EnErgy SyStEmS and rESiliEncE
Homes
Transportation
Laura Cavin BaiLey
Manufacturing
M. arch, CPHC
Electricity
Waitsfield, vermont
Fuel
lpcbailey3@gmail.com
typical EnErgy SyStEmS
Homes
Transportation
Manufacturing
Electricity
Need + Use
Fuels
Production
Distribution • source to site losses • Large scale • not resilient to large scale disturbances
Photo credits: Laura Bailey
rESiliEnt EnErgy SyStEmS
Steeprock Builders
Atlas Arckology
Alternative Energy Enterprise
Maclay Architects
Need + Production + Use
Need + Production + Use
DistribUtioN • on site or near by • small scale • resilient to large scale disturbances • Community involvement
Steeprock Builders, Telluride, Colorado, USA Residential Design/Build Office 100% off grid -Solar PV -Wind Turbine -Biodiesel generator Projects: -Solar PV -Solar Thermal -Biodiesel equipment -Hydro power -Wind
Photo credits: Steeprock Builders
Biodiesel Production, Montrose, Colorado, USA
Collect used vegetable oil from restaurants
Remove the chuncks that were composted, keep the filtered oil
Filter out particles
Process with Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide and Methanol to produce Biodiesel and Glycerin (as a by-product)
Photo credits: Steeprock Builders
Biodiesel Production, Montrose, Colorado, USA
Recycle empty jugs and fuel up Diesel trucks and machines!
Solar thermal panels sped up the reaction process
Photo credits: Steeprock Builders
Alternative Power Enterprises, Ridgway, Colorado, USA Renewable Energy Design and Installation
-Solar PV (on grid and off grid) -Solar Thermal -Wind Turbines
Rebates and Tax Credits
Grid Tied Photovoltaic System
Photo credits: Alternative Power Enterprises: http://www.alternative-power.com
Alternative Power Enterprises, Ridgway, Colorado, USA
Batteries
Off - Grid Photovoltaic System Photo credits: Alternative Power Enterprises: http://www.alternative-power.com
Alternative Power Enterprises, Ridgway, Colorado, USA
Ground Mount, Roof Mount or Pole Mount
Grid Tied with Battery Back up Photovoltaic System Photo credits: Alternative Power Enterprises: http://www.alternative-power.com
Maclay Architects, Waitsfield, Vermont, USA
Cold Climate • 7,000 Heating Degree Days Specialize in Net Zero Energy Design
Maclay Architects, Waitsfield, Vermont, USA Net Zero Energy building project process:
1. Reduce Energy Needs
2. Efficient Building Systems
3. Power with Renewable Energy
The Putney School Fieldhouse Photo credits: Maclay Architects: http://www.maclayarchitects.com
Maclay Architects, Waitsfield, Vermont, USA 1. Reduce Energy Needs
Daylighting with exterior shading to control solar heat gain Maclay Architects
Daylighting with interior light guiding shades, ceiling fans, and open offices Maclay Architects
Attention to air sealing and building insulation Laura Bailey
Educate the people using the building Maclay Architects
2. Efficient Building Systems
Simplify the systems! Laura Bailey
Power with Electricity - Air Source Heat Pumps Maclay Architects
Coefficient of Performance: Heating in Vermont, USA = 2.3 (230%) Cooling in Vermont, USA = 4 (400%)
3. Power with Renewable Energy
On site and Grid tied Maclay Architects
Incremental Additions as resources are available Maclay Architects
Energy - Price US PReductions hotovoltaic arket Even as Module Prices Flattened Installed HaveM Persisted, Cumulative Capacity (MWDC)
Annual Capacity Additions (MWDC)
6000 8, which focuses specifically on ≤10 kW systems, illustrates the close but12000 Figure imperfect Grid-Connected PV historical linkages between installed system prices and PV module prices. As shown, module prices 5000 10000 US Federal tax credits: began a steep U.S. descent in 2008,Capacity falling by $2.7/W in real 2013 dollars from 2008 to 2013 and Cumulative • 30% of the system cost 4000 8000 constituting 67% the Sample total $4.0/W decline in the installed price of ≤10 kW systems over that Rawof Data Cumulative Capacity • No cap for residential and period. Installed declines since 2008 are thus, in large measure, the result of falling module U.S.price Annual Capacity Additions 3000 6000 commercial prices. Raw Data Sample Annual Capacity Additions • Expire end of 2016 4000in perfect It2000 is evident, however, that year-by-year installed price declines have not proceeded lock-step 2008 to 2009, 1000 with module prices. For example, module prices dropped by $1.1/W from 2000 while total installed prices fell by only $0.4/W over that year. Installed prices then began their PV Module Manufacturing 0 descent a year later, suggestive of a lag between movements in module prices 0 dramatic and installed • Production in China helped to 199815 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003last 2004year 2005of 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Conversely, in the the2007 historical period, from 2012 to 2013, total system prices. installed prices fell by $0.7/W while module pricesYear slightly rose (by less than $0.1/W), and as noted reduce costs Installation • Renewable Energy Portfolio in the previous section have continued to decline through the first half of 2014, despite further Data sources for U.S. total grid-connected PV16capacity additions: Sherwood (2014) and SEIA/GTM (2014a). LBNL requirements of utilities has modestthose increases inre-assigning module pricing. This continued decline inphases installed system pricesutility-scale may partly modified values by the capacity associated with individual of large, multi-phase increased rebates for renewable reflecttosome residual ofphase module price reductions in completed. preceding years, though it may projects the year in whichlagged the finaleffect project was (or is scheduled to be) energy systems also be indicative ofofreductions non-module as discussed further below. Figure 1. Comparison Raw Datain Sample to Totalcosts, U.S. Grid-Connected PV Capacity Residential & Commercial PV Systems kW Segment Table 1. Final Data Sample by Installation Year and≤10 Market
2013$/WDC
$12 Installation $10 Year
No. of Systems Residential & Commercial
Utility-Scale
Total
Residential & Commercial
Total Installed Price (Median) Global Module Price Index Capacity (MWDC) Implied Non-Module Costs
Utility-Scale
Total
$8 33 0 33 0.2 0 0.2 1998 162 0 162 0.8 0 0.8 1999$6 180 0 180 0.8 0 0.8 2000 1,302 0 1,302 5.8 0 5.8 2001$4 2,441 0 2,441 18 0 18 2002 3,480 0 3,480 31 0 31 2003$2 5,657 0 5,657 44 0 44 2004$0 5,797 0 5,797 64 0 2005 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 201264 2013 8,943 0 8,943 92 0 92 2006 Installation Year 12,764 2 12,766 132 22 154 2007 13,687 238 12 buyers (Mints 250 2008 The Global 13,686 Notes: Module Price Index1is the SPV Market Research index for large-quantity 2014). 24,319 2 24,321 356 "Implied Costs" are calculated as the Total Installed Price 303 minus the Global 53 Module Price Index. 2009 Non-Module 36,455 36,465 506 2010 8. Installed Figure Price, Module 10 Price Index, and Implied Non-Module Costs204 over Time for710 42,360 26 42,386 981 482 1463 2011 Residential & Commercial PV Systems ≤10 kW 51,753 34 51,787 1174 1019 2193 2012 Source: Sun VII: An Historical of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States 50,614 25 Summary 50,639 1098 1441 2539 from 2013 Tracking the 1998 to 2013, by Galen Barbose, Samantha Weaver, Naïm Darghouth, September 2014, Lawrence Berkeley National Over the long-term, it is clear that non-module costs (which include such items as inverters, 259,946 100 260,046 4,688 3,234 7,922 Total
Lab and US Department of Energy mounting hardware, labor, permitting and fees, overhead, taxes, and installer profit) have also fallen
Residential and Commercial PV Sample 15
PV module costs reduction has helped make PV systems affordable
OWN, 3
© Robert Benson Photography
6000 Solar Hot W Water Panels
4000
Sunset March/ Sept 21st
3000 2000
Sunset June 21st
Children’s Garden 20 kW Onsite Ground-Mounted PV
Mirror ror Lake Lake Visitors Center
Daylighting on North Roof 25 kW Roof PV Array Ar
1000 Sunset December 21st
Sunrise June 21st
Oct 13
Parking
Sunrise March/Sept 21st
UT
H
PV Production
SO
Building Data available at: Electricity Use http://www.buildingdashboard.com/clients/mainegardens/
Sep 13
Aug 13
Jul 13
Jun 134
May 13
Apr 13
Mar 13
Feb 13
Jan 13
Dec 12
Nov 12
0
Sunrise December 21st
F I G U R E 3 W AT E R U S E B Y S O U R C E , N O V. 2 0 1 2 – O C T. 2 0 1 3 7000 6000
Daylighting and Passive assive Solar on South FFaçade
20
HIGH
PERFORMING
BUILDINGS
Scott Simons Architects
kWh
5000
Spring 2014
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Oct 13
Sep 13
Aug 13
Jul 13
Jun 134
May 13
Apr 13
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0 Dec 12
rad to n Two
S O L A R A N D D AY L I G H T I N G S T R AT E G I E S
7000
Nov 12
mance
FIGURE 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, N O V. 2 0 1 2 – O C T . 2 0 1 3
Gallons
xicity, nof rest rtified, s used im. herever find polof onycled. nonstains. mbined mind caliitors uality.
track actual pErformancE
Note: Water use is highest during the summer, when the gardens host many weddings and special events. Water data for August 2013 is estimated (based on July use) due to an abnormally high water use reading, which is being investigated.
photovoltaic arrays totaling 45 kW The building imported the remainwere specified to cover the building ing 12.2 kBtu/ft2 · yr from the electricity grid from their accrued credit loads on an annual basis. to meet the remaining annual energy The building consumed 19.2 kBtu/ Photos: Robert Benson Photography, Diagram by Scott Simon Architects 2 More information at: http://www.hpbmagazine.org/case-studies/educational/bosarge-family-education-center-at-the-coastal-maine-botanical-gardens-boothbay-me needs. The net zero energy building ft · yr and the PV panels produced 23.5 kBtu/ft2 · yr from November goal was desired by a donor, who paid 2012 to October 2012. Of the total for half of the building cost and made
passive solar heat gain on th wall and the opportunity to l south-facing photovoltaic pro tion on the roof. A solar thermal drainback s that consists of four 54 in. × 7 flat plate collectors mounted west-facing roof with a 120 ga storage tank provides domest water. The entry, located alon visitor’s central circulation pa allows the staff to be connecte the comings and goings of gue To connect intimately to th nature through views and acc the surroundings, the buildin designed with two wings join a central, transparent gallery gallery serves as a gateway to gardens along a central circu route for visitors. The two wings meet the dis program needs of the buildin classroom and office function classroom wing functions as t acoustically separate classroo each opening to an outdoor te ing space, or onto each other function as one larger event s
thank you and QuEStionS
Laura Cavin BaiLey
M. arch, CPHC
Waitsfield, vermont
lpcbailey3@gmail.com