louisville. Six children.

5) Martha Ellen 1891-1959. Married Charles Douglas Bell. No children. Martha Ellen Bell (1891-1959) - Find a Grave Memorial 6) Sarah Elizabeth 1894-1983. Married Joseph Cowherd 1919; widow living in Lebanon KY 1930 US Census. No children. Elizabeth Cowherd (1894-1983) - Find a Grave Memorial

Miles and Cissell Families: Mary Isabelle Miles Cissell “Aunt Belle”

The only known historical photograph of an African American working at Lore9o Motherhouse shows Mary Isabelle Miles Cissell at work in the kitchen. Her sash reads, “I am Aunt Belle of Lore9o,” indica>ng this is a special occasion related to the 1912 Lore9o Centenary events a9ended by many visitors. She is looking to the side, as if to keep her a9en>on focused on her work, as the sunlight brightens the background. She is the cousin of Leo Clements, long>me overseer of the Motherhouse farm, and their entwined family roots are closely connected to Lore9o.

Her name appears on the Lore9o Slave Memorial, but it is not clear whether or not she was enslaved by Lore9o. Daughter of Ben Miles and Elizabeth Bele Hayden, Belle Miles was born enslaved in Marion County about 1850. In the 1850 US Census Slave Schedule, there are records for persons enslaved by Elizabeth Miles very near the Lore9o Motherhouse, where Rev. James Quinn also enslaved many persons.30 According to later records in the 1870 and 1880 US Census, Ben Miles was born in 1810 or 1812; therefore, it is possible that one of Quinn’s two 40-year-old Black males may be Ben Miles. According to the 1870 US Census, Bele Hayden Miles was born in 1830; therefore, it is possible that the 20-year-old Black female may be Bele Miles. Their eldest child, Cassius, born about 1849, may be the Black male aged 5/12.

By 1870, Ben and Elizabeth Hayden Miles owned a farm less than a mile from Lore9o Motherhouse.31 It is remarkable that, within five years aNer the Civil War, this formerly enslaved man owned his own farm, leading to ques>ons regarding how Lore9o and other former enslavers may have helped individuals financially to establish their own farmlands. Ben Miles provided for his wife and children in his 1880 will:

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen. I Ben Miles of the County of Marion and the State of Kentucky make this my last will and testament. Item first, I will and bequeath to my wife Betsy my home farm the one on which I now live during her single life and at her death or marriage to be sold and the proceeds to be equally divided between my children except Caz who is otherwise provided for. My executor hereinaNer named to have the right to sell and convey the same. Item second.

All my personal property of every sort and descrip>on I also will to my said wife aNer all my just debts are paid. Item third. I will and bequeath to my son Caz the south end of my land upon which he now lives. Beginning at a stand on the side of the turnpike road therein running a west course to a stone in G. W. Goodrow’s line containing about seven or eight acres. This is to be his full share in my Estate. Item fourth. I hereby cons>tute and appoint Henry Gardener my executor of this my last will. June 12th, 1880. Signed, Ben (X his mark) Cissell. A9est: Thomas H. Lancaster, O. G. Malngly.32 On an 1877 landowners map of Marion County, Ben Miles’ farm is iden>fied – “to my son Caz the south end of my land upon which he now lives. Beginning at a stand on the side of the turnpike road thence running a west course to a stone in G. W. Goodrum’s line containing seven or eight acres” – with his name B Miles directly under the large N in the inset below (this is between Lore9o Motherhouse and town of Lore9o).

Beers, D. G., Lanagan, J., D.G. Beers & Co, Worley & Bracher & H.J. Toudy & Co. (1877) Map of Marion and Washington coun3es, Ky: from actual surveys and official records. Philadelphia: D.G. Beers & Co. [Map] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, h9ps://www.loc.gov/item/2012593096/

Mary Isabelle Belle Miles married Stephen Cissell in 1881 and they raised six children on their farm, adjoining the farm of her cousin Leo Clements. Widowed in 1900, Belle worked at Lore9o Motherhouse, where Leo was a long>me overseer. Belle lived on the Cissell family farm with son Stephen Jr. un>l her death in 1931. Mary Isabell “Bell” Miles Cissell (1843-1931) - Find a Grave Memorial

Miles and Cissell Family Descendants Children of Ben Miles and Elizabeth Be]e Hayden: 1) Cassius “Caz”1849-bef.1910 was a farm laborer at Loretto Motherhouse in 1870 US Census and a farmer on his own land nearby in the 1880 US Census. He and his wife Sophia Thomas lived in Bardstown in 1900 US Census and had 14 children: a) Lawrence 1880-1929, lived in Louisville (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]) b) Mary Lizzie 1874-aft. 1900. No further information. c) Benedict 1876-aft. 1900. No further information. d) Bernard 1878-aft. 1900. No further information. e) John 1878-1910 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database online]). f) Anna Bell 1880-aft. 1920; m. Wallace Cissell 1897 Wallace Cecil (1873-1913) - Find a Grave Memorial (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]). Anna Bell Miles Cissell (1881-unknown) - Find a Grave Memorial Living in New Albany IN in 1920 US Census as a widow with children: i) Cleophas 1898-aft. 1935, lived New Albany IN (Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 [database on-line]). ii) Joseph Manuel 1899 Joseph Emanual Cissell (1899-1971) - Find a Grave Memorial iii) Joseph Gilbert 1900-aft. 1942, lived in Louisville KY (Ancestry.com. U.S., World War II Draft Cards Young Men, 1940-1947 [database on-line]) iv) Joseph B. 1904 Joseph B. Cecil (1904-1947) - Find a Grave Memorial v) James 1904, no further information. vi) Marie 1905 Marie Cissell Johnson (1905-1974) - Find a Grave Memorial vii) Cornelia 1908-1944 m. Robert Mosley, lived New Albany IN (Ancestry.com. Indiana, U.S., Death Certificates, 1899-2017 [database on-line]) viii) Harry 1910-aft. 1929, lived in New Albany IN (Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 [database on-line]) ix) Hubert 1910 Hubert Cecil (1910-1913) - Find a Grave Memorial x) Coral 1914-1948; WWII veteran (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 18521965 [database on-line]) g) Sarah 1882-1962, married Sam Lancaster (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]). Children: i) Margaret 1903 ii) Mary Lucille Lucy Garnes 1906-2006 Mary Lucille Lancaster Garnes (1905-2006) - Find a Grave Memorial

iii) Sam 1907-1928 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line])

iv) Edna Klinglesmith 1907-1988 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Index, 19112000 [database on-line]). v) John 1907-1990; wife and two daughters vi) Sarah Ellen Tisdale 1913-aft. 1990 vii) Nancy 1916-1924 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 18521965 [database on-line]. viii) Sophia 1917-1935 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 18521965 [database on-line]) ix) Mary Willie 1918-1919 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 18521965 [database on-line]. h) Hoskins/Haskin 1884 Haskin Miles (1885-1908) - Find a Grave Memorial i) Regina 1886-aft. 1900 j) Eugene 1886 Eugene Miles (1891-1931) - Find a Grave Memorial k) Clara 1888-aft. 1900 l) George 1890-aft. 1942 (Ancestry.com. U.S., World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942 [database on-line]. m) Hager 1892-aft. 1920 (Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database online]). n) Mary Willie 1895-1915; died in Louisville (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]).

2) Mary Isabelle “Belle” ca. 1850-1931 3) Tina 1852- aft. 1891; m. Milton Warfield 1881, son: a) Oscar 1891-1954) Oscar Warfield (1891-1954) - Find a Grave Memorial 4) Ben Jr. 1856-1918; listed as a widower living with daughter Mary in Marion County in 1910 US Census and working at a lumber mill.

5) Jake 1862-bef.1930; he and his wife Sarah and children in Chicago KY in 1900 US Census: a) Mary L 1880-aft. 1900 b) Lillia Elizabeth 1881-1943; m. Charles Mudd Lillie Elizabeth Miles Mudd (1881-1943) - Find a Grave Memorial Children on 1910, 1920, or 1930 US Census: i) Henryetta “Etta” Fines 1904-1988 Etta Mudd Fines (1904-1988) - Find a Grave Memorial ii) Charles Jr. 1906-1925 Charles Alfred Mudd Jr. (1906-1925) - Find a Grave Memorial iii) Annie L 1908-1997, m. Tom Jarboe; three daughters in 1940 US Census.

(Ancestry.com and Ohio Department of Health. Ohio, U.S., Death Records, 19081932, 1938-2018 [database on-line]) iv) Blondella “Blonny” Redd 1908-1992 Blonny Mudd Redd (1908-1992) - Find a Grave Memorial

v) James Monroe 1911-1981 James M Mudd (1911-1981) - Find a Grave Memorial Survivors include siblings Blonny Redd, Etta Fines, Annie Jarboe, Leo, and Rodney. vi) Edward “Leo” 1914-1983; m. Henrietta Reed (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Index, 1911-2000 [database on-line]). Five children in 1950 US Census. vii) Joseph Alfonza 1917-1974 Joseph Alphonsa Mudd (1917-1974) - Find a Grave Memorial

viii) John Anthony 1919-1919 John Anthony Mudd (1919-1919) - Find a Grave Memorial ix) Francis Rodman 1921-2001 Francis Rodman Mudd (1921-2001) - Find a Grave Memorial c) Sarah E 1883-1951 m. Bullock (Ancestry.com. U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 [database on-line]) d) Georgia 1885-aft. 1900. No further infprmation. e) Mary S 1889-aft. 1910. Living with uncle Ben Miles Jr. 1910 US Census. f) Mary H 1890-aft. 1900. No further information. g) Frank 1893-aft. 1900. No further information. h) Tom D 1894-1957 Thomas Miles (1894-1957) - Find a Grave Memorial i) James L 1895-1943 (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]).

6) Steve 1863-bef.1900; he and his wife Rose Boone married in Bardstown 1882; daughter Mary Rena 1883-1921 Mary Rena “Rena” Miles Hayden (1883-1921) - Find a Grave Memorial) 7) Jerry 1864-1925 Jerry Miles (1864-1925) - Find a Grave Memorial Children of Stephen and Belle Miles Cissell: 1. Mary Betty Cissell 1883-1951, married Leslie Richard Greene Sr. Children: a. Leslie Greene Jr. 1919-1991 wife Dorothy, 3 children (1950 US Census, Louisville KY) b. Everett Greene 1921-2011 Everett T Greene (1921-2011) - Find a Grave Memorial c. Raymond Stanislaus Green 1924-2001 Raymond S. Green (1924-2001) - Find a Grave Memorial d. Isabell Inez Greene 1923-2004 Isabell Inez Greene (1923-2004) - Find a Grave Memorial e. Sarah Louise Greene 1923-2003 Sarah Louise Green Smith (1923-2003) - Find a Grave Memorial Member of St. Elizabeth Catholic Church, Louisville 2. Mary Belle Cissell 1884-1985 (died in Louisville KY at age 101); married Benedict Spalding in 1908. Mary Bell Cissell Spalding (1884-1985) - Find a Grave Memorial Children: a. Benedict Joseph 1909-1975; wife Geneva. No children. b. Mary Catherine 1911-1989; husband Charles William Bell. No children. Mary Spalding Bell (1927-1989) - Find a Grave Memorial c. Mary Hattie 1915-1956; husband Robert Puckett: daughter Mary Ella 1933-1974 d. Charles Stevenson 1916-1953 No children. Charles Stevenson “Steve” Spalding (1916-1953) - Find a Grave Memorial 3. Francis Exodus Cissell 1885-1922 worked for L&N Railroad. No children. Francis Exodus “Dode” Cissell (1885-1922) - Find a Grave Memorial 4. Anna Pearl Cissell 1887-1956 Married Walter Boone 1911. No children.

5. Stephen F. L. Cissell 1895-1980, wife Mary Margaret “Maggie” Mills, farmer and employee of Loretto Distilling Company. No children. Stephen F. L. Cissell (1893-1980) Find a Grave Memorial 6. Mary Catherine Cissell 1895-1920, married Louis James Shockency, No children. Mary Catherine Cissell Shockency (1895-1920) - Find a Grave Memorial

Thompson Family Mary and Elias Thompson (and Aunt Gracey) In the Black History file folder at Lore9o Motherhouse Archives, there is a three-page typed manuscript signed by Sister Antonella Hardy, first archivist.33 This narra>ve is based on events at Lore9o Motherhouse in the 1850s, remembered by persons then present (likely Leo ClementsNerinckx) and wri9en in story form by Sister Antonella between 1900-1910. There are certain words and phrases in the original version (such as “imprisoned in that black body”) which were commonly used long ago which would not be used today. With this awareness comes the need for full transparency.34

This 2023 version by Annie Stevens, created for discussion in Lore9o Community Groups, preserves the details of the narra>ve, while adjus>ng language for contemporary usage.

Elias Thompson On a beau>ful day in May 1852, the selng sun is gilding the green hills of Kentucky. In one of the slave cabins at Lore9o Motherhouse lies Mary Thompson, her life slowing ebbing away. Father James Quinn has given her Holy Via>cum and, as he repeats the words, “Depart, Chris>an soul,” the spirit of Mary takes flight to the eternal realms of light.

Mary’s li9le baby Elias, a few months old, is now taken in hand by Aunt Gracey, another person enslaved by Lore9o. She bestows on him all the tenderness of a mother, keeping his cradle in the ironing room. ANer a while he is able to crawl about, gelng into everything within reach. He loved to find his way to the clothes basket and pull out the clothes onto the floor. Aunt Gracey would then make quick steps toward him, exclaiming, “You obstreperous li9le boy!” and tying him to a chair that he might not soon repeat the annoyance.

Sister Mar>na Drury took great pleasure in teaching the li9le Black children their catechism, and Elias, when old enough to listen to her instruc>ons, learned rapidly. ANer Aunt Gracey died in her sleep one night, Sister Mar>na talked with Elias about the wonders of heaven, answering his many ques>ons about his mother and Aunt Gracey in their new home.

When he was about eight years of age, Elias was made mail carrier for the convent, besides helping Sister Priscilla Thompson with the chickens. He would hang the mail pouch around his neck and walk to Lore9o Sta>on each day for the mail. The chicken yard with its coops lay on his road, and one bright morning in May 1860, as he passed by on his route, he playfully called out, “Good-bye, li9le chickies, I won’t see you no more!”

Arriving at the railroad sta>on, he received the mail and had nearly reached home, when he met one of the wagons hauling material for the building of the convent or the church aNer the fire of 1858. He begged a ride, and the driver permi9ed him to climb up and sit on top of the load. Presently, the oxen drawing the wagon became unruly and ran. Elias fell to the ground and was run over by the wheel, the heavy weight crushing his body instantly.

Knowing Sister Mar>na would be deeply grieved to see Elias’ mangled body, an effort was made to have him buried before she would become aware of his death. The a9empt failed, and she followed the procession to Lore9o’s cemetery, where Elias was buried beside his mother and Aunt Gracey. We may fancy with what joy he welcomed Sister Mar>na when, a few years later, she was called to her eternal reward, and also with what delight he goes to greet and welcome each Sister of Lore9o who enters heaven’s gates.

Both versions are based on facts recalled from memories of daily life at the Motherhouse in the mid-nineteenth century which show a very close connec>on between the people – black and white -- living and dying there. “Old Sister Priscilla Thompson” (1798-1871) may have been from one of the white Thompson families that brought enslaved persons with them to Lore9o.

Other Thompsons named on the Lore3o Slave Memorial: George Thompson 1820-1896; farmer in New Haven in 1870 US Census and in New Hope in 1880 US Census. His mother-in-law Maria Abel (1801-1885), along with two nieces and a nephew, is living with them in 1880. Maria is buried at St. Vincent de Paul Cemetery in New Hope, as are George, wife Rachel, children Henry, Henrie9a, Mariah, Ma9hew, and Mary Jane. George T. Thompson (1820-1896) - Find a Grave Memorial George and his wife Rachel Abel had a large family, but no known grandchildren: 1. Braxton 1847; farm hand living in New Haven KY in 1870 US Census; married Sophie Ann Abel in Louisville 1871. No children.

2. James 1849; farm hand living in New Haven KY in 1870 US Census; laborer living in Harmony IN in 1880 US Census; peddler in Louisville living with wife Caroline in 1900 US Census. No children.

3. Sophia 1852; living in New Haven KY in 1870 US Census; no further information.

4. Henry 1857-1883; working as a cook in New Hope, KY in 1880 US Census; died 1883 Henry Thompson (1845-1883) - Find a Grave Memorial 5. Henrietta 1857-1884; working as a servant in Louisville in 1880 US Census; married a Jones, died 1884 Henrietta Jones (1857-1884) - Find a Grave Memorial 6. George 1862; laborer living in New Haven KY in 1880 US Census, barber living in Lexington KY in 1920 US Census.

7. Mariah 1863-1886 Maria Thompson (1863-1886) - Find a Grave Memorial 8. Matthew 1865-1915 Matthew Thompson (1865-1915) - Find a Grave Memorial 9. Mary Jane 1872-1885 Mary Jane Thompson (1872-1885) - Find a Grave Memorial Moses Thompson b. 1827; married Lizzie Jones 1868, living in Louisville and working as dray driver in 1870 US Census. Married 2nd Emma Duncan 1876. Listed in Louisville KY Directory as late as 1905, living next door to Lewis Thompson on Lombard Street (1539/1541). No children.

Lewis Thompson b. abt. 1830; listed in Louisville city directory as early as 1877 and late as 1910.

Married Phoebe Jane Smith 1894, witness Moses Thompson. (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]).

Charles Thompson b. abt. 1830; wife Margaret, laborer living in Marion County in 1870 US Census. They and daughter Nellie (1873) living near Lebanon KY in 1880 US Census. No further informa>on.

Jacob Thompson b. abt. 1850 in Kentucky, moved to Missouri ca. 1857 (according to newspaper ar>cle based on his daughter Myrtle’s life below). He is listed in 1870 and 1880 US Census in

Lindsey, Benton County, Missouri as a single farm laborer. In the 1900 US Census he is a farmer in Benton County, married to Ger>e Thompson and they have four children: John, Margaret, Forrest, and Myrtle. Jacob died prior to 1903, when his widow married Sterling Holbert Zelphia Gertrude Davis Holbert (1861-1954) - Find a Grave Memorial

Children of Jacob and GerEe: 1. Houston John 1882-1950. In 1920 US Census living in Benton County, Missouri with wife Bessie and children Maude, Beulah Mae, Homer, Paul, Florence, Darce. In 1940 US Census he is a widower living with sons Darce, Cecil (in CCC), and Robert. Houston John Thompson (1882-1950) - Find a Grave Memorial Their children: i) Maude Maudie May Thompson Arnold (1902-1929) - Find a Grave Memorial ii) Beulah Mae Thompson lived to the age of 109 (d. 2018 in Kansas City) Beulah Mae Thompson (1909-2018) - Find a Grave Memorial iii) Homer Preston Thompson lived to the age of 77 (d. 1988 in Des Moines, Iowa) Homer P Thompson (1911-1988) - Find a Grave Memorial iv) Paul Paul Thompson (1914-1989) - Find a Grave Memorial v) Florence Florence Thompson McDowell (1916-2006) - Find a Grave Memorial vi) Darce Milvin Thompson lived to the age of 101 (d. 2019 in Sacramento, California) Deacon Darce Milvin Thompson (1918-2019) - Find a Grave Memorial vii) Robert Robert William Thompson (1924-1991) - Find a Grave Memorial viii) Cecil Cecil R Thompson (1925-1990) - Find a Grave Memorial 2. Forrest Thompson 1887-1967. Married Sophie Cain 1915; one daughter Lucille (19162007) 3. Myrtle Thompson 1887-1996, lived to the age of 108. Married Ollie Goodwin 1910; sons Grover Russell (1912-1980) and Emery (1915-1942) Myrtle T Goodwin (1887-1996) - Find a Grave Memorial This article was published in the Kansas City Star 24 September 1996: Life>me long and full of life WARRENSBURG Mo — When she died here last month, the two obvious things about Myrtle T Goodwin were sort of passed over. First, Myrtle was the daughter of a former slave, probably one of the last such people in Missouri, perhaps the na>on. Second, she was 108 years old.

If you knew Myrtle, you sort of expected her to go on forever. Even at the last there were no wrinkles on her face. Grooves yes, Wrinkles no. When Myrtle basically wore out and died Aug 27 people didn’t deal on antecedents or longevity. They focused on a commanding no-nonsense woman whose life transcended those obvious markers some rate as significant.

That was the thing about Myrtle — she couldn’t be pigeonholed. Before all the sundry causes of the late 20th century — feminism, civil rights, social jus>ce — there was Myrtle with her resolute altude, her some>mes “take-no-prisoners” demeanor, and above all

her dignity. All from a woman who came of age in the early 1900s, that frighgul period in the United States when Jim Crow laws gained ascendancy. Myrtle ignored all that nonsense.

“She lived over on West Market Street,” recalled Natalie Hatpin, who spoke at Myrtle’s well-a9ended funeral. “She had a big garden. Canned like crazy. And she had chickens.

And of course, a cow. Well, come fall when the grass would get short, she’d call up my father Max (Prussing) at our farm. She knew we had pasture. She’d say, ‘Come get my cow Max’ and my father would. With Myrtle you didn’t argue. Nobody did. And she was like that from what I understand all her life.”

Myrtle was born over in the >mber in Benton County, daughter of Jake and Gertrude Thompson. Jake had come to that county when he was 7 years old a slave. His master’s name was Thompson, so that’s the name he took. Myrtle never had any formal schooling.

But back then neither did a lot of Benton County kids.

She came here 60-plus years ago working mainly as a domes>c. Eventually she married a man named Goodwin, was divorced from him, and married his brother Charley Goodwin.

There were two sons Grover and Emery. She outlived them all.

Memory here is that Myrtle when hired made it clear in no uncertain terms the condi>ons of her employment. Devia>ons meant one thing — Myrtle quit on the spot. She was willing to give respect, but she demanded respect in return. Which she apparently received.

Myrtle was much in demand. “Myrtle took care of Myrtle,” said a friend. She bought property on the west side of town, acquired several adjoining lots, and built her own house, no surprise even to those who knew her only in her last years.

Her hands were large and gnarly and her biceps had the defini>on of an athlete 70 years her junior. Oddly her nails were always polished. “Her mind was as sharp as ever even just before she died,” said Halpin.

Naturally on one of Myrtle’s last birthdays a few years ago, the local newspaper came down and interviewed her. A long life, she replied to the stock ques>on, meant going “home to bed and don’t be laying in the alleyway drunk.”

In our supposed sophis>ca>on we chuckle at that now. But those who knew Myrtle know she said that in absolute seriousness. Myrtle didn’t kid around. It’s not bad advice.

Especially from one whose life makes those of the rest of us look like a walk in the park.”

24 Sep 1996, 39 - The Kansas City Star at Newspapers.com

The White Thompsons: Sisters of Lore3o The enslaved persons listed above may have been brought to Lore9o by the daughters of Charles Lloyd and Elizabeth (Thompson) Thompson (married by Stephen Badin, 5 June 1798) (Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]). Charles Thompson is listed in 1820 US Census in Washington, KY with a family of seven children, including a female under 10, one female 16-25, and 8 slaves. His son Lloyd Stanislaus Thompson (18091864) is buried at St. Charles Cemetery Lloyd Stanislaus Thompson (1809-1864) - Find a Grave Memorial Two of their grandparents were Athanasius and Dorothy (Gristy) Thompson.

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Sister Scholastica (Margaret) Thompson (1800-1861, Calvary), the 23rd member of Loretto, buried in the Sisters’ Section at old Holy Names of Mary Cemetery, later moved to Loretto Motherhouse cemetery in March 1914. Sr M. Scholastica Thompson (18001861) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Sophia (Teresa) Thompson (1818-1883), the 128th member of Loretto. Sr Sophia Thompson (1820-1883) - Find a Grave Memorial

Another possible connec>on is with the daughters of George Thompson (d. 1815), both of whom entered Lore9o aNer their father’s death: •

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Sister Bernardine (Barbara) Thompson was born in 1796 to George Thompson 1760 1815, at Fredericktown, Washington County, Kentucky. She entered Loretto on May 16, 1822, at the age of 26, took the name of Sister Bernardine as member #77. She made her final vows June 2, 1823. She died when oxen ran away with a cart loaded with stones which overturned on her, during the construction of Bethlehem Academy, at St. John, Hardin County, Kentucky. She was 37 years old and was first buried in the convent cemetery there. Her body was reinterred at the Loretto Motherhouse Cemetery in the first quarter of the 20th century. This information was found in the fall of 2011 by Gerald and Bernard Thompson at the Archives of Loretto Motherhouse in Nerinx, KY. This information confirmed a note made by her great nephew Charles Robert Thompson (son of Richard Lloyd Thompson, grandson of Thomas G. Thompson, great grandson of George Thompson) that Sister Isadore had a blood sister who also was a Sister of Loretto and that one of Sister Isadore's siblings died when killed by a run-away cart while quite young. Sr M. Bernardine Thompson (1796-1833) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Isadore (Ann Jane) Thompson was born in 1800 to George Thompson, 1760 - 1815.

At 16 years of age, she was made the ward of Alexander Hamilton, a neighbor. She was named as an "infant orphan" of George Thompson in this guardian bond filed in the County Clerk's Office, in Springfield, KY. She entered the Sisters of Loretto as member #56 at "Little Loretto" and took her religious name Sister Isadore. She professed her final vows on May 25, 1821. She left a will, which she wrote in July 1824, identifying her father as George Thompson. Sr Isadore “Ann Jane” Thompson (1800-1877) - Find a Grave Memorial

Other early SLs with Thompson surnames buried at Lore9o Motherhouse cemetery: Sister Priscilla Thompson 1797-1871 (Lore9o) men>oned in Li9le Elias Thompson story. She is listed at the Motherhouse in 1870 US Census.

Sister M. CelesEne Thompson 1798-1825 (Calvary).

“The Drury Family of Ten Slaves” Listed on the Lore9o Slave Memorial without names are the “Drury Family of Ten Slaves.” In early decades, several Sisters of Lore9o bear Drury as a surname, so one or more of them may have brought these enslaved individuals.

Several Thompson Sisters are or may be related. Census records show at least five Thompson men a genera>on older than the Sisters of Lore9o listed below.

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Zechariah Drury had daughters Sister Mary Catherine 1797, Inez 1798, Elizabeth 1800, Sarah 1802, Margaret 1811.

Bernard Drury (1771-1819 buried at Holy Mary’s Cemetery) Joseph Drury listed on 1800 Washington KY tax list John Drury (ca. 1760 living in Washington County KY in 1810 Census with 2 females aged 16-25) Ignatius Drury (ca. 1770 living in Nelson County in 1820 US Census)

Sister Mary Catherine Drury (1797-1824) was the daughter of Zachariah Drury and Jane "Jenny" Molohon Drury, who married in Washington (now Marion) County, Kentucky on January 12, 1797.

A page lis>ng this family stated: "Zachariah Drury was born May the 14th 177-, Jane Drury was born May the 8th 1770. Mary Catherine was born December the 8th 1797. Inez Drury was born Nov. the 7th 1798. Elizabeth Drury was born Oct 12th in 1800. Sarah Drury was born June 22nd, 1802. A con>nuing page says: Francis Drury was born June 19th, 1804. James Drury was born June 23, 1807. Hilery Drury was born March 9th, 1809. Margaret Drury was born February 11th, 1811. Isadore Drury was born June 23rd, 1815. Her remains were moved from Calvary to the Motherhouse cemetery in March 1914. Sr Mary Catherine Drury (1797-1824) - Find a Grave Memorial In the 1820 US Census, Zachariah Drury has 5 sons, 4 daughters, and 10 slaves (Ancestry.com: 1820 U S Census; Lebanon, Washington, Kentucky; [database.online]). In the 1830 US Census, he has no slaves. Could some of them have been sent to Lore9o?

Sister Mary MaElda Drury, niece of Sister Mary Catherine above, was the daughter of Hilary Drury, a na>ve of St. Mary's County, Maryland, and Teresa (Coomes) Drury, a na>ve of Nelson County, Kentucky. The informant for her cer>ficate was her brother, Reverend Edwin Drury of Nerinx, Kentucky. Sr Mary Ma>lda Drury (1826-1911) - Find a Grave Memorial

Reverend Edwin Drury, brother of Sister Mary Ma>lda, was born in Saint Lawrence Parish in Daviess County, Kentucky to Hilary and Teresa Coomes Drury. He prepared for the priesthood at Saint Thomas Seminary, near Bardstown, Kentucky and at Preston Park Seminary, at the present site of Bellarmine University in Louisville, Kentucky. He was ordained at the Cathedral of the Assump>on in Louisville, Kentucky on June 21, 1872. He served churches in Kentucky and Illinois un>l he was appointed chaplain at Lore9o Motherhouse in 1906. Rev Fr Edwin Drury (1845-1913) - Find a Grave Memorial Mary Drury, possibly the daughter of Bernard Drury & Catherine Wimsa9, took the name of Sister Francisca when she was professed a Sister of Lore9o. She died in 1822 and was buried at Gethsemani, Nelson County, Kentucky. Sr Francisca Drury (unknown-1822) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Mary Susan Drury died at age 22 at Calvary. She may be a daughter of Bernard and Catherine Wimsa9 Drury. Her remains were moved from Holy Name of Mary Cemetery to Lore9o Motherhouse Cemetery in March of 1914. Sr Mary Susan Drury (1802-1824) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Pelagia (Susanna) Drury entered the Sisters of Lore9o at Saint Charles Church.

Sister Pelagia died at age 19 on September 17, 1823, the 11th Lore9o Sister to die. She and six other Sisters of Lore9o were later moved to Lore9o Motherhouse Cemetery. Sr Pelagia “Susanna” Drury (1804-1823) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Marcellene Drury was first buried at Bethania Convent Cemetery in Fairfield, Nelson County, Kentucky. Her remains and those of ten other Sisters of Lore9o were later moved to the Lore9o Motherhouse Cemetery. Sr Marcellene Drury (1810-1824) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister MarEna Drury was “old Sister Mar>na” who taught religion to the young Elias Thompson.

She died at age 70 on October 21, 1865, at the Lore9o Motherhouse. Sr Mar>na Drury (17951865) - Find a Grave Memorial Sister Melania Drury was buried at Lore9o Motherhouse cemetery. Sr Melania Drury (1798-1824) - Find a Grave Memorial

Buckman: “The slaves inherited in 1838 by Sister Mary LaurenEa Buckman” In her historical analysis of eight women’s congrega>ons, Highly Respectable and Accomplished Ladies: Catholic Women Religious in America, 1790-1850, Barbara Misner succinctly describes the economic reality of enslaved persons as dowry and contract labor in early Lore9o: “At Lore9o there is at least one bill of sale in the Motherhouse archives; in it Mary Jane Buckman (Sister Lauren>a), about the >me of her entrance, ‘in considera>on of one dollar,’ gave to the trustees of the Society of the Sisters of Lore9o ‘her undivided interest

in the slaves willed by John Vowles to Charles Buckman and herself as well as any that may come to her in the future from her father’s estate.” (Sister Lauren>a Buckman, Bill of Sale, 16 June 1838)35 Mary Jane Buckman (Sister Lauren>a/aka Sister Humbeline) died December 4, 1842, at Lore9o Motherhouse. It is possible that one or more of the “9 Black males and 8 Black females” listed there in the 1840 US Census were part of her 1838 “Bill of Sale” relinquishing her inheritance, but there is no further evidence.

Through research into the complex economic rela>onships within the White Buckman family, it is possible to gain insight into their mul>-genera>onal connec>ons with the Black Buckman family inherited by Sister Mary Jane (Lauren>a/aka Humbeline) Buckman. She was the daughter of William Duncan Buckman, granddaughter of Charles Buckman, great-granddaughter of John Bap>st Buckman II. John Vowles (named above) was the first husband of Mary Jane’s mother Ann (below).

Her great grandfather, John Bap>st Buckman II, was born in Maryland about 1730, son of John Bap>st Buckman I and Suzanna Smith who immigrated from Lincolnshire, England, by 1718. John II married Ann Drinker in St. Mary's County in 1750. She may have immigrated from Holland. They were the parents of ten children, including five sons who migrated to Kentucky aNer the Revolu>on: Charles, Igna>us, Joseph, Francis, and Clement. John Bap>st Buckman II (1730-1793) Find a Grave Memorial

Mary Jane’s grandfather, Charles Buckman (1752-1827) married Jane Dunbar about 1780 and they had 8 children. He is buried at Calvary, Marion County, Kentucky. In his 1826 will, Charles Buckman directs: “The rest of the property. viz. Negroes, Stock and the cash due from the estate of Henry Vowles [his neighbor in 1820 census], lately deceased to me, to be equally divided among the rest of my children for their por>on, aNer the death of the said Jane Buckman, but not before, provided she live single aNer my death.”36 Two of the sons of Charles and Jane had descendants who became Sisters of Lore9o.

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Joseph Buckman (1787-1858) married Elizabeth "Betsy" Abell on July 11, 1807, in Washington Co, KY. They were parents of 10 children, including son Robert (1818-1889) who married Teresa Shircliff on 17 November 1839. Robert and Teresa became the parents of 14 children, three who became Sisters of Loretto: o Sister Erminildes (Caroline) (1846-1928) Sr Erminildes Buckman (1846-1928) - Find a Grave Memorial

o Sister Mary Michaeline (Julia Ann) (1854-1937) o Sister Salome (Teresa Agnes) (1859-1933) Teresa Agnes “Sister Saloma” Buckman (1859-1933) - Find a Grave Memorial

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William Dunbar Buckman (1795-1864) married Ann Merriman (1794-1845) in Nelson County KY. They are the parents of Mary Jane, who became Sister Laurentia/Humbeline.

Ann was the widow of John Vowles Jr. who died in Washington Co., KY, before 9 Oct.

1812, when his inventory was taken, with Ann Vowles his administratrix. Neither this document nor his account of 13 Dec. 1813 mentions any children.37 John and Ann were married by Rev. Charles Nerinckx on 26 September 1810. Ann's 1813 marriage to William D. Buckman, in the bond for which she is called widow of John, and Buckman's receiving one dollar from Mary Vowles's estate establish this John as the son of John Vowles and Mary Head.38 This token “one dollar” signifies the line of inheritance – including enslaved persons -- passed from the Vowles family to Ann Merriman Vowles Buckman and her children, Charles and Mary Jane (see Misner excerpt above). William Dunbar Buckman (1795-1865) - Find a Grave Memorial Children of William and Ann Buckman: o Charles Chrysostom (1815-1899) o Mary Jane (Sister Laurentia/Humbeline SL) (1820-1842) o Julia Ann (1820-1885), married 1st cousin John Baptist Buckman in Union County KY o Harriet (1822-1872), married Samuel Burch, 10 children o John (1830-1917) o Benedict Zechariah (1834-1904) Mary Jane’s great uncle, Igna>us Buckman (1754-1794), married with children, was among the early se9lers along the Rolling Fork River. He met a violent death, as described by Ben J. Webb: “About daylight one morning, Buckman leN his cabin for the purpose of feeding his stock.

He had been gone but a few minutes when the sharp report of a rifle, followed almost immediately by three more shots in quick succession, alarmed the family greatly. Has>ly closing and fastening the door and placing above it a medal of the Blessed Virgin, snatched from her own neck, the distressed wife and mother threw herself upon her knees in the midst of her children, and prayed to be delivered from the danger she had already apprehended. Venturing at length to peep out through a loophole leN in one of the sides of the house, she saw four stalwart Indians striding rapidly away, followed by two others mounted on the only horses owned by the family. Close behind the stable door was found the body of the husband and father, pierced by four bullets and his scalp gone. The body was buried where aNerward was laid off the Holy Mary’s cemetery…It is certain that neither before nor aNer the death of Buckman were the people of the se9lement molested by Indians.”39 Another great uncle of Mary Jane, Joseph Addison Buckman (1758-1839) married Susanna Simms and came to Washington (now Marion) County, Kentucky in 1796. They were the parents of John Simms Buckman, 1791-1865, who went to Union County, Kentucky and then Monroe County, Missouri; and Francis Buckman, 1794-1861, who went to Bullitt County, Kentucky. Joseph Addison Buckman married secondly to Mildred Mudd, daughter of Henry Lowe Mudd and Martha (Clarkson) Mudd, on January 7, 1801, in Washington County, Kentucky. Rev. Father James Michael Christopher Fournier presided at their marriage.

Joseph A. and Mildred (Mudd) Buckman were the parents of at least: Henry "Harry" Buckman, 1801-1846; George Buckman, 1803-1846; Maria (Sister Genorosa, S.C.N) Buckman, 1805-

1833; Elizabeth "Betsy” (Sister Serahine, S.C.N.) Buckman, 1810-1891; William M. "Billy Spike" Buckman, 1811-18xx; Susannah (Buckman) Flanagan, 1811-18xx; Martha Jane (Buckman) Clarkson, 1813-183x; and James Buckman, 1816-1901. Joseph Addison Buckman (1758-1839) - Find a Grave Memorial

Mary Jane’s great uncle Francis Buckman (1760-1814) married Elizabeth Knott about 1789 and they had 9 children, including: Susanna 1792 (m. Louis Spalding), John 1794; Francis 1799; Joseph 1805; James 1807. Francis Buckman (1760-1814) - Find a Grave Memorial Her youngest great uncle was also father to more Buckman Sisters of Lore9o. Clement H. Buckman (1769-1842) married first wife (Elizabeth?) in St Mary's Co, MD about 1795 and they had one daughter, Elizabeth "Sister Martha" Buckman (1797-1852), who was professed a Sister of Lore3o on December 25, 1818, and died at Bethlehem, Kentucky. Elizabeth “Sister Martha” Buckman (1797-1852) - Find a Grave Memorial. ANer his first wife died, Clement married Martha Mudd on November 19, 1801, in Washington Co, KY. Died in Union County KY. Clement H Buckman (1769-1842) - Find a Grave Memorial

Clement and Martha had 9 children, including two daughters who became Sisters of Lore9o: •

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Clement Mudd Buckman 1804-1868; married Anna Isabella Greenwell on 19 January 1829 & they had 11 children. He moved to Union Co., Kentucky, with his parents. He was listed as a farmer in the census. He left a will, apparently written before December 31, 1865, when slavery was abolished in Kentucky, which indicates the common practice of making bequests of “lands and goods” including persons enslaved. The contents are described on his Find a Grave memorial page, naming his wife Isabella "who is to receive 1/2 of the land where we now live containing 400 acres and a Negro boy John and his sister Emaline." His son William T Buckman was to receive a Negro boy Sam and bedding similar to what the other married children had been given. His son Thomas was to receive a horse, saddle and $120. His daughter Nancy Hancock was to receive a Negro girl Adaline.

His daughter Martha Newman was to receive a Negro girl Frances who is called "Frank."

His daughter Susan Buckman was to receive 100 acres of land. His son Elisha Buckman was to receive 100 acres of land. His daughter Juliann and his son John Buckman were to receive 4 Negroes which he had purchased from William Greenwell. He named as his executor Hugh McElroy. Clement Mudd Buckman (1804-1868) - Find a Grave Memorial Ellen 1809-1883; became Sister Melania SL 1828. Sr Melania Buckman (1809-1883) Find a Grave Memorial Charles Nerinckx Buckman 1812-1868; married on October 27, 1841, to Martha Ann Wathen (2 children). He was married to Frances Rose Huets on May 3, 1851 (6 children).

Charles Nerinckx Buckman (1812-1868) - Find a Grave Memorial Susan 1816-1884; married Theodore Wathen (5 children). Susan Marie Buckman Wathen (1816-1884) - Find a Grave Memorial

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John Baptist Buckman 1817-1884; married Matilda Wathen 1837 (1 son); married 2nd Julia Buckman his 1st cousin 1839 (13 children). John Baptist Buckman (1817-1884) - Find a Grave Memorial Mary 1817-1841; became Sister Laura SL 1832. Sr Laura Buckman (1817-1841) - Find a Grave Memorial

Oblates and Others The Black Sisterhood In her comprehensive history of Black Catholic women religious, Shannen Dee Williams credits Reverend Charles Nerinckx and the Sisters of Lore9o with establishing the first Black sisterhood in North America: “Since the late nineteenth century, scholarly consensus has been that the first ‘Negro sisters’ in the United States were members of a short-lived and all-Black auxiliary unit of the Sisters of the Lore9o at the Foot of the Cross located in the ‘Catholic Holy Land’ of Kentucky.”40 Bishop Camillus Maes, in his 1880 biography of Nerinckx, described the goal of educa>on for African Americans, both enslaved and free, in early Lore9o history: Unceasing in his efforts for the educa>on of all classes, Father Nerinckx had long cherished a desire of establishing in connec>on with his Society of the Friends of Mary an ins>tute of negro sisters for the especial educa>on of the blacks whose neglected condi>on in servitude no one more sincerely deplored. With this end in view, he had caused a few young negro children to be adopted in Lore9o and in May 1824 he exul>ngly communicated to Mother Bibiana the good news: “Two days ago twelve young ladies offered themselves at Lore9o for the li9le veil, amongst them our three blacks who received nearly all the votes. Their dress is to be different, also the offices and employment, but they keep the main rules of the society; they will take the vows but not the perpetual ones before twelve years of profession. Their rules are set apart.41 Even while establishing this new order for Black women, Nerinckx maintained a dis>nc>on of class that would signify their “subjugated status in the order, ‘their dress’ and ‘offices and employment were to be different.”42 The founda>on was short-lived due to the departure of Nerinckx for Missouri, where he died in August 1824. His successor at Lore9o, Reverend Guy Chabrat, quickly disbanded the Black sisterhood and made other radical changes in the Lore9o congrega>on which essen>ally erased these women from collec>ve memory. In Lore%o: Annals of the Century, Anna C. Minogue notes: The Rule which Father Nerinckx gave the Lore9o Society required that Desirants wear the Li9le Hearts. When they take the Li9le Veil they become Postulants. To take the habit made them novices. From this it is likely that the three blacks he wrote of in taking the Li9le Veil became postulants, or at least not more than novices. The Sisters now living [1912] do not remember having heard what became of these three young Negro girls.43

A century later, Joan Campbell’s research into early Lore9o history found the following three women listed in Lore9o archival rosters: A young Black girl from the Kno9 family in Lebanon, Kentucky, wanted to be a member of the Black community, but she died July 2, 1824, having made death bed vows at age fourteen and taking the religious name of Sister Everildis. Next, Eliza Aud took the name; the second Sister Everildis made death bed vows at Bethania on May 5, 1825, and died the same day at age fourteen. A third Black woman, Catherine Mitchell, Sister Berthildes, died at Bethania on June 4, 1824, at age eighteen.44

The Oblates Although the Black Sisterhood of Lore9o never really had a chance to develop, the early Lore9o rules provided other opportuni>es for service and belonging. Among these were the oblates, who make a commitment to religious obedience in service of a religious community. Father Nerinckx specified their status in the 1815 Lore9o Rule: Oblates are such as offer themselves or are offered for the purpose of spending their lives, or a part thereof, in behalf of the Society; these, though not members of the Society nor even associates, promise obedience for the >me of their sojourn at a place to the Most Reverend Bishop or to the confessor and to the superioress of the house. They live in a separate house, they follow the Rule with some modifica>on, make a novi>ate and enter an agreement for no less than two years. Their dress is to be of a subdued color and not according to the latest styles. Women of any age or condi>on in life may be admi9ed.45 Nearly a decade before sugges>ng a Black Sisterhood, Charles Nerinckx envisioned a way for women “of any age or condi>on in life” – which could include enslaved or free – to dedicate themselves to God. Despite the dubious response from Cardinal Fesch at the Va>can, who declared the mul>ple levels of associa>on “a monstrosity” in 1819,46 fourteen names of Lore9o Oblates appear on the Slave Memorial at Lore9o Motherhouse.

Sister Winifred Abell, whose name appears first, was the mother of Sister Clare (Nellie) Morgan.

In her entry “Sisters of Lore9o” in The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia (2015), Shannen Dee Williams states that “recent archival work at the Lore9o Motherhouse has revealed that Sister Clare (Nellie) Morgan, the sixth member of the congrega>on, who entered in 1812 and was the first Lore9o to take a religious name, was the daughter of Winifred Abell, a former slave widow of color, and John Morgan, a white man who received Revolu>onary War grants in Kentucky in the late eighteenth century.” Associated with the area surrounding Holy Mary’s Church along the Rolling Fork River, she was a member of Nerinckx’s Holy Rosary Society and emancipated by her enslaver Samuel Abell in 1810. She died at Calvary Convent on March 25, 1820.47 Early Lore9o convents, like Calvary, provided a home for many people, as described by William Howle9:

Needy orphans will be taken as far as means will permit without charge. One may become a member of the Society without cost if sufficiently qualified for it. The same Society will in >me provide an asylum or shelter for old age, decrepit and useless slaves, and as far as their poor condi>on will permit, the sisters will give every care and assistance to their sick and distressed fellow creatures.48 No records exist for the other thirteen Oblates, indica>ng that they died prior to the 1870 United States Census. The Kentucky women’s surnames are fairly common, making it impossible to trace their origins. The others have only religious names, but they lived in Missouri and Arkansas in the decades aNer Lore9o convents were established in the 1820-1840 era. It is possible that some of them were orphans raised by Sisters of Lore9o. Their names are remembered here: Sister Lucy (Elizabeth) Yates, Sister Felicitas (Teresa) Helfner, Sister Catherine (Julia) Pierce, Sister NaElia (Anne) Kehoe, Sister Felicitas (Mary) Smith, Sister Mercilina (Anne) Moore, Sister Euphrasia (Ann) Bowling, Sister Wallis, Sister Gabreele, Sister Seraphine, Sister Genevieve, Sister Regina, Sister Stanislaus.

Others Named on the Slave Memorial These persons were not traceable, presumed to have died prior to 1870: Jake, Jane with her increase, Bethlehem Convent seven slaves including three children, Dick, Saint Genevieve Convent slaves Mary Genevieve and Mary Jane, Cape Girardeau six female children O. and H. Paul, M. and C. Hunter, E. and M. A. Linen.

“And all those whose names have been forgo3en” – and found since 2000 As of December 2023, addi>onal names of 17 persons enslaved by Lore9o have been found, in addi>on to some noted in Lore9o account books where contracts for labor were recorded Tales from the Ledgers: Bartering in Early Lore9o Academies – Lore9o Community. Others have been found in sacramental records. With addi>onal searching underway by various religious communi>es, (arch)diocesan officials, and other research, this list may con>nue to grow.

Bishop Benedict Flaget wrote to Father Nerinckx in 1816: “I bought old Stephen and Dinah; they cost me one hundred and thirty gourds, and they render valuable service to the house; henceforth, the sisters are dispensed from culng wood and carrying it to the yard.”49 Slaves willed to Lore9o at Calvary KY by Rev. David Deparq (date of will 13 February 1851)50 Bill, Sandy, Andrew, George, Elick Enslaved persons found in sacramental records (www.reckongingradio.com): Mary Agnes, servant of Lore3o Cedar Grove Academy, bapEzed 13 June 1843 age 24, Our Lady of the Port, Louisville, Kentucky Benedict, son of Benedict of Lore3o and LeEEa Hayden, bapEzed 2 April 1845, St. Joseph, Bardstown, Kentucky Mary Catherine, daughter of Harry (Henry) and Lucy Ann, servants of Lore3o, bapEzed 3 May 1850, Holy Cross, Nelson County, Kentucky; sponsor Henrie3a of Lore3o

Patrick IgnaEus, son of Harry (Henry) and Lucy Ann, servants of Lore3o, bapEzed 30 March 1854, Holy Cross John of Bethlehem Academy, Hardin County, Kentucky, born 1854 Mary Louise, daughter of Patrick Peterson and Fanny of Lore3o, bapEzed 22 June 1861, Holy Cross Mary LateEa, daughter of Patrick Peterson and Fanny of Lore3o, bapEzed 12 December 1863, Holy Cross, sponsor Martha of Lore3o

Contexts and Conclusions

All systems – racial, religious, cultural – are internally diverse. Each individual lives within a mul>plicity of complex systems which interact with one another. No one exists in a vacuum. Nor does the historical record of any group.

As a nineteenth-century religious congrega>on of women, the Sisters of Lore9o focused on the mission of educa>on, following the American fron>er westward from Kentucky and beyond the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. During a >me of na>onwide expansion, they carried their cultural prac>ces with them, accep>ng the prevailing caste system that privileged white skin over black, red, and brown. In an era when poli>cal debates and Civil War ba9les tried to define what it meant to be “American” – in a largely Protestant Chris>an model – the Catholic Church itself tried to standardize the way that religious congrega>ons conducted their schools to ensure that their pupils, children of all races and cultural backgrounds, would become English-speaking Americans. In the process, much history was lost or forgo9en. This project is one of the many a9empts to remember what has been hidden.

The Lore9o Community who gathered on April 25, 2000 (above) to dedicate the Slave Memorial at the Lore9o Motherhouse cemetery acknowledged the truth of our history, uncomfortable as

it was to recognize genera>onal complicity in enslavement of human beings. Since then, many other religious communi>es have dedicated similar monuments. Catholic organiza>ons, (arch) diocesan archivists, the Conference on the History of Women Religious, and academic scholars in different disciplines have wri9en, presented, and published numerous books and ar>cles which shed light into the hidden past, oNen discovering that our past sins -- of commission and omission -- are now our present mission work of truth, jus>ce, and reconcilia>on.

“We work for jus>ce and act for peace because the Gospel urges us.” (I Am the Way #36) Annie Stevens SL, PhD 8 December 2023

Notes 1 2

Original document in LMA, RG III-1, Box 1, Folder 1.

Will of Abraham Rhodes, Saint Mary’s County, Maryland, 19 July 1797, SMC-JJ2, 198.

3

Shannen Dee Williams, Subversive Habits: Black Catholic Nuns in the Long African American Freedom Struggle (2022), 282-3.

4

LMA, Sister Angelica Clements; qtd. in Barbara Misner, Highly Respectable and Accomplished Ladies (1988) p. 81.

5

O'Daniel, Hannah, "Southern veils: the sisters of Lore9o in early na>onal Kentucky." (2017).

Electronic Theses and Disserta>ons. Paper 2859. h9ps://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2859 John Clements Will, made November 16, 1803, recorded December 12, 1803, p. 730- 32, Will Book A, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, Kentucky (hereaNer KDLA). Administrator Account of John Clements Estate, recorded February 10, 1806, p. 910-14, Will Book A, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA; Administrator Account of John Clements Estate, recorded September 19, 1808, p. 98-99, Will Book B, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA; Crissy Clements Guardian Account, recorded September 16, 1816, p. 483, Will Book C, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA; Administrator Account of John Clements Estate, recorded September 16, 1816, p. 484- 86, Will Book C, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA. 6

For evidence that Nancy Clements had five living children by the >me Chris>na Clements joined the Lorelnes, see Barbara Misner, ‘Highly Respectable and Accomplished Ladies’: Catholic Women Religious in America, 1790-1850 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988), 81. Two more sons, Lewis and Igna>us, both named on the Slave Memorial, must have been born aNer 1816.

7

8

Administrator Account of John Clements Estate, recorded September 19, 1808, p. 98- 99, Will Book B, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA; Administrator Account of John

Clements Estate, recorded September 16, 1816, p. 484-86, Will Book C, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA. 9

John Clements Will, made November 16, 1803, recorded December 12, 1803, p. 731, Will Book A, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA; Crissy Clements Guardian Account, recorded September 16, 1816, p. 483, Will Book C, Nelson County Court, microfilm #7006775, KDLA. 10

Louisa Philips, comp., “Register of Members of Lore9o, 1812-1871,” 30, Register box, LHC; “Leo Clements Nerinckx. His Passing at Lore9o, in Kentucky,” The Record (Louisville, Ky.), November 2, 1911; “Leo Clements Nerinckx,” Catholic Telegraph (Louisville, Ky.), Nov. 30, 1911.

11

LMA, RG III-2, Box 1, Folder 8, qtd. in Joan Campbell, Lore%o: An Early American Congrega3on in the Antebellum South (2015) 379.

12

Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1774-1989 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons, Inc., 2015.Original data: Kentucky County, District and Probate Courts.

13

LMA Black History file, qtd. in Campbell, 322.

14

Ma>lda was the daughter of Stephen and Catherine Lancaster Boone, both free persons of color by the >me of her birth. Stephen was emancipated by John Miles “Miley” Boone in 1829 (Library of Congress; Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; A Folk History of Slavery in the United States From Interviews with Former Slaves, 1936–1938; Volume: Vol. 1-17; Page: 15). Catherine was freed in the

1848 will of Nancy Lancaster (see Anderson Herald 13 Dec 1953, p. 37 re: original freedom document).

15

Rev. William Howle9, The Life of Reverend Charles Nerinckx (1915), 114-115.

Rev. William de Rohan arrived in Kentucky in 1790 and built the original Holy Cross Church: “His parents were Irish, but he was probably born in France or moved there when young. Birth year is an es>mate. Surname might have been originally Roan with de Rohan or de Rohan, a French adapta>on. Ordained about 1780 he served in the diocese of Dublin, Ireland. In 1786, he ended up in Bal>more and was assigned to ministry in Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia. He then spent a year in Tennessee and in the summer of 1790 arrived at the Polnger Creek community in Nelson County, Kentucky. Credit is given him for having built the original Holy Cross Church in 1792, a log chapel, the first Catholic church in Kentucky (now Marion County). At the >me, he was the only Catholic priest in Kentucky. He did not have permission to fully serve in ministry compared to other missionary priests, and around 1822 was teaching at a school in New Hope, KY. He also taught at Bardstown and St. Stephen's (Lore9o). He bought a farm near Holy Cross at the base of Rohan's Knob. On top of the knob he built a large cross, hence the name Holy Cross.

ANer that, Bishop Flaget had him live at the seminary four miles south of Bardstown, Kentucky.

Rev. John A. Lyons wrote in 1976,

"Father deRohan spent his last years in re>rement in the seminary at St. Thomas in Nelson County where he died in the Spring or early Summer of 1832. His mortal remains rest in an unmarked grave in St. Thomas Cemetery."

He leN a will in Nelson County on 20-Aug-1831, gran>ng 510 acres to Bishop Flaget: "My planta>on in [then] Washington County... con>guous to the Church of Holy Cross, by the name of the Knob Lick or Rohan's Knob," (probated 9-Jul-1833). The 1831 Nelson County tax register listed him as William Rohan, priest; 350 acres on the Nelson/Washington border, in the Polnger Creek watershed, with a value of $700.” Rev William de Rohan (1750-1832) - Find a Grave Memorial Miss Betsey Wells: Her burial entry on page 775 of St. Rose Parish Register III says, "Miss Elizabeth Wells who lived for many years at this (St. Rose) and other places(,) an edifiying and truly virtuous life since her conver>on (sic) and recep>on into the Catholic Church by the Rev. and worthy Father Baddin (sic). Her age was 83. June 6, 1851 Burial Date." Elisabeth “Betsy” Wells (1767-1851) - Find a Grave Memorial 16

C. Walker Gollar, “The Role of Father Badin’s Slaves in Fron>er Kentucky,” American Catholic Studies 115:1 (Spring 2004), 12.

17

C. Walker Gollar, American and Catholic: Stories of the People Who Built the Church (2015), 103.

18

Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Death Records, 1852-1965 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons Inc, 2007. His memorial page has been updated to include the Lore9o Facebook pos>ng from October 20, 2022 Jerome Boone (1807-1902) - Find a Grave Memorial 19

Originally named the State Normal School for Colored Persons, the school received funding from the Kentucky Legislature and opened in 1886. John H. Jackson, a Berea College graduate, was named president and charged with the mission of training Negro teachers for the state's Negro schools. For 20 years, Berea College, an integrated school, had been the main institution for the training of Negro teachers in Kentucky. At the new school, tuition was free to students who pledged to teach in Kentucky; four years later one quarter of the Negro teachers in the state were graduates of the State Normal School for Colored Persons. “Kentucky State University (KState),” Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed February 18, 2022, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/412 .

20

Proceedings of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association, April 25-28, 1916, p.26.

“Father Nerinckx’s Cabin,” Loretto Motherhouse pamphlet, 1980. Original article “Pilgrimage of the Sisters of Loretto, Kentucky, to their Little Loretto, near Saint Charles Church, Marion County, June 30,” Loretto Magazine (September 1912), 3-5.

21”

22

Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010.

23

Ancestry.com. 1870 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

24

Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., County Marriage Records, 1783-1965 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2016).

25

Year: 1880; Census Place: Raywick, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 432; Page: 161B; Enumeration District: 185.

26

Year: 1900; Census Place: St Mary, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 542; Page: 12; Enumeration District: 0079; FHL microfilm: 1240542.

27

Year: 1910; Census Place: District 7, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: T624_481; Page: 3B; Enumeration District: 0093; FHL microfilm: 1374494.

28

Year: 1920; Census Place: Saint Mary, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: T625_587; Page: 7A; Enumeration District: 97.

29

Year: 1930; Census Place: Lebanon, Marion, Kentucky; Page: 2B; Enumeration District: 0008; FHL microfilm: 2340504.

30

Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons Inc, 2004.

31

Ancestry.com. 1870 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons, Inc., 2009.

32

Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1774-1989 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons, Inc., 2015.Original data: Kentucky County, District and Probate Courts.

33

Both this manuscript and the memorial tributes published aNer the death of Leo ClementsNerinckx (which show Sister Antonella’s rhetorical style) were found in files leN by Mary Seema9er CoL from research she did in the Lore9o Archives in the 1990s. Her own professional training and teaching centered on Black history in Saint Louis.

34

According to the CROSS (Catholic Religious Organiza>ons Studying Slavery) Best Prac3ces Guide (2023), “The discussion surrounding language is constantly changing [and] we welcome the use of other respecgul terms that archivists, scholars, or descendants choose to employ…We do not condone effacing or altering the original entries in any way. When communica>ng the informa>on in wri>ng, we suggest italicizing the original language to emphasize it is the same as used in the record.” p. 13.

35

Barbara Misner, ‘Highly Respectable and Accomplished Ladies’: Catholic Women Religious in America, 1790-1850 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988).

36 “

Will of Charles Buckman 15 Oct 1826, Washington County Kentucky.” Sister Mary Louise Donnelly, The Buckman Family of Maryland and Kentucky, 1979.

37

Washington Co., Ky., Will Book B, p. 196, 266.

38

Nelson Co., Ky., marriage bond dated 9 Oct. 1813. Nelson Co., Ky., Will Book D, pp. 426-27, 15 July 1822; Will Book 5, pp. 43-44, 8 June 1846.

39

Webb, Benedict Joseph. The Centenary of Catholicity in Kentucky. 1884, pp. 106, 111.

40

William J. Howle9, Life of Charles Nerinckx (1915), 259.

41

Camillus Maes, Life of Nerinckx (1880), 99.

42

Shannen Dee Williams, Subversive Habits (2022), 28.

43

Anna C. Minogue, Lore%o: Annals of the Century (1912), 97.

44

Joan Campbell, Lore%o: An Early American Congrega3on, 212-213.

45

Augus>n Wand and M. Lilliana Owens (ed.), Nerinckx-Kentucky-Lore%o (1972), 188.

46

Wand and Owens, 203.

47

“Sisters of Lore9o” in The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia - Google Books. See also Campbell, 99, 305. Williams’ entry was wri9en prior to the publica>on of Campbell’s book, giving third-party verifica>on of Sister Clare (Nellie) Morgan as a mula9o.

48

William J. Howle9, Life of Nerinckx, 267.

49

Maes, Life of Nerinckx, 308-9.

50

Will of David Deparq. 1851 Will, Lore9o Motherhouse Archives. 1863 Will (without names) Ancestry.com. Kentucky, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1774-1989 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Opera>ons, Inc., 2015.

Annotated Bibliography Primary source documents Lore9o Motherhouse Archives at the Lore9o Heritage Center contains personal files for all Sisters of Lore9o, as well as account books for convents which show enslaved individuals who were contracted to work for a certain >me, some>mes in lieu of tui>on by some families sending their daughters to early Lore9o schools.

United States Census 1820-1860 www.ancestry.com Other digi>zed documents include slave schedules 1850/1860, marriage and death records, wills, and directories.

Cemetery records for some individuals www.findagrave.com Open-source site, with some photos and biographical informa>on.

Newspaper ar>cles for some descendants were found in www.newspapers.com Historical newspapers from 19th and 20th century across the United States supply obituaries and family details.

CROSS (Catholic Religious Organizations Studying Slavery) Best Practices Guide (2023). Latest guidelines for archival access to records.

Lore3o histories Campbell, Joan SL. Lore%o: An Early American Congrega3on in the Antebellum South. Saint Louis: Bluebird Press, 2015. Prior to her death in 2007, Campbell leN to others her unfinished manuscript and files of historical research compiled between 1970 and 2000, when the Slave Memorial was dedicated at Lore9o Motherhouse. The inten>on stated on the back cover is “to open further inquiry into the world of early Lore9o women, whose racial and cultural iden>>es shaped their lives and mission, just as living in a global society shapes ours today.”

Howle9, William J. Life of Rev. Charles Nerinckx. Techny, Illinois: Mission Press, 1915. The second authorized biography of Lore9o’s priest-founder, a refugee from Belgium in the early 19th century.

Life of Rev. Charles Nerinckx - Google Books

Maes, Camillus P. The Life of Rev. Charles Nerinckx. Cincinna>: Robert Clarke, 1880. First biography of Nerinckx, wri9en from primary source documents and recollec>ons of people who had known him. The Life of Rev. Charles Nerinckx - Google Books Minogue, Anna C. Lore%o: Annals of the Century. New York: America Press, 1912. Official centennial book of Lore9o, wri9en by a popular Kentucky Catholic author from Lore9o archival records and interviews. Lore9o - Google Books Nerinckx-Kentucky-Lore%o: Documents in Archives Propaganda Fide Rome 1804-1851, ed.

Augus>n C. Wand SJ and M. Lilliana Owens SL. Saint Louis: Lore9o, 1972. English transla>ons from La>n, French, and Italian, of numerous le9ers which record “trials and tribula>ons” of the first Sisters of Lore9o concerning the Va>can’s formal approval of the Lore9o Rule (cons>tu>ons).

Scholarly books and arEcles Gollar, C. Walker, “The Role of Father Badin’s Slaves in Fron>er Kentucky,” American Catholic Studies 115:1 (Spring 2004). Includes background of Boone family.

Gollar, C. Walker. American and Catholic: Stories of the People Who Built the Church. Franciscan Media, 2015. With family roots in central Kentucky, Gollar tackles difficult topics such as slavery,

the treatment of Na>ve Americans, martyrdom, the role of women, and immigra>on in a balanced and nuanced way.

Lucas, Marion B. A History of Blacks in Kentucky, from Slavery to Segrega3on, 1760-1891.

Kentucky Historical Society, 1992, 2003. Includes a chapter on religion and educa>on before 1865.

Masur, Laura E. Planta>on as Mission: American Indians, Enslaved Africans, and Jesuit Missionaries in Maryland in: Journal of Jesuit Studies Volume 8 Issue 3 (2021) (brill.com) (open source full text) Offers insights into the Maryland Catholic world that the Kentucky Catholics carried westward aNer the Revolu>on. “Evidence from Maryland shows the evolu>on of Jesuits’ goals for their mission, from a focus on American Indians and English Protestants in the seventeenth century, to enslaved Africans and tenant farmers, and ul>mately to European immigrants in nineteenth-century ci>es. These evangelical goals were closely connected with changes in the mission’s economic founda>ons.”

Misner, Barbara. Highly Respectable and Accomplished Ladies: Catholic Women Religious in America 1790-1850, New York: Garland, 1988. Chapters on Lore9o, Chari>es of Nazareth, and Dominicans.

O’Daniel, Hannah. Southern Veils: The Sisters of Lore2o in Early Na7onal Kentucky (MA thesis, University of Louisville, 2017). Background informa>on concerning Nancy Clements and Lore9o.

Schmidt, Kelly. “The Pervasive Ins>tu>on: Slavery and its Legacies in U. S. Catholicism,” American Catholic Studies Newsle%er 49:1 (Spring 2022) The pervasive ins>tu>on: Slavery and its legacies in U.S. Catholicism | News | Cushwa Center | University of Notre Dame Examines past and present scholarship based on archival findings within Catholic organiza>ons, including Lore9o, into their slaveholding past.

Slavery and the Catholic Church in the United States: Historical Studies, ed. David J. Endres.

Washington: Catholic University of America, 2023. Essays by nine Catholic scholars on enslaved persons and slaveholders, aboli>on and emancipa>on, and historiography. In his Foreword, Archbishop Shelton J. Fabre of Louisville states: “Reflec>ng on our past can invite us to open our hearts wide to dismantle the evil of sin and racism as it con>nues to exist in our Church and society.”

“SISTERS OF LORETTO, the first black Roman Catholic sisterhood founded in the United States.”

Shannen Dee Williams. The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Williams had not yet read Joan Campbell’s book but used some of the same research sources at Lore9o Motherhouse Archives. The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia Google Books

Williams, Shannen Dee. Subversive Habits: Black Catholic Nuns in the Long African American Freedom Struggle. Durham: Duke University Press, 2022. Comprehensive history of race in the

history of religious communities (including Loretto) from a distinguished African American Catholic scholar.

Catholic religious communities Links (click title to read) to congregational websites and other publications provide context for the history of enslavement among Catholic religious communities: Nazareth sisters confront their slaveholding past in US - UCA News Enslavement | RSCJ.org Slavery, History, Memory and Reconciliation - Jesuits.org The American Vincen>ans. 02 - I. A survey of American Vincen>an History: 1815-1987 (cont 1) We are Vincen>ans Diener, Laura Michele. “O Hail, Mary, Hail: The Long Complicated History of an American Convent,” Numero Cinq (October 10, 2016).

Swarns, Rachel L. “The Nuns Who Bought and Sold Human Beings,” New York Times (August 2, 2019) Makes connec>ons between several women’s congrega>ons – Georgetown Visita>on, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of Charity of Nazareth – and their a9empts to trace their own histories with slavery. Later Swarns expands her research of descendants of Georgetown enslaved persons sold to Louisiana in the book, The 272.

KENTUCKY CENSUS RECORDS: LORETTO 1820-1860 KENTUCKY 1820 US CENSUS: Mother Ann’s CongregaEon of Nuns, Washington County Mother Ann (d. 1812) named rather than Mother Mary Rhodes: 3 white males; 61 white females; 4 Black males; 3 Black females.

1820 U S Census; Census Place: Lebanon, Washington, Kentucky; Page: 43; NARA Roll: M33_29; Image: 64 Lebanon Ancestry.com. 1820 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1830 US CENSUS: Lore3o Motherhouse, Washington County Rev. Igna>us Chabrat: 2 white males, 55 white females, 6 Black males, 2 Black females Year: 1830; Census Place: Washington, Kentucky; Series: M19; Roll: 42; Page: 158; Family History Library Film: 0007821 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010

KENTUCKY 1830 US CENSUS: Calvary, Washington County Rev. David Duparq: 5 white males, 50 white females, 7 Black males.

Year: 1830; Census Place: Washington, Kentucky; Series: M19; Roll: 42; Page: 203; Family History Library Film: 0007821 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1830 US CENSUS: Gethsemani Monastery, Nelson County Gethsemani Monastery: 35 white females, 5 Black males, 4 Black females.

James Dant (rela>ve of Mary and Ann Rhodes) listed 3 lines above: 3 white males, 1 white female, 7 Black males, 12 Black females.

Year: 1830; Census Place: Eastern District, Nelson, Kentucky; Series: M19; Roll: 40; Page: 112; Family History Library Film: 0007819 Eastern District Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1840 US CENSUS: Lore3o Motherhouse, Marion County Lore3o: 2 white males, 114 white females (12 teachers), 9 Black males, 8 Black females.

Year: 1840; Census Place: Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 118; Page: 346; Family History Library Film: 0007829 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1840 US CENSUS: Mt. Calvary, Marion County Mt. Calvary: 2 white males, 46 white females, 5 Black males, 5 Black females.

Year: 1840; Census Place: Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 118; Page: 348; Family History Library Film: 0007829 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1840 US CENSUS: Gethsemani, Nelson County Josephine Kelly (Superior): 2 white males, 69 white females, 5 Black males, 6 Black females.

Year: 1840; Census Place: West Division, Nelson, Kentucky; Roll: 121; Page: 21; Family History Library Film: 0007831 Township: West Division Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

KENTUCKY 1840 US CENSUS: Bethlehem Academy, Hardin County Igna>a Lancaster, Proprietorship of Bethlehem: 13 white females, 3 Black males, 2 Black females.

Year: 1840; Census Place: Hardin, Kentucky; Roll: 113; Page: 88; Family History Library Film: 0007827 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010

KENTUCKY 1850 US CENSUS: Lore3o Motherhouse, Marion County Rev. James Quinn, Priest Lore9o Ins>tute: 1 white male, 94 white females.

Year: 1850; Census Place: District 1, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 212; Page: 390a Township: District 1 Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Lore3o Motherhouse/James Quinn 15 Black males, 6 Black females; 1 Mula9o male (check mark line 20) and 1 Mula9o female (check mark line 30) are fugi>ve “freedom seekers”

The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: Not Stated Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.

KENTUCKY 1850 US CENSUS: Calvary, Marion County Rev. David A. Duparq, President Calvary Female Ins>tu>on: 3 white males, 59 white females.

Year: 1850; Census Place: District 2, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: 212; Page: 429 Township: District 2 Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Calvary/David Duparq, Marion County 8 Black males, 7 Black females.

The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: District 2 Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.

KENTUCKY 1850 US CENSUS: Bethlehem, Hardin County Bertha Bowles, “Nun and Farmer”: 1 white male*, 79 white females. *Father Augustine Degauquier was first buried at Bethlehem Academy, St. John, Hardin County, KY in 1870. Exhumed and buried in Row 15--East at Loretto Motherhouse Cemetery at Nerinx, KY. Year: 1850; Census Place: Suthern District, Hardin, Kentucky; Roll: 203; Page: 428b Township: Southern District Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Bethlehem Academy/Bertha Bowles Bertha Bowles: 8 Black males, 3 Black females. Lines 13, 16, 17 list 1 Mulatto male* and 2 Mulatto females* as fugitive “freedom seekers”

The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: Southern District Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.

KENTUCKY 1850 US CENSUS: Cedar Grove, Louisville Sister Bridget Spalding: 1 white male, 36 white females.

Year: 1850; Census Place: District 2, Jefferson, Kentucky; Roll: 205; Page: 228a Township: District 2 Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Sisters of Lore3o, Louisville

Sisters of Lore9o: 4 Black females The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: District 2 Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.

KENTUCKY 1860 US CENSUS: Lore3o Motherhouse, Marion County Berlindes Downs, Superior: 2 white males, 50 white females [July 1860, school not in session] Year: 1860; Census Place: District 1, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: M653_385; Page: 631; Family History Library Film: 803385 District 1 Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Lore3o Academy, Marion County

13 Black males, 3 Black females The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 District 1 Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010.

KENTUCKY 1860 US CENSUS: Calvary Religious InsEtute, Marion County Clo>lda Graves, Superior: 2 white males, 31 white females Year: 1860; Census Place: District 2, Marion, Kentucky; Roll: M653_385; Page: 672; Family History Library Film: 803385 District 2 Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009

KENTUCKY 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Calvary Institution, Marion County

Calvary Institution: 8 Black males, 4 Black females; Fugitives from the state: 3 Mulatto males, 6 Mulatto females (noted by number in lines 30, 32-39) The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 District 2 Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010

KENTUCKY 1860 US CENSUS: Bethlehem Academy, Hardin County Reverend Augustine Degaquier: 2 white males, 27 white females; “Charity of Bethlehem” (orphans): 12 white females.

Year: 1860; Census Place: District 2, Hardin, Kentucky; Roll: M653_371; Page: 197; Family History Library Film: 803371 District 2 Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Bethlehem Academy, Hardin County

Reverend Augustine Degaquier: 1 Black female, 2 Mulatto males, 2 Mulatto females. Line 27 denotes a female fugitive “freedom seeker” The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: District 2 Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010

KENTUCKY 1860 US CENSUS: Cedar Grove, Louisville, Jefferson County Elizabeth Hayden (Superior): 21 adult white females, 56 white female pupils.

Year: 1860; Census Place: Louisville Ward 8, Jefferson, Kentucky; Roll: M653_376; Page: 555; Family History Library Film: 803376 City: Louisville Ward 8 Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

KENTUCKY 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Cedar Grove Academy, Louisville, Jefferson County

Cedar Grove Academy: 1 Black male, 4 Black females.

The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: Louisville Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010.

MISSOURI CENSUS RECORDS: LORETTO 1830-1860 Lore9o convents very likely shared some enslaved persons’ labor with the Vincen>an seminaries at Perryville (The Barrens) and Cape Girardeau (Saint Vincent), as well as with the Jesuits in Florissant (Saint Stanislaus).

MISSOURI 1830 US CENSUS: Perry County, The Barrens (VincenEan/Lore3o) Joseph Rosa> 28 Free White males, no slaves.

John M. Odin 94 Free White males, 14 Black males, 13 Black females.

July Ann Fenwick (Sister Benedicta) 33 White females, 1 Black female.

Year: 1830; Census Place: Perry, Missouri; Series: M19; Roll: 72; Page: 405; Family History Library Film: 0014853 Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

MISSOURI 1840 US CENSUS: Perry County and Sainte Genevieve County Barbara Clements, Sister of Bethlehem Convent: 20 Free white females under 19; 17 Free white females 20-49; 3 Black males; 3 Black females.

John Timon, St. Mary’s Seminary: 71 Free white males under 19; 31 Free white males 20-99; 17 Black males.

Year: 1840; Census Place: Perry, Missouri; Roll: 228; Page: 30; Family History Library Film: 0014857 Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010

Catherine Valle, Ste. Genevieve: 1 Free white female under 10; 5 Free white females 20-39.

Year: 1840; Census Place: St Genevieve, Sainte Genevieve, Missouri; Roll: 230; Page: 71; Family History Library Film: 0014858 Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

MISSOURI 1840 US CENSUS: Saint Ferdinand, Saint Louis County P. Devoss/Devos* (Jesuit, Saint Stanislaus) line 6: Free White males 22; Black males 10; Black females 11 – Agriculture 10, Manufacture 3, Learned Professions 16 Year: 1840; Census Place: St Ferdinand, Saint Louis, Missouri; Roll: 231; Page: 235; Family History Library Film: 0014858 Township: St Ferdinand Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.

MISSOURI 1850 US CENSUS: Saint Stanislaus Seminary, Florissant, Saint Louis County Rev. John Gleizal: 54 Free white males Year: 1850; Census Place: District 82, St Louis, Missouri; Roll: 414; Page: 456a, 456b District 82 Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

MISSOURI 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Stanislaus College, Florissant, Saint Louis County 10 Black males, 12 Black females.

The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 District 82 Saint Stanislaus, Florissant, Missouri Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database online]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004

MISSOURI 1850 US CENSUS: Lore3o Convent, Florissant, Saint Louis County Rev. J. Francis Van Assche: Sister Eleanora Clarke: 9 Sisters, 25 pupils Year: 1850; Census Place: District 82, St Louis, Missouri; Roll: 414; Page: 466a Township: District 82 Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009

MISSOURI 1850 US CENSUS: Lore3o Convent, Sainte Genevieve Sister Theresa McSoarley: 9 Sisters, 19 pupils.

Year: 1850; Census Place: Ste Genevieve, Ste Genevieve, Missouri; Roll: 413; Page: 211b Township: Ste Genevieve Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009

MISSOURI 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Theresa McSoarley, Ste. Genevieve

Sister Theresa McSoarley: 2 Black females.

Ste Genevieve Ancestry.com. 1850 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004

MISSOURI 1850 US CENSUS: Saint Mary’s of the Barrens Seminary, Perry County 94 white males. Three Black women are named (lines 15-17), indicating they are Free and live at the Seminary: Susan Hayden age 65, Mary Gough age 35, Elizabeth Gough age 5. In the 1860 US Census, Lizzie Gough/Goff, now 16, works as a washerwoman: Year: 1860; Census Place: St Marys, Perry, Missouri; Roll: M653_638; Page: 698; Family History Library Film: 803638 City: St Marys Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009

MISSOURI 1850 SLAVE SCHEDULE: St. Mary’s Seminary, Perry County 1 Black male, 4 Black females.

MISSOURI 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: St. Mary’s Seminary, Perry County

2 Black females.

Ancestry.com. 1850-1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010

MISSOURI 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULE: Jesuit College [St. Stanislaus], Florissant, Saint Louis County 18 Black males, 17 Black females.

The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 St Ferdinand Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database online]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010

MISSOURI 1860 US CENSUS: Loretto, Cape Girardeau Sister Rose Ann Monarch: 14 Sisters, 11 pupils; 1 male laborer and 21 white females not in school 1860; Census Place: Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Roll: M653_611; Page: 257; Family History Library Film: 803611 Cape Girardeau Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

MISSOURI 1860 US CENSUS: Saint Vincent College Seminary, Cape Girardeau James McGuire: 9 Vincentian priest/professors; 13 working men; 57 students; 1 other priest Year: 1860; Census Place: Cape Girardeau, Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Roll: M653_611; Page: 266; Family History Library Film: 803611 Cape Girardeau Ancestry.com. 1860 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009.

MISSOURI 1860 SLAVE SCHEDULES: Cape Girardeau (Thomas B. Smith/College) Thomas B. Smith, College Superintendent and Secretary: 4 Black males, 1 Mula9o male, 5 Black females The National Archives in Washington DC; Washington DC, USA; Eighth Census of the United States 1860; Series Number: M653; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29 Township: Cape Girardeau Ancestry.com. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010.