‘COLLECTION TO CONNECTION’ PROPOSAL FOR A NEW PUBLIC LIBRARY IN BRISTOL CITY CENTRE
LOUIS EVANS 10095 TUTOR: FRANK LYONS
CONTENTS The Brief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 The Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Proposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Structure & Tectonic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Environmental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
“Against expectations, the public library building is enjoying a new era of prestige across the world. So too are many other forms of library design and architecture, as higher education expands to meet a global demand for better educated populations capable of attending to their own intellectual self-development and professional expertise� Ken Worpole, Contemporary Library Architecture, 2013, p.4
THE BRIEF
THE MODERN PUBLIC LIBRARY ARCHITECTURAL INTENTION The modern public library plays an important role as a bastion for freedom of knowledge through the provision of books and other media to the community it serves. However, in the information age - with the rapid growth of the internet and technology - the book has come under threat as the primary means of disseminating knowledge. So what does this mean for the library, which is fundamentally a collection of books? The
MEET
READ
PLAY
PERFORM
STUDY
BROWSE
DISCUSS
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term ‘Collection to Connection’ represents the evolving role of the modern public library and addresses its new responsibility in providing a platform for community life and social interaction as well as just a servicestation space to collect and read books. As such these are the projects main aims in order to effectively serve the Bristol community in the 21st century; •
Create a dynamic environment where life in the community can unfold
•
Human centric design that focuses on putting people and user experience first
•
The provision of flexible spaces that allows the community to ‘customise’ the library to their needs.
•
Create inspirational spaces that inspire learning and are not merely pragmatic
•
Accommodate for everyone in a modern diverse society and allow members to undergo their own personal intellectual journey either individually or collectively
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Informal Reading
Communal
A PLACE FOR COMMUNITY
Playful
A PLACE FOR LEARNING
A PLACE FOR DEMOCRACY
Community space is very important in the modern public library and they must
The study and learning spaces of modern public libraries are becoming increasingly
In the 21st Century there is no typical user of the public library and it must therefore
incorporate ‘long life, loose fit’ design that allows the library to, ‘accommodate
integrated. The current trend in design shows a movement towards open
function accordingly as a space that effectively accommodates to the needs for
change as well as a widening variety of activities’. These multi-functioning spaces
planned, interconnecting spaces where there is no strict compartmentalisation
all members in that society. However, this should not be seen as a challenge but
above all help define the library of the 21st century as a place that prioritises people.
of functionality. This has greatly evolved from public libraries in the 19th century
more of an opportunity, as it consolidates the crucial role public libraries play in
They show the ‘transformation of public libraries from a warehouse for books
that created a series of rational enclosed spaces, each operating with a specific
providing a platform for all to exercise free speech in the public realm; ‘everyone
into a gathering space for people’. This idea has extended to creating an informal
function. This trend was broken by Modernist architectural thinking which placed an
has a seat at the table and we treat everyone with the same respect and dignity’.
environment where the institutional atmosphere has been replaced with a more
emphasis on more liberal ‘flowing spaces’ that introduced the concept of an open
It is apparent then, that by nature, the library in the 21st century must transcend
familiar and relaxed appeal, with food and drink outlets enjoyed in the comfort of
spatial arrangement. It allows users to learn through conversation and interaction
any predisposition to ethnicity, class, religion, age, gender, nationality or intellect
domestic furniture.
and prescribes more informal, relaxed and pleasurable environments for learning.
and therefore the buildings themselves must imbue a similar sense of neutrality,
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sensitivity and equality.
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OPPORTUNITY
Issue
Partnerships
The Bristol City Council 2017 ‘Quality
As the modern public library is pivotal
of Life’ Survey, shows that there are
in providing a place for community
significant
dissatisfaction
there are often a lot of other functions
among the Bristol community regarding
incorporated into the building. This can
facilities and opportunities that a new
bring in partners who help to share cost
public library can provide. The data
as well as attract new library users.
shows that with less than half of the
This range of functions can include art
community satisfied with public libraries
galleries, health centres, radio stations,
in Bristol there is certainly scope to
youth services as well as retail chains
suggest a new public library could be of
and coffee shops. I have selected a series
great benefit to Bristol and it's people.
of local Bristol groups and business.
Client
Funding
Bristol City Council. Economic historian
By definition, a public library is established
Edward
local
under government regulations to serve a
councils and all those involved in urban
particular community and is supported,
regeneration to ‘invest in people’, and
in whole or in part, by public funding.
in projects such as public libraries
Government funding occurs at many
which encourage learning, participation
levels and depends, in great part, on the
and development of social capital.
structure of the individual government.
Public libraries have a civic edge over
The processes for funding vary and
art galleries or museums because of
are particular to the many types of
the richer range of public spaces that
government. (Lushington, 2016, pg 68).
serve the community. (Ken Worpole,
I estimate the cost of this library will be
Contemporary Library Architecture, pg
£14.5 million, based on Brighton Jubilee
79)
Library.
levels
Glaesar
of
encourages
51%
Not Satisfied with Libraries
56%
Not Satisfied with Leisure Facilities
65%
Not Satisfied with Opportunties for Children
68%
Not Satisfied with Adult Learning Opportunites
Adult Learning Opportunities Leisure Facilities Activities for Children and Young People Libraries
Figure [X] - Data from the Bristol City Council 2017 ‘Quality of Life’ Survey
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undertaken in the public library is collecting books. The two main complaints mentioned by library users were opening times and stock collection being inadequate.
40 20
Quiet Study
community responsibility the modern public library has. It is clear that the dominant activity
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Computers
takes into account the traditional library functions and doesn’t take note of the evolving
Borrowing other media
This research carried out by Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport on library users
80
Children
ACTIVITY
Research
100
Books
USER REQUIREMENTS
0
ILLUMINANCE Reading Space
Uniform Lighting
300 lux
Visual comfort is intrinsically linked to illuminance and for activity in library illuminance levels
Study Rooms
Adjustable
300 lux
can generally range from 300 lux to 1000 lux. For natural lighting top lighting is often a preferred
Study Carrels
Task lighting
500-1,000 lux
strategy as it is not blocked by book stacks and allows an even distribution of light. Artificial
Seminar Rooms
Adjustable
varies
lighting is often upwards facing as it reduces glare and is aided by local task lighting.
Conference Rooms
Adjustable
300-500 lux
Children’s Room
Adjustable
varies
Visual Comfort is very important as users spend long periods of time reading in the library.
NOISE
Study
Reading
Multipurpose
Library Zone
Work Zone
Collection
Social
Noise Type
Silent
Quiet Conversaition
Conversion
Activity
Noise levels can be a difficult problem to resolve in the modern public library where the provision of more open plan flowing spaces can result in greater noise permeation and conflict between zones. Internal spatial arrangement requires careful planning in order to ensure areas like quiet study zones or conference rooms do no clash with noisier areas like the children’s zone or informal social spaces.
Quiet
Tolerant Noise
Noise
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EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN PUBLIC LIBRARY
Stockholm City Library, Gunnar Asplund
Berlin State Library, Hans Scharoun
- Reconfiguration of the Library into a concept of flowing spaces like an urban landscape that users can transition through
- Follows 19th century tradition of spaces expressed through metaphor
- Still upholds the 19th century concept of the library being a place that is a universal and boundless source of knowledge
- Entry sequence follows a succession of enclosed spaces
- Reading spaces are not located in separate spaces but are alongside shelving
- Stack rooms entirely separate from the central reading room
1935 1928
1978 Vyborg Library, Alvar Aalto
1920 Rigid Enclosed Static Enclosed Integrated
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- Volumes relate to specific inner functions and not the external situation or metaphor - Spaces increasingly open but still echoes the enclosed spaces of libraries of old - The administrative wing is located in an entirely enclosed and separate element
Seattle Public Library, Rem Koolhas
Flexible Open Flowing
- Introduction of very informal ‘lounge’ social spaces, ‘A living room in the city’ - The library is almost its own universe combining a wide range of functionality creating a community in its own right
2020
- Social space takes up the first 4 floors with a ‘information trading floor on the 5th and the spiral book collection on the next 4 floors.
2001
2015 2005 Dokk1, SHL Architects, Aarhus
Sendai Mediatheque, Toyo Ito
- Combination of a lot of functionality into one building defines it as a destination in the city - Functionality is integrated under one large democratic roof scape that unifies the building
- Introduction of highly flexible spaces where furnishings are movable and non intrusive
- The spaces have a very informal domestic feel to them where open spaces are flexible and customisable
- There a no real discrete areas and spaces appear to flow into one another - We no longer see the presence of books being emphasized and there is much more of an attention towards people
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SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION
Book Space 750m²
Collection Space 1190m² 34%
Reading Space 440m²
Book Space 750m² Seating Space 440m²
Social Space 630m² 18% Cafe 30m²
Seating 150m²
Exhibition 150m²
Perform. 150m²
Digital Med. 150m²
Cafe 30m² Exhibition 150m² Performance 150m² Digital Media 150m² Seating 150m²
Staff Space 210m² 6% Rec. 30m²
Kitch. 30m²
WC 20m²
Con. 50m²
Con. 50m²
Con. 50m²
Children 180m²
Off. 40m²
Quiet Study 180m²
Off. 40m²
Seminar 65m²
Reception 30m² Offices 80m² Lounge 50m² Kitchen 30m² Toilets 80m²
Lounge 50m²
Meeting Space 280m² 8%
Seminar 65m²
Conference 150m² Seminar 130m²
Special User Space 490m² 14% Teen 80m²
Children 200m² Teen 80m² Quiet Study 180m² ICT 50m²
ICT 50m²
Non Assignable Space Storage 220m²
WC 80m²
Plant 50m²
Circulation 350m²
700m²
Circulation 350m² WC 80m² Storage 220m² Plant 50
Total 3500m²
7
20%
ADJACENCY DIAGRAM Emergency Escape
Con. 50m²
Con. 50m²
Seminar 65m²
Book Space 750m²
Reading Space 440m²
Seminar 65m² Con. 50m²
Circulation 350m²
Quiet Study 180m²
ICT 50m²
Teen 80m²
Delivery Storage 220m²
Plant 50m²
Kitch. 30m²
Staff Entrance
Lounge 50m²
WC 80m²
Perform. 150m²
Digital Med. 150m²
Exhibition 150m²
Seating 150m²
Rec. 30m²
Cafe 30m²
Children 180m²
Off. 40m²
Off. WC 40m² 20m²
Main Entrance
Diagram 1:500
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‘The users are not forced to sit next to one another in isolated concentration but can take a seat at a small table, making it possible to talk and exchange opinions. These open spatial landscapes emphasize seamless interconnection, whether between the parts of the space, between areas of knowledge or social contacts’.
Lushington et al, Libraries: A Design Manual, 2016, p.36
THE SITE
SITE LOCATION
Site Aerial Shot
The site is located next to the Bristol Bus Station and former Bristol Royal Infirmary. It is in a near central location with good transport links and connectivity which is important as it is reachable for all members of the community. It is also in good proximity to The University of Bristol campus so the Public Library could aid in serving the student community in the area. The site has some clear constraints with roads flanking it on three sides with two of those being the departure route from the bus station. As certain spaces in the library require quiet activity these factors will need to be addressed sensitively.
Existing Libraries
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Site Location - Bristol City Centre 1:10000
There are plans for the rest of the main infirmary buildings to be demolished in the coming years. Unite Students developer group have made proposals for new student accommodation with 750 new bedrooms to be built. However, for the purpose of this project, the proposal will be designed for the site at this point in time.
3D Aerial - Contemporary Site
Fripp's Chapel (Grade II listed)
Bristol Bus Station
Former Royal Infirmary
The Site
St Jame's Priory
The White Heart Pub
University Hospital
Site photo - Lower Maudlin Street Approach
CGI - Unite Students proposal for 750-bed student rooms
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SITE PHOTOS
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Main approach down lower Mauldin street from the city centre
Apex of the site where lower Maudlin street and Whitson street converge
The site from Whitson street
Looking down Whitson street from the Bristol Bus Station towards The White Hart pub
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE LEVELS Site
APPROACH Approach
NOISE Noise
PUBLIC / PRIVATE Public/Private
INDICATIVE SUNPATH Indicative Sun Path
VIEWS Views
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The most ‘successful’ designs are those that are the simplest – open plan with good visibility across the floorplate and excellent connectivity - allowing staff and customers greater freedom to change the form and function of the public library over time. Yet, the simplest designs are not always the easiest to achieve, since open plan floors are often noisy, and flexibility involves careful planning. Gemma Jones, Design Libraries in the 21st Century 2016, p.39
THE PROPOSAL
BRISTOL PUBLIC LIBRARY
Client Project Description Library Size Seating Capacity Computer Capacity Stock (est.) Cost (est.) Visitor Numbers (est.)
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Bristol City Council Public Library 7400m² 300 Seats 100 Units 125000 Volumes 14.5M Up to 1 million per year
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Bleinham House
CONTEXT PLAN
Marlborough House Hospital Marlborough St.
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University of Bristol Dorothy Hodkins Builings
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Bristol Bus Station
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Bristol Royal Infirmary
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Bristol Magestrate’s Court
St Jame’s Court
University of Bristol Dental Hospital
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St Jame’s Priory we
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Hostel Pub St Jame’s Park
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A3
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Bristol Eye Hospital
Hotel
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1:1000 21
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CONTEXT SECTIONS AND ELEVATION
Marlb. St
FormerRoyal Infirmary
Service
Bristol Public Library
White Heart (Pub)
St Jame’s Park
A38
60.0m
A-A Elevation 1:1000
Marlb. St
Former Royal Infirmary
Service
Bristol Public Library
Pub
Hostel
St Jame’s Park
A38
52.0m
B-B Section 1:1000
University Hospital
L. Maudlin St
Bristol Public Library
Whitson St
Magistrates’s Court
Marlborough St
50.0m
C-C Section 1:1000
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WHITSON STREET VIEW
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Meet
Relax
Discuss
+1 First Floor
Users
Activity Level
Read
Read
Present
Research
Study
+2 Second Floor
Users
Activity Level
Focus
Study
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interaction and participation within the local community - all developing social capital.
aims to regenerate the former BRI site by investing in people through encorougaing learning,
The Bristol Public Library provides a rich range of public spaces and services. The proposal
Generating Urban Value
+3 Third Floor
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User Type
Activity Level
Listen
Study
information
Interaction
User Type
Activity Level
Bookshop
Browse
Play
Cafe
+0 Ground Floors
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Performance
Read
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02
03
04
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LOWER GROUND PLAN 1:200 @A3
1. Entrance 2. ‘Out of Hours’ Book Returns 3. Floating Reception/Security 4. Bookshop 5. Exhibition Space 6. Cafe 7. WC’s 8. Cleaners Cupboard / Cafe Storage 9.
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UPPER GROUND PLAN 1:200 @A3
+ 2.0
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+ 3.0
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1.
Entrance
2.
‘Out of Hours’ Book Returns
3.
Bookshop/Security desk
4.
Bookshop
5.
Exhibition Space
6.
Cafe
7.
WC’s
8.
Cleaners Cupboard
9.
‘Spanish Steps’
10.
Multipurpose Ramps
11.
Library Reception
12.
Electronic Book Drop/Rental Station
13.
Staff Office
14.
Staff Individual Office
15.
Staff Conference Room
16.
Staff Break-out Room
17.
Staff Toilets
18.
Plant Room
19.
Storage
20.
Deliveries
21.
Refuse Collection
22.
Staff Parking and Service Yard
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+ 2.0
+ 3.0
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+ 3.0
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SECTION 1:200 @A3
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THE COMMUNITY CENTRE
The 'Spanish Steps' and 'Multipurpose Ramp' are at the heart of the ground floor community space. This multiuse space is designed to try and help foster community interaction and spontaneous activity. Primarily it will be an area for gathering and socialising, whether that be having a coffee and chatting or meeting with friends in a safe neutral environment. The space is also highly flexible and can transform into a performance space, exhibition space, or space for user groups to meet. There could be book readings, drama performances, lectures and even cinema screenings taking place. This range of activity allow members of the community to visit the library speculatively and discover new knowledge. Static and dynamic spacesa are interrwined to encourage interaction and create pockets of space for focus groups to meet.
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Static Space Dynamic Space
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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROGRESSION FILL THE SITE
ENTRANCE
SOUTH FACING COMMUNITY
It is important that the building hugs the perimeter of the site in
The one place where this rule is broken is the entrance. This
The servant spaces (storage/plant/core) are moved to the North
order to hold its place in the city and not break the rule of the street.
subtraction of mass signifies the entry revealing the access to the
and ‘back’ of this site. This creates a buffer to the noisy spaces of
All the buildings around the site are 4-5 storeys so a large multiple
building located on the southern tip of the site adressing the main
the bus station and service courtyard. It also allows the functional
storey building seemed to knit the massing into the local urban
approach from the city centre. (A turning head was also added
smaller units of space to be orthogonal allowing the expansive
fabric.
later for the service road)
open planned library and community space to open up to the relaxed geometry of the site and to the light from the south.
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‘STEPPING UP’ GROUND FLOOR
THE HEART
ELEVATED LIBRARY
Rather than large scale excavation and flattening of the the site, the
A hole is punctured through the centre of the building. This draws
The community space feels as though it belongs on the ground
change is level is solved by following it and stepping up the whole
all elements of the building together, fostering more of a communal
floor. It is an extension of the public realm outside and a place for
ground floor. This generated a unique ground floor community,
feel to the spaces as well as allowing the light to penetrate deep
noise and activity. This contrasts to the library space that feels as
creating different pockets for spontaneous social interacting
into the building. In addition by visable exposing upper floor plates
though it should be in the light and in the sky, a place for calm and
and informal conversation. The steps also created spaces for
from the ground floor, users of the library have visual command
study. Therefore the library space is elevated about the community
performance and exhibition as prescribed in the brief.
over the space, allowing them to see stairs and circulation routes,
space on a array of columns.
avoiding the need for extraneous signage.
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CORE IDEAS
Heart
Entry Sequence
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Core
Visual Command
Atrium
Non - Confrontational
Horizontal Activity
Vertical Activity
North Buffer
South Facing Community
Users
Front-Front / Back-Back
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FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3
23.
Childrens’ Library
24.
Digital Media Collection
25.
ICT Suits
26.
Employment Skills Centre
27.
Main Collection
28.
Group Study space
29.
Individual Study Carrels
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29
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27
28
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27
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29
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“LIFE ATTRACTS LIFE� All the main circulation wraps around the central atrium, flanked by an inhabited ballustrade creating an active core of the building. People can see down to the stepped performance space below and engage from higher floors. The inhabited ballustrade is punctuating with glass opening with space for children to sit, read and see down and across the building as to not feel cut off from other spaces.
Aalvar Aalto - Viipuri library, inhabited bookshelf
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SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3
30.
Seminar Room
31.
Informal Reading Space
32.
Small Conference Room
33.
Large Conference Room
32 33
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29 30 27 30
28 27 8
7 29
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BUILDING ORGANISATION Servant spaces flank the North perimeter of the building, allowing served spaces to open up to the south apex of the site. The utility spaces more modular and orthogonal whereas the main public spaces have relaxed geometries adapting to the unique shape of the site. Collection Space Meeting Space Special User Space Service Space Social Space Staff Space
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EXTENDING THE PUBLIC REALM The community space rises up from the entrance at lower street level and meets the staff area at upper street level. At the interface between these spaces, the main reception desk is situated, as well as the first flight of stairs that climbs up into the light of the atrium towards the
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library that is elevated above street level. One of the criticisms at the final review was that the reception desk is too remote from the main entrance. However this was an intentional move. As the building is really a hybrid community centre and library, the ground floor is all dedicated community space and an extension of the public realm outside. When entering I didn’t want members of the public to be confronted by a reception desk so that they do not feel their purpose and presence in the building is under scrutiny but instead allow them freedom of movement through this flowing urban landscape.
Week 2 - Concept Section Sketch
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Whitson St
01 Entrance and Bookshop
06 Informal reading
02 Community Centre
07 Conference room
03 Reception / Staff Area
08 Local collection
04 digital media central
09 Quiet study room
05 ICT suits
10 Main collection
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10
10
02
01
Lower Maudlin St
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THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:200 @A3
34.
Reference Collection
35.
Local Literature
36.
Quiet Study Room
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35
29
27 34
28 27 8
7 29
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“A PLACE FOR QUIET� Away from the activity of the atrium and at the other periphery of the floor plate, a series of study carrels flank the library space. These are designed to be highly customisable with sliding shutters to control daylight, local task lighting and an opennable window for ventilation control. The carrels are designed with timber screens for privacy and help improve concentration and focus for the user.
Louis Kahn, Exeter Library, Study Carrels
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LOWER MAUDLIN STREET ELEVATION This elevation demonstrates the transition from the two elevational treatments of the building. To the north is the protective brick buffer that wraps around the library. This protective arm, then opens up to intermitant brick piers with the study carrels sitting between them before becoming ceiling height glazing.
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SOUTHWEST ELEVATION 1:200 @A3
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SOUTH EAST ELEVATION 1:200 @A3
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SECTION 1:200 @A3
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STRUCTURE & TECTONIC
SUPER STRUCTURE
Concrete Ring Beam Strengthens roof slab to support atrium fins
CONCRETE SLAB AND BEAM
Concrete Wall Wraps around northern
Large spans, open uninterrupted floor plates, multiple stories and the
perimeter of the building
requirement for high load capacities promote steel or concrete or a combination as the most likely construction materials for this library. “This type of construction sees slabs spanning onto beams spanning in one or two directions. The beams are either wide and flat or narrow and deep and span between columns or walls. They are generally used when there is an irregular grid or long spans which would make a simple flat slab unsuitable.” - Emma Walshaw
Concrete Cores Bring lateral stability to building Concrete Column Support
main
library
floor slab ‘Relaxed’ column grids - Because of the irregular shape of the site and resultant irregular form of the building a non-orthogonal structural grid has been devised.
Concrete Beams Strengthens slabs and
High Thermal Mass - As a building that is only used in the daytime a high
reduces depth
thermal mass is important as it stops high fluctuations in temperature from day to night. This will help to reduce heating costs and create more comfortable thermal environments.
Open soffits - This allows an option of omitting false ceiling and finishing the soffit so the underside of the slab can be exposed for thermal mass benefits and to allow vertical lighting to be diffused.
Concrete Ground Slab Stepped up the site
Basment Wall Strip Foundation Used for self supporting concrete wall
Pile Foundations Used for columns and concrete wall
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STRUCTURAL GRID One of the initial design moves was to make a strong buffer to the North of the site where the noisy Bus Station and Service road are located, and create a protected south facing community for the primary public spaces. The structural strategy mirrors this idea. It transitions from concrete structural walls to the North - where the more modular and functional elements of the library are, and opens up to a grid of columns to the south that elevate the floor plates of the more open plan library above the ground. In a library the structural grid is quite heavily intertwined with the layout of bookshelves. Creating a grid of columns that alligned with the book shelves, while not interfering with with the ramp at ground floor as weill as allowing enough space for back to back seating in the study carrels proved to quite a challenge, especially on such a uniquely shaped site.
Figure X - Floor Plate Structural Grid
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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
1. Secure the Perimeter (fence) 2. Assessment of the structural stability of nearby grade II listed Fripp’s chapel and adequate protection provided during construction. 3. Minor excavation of part of the site for lift core lower ground access. Excavated soil used to make minor leveling adjustments. 4. Screw drilling pile foundations and inserting reinforced precast concrete piles with pile caps. 5. Erecting shuttering for ground floor in-situ concrete casting with steel 6. formwork for steps and ramps to achieve accuracy of finish on vertical surfaces. 7. Pouring in-situ concrete ground floor slab with
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10. Pre-cast atrium biaxial concrete shading fins, (constructed off site using a waffle slab method)
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lifted into place and fixed to atrium ring beam. 11. MEP first fix - Pipework for underfloor heating, cables for electricity and ICT distribution and
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ducts for ventilation. 12. Cladding of External facades, construction of study carrels and inhabited balustrades, 13. MEP second fix -
acoustic ceiling panels
constructed and carpets laid.
03
14. Commission all systems 15. Fit out - infornal furniture, shelving units, ICT
08 - 10
units and books. 16. and Hand-over
steel reinforcement bars. 8. Pre-cast columns set in place on ‘starter’ bars that project from the pile caps.
04
9. Pre-cast beams and slabs sequencially craned into place and fixed.
11 - 14
05
15 - 16
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A large wall cavity incorporated insulation contributing to the efficient U-value performance.
can be handmade at the Ibstock factory and these chamfered bricks miror that of the building opposite.
transport the load of the external bricks across to the brick piers. Bespoke brick special reveal heads
concrete blocks with standard brick accessories. Steel I-beams with brick infill are used as lintels to
The brickwork is self supporting from the ground slab and tied back with to the concrete frame and
DETAILS 1:20
PILE FOUNDATION 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes (decide finish on concrete) Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore
GROUND STEPS 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes (decide finish on concrete) Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore
Timber seating Electrical socket
Concrete block
Reinforced concrete pile cap
Reinforced precast concrete pile
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ROOF PARAPET WALL 1:10
GROUND PERIMETER 1:10 Roof drain
Metal parapet capping
Rigid insulation
Metal flashing
I beam
Rigid insulation Insulative block
Timber Louvres
DPM
ROOF BUILD UP
Deep section strip foundation
Single–ply non–bituminous membrane Damp proof membrane 50 mm Screed to fall 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation
WALL BUILD UP Double leaf brickwork (standard wall ties)
Vapour barrier 300mm Concrete roof slab Unistrut suspended acoustic ceiling system
50mm cavity 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 140mm concrete blockwork Vapour barrier 40mm timber battons 15mm plaster board with finish
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RAMP DETAIL 1:25 Timber handrail 20mm vertically cantilevered glass balustrade 100mm min. Aluminium frame (ramp guarding for part K) Polished concrete finish 75mm Concrete screed with embedded heating pipes Separating layer 100mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete raft slab Damp proof membrane 50mm concrete blinding creates level surface and seals platform 450mm Well compacted hardcore
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STANDARD FLOOR 1:25 High durability carpet 75mm screed with underfloor heating pipes 50mm acoustic insulation 300mm precast prestressed concrete floor slab 300mm precast prestressed concrete beam Unistrut suspended acoustic ceiling systeme with service trays and ventilation ducts
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Figure X - Acoustic ceiling panels (below)
SUSPENDED CEILING
01 - Rio suspended indirect light
02 - Unistrut stainless steel channel
03 - metal ventilation duct
04 - Aluminium dowel
05 - Service Tray
06 - Vertical acoustic panel
01 Figure X - Acoustic ceiling panels (above)
02 03 04 05 06
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DETAILED SOUTH ELEVATION 1:25
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SECTION 1:25
HORIZONTAL SECTION 1:25
INTERNAL ELEVATION 1:25
A
B
A
B
A-A
B-B
115x25 mm Ventilated Air Dried Oak Shiplap Cladding 40x40 mmTimber Battens Breathable Sarking Membrane 50 mm Kingspan Kooltherm Insulation
Ibstock Aldrigde multi-grey rustic Brick I beam 50mm Cavity Standard Wall Tie
Breathable Sarking Membrane 18 mm Plywood Board 180 mmTimber studs 50 mm Kingspan Kooltherm insulation 40 x 40 mm Timber stop battens Vapour control layer 18mm Plywood Board
100mm Kingspan Koolthern Insulation Vapour Barrier Concrete Superstructure
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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC STUDY CARREL FACADE
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Steel Rail
Timber Study Carrel
Timber Sliding Shutter Steel I-beam
Plaster Board (White Plaster Finish)
40 x 40 mm Timber Battons 18mm Plywood Board
Concrete Block Timber Studs with Kingspan Insulation (Vapour Barrier)
75 mm Concrete Screed 50mm Acoustic Insulation 100mm Kingspan Insulation Ibstock Aldridge Brick (Wall Tied) Timber Reveals 18mm Plywood Board Kingspan Insulation (Breather Membranes) 40 x 40 mm Timber Battons Ventilated Air Dried Shiplap Oak Cladding Timber Frame Windows Timber Louvres
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ATRIUM SKYLIGHT 1:20
300x1800mm pre-cast biaxial concrete fins 300x100mm metal offset frames to help airflow for ventilation and reduce thermal briding. 100x50mm window frames double glazing window panels.
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Glazing panels
Glazing bars
Metal glazing frames
Cable reinforced concrete fins
MVHR parapet with vents
Reinforced concrete ring beam
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ENVIRONMENTAL
OVERALL STRATEGY RAINWATER RETENTION Rainwater that falls upon the roof can be collected and
MVHR
retained to be used as greywater within the building
POWER GENERATION Photovoltaic cells will harness energy from the Sun to power appliances thoughout the building
VENTILATION The atrium allows for buoyancy driven natural ventilation in the summer, which is mechanically assisted in winter
DAYLIGHTING Floor plated are restricted to 14m wide and are lit from both sides by atrium light and clerestory window light.
HEATING AND COOLING The atrium allows for buoyancy driven natural ventilation in the summer, which is mechanically assisted in winter
SHADING Both horizontal and vetical timber louvres shade the south east and south west facades.
ACOUSTICS Acoustics slats are used on the ceiling to dampen internal noise, while a buffering wall blocks external noise.
GSHP
(Indicative location)
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MVHR
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FORM AND ORIENTATION ASPECT The main open-plan public spaces are located to the south of the building enabling them to be passively heated and benefit from solar gains and daylighting. Storage and utility space is to the N-W where these aren’t needed. This does mean appropiate shading will be required on the Southern facade to prevent unwanted gains.
FORM FACTOR A score of <3 is generally considered a good for the form factor. Total heat loss area - 5410m² Total floor area - 2196m² Form factor - (5410/2196 = 2.46) This shows the compact nature of the building will be effective in limiting heat loss and less insualtion will be required to make the building efficient.
Zoning and aspect of the building Open plan expansive zones Modular units
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POWER GENERATION AND RAINWATER RETENTION
Mains
Rainfall
WATER RETENTION SYSTEM Kitchen
Showers / Sinks
Storage of the rainwater will be provided
Greenbelt Trees
in tanks in the plant room which are
Roof Collection
designed to hold a total of 100m3 (approx. 5% of the yearly demand and 22 dry days).
Greenbelt Planting
Toilets
The storage tank will also filter the water
Grey Water
to ensure its suitable for use.
Plant Storage
Irrigation
Underfloor Heating
Underground / Longterm Storage
Flagship
Roof falls to drains and gutters Summer Usage
Rain water collection flow chart
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS As seen in the virtual helidome analysis, the buildings roof recieved a lot of direct sunlight
21st June - 0900
21st June - 1200
21st June - 1800
21st March - 0900
21st March - 1200
21st March - 1800
throughout the year, therefore pv power generation was chosen as an effective strategy. The total roof area available for PVs is 1400m². Using PVs with an efficiency of 20%, given the average annual sunlight hours, produces a total of 61800 kWh for the whole year, this energy can then be used to power the ground source heat pump or the artificial lighting system. Using this PV instead of electricity from the grid results in a carbon saving of 15.7tCO2e per year.
Indicative location of PV panels
21st December - 0900
21st December - 1200
21st December - 1800
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DAYLIGHTING
Overall strategy South East/West Facade
Atrium
DAYLIGHTING CONCEPT The central atrium allows light to penetrate deep into the building. As you climb up the central staircase you also climb up towards the light and towards the books of the library, playing on the idea of light, knowledge and enlightenment. The main library space is designed so that the book stacks are orientated at 90 degrees to the natural light sources both from the clerestory lighting above the study carrels and the diffused light from the atrium. This allows light to penerate deeper onto the floor plate, reducing the use of artificial lighting. As visual comfort is imperative in a library, reading areas are located where light levels are the highest with a target of 300lx.
DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION
Plan diagram of standard library floor plate dayligting strategy
This simulation from environmental software diva shows the percent of the time - during openning hours of the library - that the daylight factor reaches the target of 300lx. This is without the additional calculation of light brought in from the atrium. It shows how the reading areas are well lit as shown in read and natural light levels are lower in the browsing areas where people will not spend as long reading. Calculations showed that the average daylight factor was approximately 330 lx. Diva for Rhino Daylight Autonomy Simulation
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Formal Reading
General Browsing
Informal Reading
Section diagram of standard library floor plate dayligting strategy and indicative light levels
ATRIUM SHADING
STUDY CARREL SHADING
Deep section concrete fins spaning the atrium ceiling act as
The Study Carrel timber pods are inset, with the wall. This
shading devices diffusing direct sunlight, creating a softer
allows both vertical slats to shade the spaces from direct
more even light throughout the building. This increases
East/West light and horizontal louvres to protect the spaces
visual comfort whilst reading and prevents direct light from
from the harsh southern light.
SOLAR SHADING
Overall strategy
creating uncumfortable glare.
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ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL
Atrium Noise
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Carpeted Bufferâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Atrium Noise
Overall accoustic strategy
Controlling both external noise levels and internal noise levels have been an important factor while designing this building. Although open plan, expansive floor plates are great for bringing light deep into the building and allowing users to orientate themselves in the space, it can make controlling noise levels difficult. In addition preventing noise pollution from external factors such as engine noise from the bus station and service courtyard was highly influential in the early massing moves of the building.
Quiet Plan diagram of standard library floor plate noise reduction strategy
Noise Threshold VDU Suspended Acoustic slat system (Stil Acoustics)
Loud
To control external noise pollution there is a defiant brick wall that wraps around the north perimeter of the site. In addtion quieter spaces are organised to be higher up the building away from the hustle and bustle of city life such as research rooms and formal study areas. Carpeted floors, acoustic panels
Noise
Bookshelf Buffer
Quiet
and the bookshelves themselves are used to buffer sound that rises from the community space at the bottom of the atrium. Study spaces elevated above the noisey city
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Section diagram of standard library floor plate noise reduction strategy - Slated timber acoustic panels stop sound waves from being reflected across the library floor plate
Study Zone
Individual Study Rooms
Reference and Research
Third Floor
Third Floor
Conference Rooms
Seminar Rooms
Second Floor
Second Floor Library Zone
Computer Suits
Childrens Library
First Floor
First Floor
Community Zone
Staff Area
Delivery Entrance
Ground Floor
Ground Floor
Overall vertical organisation
North - West flank vertical organisation
North - East flank vertical organisation
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VENTILATION STRATEGY
SUMMER STRATEGY
EXHAUST AIR
MVHR UNIT FRESH AIR
Buoyancy driven ventilation is used In the summer. We can rely on occupants of the building using the opennable side windows that will allow fresh air to be drawn across the floor plates. On the ground floor where there are no openable windows, attenuates will allow air in. As the air is heated both by occupants
PRE HEATED FRESH AIR TO BUILDING
and other gain from computer terminals etc, the hot air will rise through the atrium and be exhausted out the building.
WINTER STRATEGY
MVHR
MVHR
MVHR PRINCIPLE In winter the outside air is likely to be too cold to be brought directly into the building. Therefore, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery units (MVHR units) will be utilised to allow an exchange of heat from hot exhaust air from the In winter we cannot rely on uses to open windows for natural ventilation. Therefore a cascade ventilation approach will be implemented where air ducts supply air to each floor, in essence replacing the air supplied by the open windows.
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building and cold fresh air entering the building. This will allow fresh air being introduced into the building to be applied at a comfortable temperature.
HOT AIR FR ATRIUM
HEATING AND COOLING STRATEGY
SUMMER STRATEGY
FABRIC HEAT LOSS
VENTILATION HEAT LOSS
QF/ΔT = ΣU × A
QA/ΔT = 1/3 x N x V Area (m²)
U-Value
Loss (W/K)
Target ventilation
4 air changes per hour
Floor
2196
0.14
307.4
Volume of Building
35920m³
Roof
1942
0.08
155.4
Walls
2212
0.23
508.8
Glazing
1256
0.80
1004.8
GSHP
Floor
Roof
Walls
Glazing
QF/ΔT = 1975.7 W/K QA/ΔT = 1/3 × 4 × 35920= 47893.3 W/K
Fabric
Ventilation
In the summer cooled water and anti freeze is circulated around the network of underfloor water pipes. via conduction, the cold water cools the screed and
4.0%
concrete, exploiting the high thermal mass of the superstructure and cooling the
28.0%
building. 7%
WINTER STRATEGY
53%
25%
96%
GSHP
Figure X - Breakdown of fabric heat loss
Figure X - Breakdown of total heat loss
In winter, greywater is passed through a network of underground pipes that uses
HEAT COSTING
CONCLUSION
the natural heat of the earth to warm the water. It is then circulated around the
Bristol annual degree days = 254
From this it is evident that the vast quantity of heat is lost through
building via the underfloor heating pipes. Once again as the water passes near
Cost of heating = 0.2 KWh
ventilation. As the fabric elements of the building have U-values
the screed and the concrete it warms it and due to the high thermal mass, the
24 x 49869 = 1196 KWh
to passivehaus standards the heat loss through this is minimal.
building holds this heat. This is important in a library where it is only open during
1196 x 254 = 303784 KWh
95% of the heat lost is due to ventilation. The introduction of a
the day so it is important the building retains heat well.
0.2 x = £60756 a year to heat (without MVHR systems)
MVHR system may be required to recover some of the lost heat
with some MVHR systems 90% of the ventilation heat loss can
energy as well as increase control of this ventilation in Winter.
be recovered.
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REGULATIONS
OVERALL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE BUILDING REGULATION
MANAGEMENT
Part A - Structure
Refer to tectonic section
Part B - Fire Safety
Refer to fire strategy
Part C Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture
The brownfield site will be prepared in accordance with Part C. Refer to ground floor section for moisture resistance.
Part D - Toxic Substances
There will be no toxic substances used for construction of the building.
Part E - Resistance to the passage of sound
The building is orientated to buffer against external noise pollution
Part F - Ventilation
Refer to environmental section
Part G - Sanitation, hygiene and water efficiency
There are adequate facilites for the public thoughout the building. A rainwater retention system is proposed to be used in the building.
Part H - Drainage and waste disposal
An adequate system of drainage shall be provided to carry foul water from appliances with the building to a public sewer.
Part J - Combustible appliances and fuel storage systems
No combustable appliances are proposed to be installed into the building.
Part K - Protection from falling, collision and impact
Refer to pages on part K regulations
Part L - Conservation of fuel and power
MVHR (Mechanically Ventilated Heat Recovery) Units are proposed to conserve energy lost through ventilation. A ground source heat pump is used to heat the building.
Part M - Access and use of the building
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Refer to page on part M regulations
CDM manager will be appointed during
correct PPE (Personal Protection
the design process to take measures
Equipment) at all times including
to eradicate any foreseeable health
hard hats, high visibility clothing
and safety risk in relation to all
and suitable footwear.
project participants when preparing
M
5. All members on-site must wear
St
1. To comply with CDM regulations a
on ts hi
During Construction
W
Pre Construction
ar lbo
ro ug hS
t.
CONSTRUCTION DESIGN & MANAGEMENT
or modifying a design.
Bristol Royal Infirmary
Bristol Magestrate’s Court Fripp’s Chapel
6. Materials will be delivered at suitable times via the service road only when
2. A secure site compound will be
required to avoid the risk of storing
established using heras fencing to
large amounts of unstable material.
ensure the public are protected but
can still see in and engage with the
7. When excavating additional protective
building at an early point.
hoarding will be implemented around
dangerous zones.
3. There will be an access route that is
signed, gated and monitored by a 24
8. The pile foundations will be dug at
hour security office using the existing
appropriate hours (between 8am
service road. Adjacent to this will be
and 5pm) as the drilling process can
the necessary office, catering and
cause vibrations and be extremely
WC facilities for on site members
loud.
throughout construction.
Bristol Bus Station
9. When pouring concrete for the
4. The Grade II listed Fripp’s Chapel is
cast in place floor slabs, adequate
in close proximity to the construction
scaffolding should be erected around
site so extra protective measures will
the formwork to provide safety for
be needed especially when the pile
on-site members.
University of Bristol Dental Hospital
St Jame’s Priory Lo
we
rM
au
dli
nS
t
Hostel
foundations are drilled as this can
White Heart Pub
cause ground vibrations. Bristol Eye Hospital
Secure Boundary
Listed Buildings
Vehicle Access
Site Security
St Jame’s Park
Site Office Lower Maudlin St
Figure [X] - General arrangement of the construction site highlighting protecting buildings
Hotel
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PART B - FIRE SAFETY B1A - Fire detection and alarm system As the library is designed to be an inclusive facility and a meeting place for different disability groups it is important to include both visual and audio fire alarm systems in order to alert those who are hard of hearing and/or impaired visually.
From every point of each storey an occupant is within 45 metres to the nearest vertical escape route which is required where there is more than one escape route provided. In addition, there is access to all vertical escape stairs accessible from every part of each storey.
extractors through the top of the atrium. All escape stairs are located more than 4.5 metres away from the opening.
Internal finishes are critical in reducing fire loading a space, As such all internal finishes are treated to resist fire across their surfaces. B3 - Internal fire spread In fire, concrete performs well – both as an own right. It has the highest fire resistance
According to Appendix D, in order to calculate the occupant number for the library the floor space factor of 7 m2 per person for a library is divided into the storey floor area (1820m2/7) = 260 people. As there are three stories this gives the total library occupancy served by the fire stairs to a value of (260*3) = 780 people.
building,
classification (class AI) under EN 135011:2007- A1:2009. It is this slow rate of conductivity (heat transfer) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not only between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage. B4 - External Fire Spread
As the library is both an ‘open-plan’ and recreation’
automatic sprinklers and mechanical smoke
engineered structure, and as a material in its
B1C - Design for Vertical Escape
and
additional fire protection measures including
B2 - Internal fire spread
B1B - Design for Horizontal Escape
‘assembly
In addition the central atrium space will require
a
simultaneous evacuation strategy is required. For simultaneous evacuation, vertical escape stairs of 1400mm can serve 390 people over 3 storeys. This means a total of three vertical escape stairs are required to serve an occupancy of 780 people as one must be discounted in the event it is blocked by fire, therefore (2x390) = 780 people. All escape stairs have adequate artificial lighting and a
As the library is over 18 metres high and always further than 1000mm from an adjacent building. B5 - Access and facilities for the fire service The GIA of the building is between 2000 8000m2 (7200m2) and is greater than 11 metres high (24m). Therefore 50% of the building perimeter must be accessible for fire vehicles and every flank of the building has an access door.
900mm x 1400mm refuge point for disabled persons. Figure [X] - Horizontal routes to vertical escape cores from a standard library floor.
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t. ro ug hS ar lbo
W
M
on ts hi St
Bristol Royal Infirmary
Bristol Magestrate’s Court Fripp’s Chapel
Bristol Bus Station
University of Bristol Dental Hospital
St Jame’s Priory Lo
we
rM
au
dli
nS
t
Hostel White Heart Pub
Bristol Eye Hospital
Vertical fire escape enclosed staircase with direct access to the outside
St Jame’s Park
perimeter accessible > 50% of footprint Area accessible for fire engines Lower Maudlin St
Figure [X] - Access to the building for fire services
Hotel
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PART M - ACCESS AND USE OF THE BUILDING
GROUND FLOOR DISABLED ACCESS All ramps are 1:20 pitch with landings every 10000 mm horizontally (500mm vertically). All ramps are 1800mm wide (minimum 1500mm) with landing areas of 1800 mm (equal width minimum). Because the total rise between levels is 3000mm (greater than 2000mm ) a lift is available from the lower ground floor providing an alternate means of access for wheelchair users. A ground floor ramp providing accessible to all areas
REFUGE AREAS IN FIRE ESCAPE Each fire stair has a disabled refuge area outside of the evacuation flow. (900mm x 1400mm)
A fire escape route with a refuge area
DISABLED TOILETS There are 4 disabled toilets provded on every floor of the building. These are all at least 1500mm by 2200mm to comply with regulations and allows wheelchair users ease of turning.
Public Toilets with disabled cubicles
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PART K - PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION AND IMPACT
166mm
333mm
Acess to seats
3600mm
400mm
1200mm
1600mm
1100mm
950mm
1000mm
Main circulation
4000mm
Figure X - Section with dimensions of part of main seating area for proposed building.
The main stepped area is designed to be regulation compliant so that ballustrades are not required. This means that there are no drops (stepped seats) greater than 380 mm or the height of two steps. This does mean the seating height was reduced to 333mm which is slightly low but with the addition of cushions this can be bumped up to a comfortable 450 mm. 1000mm
950mm
Sheppard Robson, MMU
1100mm
Grafton Architects, Kingston University Town Hall
2000mm
400mm
1200mm
Upon reflection, this regulation was potentially interpreted too literally as there are a lot of recent examples around the UK of projects where this compliance has not been met. Its evident at Kingston University Town House by Grafton architects the stepped seating is aided by cushions to raise seat height to a comfortable
Ground floor stairs with balustrades and handrails to comply with regulations
level. It is also evident in these image that some the seats are the same height as 3 steps
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DESIGN PROCESS
DESIGN REVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION OF PLAN
EVOLUTION OF 3D
EVOLUTION OF SECTION
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WEEK 3
WEEK 7
WEEK 9
WEEK 12
WEEK 14
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INITIAL ORGANISATION
This early sketch shows the fundamental organisation of the plan and ... of the primary elements of the building. The location of the public entrance and service entrance have been loosely identified as well as the main community space which was centered at the heart of building. Other spaces have been positions depending on their adjencies and relation to external influences such as noise and light.
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MASSING EXPLORATION
101
1:500 Massing model with context
102
THE ATRIUM AS THE HEART OF LIFE
103
Vision of the Atrium space as the heart of life and activty on the building
104
INTERIM CRIT PROPOSAL
This proposal attemped to solve the +3 metre level change across the site by leveling the site and creating stepped access up to the main entrance with flat access coming from a higher level on the pavement flanking the front facade.
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FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
GESTALT PRINCIPLES These plan developement sketches show the intention to try and discover the gestalt geometry of this complex site and try and harness the those relaxed geomtries to try and produce a design that is extremely site specific and responsive to its immidiate environment.
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FINER DETAILS These elevation and section sketches show the developement of study carrel spaces. and they need to be designed to create a comfortable and customisable environement for the user.
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REFLECTIONS
PERSONAL REFLECTION Firstly, a big thank you to all the specialist tutors for their help throughout the project, and in particular a massive thank you to Frank whose support and guidance not only for project specifics but also for more general life advice has been invaluable. The past few months have been extremely tough and there were many points along the way where I lost direct and was unsure whether I would make it to the end but I am glad I got through.
DESIGN REFLECTION In the end I am fairly happy with where the design ended up, however next time I will certainly not leave regulations to the end as they caused some big changes to the ground floor which was problematic. To advance the design further I would have liked to play around with the column placement and make a less formal grid to make the building more playful. This would be the same with the facades where if I had more time I would have liked to bring greater variation to the south facade and potentially introduce some brick patternation on the north wall.
GOING FOWARDS I feel I really need to take lessons from this project and in particular the design process and not try and rush to a final design too quickly or panic if I don't achieve it as readily as I may have hoped for. I feel I have learnt a lot about â&#x20AC;&#x2122;relaxed geometriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and gestalt principles and how to go about designing site specific buildings. I hope in the future to give myself more time at the end to clean things up and improve presentational skills. I am looking fowards to a break now but will no doubt be ready for the next chapter soon!
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REFERENCES Books Worpole, K. (2013). Contemporary library architecture. London: Routledge. Lushington, N., Rudorf, W., Wong, L., Blake, N., Reisenberger, J. and Stein, R. (2016). The design and evaluation of public library buildings. Birkhäuser. Edwards, B. (2009). Libraries and learning resource centres. Oxford, UK: Architectural Press. Cotton Dana, J. (1884). A Library Primer. Unknown: tredition Battles, M. (2004). Library: An Unquiet History. London: Vintage. Articles John, Gemma. (2016). “Designing Libraries In 21st Century, Lessons For The UK.” British Council, Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, pp. 0-59. http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/documents/designing_libraries.pdf Yoshida, Yuko (2012). “The public library as a space for informal learning”. Scandinavian library quarterly, pp. 16-17. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56657351.pdf Evans, Louis (20 20). “Collection to Connection”. The role of the public library in the 21st century, pp 1-22. Websites Smith, P. (2013). What to expect from libraries in the 21st century: TEDxMileHigh. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa6ERdxyYdo. [Accessed 20 Dec. 2019]. Ptacek, B. (2016). The library is not a place, it’s a concept: TEDxCalgary. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES0zGUvZj5s [Accessed 23 Dec. 2019]. Colgrove, T.(2013). Libraries of the Future: TEDxReno. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvE0gHhK3ss [Accessed 23 Dec. 2019]. Morten, B. (2018). Why more people are using these libraries. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46504759. [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019]. Schmidt, M (2016). The design of world-class libraries. [online] Available at: https://www.slv.vic.gov.au/view-discuss/design-world-class-libraries [Accessed 5 Jan. 2020]. Doherty, T (2014). Why do we still need public libraries in the digital age? | British Council. [online] Available at: https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/why-stillneed-public-libraries-digital-age [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].
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