Studying English: Events by Liberal Party

Studying English: Events Book III

Geetha Premaratne BA tJJ".a"oiya),

IVIA (Honolulu)

Senior Lecturer in English University of Sri Jayawardenepura

Published in the student Readers Project of the English Association of Sri Lanka on behalf of the University of Sri Jayawardenepura

O 1992, University of Sri Jayawardenepura

Affiliated University Colleges English Programme Academic Coordinator: Geetha Premararne Consultant: Prof. (Miss) Chitra Wickramasuriya BA (Hons) (London), PGCE (Ceylon), MA (Education) (London) English Associationof Sri Lanka Student ReadersProject Chief Editor: Nirmali Hettiarachchi BA (Hons) (Peradeniya) Studying English Series Editor: RajivaWijesinha MA, D Phil (Oxon)

IS B N-906 8-L 6 -4 Illustratedby BandulaPieris CoverDesignby PrasannaLiyanage

The Studying English Series is published by the English Association of Sri Lanka with the assistance of a grant from the Canadian International Development Agency.

INTRODUCTION You will read, write and The reading material in this book is selectedfrom a number of real life texts' for stating times purposes; various talk about all sorts of events. In the processyou will uselanguagefor and why and when and happened what for referring to eventsand dates;for putting things in ""qrr"rr""; respond to and react they how and do *rr"""; and for .ef".iing to'peoplewho they "." ".td what they events. s-ty{e1ts to learn English When working with these books remember that they gre designed to help highlighted in each Unit' are slructures and through active use of the language. Particular funct-ions structures' The grammatical these of usage The exercises included are mainly to encourage further The these-constructions' using in vocabulary that is introduced will help studenti to develop"ottftd"tt." unit' each going through when following iist therefore only includes what is useful to students used in this book while the The course,however, is meant to be cyclic;that is, other constructionsare any subject a variety of with dealing In others. constructions highlighted in this book are also used in possible, even variations the with familiar be made constructions are bound to occur. Students should though in each book only a few ofthese are stressed' In this book students should focus on -

Functions Describing and comprehending events in relation to Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4

a) precisetimes and b) dates. a) Distinguishingimportant facts and main points b) understanding main points in relation to descriptive detail c) Describing events (time, weather" place) a) understanding and expressing physical background to events b) Describing familY events Historical narratives

Structures Unit 1

a) Using past continuous forms of verbs

Eg. Ii"" Iistening to the radio news when you woke up last morning. b) Using simple present forms to state routines Eg. Iwake up at 5.00 a.m.

Unit 2 -

a) Sequencemarkers and time Phrases

Unit 3 -

a) Dependent clauses Eg. When it rains b) Noun clauses and how they connect to main clauses Eg.I didn't know: he kept going to that place I didn't know why he kept going to that place'

Unit 4

a) Expansion of sentences b) Adjectival and Adverbial clauses

Eg. First,she dusted the table; then, streswept the floor' b) N-ounphrases: how theY exPand Eg. Ship: a rescueshiP.

Eg. The boy who won the race is my neighbour's son'

VocabuIary Unit 1 -

Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 -

a) Cardinal and Ordinal numbers Eg. One; First b) Days and months c) Dates d) Events e) Countries, cities and nationalities I). l_gop]", objects, places,actions related to events a) Words related to space-_names of planets, etc. b) Words/Phrases reiated to time _ ,"qrr"r"" ---- markers, u phrases --'er'rvrp' time c) Words that express feelings

Words and expressionsthat iefer to weather, time of day / year Word groups related to people,objects,actions, events etc.

Writing Unit 1

Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4

.a] lglstructing sentencesusing who, what, when, where b) Writing announcementsof eients c) Writing short news items d) Writing a description of an event a) Writing an accountof one'spersonallife b) writing an accountof a very special day, focussingon the sequenceof events sentences witir dlpendent clauses .a] lg1s.tructing b) Writing about family events Writing about regional, national, international events

Reading Unit

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit

-. a) Locating important facts times, days and duration of programmes Ill. (ii) names of programmes ' (iii) frpes of events (iv) p"oot" and places b) Understandingthe main idea a) Reading for specificinformation (i) events with dates (ii) names and tiiles of people b) Reading for main idea c) Detailed Reading !i) identifying main episodes (ii) details in main^episodes sequences of events,places,actions, feelings a) Locating important facts (i) time of day and kind of dav (ii) peopleand places (iii) 6s1;srr and incidents (iv) duration ofevents b) Understanding the main idea c) Detailed reading (i) sequenceofevents (ii) categoriesofevents (iii) , .examiningdifferent responsesto events tteadrng long sentencesand examining the .rl components b) Locating important facts (i) important events and dates (ii) names of peopleand organizations (iii; 01u""" c) Detailed reading Iil. reading a secondtext on the same topic (ii) noting old and new iriformation lt

UNIT 1 DAY. TO.DAY EVENTS

SECTION 1 Introduction

Day - to - day events which make up most of the news in daily newspaperscan be divided into two types of events. (a) (b)

Planned events Unexpectedevents

Reading about planned Events: programmes

2'L

Look at the radio programme given below and answer the.questions (a) Ib] (c)

that follow.

Which items in the programme give news of events ? _Howmany times a day can yoo l-irt"., to news on the radio ? What are fhese times ?

ENGLISH SER\rICE AM 5.55 Stationldentification 6.00 hogramme parade 6.05 Thought for the day 6.10 Sunrise melodie 6,45 News and announcementa 7.0O Mmical clock 7.30 World news 7.35 Muical clak (contd.) 9.00 End of tmnsmisiion NOON 12.00 Chords and casual conversation PM l.0O Continentalmelodies 1.15 News announcemcntsand policenews 1.30 Your choice 2.00 End of tmnsmission 5.00 Focus on sport g.l9 Children's birthdaygrecrings 5.45 Thamilli Deauvom 6.00 Instrumcntalvarietv 6.15 News and unnoun""mcnrs 6.30 Listeners'r€quests 7.I5 Spotlight 7.30 Uni-Walkere sports newsreel 7.35 Yeterday's chart ecene 8.0O Buddhistforum 8.30 Ballads 8.,15 News and announcements 9.0O News desk 9.f5 Radio Playhouse-The adventures of Sherlak Holmes by Sir Arthu Conan Doyle:2-The Crcrek Intcrpreter 9.45 Mght music 10.00 Closedown

2.1.1 Answer also the following questions (a) At what time doesthe English radio servicebegin ? (b) At what time doesit end ? (c) How long is the break between the morning and afternoon trahsmissions ?

2'2

Read the following programmesvery quickly to get the information asked for.

RUPAVAIIINI

ITN Transmission

Transmission'I 6.00a.m. 7.00 a.m. 10.00a.m. 10.30a.m. 11.30a.m. 12.00a.m. 12.30p.m. 12.55p.m. -

Morning Transmission Breakfast Show Mr. Belvedere Secretsof the Sea Gariresof the Nations 'Poorvika' FollowMe The End

Transmission

4.30 p.m. - Story Page 5.00 p.m. - The Bear, The Tiger and others 5.30 p.m. - 'Thamtralina 6.00 p.m. - Hornageto the Triple Gem 6.15 p.m. - Australian Images 6.30p.m. - News 7.00p.m. - 'Danuma Sevuma' 7.30p.m. - 'Sathiye Puwath' 8.00p.m. - News 8.30p.m. - 'RaigamYaluwo' 9.00p.m. - "Saturday Fortune' 9.30 p.m. - News 10.00p.m. - Transworld Sport 10.50p.m. - The End

1.00 p.m. 1.30p.m. 2.00 p.m. 2.30 p.m. 3.00 p.m.

Varanga Hindi Gee Musical Miscellany Wonder Struck The End

Transmission 4.30 p.m. 5.30p.m. 6.00 p.m. 6.15p.m. 6.45p.m. 7.00 p.m.

7.30 p.m. 8.00 p.m. 8.30 p.m. 9.00 p.m. 9.15 p.m. 10.00p.m. 10.21p.m.

10.30p.m. -

SesameStreet SuvandaPadma Theruwan Namadimu Madhu Rasansa Lova Vata Madhu Rasanga (Contd.) Inter SchoolSAARC SAF Qdiz Home Sweet Home DiscoRally World Scene Miyasi Visithura News Miyasi Visithura (Contd.) The End

Thambalina on Rupavahini at 5.30 p.m.

(a)

For what day of the week is the prograr.nmegiven ?

(b)

When doesTransmission 1 begin on Rupavahini ? When doesit end ?

(c)

When doesTransmission 1 begin on ITN ? When doesit end ?

(d)

Transworld Sports is a late night item on Rupavahini. At what time can you seethis ?

(e)

What is the duration of the last news telecast on ITN ?

2 .3 A theatre programme is given in the right hand column. Read it quickly to get news of entertainment events. Answer the given questions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

What day of the week is called'Today'in the announcement?

Name the musical programmes that are available ? On what days are they available ?

What plays are available more than once during the week ? At wha.t times can you seethem ?

What theatres offer entertainment every day of the week ?

For the whole week, there is only one late night programme available. Give the narne, time and place of this programme.

TODAY Sarasavipaya Gypsies Musical Show Torler Hall

Vadamarachchi

Lumbini MONDAY Tower Hall TI]ESDAY Tower Hall WEDNESDAY Tower Hall Lionel Wendt

Naki Lamissiyo

3.f0 p.m. 6.30 p.m. 3.30 p.m. 6.30 p.m. 6.00.p.m.

Kaluwaray Jaramaray

6.30 p.rn.

Kaluwaray Jaramaray

6.30 p.m.

Kaluwaray Jaramaray 6.30 p.m. Piano and Violin rcrital by Ananda Dabareand Ramya Dc Livcra Perera7.00p.m.

1IIURSDAY Sarasavipaya Kalhari Gcc (Ilindi . Musical Show) 'Tower Hall

lachaka Dcrana

-Lionel Wendt Thc Sky's The Limit FRIDAY Sarasavipaya SusaneKiri Sududa? Tower Hall

Duwithwa

3.30 p.m. 6.30 p.m. 3.30 p.m. ' 6.30 p.m. 7.0Op.m. 3.30 p.m. 6.30 p.m. 3.30 p.m 6.30 p.m.

SATT,'RDAY Sarasavipaya Yamaha Musical Show 6.30 p.m. TowerHall HeComesFmmJaffna ?.0Op.m. Lurrbini Kabalen Lipata 2,30 p.m. 6.30 p.m. Lionel Wendt The Sky's the Limit

9.00 p.m.

Language Practice When re-ading,-writing or talking about events you must be able to state the time of the day, the days of the week,the months of the year etc. For this, you must know the numerals - both ordinals and cardinals.

3.1 Numbers from 1- 60 Fill in the gaps in the chart below with appropriate words and numbers.

1 2 3 4 5

10 11 t2 13 L4 : : 20

srx seven eight nine

sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty twenty twenty twenty

one two three four five

3.2

Reading the Time Read the times given below in two different ways. Follow your teacher. practise with a partner. Eg.

6.05 a.m. 7.10a.m. 8.15 a.m. 9.20 a.m. 10 30 a.m. 11.40a.m.

Six five / five minutes past six.

Note: a.m. - ante meridiem, means before mid-day, that is 12.00noon. 12.00noon L2.45p.m. 1.00p.m. 2.10 p.m. 3.25 p.m. 4.50 p.m. 5.00 p.m. Note: p.m. - post meridiem, means after mid-day.

3.3 Stating the Time : Your Day's Routine. Group work Ask peoplein.your group at what time they did the following activities yesterday. Follow up the conversation by saying what you were doing at this paiticular time. The firlt one is done for you. A B. A.

At what time did you wake up ? At 6 o'clock./ I woheup at 6.00o'clock. I was listening to the radio news when you woke up Iast morning.

NB : Look at the underlined verb constructionsin the two sentences. Find out why they are different. Use the correct verb constructionswhen you speak. At what time did you (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) C)

wake up ? make up your bed ? get dressed? have breakfast ? leavehome ? arrive at the university ? start your first class? have lunch ? finish your last class? leavefor home ?

3 .4 Times of the Day : Routines Make a list of the regular events'inyour Iife that take place at different times of the dav. Morning (From 5.00am to 12.0-0 noon) Eg.

(a) I wake up/waking up. (b) (c) (d) (e)

Evening (from 3.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m.) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Night (From 7.00 p.m onwards) (a)

(0 4.

Writing Think of an eventful day in your life or a day on which a special eveqt took place. Write a short account (10 - 15 sentences) of the things that happened on this day. Focus 9n the most important incidents. Rememberto include such facts and details as who, where,when, why, and how.

Vocabulary Group Work : Each group can work on a topic of their choice.

5 .1 Think of all the events that can be put into the following categories - entertainrnent, sports, educati,on, religion. Make separate lists of the words you gather. Use the four categories as headings. Look at the example below. Entertainment musical show movie

Education

Religion

swimmingcontest

seminar

bicycle race

book exhibition

Wesak church festival

Sports

5.2 What words come to your mind when youlook at thelistsofeventsyouhavemade? Jot down the different words that you can think of for each event.

5 .3

Can you organizethese words in some order ? One way is to arrange them under the following headingsas in the examplegiven below

Entertainment

5.4

Events

People (who)

movie

actors

Objects (what) camera

Share your word lists with the other groups. Use the black board.

Places (where) Studio

t.2

about planned events taken In section Abelow, you seethe initial paragraphs of some accounts accounts jumbled' Match g same the yoo r"" ih. nialparagraphs 9f from daily papers. f" r..ii* In thebox given above each text in thetextsinsectionAwiththeircounterpartsinsecttnB. number of the corresponding text from Seciion B. ;;il;;;;the

Section A

The State funeral of Ranjan Minister Wijeratne will take Place on Wednesdqy with full military honours. The Government has declared WednesdaY a Day of National Mourning and a public holidaY. . PresidentRanasinghe Premadasa has also Promoted Col. Ranjan Wiieratne to the rank of GeLral in recognition of his services to the coun: try. r Here is the tert of a press release isgued yesterday bY the Presi' dential Secretariat: The Government has decided that the State funeral of the late Hon' Ranjan Wijeratne be held military full with honours. His ExcellencY has the President late the promoted Colonel Ranj anWijeratne posthumouslY to the Rank of General, in of the recognitiori yeoman serviceg renderedbyhimto Preserve the unitY, aovereigntY and territorial integritY ofSri Lanka.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs for Maldivcsn Fatirhulla Jameel who was in Sri Lanka on an offrcial visit recently, attended a Buddhist ceremony at the Sovsar.muvu, Marawila at the invitation of the Foreisn Minister, Haroli Herat' He was accompanied f,y the MaldMan Ambassador for Sri Lanka, It{r' AhmedAbdullah.. The occasionwas the elevation ofVen' Yakdessawe Siritlhammatissa asAnunayake Thera ofthe Sri Lanla Amarapura Moolawansika Maha Nikaya' The .chief gu".t, irim" Minister Mr. D. B' Wijetunge handed irr"".ihu act of appointment while Minister Herat handed the Vijinaptha to the new Thera' The Thera and the distinguished guests were conducted in a perahera with blephants and a massive crowct lined up the roads to receive them'

The National Sports tl" Popular St.i-t"a Sportsstar,forbothuren u" ;ff;;;;;;lt '"f..t"a i; ift" U*istry of io"lftdffr.i"".ndSports. areleing lttt"e";"t" present the -"i.'t" awardetothewinnersat early next t ..""-ooy year. A specially appointed .*iU""i"*ttt" -i-.itt Sports Star National whilethePopularSporta Starwillbeeelectedwith theassistaneofthemass mediaandthmugbreaderg'votes.

According to the Sports Ministry' each Natignal Slorts Association will Pick its nominee fitm those who have been active in the fieldof sports durilgfhe twoyears1989and199o b-est their through achievements in that Particular sp9"t' . . Potentlal for achievenents in the future' possessing good moral standards and being a disciplined person are also other necessary qualifications for selection as the National SPorts Star.

Miss Sri Lanka for I{iss Universe contest with just daYs to go is creatin g u nprcrcedented cxcitcmcnt. Thc organisers are busy making all arrangcments to make the show amemorableoneto go down in the annals of history as a unique ev-e4t assuring everyone that this will be a star-studded event at the BMICH onFebruary 17. It is sponsoredbYBlue Diamonds JewellerY Worldwide Limited and organised'by the Lions Club of Wellawatte in qssociation with UPali . GrcupofNewsPaPers' It rvill indeed be a memorable event and Blue DiamondJewellery Worldwide Limited has done everything Possible to make this event a feast for the eye for all those who will be Present. A livelY oPening rq quence is in.atore, Per: haps for the first time at a Sri Lanhan beautY pageant, Noeline Honter will open the evening'e Pm' gramme withthebeautifirl song Diamonds are forever'. She will team up with Sohaa and tl{e Xperiments to Present a repertoire of aongawhich are included in the latest cassette but not out in the market YeL The show will be gkil' fully choreograPhed bY Senakd de Silvs. :

Section B

1 At the Soysaramaya, the PM addrcssed the gathering. IIe said, "This actofappointmenttotheAmarapura Nikaya is a clistinction to all the Buildhist clergr and in particularto the Soysaramaya. He is the frrstto receive this in the Puttalam Dietrict and Yakdessawe Thera desen'es this merit for his Siidhgmr;atissa dedication tb the philosophy of Buddhism. Minister Herat welcoming the visitor from the Maldives saicl 'It is sn honour for the people of Nattandiya to have a distinguished guest who is not even a Buddhisttobe withus today. It also displaysthe spirit of the Maldivee which respects every religion.'

2 A press release from the Ministry adds that the frnal choice will be nade by a Special Conmittee of Selection appointnd by the Miaistry. This will onsist of the National Olympic Committâ&#x201A;Źe, National Sports Council, the Ministry, mass media representativea of the sponsoring institutions and two representatives nominated by theMinister of Sports. Withregariltothe selection of the Popular Sports Stars men and women, it willbe doneby the sencling of coupons through the mass media. The person who gains the most numberofvotes willbe picked asthe Star. The winner of each contest will be awarded prizes in cash, certificates and medale. The report of the Committee, appointed to examiae the mattere râ&#x201A;Źlating to the organization of this award program, was submitted to Mr. C. Nanda Mathew, Minister of Youth AITairs & Sporte and accepted by the Minister with the concurrenoe of Mr, D.\{. Ariyadaea Minister of State for Sports. The Ministry officials have to been iastructed implement it.

Minister of hrblic Administration, others too spoke.

MPs and several

3 The contestants in keeping up with international pageants will be wearing dillerent shadcs, by all designed Chrishanthi Fernandupulle. As Blue Diamonds Jewellery Worldwide Limited is the sponsor, the stage set is extraordinary and eensational. Dillon Kerner, Arf Director of Impact House of Advertising (Pvt) Limited will design the stage set. . - It will no doubt be a chatty presentation with Arun Dias Bandaranaike and Ajitha Kadirgamar billed'as comperes. All this excitement is not only for the contestants but for the audience tqo.Ihe first 200 lailies who come to their seats will carry away surprise grlts. Behind all this pomp and pageantry, the unilerlying objective of the Lions Club of Wellawatte West is to fund the sight first programme which is designed to help those in need. .

His Exellency the Pneeident haa appointed a conmittee under the chairmanship of Hon. Festus Perera, Minieter of Public Administration, Provincial Councils and Home Alfairs to organise the sfate funeral with full military honours. It consists of Beveral Hon. Minsenior and isters offrcials, The State funeral with full military honours will be held at Independence SquareonWednesdaythe 6th of March 199I. Wednesday the 6th of been has March declared a day of national mourning and a public holiday. The national fl ag will be flown halfmast on this day on all public buildings. The body will lie in etste at the official residene of the latb Hon. Ranjan Wijeratne at Horton-Place from 8 am tbmorrow, March 3, 1991. The funeral will take place at 3 pm on WednesdaY March6, 1991. Afurther communique giving the details ofthe state funeral arrangerrente will be issued in due cour-se.

1.g

the following question. What Look at the texts you read in Sections1 and 2 and answer

"i """"t, """

p;;;;;;"t

Language Practice

2.1

Days of the Week

Ciuuu fewexamples'

of the chartbelow' Arrange them The Days of the week are jumbled in the left,hand column to start eachword with a capital in the correctorder in the righthand column. Remember letter. The first one is done for you'

2.L.L

Tuesday Sunday Wednesday Saturday Monday Thursday Friday

1. 2. 3. 4.

Sunday

6. 7.

Yol may use the righthand column below to write your Answer the following ,aSestions. answers.

2.1.2

(a) (b) i.j ial i"i (f) (g) 6 iit if.l 2.2

kind

What is the first daY of the wegk ] What is the last daY of the week-? What day falls in the middle of the week ? What is ihe first working day of the week ? What is the last working day of the week ? What daY comesafter MondaY ? What daY comesbefore FridaY ? o" *rtufa.vs do You staY at home ? ? On what days do yolr have English classesin the a{ternoon ? On what days do yoo go to bed late

Months of the Year

2.2.L

wri-te in the right ,write the names of the months in which these eventsandfestivals occur' hand columnbelow. (a)

Your birthdaY

(b)

Beginning and end of the monsoonrains

From To

(c)

Beginning and end of the Sri Pada season

From To

(d)

Wesak

(e)

Poson

(f)

Sinhala/Tamil New Year

(rr) \E/

Christmas

(h)

Easter

(i)

Ramazan

Deepavali

.)t,

Are there any months rvhichhave not been rvritten dorvnin the right hand column of the chart ? If so, wlite the iames of these months belorv.Try to firrdout a specialevent (personal/general) that falls during thesemonths. (a) tD.l (c) (d) (e)

2.2.3

Read aloud the rhyme below and answerthe given questions. Thirty days hath September, April, June and November. All the rest have thirty - orre, Excepting February alone which has twenty - eight ci;'tysclear, And twenty-nine in each leap year.

2.2,4'

(a)'

What are the months which have 30 days ?

ft)

What are the months which have 31 days ?

(c)

Which month has lessthan 30 days ?

(d)

What is a leap year ?

Birthday Months : Play a Game Get into two equal groups. Arrange yourselvesin a rolv within eachgroup accordingto the months in which you were born. Seewhich group can do this faster. Eg., Peopleborn in January shouldbe at one end of the row and peopleborn in December should be at the other end of the row.

2.3

The Year Fjll in the blanks below. (1)

1982 - nineteeneighty two

(2), 1991 (3)

1954

1978

(5) 1960 (6)

nineteen forty three

(7)

nineteensixty five

(8)

nineteenseventysix

(e)

nineteen eighty seven

(10)

nineteen ninety

Writing Think of 4 events that are going to take place in your university college/village/town in the next few weeks. Write short announcementsfor these events. Mention what the event is, where and when it is going to take place,'thepeop.lewho are involved with it etc.

Vocabulary

4.!

Make a list of all the events that cometo your mind when you think of planned events.

4.2

For each event in your list write as many verbs as possible. Look at the example below. birthday party - serve, eat, cut, light, sing, dance, play, drink, give, receive, wish, greet, clap, chat.

4.3

Draw three columns. Name them A,B,C. In column B enter all the verbs you have written down. Write nouns in column A as subjectsof theseve1bs.trfpossible,write nouns in column C as objects of the verbs. Note you are writing only words, not sentences.

A grrl 4.4

C drinks

B serYe

Now use these groups to make sentences.Add other words to make the sentencesinteresting. Eg: A young girl served the drinks.

UNIT I DAY. TO . DAY EVENTS

: SECTION 3

Reading about Unexpected Events: News Items

1.1

Read the following- news items and answer the questionsgiven below. Against each question write the number of the correct news items. (a)

Which news item reports a road accident?

(b)

Which news item reports a natural disaster ?

(c)

Which news item reports death by violence?

(d)

which news item reports something that happenedto an animal ?

(e)

Which news item reports an event that took place in Sri Lanka ?

(f)

Which news items report events in Asia ?

Which news items report the deaths of victims ?

(h)

Which news item reports the highest number of casualties?

(i)

Which news item mentions precautionary measurestaken after the event ?

Which news item mentions relief offered to victims ?

(k)

Which of these news items is true but strange ? State what the incident was, who/what was involved,what happened,where and when.

Worst-ever storms

37 killed in plane crash

batter Maldives At least a thousand houses have been tradly damaged, and more than 35,000 trees, including hundreds of coconut trees, have been uprooted in several islands in the Maldives. in worst-ever monsoonal storms that hit the Indian Ocean island nation during the past two days, a government Maldivian news release said. lUinds ranging 80-90 miles per hour, whieh is the highest recorded in the country, have lashed many islands in the southern-most Addu Atoll, which were the worst affected. Weather exp er ts a ttr ib u te th e se sto r m s to unusual monsoonal activities in the region, especially the area covering the.Maldives, the release said.

MOSCOW,Tuesday (Reuter)- Thirty-seven people were killed today in a plane crash in the Soviet autonomous republic of Tatarstan, Tass news agency said. The plane, an Antonov-24, crashed while landing at Bugulma airport

12 de ad 25 nLurt in motorway pile up

movie hall, 5 hurt JAMMU, India, Thursday(Atr'P) - Abomb suspected to have been set by Moslem militants explodedinside a crowded movie hall inKashmir's winter capital here Wednesday, injuringt_frvepeople, police said. The bomb was placed between special box seats in Jewel cinema and went offduring the noon show. The five injured included two women. The explosion triggered a stampede as people scrambled to rush out of the cinema, which was {illed with smoke.witnesses said. Somefell and fainted, but no one was injured. Kashmir authorities sounded a police alert and reinforcedsecurity at'exit points leading out ofthe city. They suspectedthe blast to be the handiwork of Moslem militants frghting for Kashmir's secession from India. Elsewherb in the state, five peopleincllding three Moslem mjlitants were killed, oflicials said.

LONDON, Thursday (,AEP) - Twelve people were killed and 25 injured Wednesday in a fiery motorway pile-up in thick fog in Berkshire, west of london, policesaid. Around 35 vehicles, including five lorries, were involved in the acciderit, during the morning rrshhour on the M4 motorway between Membury and Hungerford. Twenty cars and three ofthe lorries caught fire in the crash. The motorway, which links the capital with southern Wales, was closedin both directions while rescue services worked to cut trapped drivers out of their vehicles. Police believe the accident was causedby motorists speeding in spite of the fog. "It is the usual fog syndrome. People going too fast and being unable to see," said Inspector Terry Sharpe, the poliee operations coordinating o{ficer. A motorist, George Greenwood, from Bristol, said he was'Just glad to.be out,of it alive.lr

Cat on a hard tin roof

1 7 d e a d ,1 6 ' hurt in Mexico City fire MExIco

cfTY, Friday

(AFP) - A spmtacular lirq which swept through a downtown oflice tower here killed 1? peopleand injured at

least

68,

o fficia ls

11 feared dead in Soviet ' , train blast

the 17-storeybuilding in the downtown Colonia Roma neighbourhood began to b u r n a b o u t O l 4 5 GM T floor. on the fourth "presumably because of a

Azerbaijan

killed eigh!,

independent

the

agency Postfactum

The agency describcd the death

toll

as picliminary

said

and

the

caus e

Thursday's blast at Dagestan on the coast of the Caspian Sca was bcing

investigatcd

Coastlinetrain jumps the raih at Bambalapitiyu

by a goveqnrnent commission

on the scene. Tr ains attacked

above and below the fourth floor, trapping many people

between

been

bave

in reunent

waves

the

reg:ion,

unrest

particularly

those travelling Azer baijan

and

Amenia.

inside, while fire fighting

of the city, officials said.

new 6 rcportcd

on Friday.

authorities said. Firefighters had to truck id water from other parts

explosion

l1 people and injucd

to Sovict

sh6rt circuit". The fire spread quickly

ellorts were delayed due to dry hydrants in the.area,

- An

aboard a train from Mmcow

confirmed Thursday. Alfonso Rodroguez, a homicide lawyer with the attorney general'soflicesaid

F r i day

MOSCOW , (Reutcr)

HONG KONG, Thursday (Reuter) - Barbara the tom cat u sed up one of his nine lives when he plunged. 30 storeys from a Hong Kong building, the South China Morning Pos! said on Thursday. Barbara, whose gender was incorrectly identifred when he was a kitten, landed true to feline formon all four paws on a tin roof,sufferingonly a dislocatedjaw and gashedlegs. "He's naturally crazy," said Barbara's qwner, 23-year-old American Steven .EIIison, cuddling the long-hairgd frnger.and white cat. .Barbara's 100-metre (yard) death-defying dive outstrips aprevious record set, accordingto the Guinness Book of Records, by an .American cat in Portland, Oregon, which survived a 62.3 metre (69-yard)fall from a bridge into a river in 1981.

The offrcial Tass news agency

said

the

explosion

last

carriage

from

that

earlier

Moscow

was in

the

of the train to

capital ofAzerbaijan.

Baku,

Th" ."-i-u*prcss train from Galle to Maradana w as derai l ed about 300 yards south of the Bambalapitiya railway statibn, at 7.LE yesterday morning..Thousands of commuters on the coast-line service were stranded. Seven coaches jumpcd the rails; five of them toppled towards the coast on the 'up' liire, and two were thrown inland, blocking thc 'down' line. Five passengers were injured, but none ofthem critically. The cause of the dcrailment has yet to be ascertaincd, a rail.way spt-rkcsman said. "We ar-e working fast to clear the 'down' line first. The 'up' line too, will certainly be clearcd by nightlall," a scnior railway ollicial said.

1.2

Look at the news items you read and answer the following question. What kind of events are unexpectedevents ? Give a few examples.

Language Practice

2.L

Dates In previous lessonsof this unit you learnt to write numbers from one to sixty, using words. The no-b""s you learnt are calledcordinal numbers. But when you use dates in English you need to know thb correspondingordinal numbers as well.

2.L.7 Fitl in the blanks in the following chart, using the i:xamplesgiven. Cardinals

Ordinals

one two three four five six seven

first -second third

eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twenty twenty twenty twenty twenty twenty

one two three four five twenty twenty twenty twenty

sixth seventh eighth ninth

thirty thirty one 2.1.2 Read the following dates in English. Write them down on the right hand side of the page. 4.02.1948 4.10.1951 25.5.L967 14.r2.L977 30.09.1980 08.01.1985 11.04.1991

Fourth of February, nineteen forty eight

::.1.3 Pair Work each event write Think of five or mot'e important events in your life. Jot them down. Against first one is done The when. and partner whathappened your down the date in figures. Tell for you. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

10.04.Lg72.(I was born on the fourth of October nineteen seventytwo)

Birth

well as the date,month and 2. 1.4 sometimes,when you mentiona date,it is necessaryto givethe day as year. Thisirp"rii."furtytrueofrecenteventsoreventsthataregoingtohappeninthenearfuture' Eg.

(a) The tree - planting campaign will be held on Saturd'ay the ttwentiethof JuIy, nineteen ninetY one. (b) On Frid.ay the twelfth of July nineteenninety one, the term-end tests were held at the University of Sri Jayawardenepura

you will do next week, 2.1.b Tell your partner three things that you did last week and three things that year' and month, grloingthe dates of the evenls. Rememberto use Lheday, date, Incolumn 2.1.6 Readagainthenewsitemsaboutunexpectedeventsthatyoureadinl.lofthissection. that are sentences the write all B A write all the sentencesthat are in the Actiue Voice.In column in the passiueVoice. lJnderline the verb construction in each sentence. .B

A (a)

(a)

Twenty cars and three of the lorries cdught fire in the crash.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Twelve peoplewere killed and twenty fle wereinjured on Wednesdayin a fiery motorway pile-up.

Writing

information like who, 3 .1 Readtwo of the shorter newsitems in 1.1of this section.Jot down important

(Donotwriteincompletesentenceswhenyoutakedownthisinformation). what,where,whe.n,etc. phraseswhich will be news items away and jotted Put the down. you have handy when putting acrosstf,e iniormation write a brief accountof the events.

3 .2 Readthe news items severaltimes, carefully payingattention to words and

recently. Write a short 3.3 Think of an unexpected event that took place in your neighbourhood 'accountof this event.

4.r

Vocabulary Where did Look at the news sheetthat givesyou news about unexpectedeventsin this lessonDraw counry' is a it Sometimes given is city. place a these eventstake place? Soiretimesthe Eutertheplacenamesyouhavefound 2columnsinyourbook-oneforcitiesandoneforcountries. in the appropriate column. 1L J<

4.2

4.3

Think of countriesand cities that are not mentionedin the news items. Enter all of them in the appropriate column. Try to find correspondingcountriesand cities for the entries you have made. Look at the example below. Countries

Cities

India England

Delhi London

Find out what the peoplein the countries you have found are called. Eg. PeopleofSri Lanka are calledSri Lankans. For each country in your list, write the names of the people.

UNIT 2 EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF A PERSON SECTION T

Reading about Personal Events : Scanning

1.1

Think of the main eventsin your life. Make a list of theseeventswith the relevant dates. Use the chart given below.

DATE

EVENT day

(1)

month

year

Birbh

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

(e) (10)

L.2

The text below briefly rqlates the life story of Neil Armstrong'

1.2.1 Give one word for life storY. 1.2.2 who is a pioneer? why is Neil Armstrong calleda "spacepioneer"?. 1.A .

Read the following text about Neil Armstrong. Do not stop at difficult words. Do not repeat difficult sections, if any. Read quickly to find the following information. Look for all the dates in the text. Let your eye move through the page, stopping only at (x) margin quickly. figures. At every date you come across,place a cross in the (a)

L.4

(b) Read the text again quickly, this time lookingfor names/titles of people. Letyour eyemove through the page, stopping only at words and phrases that begin with capital letters- At every u""o"t, place a tick ({) in the margin quickly' ,ru-"/titl" yor, "o*" Write down the following in your book. Use capital letters where necessary. (a)

Follow the crossesyou have madein the margin and make a list of the datesyou have found. Write the event that goeswith each date. Look at the exainple that follows. Eg. July 24, 'L969- Neil Armstrong and his crew returned from the modn.

(b)

Follow the ticks you have made in the margin and make a list of the names/titles you have found. Wherever possible, grve a detail that helps to identify the person. Enter this information in the chart below. People

Details

Mr. Armstrong

Neil Armstrong's father

* * * {. {c* {. * * * * * * rk* **

*:8 *:1. * * * ***

* * *:*

What experiences prepared Neil Armstrong to becomethe first person to walk on the moon ? What was his historic space flight like ? *{<t

{.{.**{<**:l.t

:f ***rkX.***********{.*

NEIL ARMSTRONG

: SPACE PIONEER

PAUL*dsrnnaN Splashdown July 24,1969. EVeryone has waited anxiously for this day to come. In the Pacifrc Ocean southwest of Hawaii, a rescue ship had been ready for hours. Soon a helicopter began hovering over the blue-green ocean. Swimmers in black rubber suits moved restlessly in the water, staring up into the clouds. Suddenly someonesaw a dark spot in the sky, far off. Then the Apollo II spacecraftcamerushing toward the rescue crew, with huge parachutes billowing out behind it. Minutes later the_spacecraftsplashed safely into the ocean. The waiting was finally over. People throughout the world heard "Splashdownt Apollo has splashdown!" on their televisions and radios. The President of the United States had come halfway around the world to congratulate the three men who were now bobbing in the ocean. A{ter all, this day had made history. Commander Neil Armstrong and his crew had just returned from the moon! Boyhood Practically all his life Neil had been preparing for such a historic trip. â&#x201A;Źt he never would have guessed it as a boy. Neil was born on August 5, 1930, on his grandfather's farm in northwest Ohio. The closest town, Wapakoneta, was surrounded by woods,rolling hills, and rich farm land. When'Neil was only two years old, his father took him to see the air races in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Armstrong boostedNeil up onto his shoulders, high abovethe crowd. As the planes roared by overhead, little Neil clapped his hands and laughed in delight. He was thrilled at how fast the brightly painted planes could go. Many years later, Neil decided it must have been then when he fell in love with flying. Neil first becameinterested in models after his first plane ride when he was six years old. His father took him to a nearby airpgrt, where they climbed into almall plane called a Tin Goose. They began to taxi slowly down the runway. Then the plane picked up speed and lifted into the air.

abo3t tilT"*11ffiilil1ffij:fr?::5t:T,i: tolearnmore Neilwaseager Bythetimetheylanded, so high abovethe earth. He went to a hobby store and bought a together simple models poweredby rubber bands. Soonhe was building more complicatedones using wood and wire. During the next few years, Neil rnade hundreds of model planes. He even built many small airplanes from scratch, using whatever materials he found around the house. As he grew older, Neil never lost interest in the sky arrd flying. He collectedand studied issues of Air Trails, amagazine about flying. He filled notebookswith scraps of information he foundon different airplane makes and designs.Neil especiallyenjoyedreading about the Wright brothers. In 1903,Orville r.rd Wilb,ro Wright had made the first motorpowered plane flight in history. They had grown up in a town not far from Wapakoneta.

plane someday' But first he had to take lessonsand Neil decidedthat he too wanted to be able to fly a jobs around town whenever possible' He worked they cost nine dollars an hour. so he beganto do odd a drugstore' By the time he was fifteen' Neil in a bakery, a hardware store, a grocerystore, and frnatty he first soloed,or flew alone,was one ofthe most had savedenoughmoneyto take flying lessons.The day he receivedhis student pilot's license thrilling moments of his rife. Then, on his sixteenth Li"thduy, even before he had his driver's license' Ftight Training Neilhadworkedhardtosaveenoughmoneyforflyinglessons.Butheknewhewouldhavetoworkeven not expect his parents t: pay his way completely' harder to earn enough for college. After ali he could people who were willing trre unttea states illavy offer"d coliegescholarships to iil;i;;;; "l;"i-rr"* pay for school,so Neil applied' to join the service. ti ,""-"a hke a goodway to got a letter in mail from the navy' The letter said that one day during his senior year in high school,Neil schooling, Neil had to agree.toserve whenelrer he had been awarded a scholarship. In return fo. ttis the navy wanted him. two years there when Indiana. He had In the fall of 1947,Neil entered Purdue university in "o*pl"ted Ftorida, for fllgtrt training. Neil became a naval air cadet' the navy ordered hiJ #;;;;;;, at Pensacola. The navy sent Neil and many other The Korean war broke out in 1gb0 while Neil was still unit. Neil won three air medals for his combat pilots to fight in Korea. Neil was the youngest man in his missions. to frnish his degreein flight engineering' -|lh.lt After Neil left the navy in 19b2,he went back to Purdue campus newspape-rto-earn money' while the spare time, he taught Maths courses-and delivered a Pletty, dark-haired girl' Janet shearon' It delivering papers one chilly morning, he bumped into and Jan"t di""or'""ed th'eyhad many other things turned out that she knew a lot about flyirrg h"r""r. Neil were married in January, 1956' in common and began to seeeach other often. They AfbercollegeNeilwenttoworkasaresearchpilotattheLewisFlig.htPropulsionl'!9*':'v11 spaceflight grew' T: Pld one of the directors at Cleveland, orrio. wrrii" rr" *u" there, his interesi in a reality' when it is, I'd like to take part in it.'' Few the laboratory, "I think spacetravel will somedaybe make such a bold prediction in 1955' ;;;J" *o,tta t un" dared to Air Force Base in california. Neil became one of soon Neil took another job asa test pilot at Edwards Edwards Air Force Base' But he was an engineer and the best pilots in the worra while workfi;I about aircralt design and performance' He experimenter as well. He flew planes ti tearn more much to the development of new methods of flying' "orrt"ibot"d Astronaut with different forms of air travel' Its biggest The united states was not the only country experimenting intoluter space in 1957' Every 96 minutes the rival, the Soviet Union, launched the first ".t"llit" far as 548 miles away from the centre of the earth' satellite circled around the earth. At times it was as fly abovethe earth's atmosphere. The Russians Never before had human beings built a rocket that could "fellow traveller of the Earth"' named their satellite Sputnili, meaning program' In 1958 the to step up thqir oll Becauseof the successof sputnik,.dmericans decided "P1": u"i SpageAdministration (NASA)' All the United States government set up the National Aeronauti." the one at Edwards, became part of NASA' NASA'g space research groups in the country, incl,rding po.po""wastocatchopwiththeSovietUnioninbuildingrockets. orbit, and people-were being trained as astronauts' SoonUnited States satellites were being sent into adventure of space.explolalion'^While working as aNASA Neil was eagertoparticipate in the gruu;rr.* But competition for the few available openings was test pilot, he volunteered for the astronaut program' atieast 1,000 hours-of flying time' They had tough. Applicants had to be jet pilots *ho h"J"o*pleted height, weight, age, and health' Applicants also to meet several other requirements as well, including had to have a college degree'

Neil did not think his chancesfor becomingan astronaut were very good. The peoplewho were already in the training program had begun their careersin the military, but Neil was a civilian. So when his applic4tion was acceptedin 1962,Neil was both surprised and pleased. He becamethe first civilian ever admitted to the astronaut program. While Neil was busy with his training, NASA was making world headlines. Only three years after it was ' formed, NASA launched the first American, Alan B. Shepard; into space. Shortly after Shepard's flight, President John F.'Kennedy made a famous speech. "Spaceis open to us now," he said. He urged Americans to join together in an effort to put a person on the moon by 1970. To carry out President Kennedy's plan, the government established three separate space projects: Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. Each project was more advanced than the one before it and came closer to the ultimate goal landing on.the moon. The Mercury Project lasted from May, 1961 to May, 1963. Six tiny Mercury capsuleswere launched during this two-year period. Each capsulecarried one person. The purpose of these six flights was to 'learn how human beings would react to the new environment of outer space. In the Gemini Project, ten flights were made between 1965 and fgOO. fne Gemini capsulewas three times as large as the Mercury one, with room for two people. The Gemini Project was designed to test the effects of long spaceflights on human beings and to teach astronauts how to fly their capsuleswithout using computer control from the ground. In 1966,NASA was preparing to launch Gemini 8. The mission of this capsulewas to perform the frrst spacedocking in history. This meant that Gemini 8 would connect,or dock, with a secondspacecraft .that was already in orbit. But NASA still had to choosea commanderfor Gemini 8. Neil had just finished his intensive training and was given charge of the historic flight. The Apollo Project Finally it was time for the last of the three great spaceprojects. The Apolto Project,which beganin 1968, sent out four exploratory flights. The last one brought human beings to within nine miles of the moori's surface. The next craft, Apollo II, would make th-ehistoric moon landing. Two of the three peoplechosenfor the Apollo II crew would be the first to walk on the moon. On January 9, 1969,NASA announcedthe crew. The pilots would be Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. Neil Armstrong was named the commander In the months before the flight, the astronauts were kept very busy. They studied moon maps and photographs,spent hours learning about rocks, photography,and weather, and practised working the controls of their spacecraft. fn special laboratories built to resemble the surface of the mooil, the astronauts learned to move about in their bulky spacesuits. The last ten days beforethe launch, the astronauts seldomleft their crew quarters. They saw few people becausedoctors feared they might pick up some disease. Even a sore throat would mean delaying the flight for a month. As launch day approached,excitement grew. Peoplefrom all over the world arrived at Cape Kennedy, including ieporters, mayors, tourists, students, and senators. Thousands of cars lined the highways. One million peoplegathered to witness this historic event!' On the morning ofJuly 16, 1969,CommanderArmstrong and his crewmatesrosebeforedawn. They ate a hearty breakfast of steak, scrambledeggs,toast. .range juice and coffee.Then tlrey put on their white spacesuits, and a truck drove them to the launching pad. An elevator lifted them high into the air,'to the very top of the huge Saturn rocket. This rocket was as tall as a thirty six floor building. From here the men could seefor miles. They saw sand dunes and palm trees, hundreds of boa{sfloating in nearby rivers, and the sparkling blue Atlantic Oceanin the distance. When it was time, Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Bwzz"Aldrin and Mike Collins boardedthe spacecraft, The heavy outer door of ihe capsulewas.then sealedshut. The countdown began. "Tgn.....nine......eight....

Suddenlyorangeflamesand cloudsof smokeshot up seven.....six....five....four....three......two.......one." around the rocket. There was a mighty roar, and the ground trembled and shook for miles around. "Lift-off ! We have lift-ofil" The Saturn rocket shuddered. Ever so slowly it rose into the air. Then it rapidly picked up speed. After ten years of preparation, the voyageto the moon had begun ! The Moon The journey to the moon lasted four days. During that time the astronauts had many important chores to perform. They had calculations to make and instruments to watch. They also broadcastcolour TV pictures to viewers on earth. Thesewere the sharpest,clearestTV pictures ever sent from outer space. Each crew member had a specifictask. Mike Collins was navigator and pilot. His job was to fly the crew from the earth to the moon and back again. Buzz Aldrin was the expert on systemsand machines. But Neil Armstrong had the most exciting job of all. He would fly down to the surface of the moon and lead the expedition outside the craft. When Armstrong returned home, he was a hero. The street where his parents lived in Wapakoneta, Ohio, was renamed Neil Armstrong Drive. The people of his hometown proudly celebrated Neil Armstrong Days. And the little airport where he took his first flyin$ lessonswas now called the Neil Armstrong Airport. But even as a hero, Armstrong remained quiet and shy. Peoplejoked that he only showedenthusiasm when speaking of aeronauticsor flying. It was true that fly,ng was still his first love. In 1970,a year after the historic flight to the moon,Armstrong resignedfrom NASA. He wanted to make room for younger astronauts, and he wanted time to relax. In 1971 Armstrong moved back to Ohio and taught aeronautical engineering at the University of Cincinnati until 1980. He also servedas a director for severalaeronauticsfirms. In 1979 he joined the Chrysler Corporation as a company spokesmanand a member of its researchand developmentteam. In his spare time, Armqtrong pursues his favourite hobby, gliding. He spends many peaceful hours soaring silently through the blue midwestern skies in his sailplane. Sometimesan early moon might be floating with him in the sky, a moon whose surface is now marked by human footprints. Above those footprints on that lonely moonscapeis a bronzeplaque left by the first moon explorers. The plaque was signedby Neil Armstrong, the rest of the Apollo II crew, and the president of the United States. It reads:

HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON JULY 1969,A.D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND After centuries of dreaming, human beings had at last reachedthe moon. And Neil Armstrong, spacepioneer, had been part ofthat great adventure from the beginning. 2.

Writing Write a short accountof your life story up to now. Use the information you gathered in 1.1 of this lesson.

Vocabulary

5.1

Write down th-enames of the planets in the solar system.

5.2

Find from the passageas many words as possiblethat are related to the word "space"

I'NIT 2 EVENTS IN TIIE LIT'E OF A PERSON SECTION

Rcading about Personal Events: Detailed Reading

1 .1 To-understanda long text like the one about Neil Armstrong, you sometimeshave to divide it into episodes. (An episodeis an event which is part ofa long se.ies ofevents.)

(a)

The main episodesinthis text are given belowin the wrong order. Arrange them in the order they are presentedin in the text, by numbering the boxescorrectly. training to be a pilot splashdownof Apollo II the Apollo Project childhood training to be an astronaut boyhood life after the moon voyage

(b)

For each episodeabove,write the first and the last sentencesgiven in the text. Look at the example below. Eg. training to be a pilot.

l'2

First sentence

: Neil decidedthat he too wanted to be able to f7y aplane someday.

Last sentence

: He eontributed much to the developmentof new methods of flying.

Answer the following questionsusing information from the text. (a)

Doesthe text give the life story of Neil Armstrong ? Or doesit give.a description of the moon journey ?

(b)

List the routine activities that were performed by the astronauts in the months preceding launch dav.

(c)

What did the astronauts do on launch day ? Relate the incidents startingfrom the time they woke up to the time they boarded the spacecra{t.

(d)

How many days did the moon trip take ?

(e)

What did the astronauts leave behind on the moon ?

(f)

Describebriefly in your own words the following episodesin Neil Armstrong,s life. (i) training to be a pilot. (ii) training to be an astronaut. (iii) life after the moon voyage.

Language Practice

2 ,L Select any two of the episodesgiven in 1.1 and write down all references to time that you find in them. Yru may find examplesof the following such as:

(a)

sequencemarkers (frrst, then, next, finally etc.)

(b)

time phrases (when Neil was only 2 years old, many years later etc.).

2.2

2.g

exactly Copy the sentencescarefully in your book. Underline the referencesto time' Note where in the sentencestheY occur. markers Turn the following sentenceSinto a properly constructedparagraph-by-using sequence useful. find you will phrases that and w-ordi and time phrases. Here are some a few minutes later first then next in the next few minutes soon at the same time before long immediately without delaY (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

I left my bicycle in front of the book shop' I walked int-o the book shoP. A book with an attractive cover caught my eye, I took the book down from the shelf' The shop assistant informed me that someonewas taking my bicycle away. I rushed out of the shoP'

lf,] I ::f##Ll'"T::*:ffliJil::i 2.4

him. behind withadogchasing onmybicycre

and a Readthe NounPhrases below, ANoun Phrase is a group ofwords which has ahead noun word or words that modify the head noun'

2.4.1 Notice how the Noun Phrasesexpand to the left and to the right. 2.4.2 Notice how the meaning of the Noun Phrasesbecomesmore specificas they expand. 2.4.3 Underline the main word in each expression' differences 2.4.4 Translateeachexpressioninto Sinhala./Tamil.Underline the main word. Discussthe you see. (a)

Ship a rescueshiP

(b)

Swimmers Swimmers in suits Swimmers in black rubber suits

(c)

Space craft the Apollo II space craft the Apollo II space craft with huge parachutes billowing out behind it.

(d)

President the President the President of the United States

(e)

Neil Armstrong Commander Neil Armstrong

(f)

Farm his grandfather's farm his grandfather's farm in N-W Ohio

Wapakoneta the closest town, WaPakoneta

(h)

Races air races in Cleveland air races in Cleveland,Ohio

(i)

Planes brightly painted Planes

Models simple models simple models poweredbY bands simple models poweredby rubber bands.

2.4.5 Find.fiuemore Noun Phrasesfrom the text. Write them down to show how they expand to the left and right. 2.4.6 Expand these nouns. pilot 'day sky 3.

lessons jet astronaut

Writing Launch day was an important day in the life of Neil Armstrong. Think of sueh an important day in your life. It should be a specialday which made a changein your life. Write a short accountof this episodefrom your life, relating the incidents that took place on this day. Use sequence markers correctly.

Vocabulary What in your opinion did the astronauts feel on launch day ? Make a list of the words that express their feelings.

UNIT 3 FAMILY EVENTS SECTION 1 l.

Introduction Incidents that happen among the members of a family are called family events, particularly when they become'importanf enough to remember in later years. The incident may be a sad, happy or a frightening one. The impact that it makes on one'slife turns the incident into an eveni distinguishing it from the trivialities of day-to-dayliving'

Read the following poem quicklY.

2.L

As you read, try to understand the event that is presented by the poet. Does the title of the poem help you to figure out the event ? Give reasonsfor your answer.

BREAI{FAST He poured coffee into his cup he put milk in his cup of coffee he put sugar in his cup of coffeeand milk With his teaspoon he stirred it he drank the coffeeand milk and he put down the cup without speaking to me He lit a cigarette he made rings with the smoke he put the ashes in the ash-tray without speaking to me without looking at me He got up he put his hat on his head he put on his raincoat becauseit was raining and he went out in the rain without a word without a look And I, I put my head in my hands and I wept. by JacquesPrevert translated by Reggie Siriwardena X :* * )k)t<*,k * * *,k * * r&X X * X :k r<>k* * :t * * * * {<{<* * * t( * tc

JACQUES PREVERT is a twentieth century French poet who also wrote several scripts for films. Some of his poems were so popular that they have been set to music and sunginthenightclubs of Paris. *;F*+::**r<t<;F;rt **:x**:&*tF***t<ttt<*rc:{<:F:F{.*<****

2.2

Answer the following questions. (a)

On what kind of day did this event take place ? What time of day was it ? What words/phrases help you to find the answer ?

(b)

Is.the speaker (the person who is called I) in the poem male or female ? What do you think is the relationship betweenthe speakerand the other personmentioned in the poem ?

(c)

Mention /ftree things that "he" did in the poem. Mention /hree things that "I" did in the poem.

(d)

Are the people in the poem happy ? How do you know ?

(e)

What happened inside the room ? What happened outside ? Do you see a parallel ?

(f)

Give another title for the poem.

UNIT 3 FAMILY DVEIYTS SECTION 2 l.

Read the following text quickly.

1.1

Try to figure out the event that is focussedon in the passage. What does the title indicate ? How would you label the event - happy, sad, horrible, funny, frightening ? DON'T WAIT TO GTYE DADDY A HUG Frances Schletty The night was soft and warm as I lay gazingat the ceiling. The whole house was quiet. I lay on the sofa thinking of the hospital. We had gone there that afternoon to visit my father for Valentine's Day. We had had to go the day before the actual holiday becauseMama said we couldn't get out of school to go on Monday. The hospital was a huge place. It seemedDaddy was in a high bed that wasfoldedinhalfsomeway.Helookedalrighttome. Ididn'tknowwhyhekept going t-othat place anyway. He couldn't like it better than home becausehe didn't even have a television there. Isatasquietlyaspossible.MytroublewasthatlwantedtohughimandlwasafraidofwhatMama would say if i climbed up on his bed to do it. I didn't know why she would mind - I only knew she would. Sometimes she said I was too rough, but I was such a little girl and Daddy was so big... how could I hurt him ? I thought there must be some other reason why he couldn't wrestle with me like he used to. May be he was too tired. My parents talked for a long time while I looked out of the window and played with my brother and sister. I didn't like that place and I wanted to go home. There didn't seemto be anything to do there. Then, all at once,we were leaving. Daddy called me to his bedsideand told me to be sure to say my prayers. I said I would and kissed him quickly on the cheek. I remembered how smooth his face wai that day and I was surprised by it. Usually his cheekswere covered with a frne stubble which always tickled me like the first grass of spring tickled my toes. That day his face had been like a shinystone. The absenceof the red growth had changedhim somehow - he wasn'tthe same any more. It was probably becauseof the hospital. They probably made him shavein that place. That's another reason why he should have come home; if h'e were at home he could do anything he wanted to - no one would make him shave. In any case,we were going then and I didn't have time to ask him about it. I was glad to leave that building. The peoplein there were sick .... except, ofcourse, my daddy, He wasn't sick at all. I was startled by the shrill sound ofthe telephone. Th3t made me angry - now Mama would get up and frnd that I wasn't sleeping yet. Why did somebody have to call then anyway ? Just as I had suspected,the light went on in the bedroom. Mama came into the shadows of the living room, bringing with her the rays ofyellow light. My eyes;now accustomedto the darkness, turned instinctively away from tihelight. Besides, I had to pretend I was sleeping, and it was easier if I turned my face in the opposite direction from my mother. Mama spoke for only a few minutes, asking questions like when ? and how ? She shook me then and told me to go into my own room. I knew it - the telephone call would ruin everything. Then she woke my oldest sister. In a few secondsthe whole house was buzzing with some sort of news. "At eleven o'clock" ".....it had to happen sometime....we were expectingit...." "...'tooyoung to be dead." "Illl have to go to the hospital." "Call grandma to stay with the..." I heard these phrases, but I couldn't put together their meaning. Mama came then and told me he was dead. My Daddy was dead. No ! No ! No ! It wasn't true. He couldn'tbe dead. He was alive - he had kissed me only that afternoon.'People didn't die jut like that ! It wasn't like stepping on a fly... people took years to die .... they o4ly died when they Youngpeopledon'tdie. wereold.....veryoldwithgrayhairandwrinklesandstooped-overbodies. no one could take my and was mine father! He my Not I loved. anyorre Not people I knew, Not forever live father. He would I hated that person who called. It wasn't true and that was a horrible thing to say. It wasn't funny' It scared rn". M"*" believed it, though. She shouldn't. If she'd only listen to'me I'd tell her the truth..,.IT ISN'T TRUE.....IT ISN'T !!

Just wait - next time-Daddy camehome I'd tell him about the person who called. He'd laugh and say Mama shouldn't have taken it seriously. After all, that couldn't happen. He wasn't even sick. And do you know what elserrrouldhappenwhen Daddy camehomethe next time ? ....I would jump on his lap and hug him until he couldn't even breathe ! And he wouldn't mind - becausethat's what daddies were for.

L.2 Answer the following questions on the text. (a)

Who is the speakerin the story ? Is the speakermale or female ? How old do you think the speakeris ?

(b)

Who are the other peopleinvolved in the narrative ?

(c)

Where do the events in the narrative take place ?

(d)

How long do these events take ? time of the day ? What was special

about the following day ? (f)

The writer presents the events in the story in the order given below. Re-arrange the same events in chronologicalorder (in the order of actual happening). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

The speaker tries to go to sleep at night. The speaker visits the father in hospital. The telephonerings. The speaker'smother answers the phone. The speaker hears the bad news.

Which of the events above can be called the main event ? Which event(s)abovecreate suspense?

(h)

Did the speaker like the hospital ? How do you know ?

(i)

what did the speaker want most to do during the visit to the hospital ?

The speaker and the speaker'smother reacted differently to the bad news. How did they react ? What was the reason for this difference ? .

Language Practice

2.L

Sometimes you have to refer to the weather and the time of day when describing events. The text you read in this section begins with such a reference. ie. The night was soft and warm.

2.2

Read also the examples given below. Underline the words that refer to the weather and/or to the time of day I year. It was a windy morning. One rainy night in October...... The day was bright and sunny.

2.3 Write expressions of your own that refer to the weather and / or to the time of day / year. 2.4

For each of these expressions,write down a suitable sentenceto follow up what was said before. Eg'

2.5

It was a windy morning. Scrapsof paper and old brown leaveswere flying in all directions.

Listen to the weather forecast on radio/TV for several days. Take down the expressions that refer to the weather and to the time of day and make a list of your own. Bring them to classwhen you are ready, t<j,share with the others,

2.6

The sentencesbelow are taken from the text you read. Look at the word groups in italics in each sentence.Pick out the subjectand the verb in eachword group. Wiite 's' for subjectand 'v' for verb abovethe correct words. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

The night was soft and warm as I lay gazing at the ceiling. We had to go the day before the actual holiday becauseMama said we couldn't get out of schoolto go on Monday. I didn't know uhy he hept going to that place' Sometimesshe said (that) I was too rough. My parents talked for a long time tahile I looked out of the window. I rememberedhow smooth his face wa*

2.6.1 The word groups in italics in the abovesentencesare called dependent clauses. A depend,ent clause is a group of words with a subjecl and auer;bin it. A dependent clause is joined to the main clause by a connecting word or phrase. 2.6.2 Pick out the main clausein each sentenceabove. Draw double lines under the main clause. 2.6.3 Circle the connecting word/phrase in each sentence. 2.7

Read the word groups below and pick out the dependentclauses. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) ttrl (i) 0) (k) 0) (m) (n) (o) (p)

as quick as lightning as the rain came down on us that man and his wife that the story was true while walking to the college today while we were referring to the encyclopaediain thelibrary becauseI knew the truth becauseof his foolishness how beautiful the rain is how many times a day who and who who saw the beggar walking into the house where my father lay in bed where in the world which cost me Rs. 500/which of the two

2.7.1 Use the dependent clauses above in sentencesand do the following. (a) Draw a line under the dependent clauses. (b) Draw double lines under the main clauses. (c) Circle the connectingwords / phrases. 3.

Speech Work with a partner telling each other about a family event that is hard to forget. Jot down important points as you listen. Now relate your partner's story to the class.

Vocabulary

4.L

Pick out from the text the expressionsthat expressthe speaker'sfeelings: (a) (b)

4.2

as she lay awake in bed. afber she got news of her father's death.

that you related to your partner in the previous exercise. What Thinkofthefamilyevent expressions did you use -to express your feelings ? Write at least frve of these expressions.

-=-u

UNIT 4 NATIONAL EVENTS SECTION T for Fluent Reading

Sentence Comprehension

1.1

Learn to read and understand long sentences.Seehow the sentenceexpands and meanings flow fromwordgrouptowordgroupinthefollowingexample,asextrainformationisadded.Theinitial word gtoup is given in Column A alongwith questionsto bring out the additional information. The information that is addedafter eachquestionis given in column B. Note that eachnew expansion is in italics in column B.

......A religiousfestivalis ceiebrated. (i)

(iil

(iiil

(iv)

When ?

In the rnonth of Esala a religious festival is celebrated.

What kind of festival ?

In the month of Esala a religious festival which attracts both Bud.dhists and non Buddhists is celebrated.

Buddhistsfrom where ?

In the month of Esala, a religious festival which attracts both Buddhists and non Buddhists alike, frorn all ouer Sri Lanka and abroad, is celebrated.

Celebrated where ?

In the month of Esala, a religious festival which attracts both Buddhists and non Buddhists alike, from all over Sri Lanka and abroad, is celebrated in the ancient hill capital of Senkadagala.

In the month of Esala, a religious festival which attracts both Buddhists and non Buddhist alike, from all over Sri Lanka and abroad,is celebratedin the ancient hill capital.of Senkadagala, known today as Kandy.

(v)

What more about this place ?

L.2

Here are more examples. As before, the initial word group and the questions are given in column A The additional information is given in column B. Study the given examples and do the following. (i) (ii) (iii)

Underline each new expansion in column B. Read the sentencesaloud. Translate the expandedsentencesinto Sinhala/Tamil'

A (a)

This religious festival is a form ofworship'.'..

(i)

What kind ?

This religious festival is a form of worship of the SacredTooth Relic.

(ii)

Whose ?

This religious. festival is a form of worship of the SacredTooth Relic of the Buddha.

(iii)

What more about this festival ?

(iv)

What else about the festival ?

(b)

The chronicle gives a detailed description.........

(i)

What kind of descriPtion ?

(ii)

What did he decree ?

(iii)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

What for ?

What ?

What pageant ?

Who promulgated this decree ?

This religious festival is a form of worship of the Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha and has now becomethe grandest festival in the island. This religious festival is a form of worship of the Sacred Tooth Relic of the Buddha and has now becomethe grandest festival in the island and the most spectacularevent of the year.

The chronicle givesb detailed description ofhow the reigning king received it with reverence and how he decreed. The chronicle gives a detailed description ofhow the reigning king received it with reverence and how he decreed that it should be brought every year to the Abhayagri Vihara The chronicle gives a detailed description of how the reigning king received it with reverence and how he decreed that it should be brought every year to the Abhayagiri Vihara to observethe same sacrificial ceremonial.

It could be surmised that the origin of the pageant could be traced back to the time of the promulga' tion ofthis decree. It could be surmised that the origin of the pageant of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka could be traced back to the time of the promulgation of this decree. It could be surmised that the origin of the pageant of the Sacred Tooth Relic in Sri Lanka could be traced back to the time of the promulgation of this decreeby King Kirti Sri Meghavarna.

(d)

(i)

(ii)

The Chingse pilgrim Fa-Hien has recorded a grand festival'..' When ?

About a century after the arrival of the Tooth Relic, the Chinesepiigrim Fa-Hien has recordeda grand festival.

Where ?

About a century after the arrival ofthe Tooth Relic, lhe Chinese piigrim Fa-Hien has recorded a grand festival that was held at the Abhayagiri Vihara'

For what PurPose ?

About a century after the arrival of the Tooth Relic, the Chinese piigrim Fa-Hien has recorded a grand festival that was held at the Abhayagiri Vihara in its honour.

(iv)

By whom ?

About a century afberthe arrival of the Tooth Relic, the Chinese piigrim Fa-Hien has recorded a grand festival that-was held at the Abhayagiri Vihara in its honour by the king and the people'

Reading about a National Event

(iii)

sri Lanka. There are two texts in this unit about a famous event in Read quickly to get the facts' Do not stop 2.1, Read Text A frrst with the following questions in mind' to write down the answers. (a)

What is the event mentioned in the text ?

(b)

What is the ancient name for KandY ?

(c)

Which kings are mentioned in the text ? Where did theY rule ? When ? Why are ttreY mentioned ?

(d)

are they mentioned ? who are the other people mentioned in the text ? why

(e)

Which historical documents are mentioned ?

(f)

Whichofthefollowingisacorrectstatementaboutthetext? The text is about (i) the grand festival that is held in Kandy once a year' (ii) the history of the Esala festival'

Text A both Buddhists and non Buddhists alike, from In the month of Esala, a religious festival which attracts hill capital ofSenkadagala, known today as all over Sri Lanka and abroad, is celebrated in the ancient Kandy. Tooth Relic oilhe Buddha and has now become This religious festival is a form of worship of the sacred the year' f"stival in the island and the most spectacular event of ;;;;A"t back to the time of the ancient kings of sri Lanka' The history of the pageant of the tgot! Relic dates states that the Tooth Relic was brought to the island ro.ri"t" c"h;;; A well-known r"g*i"iiJrr" "t

33 !t

fromlndiainthereignofKingKirtiSriMeghavarna(303-331 AD). AccordingtothePaliDathavamsa, the Tooth Relic was sent to his father, King Mahasena (276-303AD). But by the time it arrived in Sri Lanka he was dead and the reigning king was Kirti Sri Meghavama. The Culavamsa doesnot describein detail how the Tooth Relic was brought to the island, but merely states that tlre relic was brought to Sri Lanka by a Brahmin woman. However, the chronicle gives a detailed descriptionofhowthe reigningkingreceiveditwith reverenceandhowhe decreedthatit should be brought every year to the Abhayagiri Vihara to observe the same sacrificial ceremonial. It could be surmised that the origin of the pageant of the SacredTooth Relic in Sri Lanka could be traced back to the time of the promulgation of this decreeby King Kirti Sri Meghavarna. About a century after the arrival of the Tooth Relic, the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien has recorded a grand festival that was held at the Abhayagiri Vihara in its honour by the king and the people. Fa-Hien describes the pomp and pageantry of the festival of the Tooth Relic and mentions that certain religious rites were obsirved in the monastery of the Tooth Relic. The Dalada - Sirita written during the reign of Parakramabahu IV (1302 - L326 AD) contains the rules and the religious rites that had to be observed in the worship of the Tooth Relic. From this it follows that simple ceremoniessuch as the veneration ofrelics had taken the shape ofrituals and had played an important part in the life of the people. The Tooth Relic also came to be considered as a symbol of power and authority. In the Polonnaruwa period it was definitely necessaryfor the king to be in possession of the Tooth Relic. Princes always fouglrt against each other to capture the relic, for the popular concept was "he who possessesthe Tooth Relic shall possess the Crown" When Queen Sugala started a revolt against Parakramabahu I (1153 - 1186 A.D), she managed to flee to Rohana after taking the Tooth Relic and the Bowl Relic. Then the king sent word to his dignitaries that if the relics were taken across the sea the island would be desolate. Adapted from A Ritual Transformed into a Pageant Daily News: Monday, July 22, 1991

2.2

Write the answers to the questions in 2.1.

3. '

Iilriting Expand the following word groups given in Column A using appropriate information of your own. Write the expansions in Column B. Underline each new expansion.

A (a)

A ShramadanaCampaignwill be held...........

(i)

Where ?

(ii)

When ?

(iii)

For what pur?ose

(iv)

By whom ?

(b)

I visited my friend

(i)

When ?

(ii)

Where

(iiil

What more about this friend ?

(c)

A A pedestrianwas ...'...

(i)

What haPPened?

(ii)

What was he/she doing ?

(iii)

Where ?

(iv)

On what daY ?

(v)

At what time ?

(d)

Money and gold jewellery

(i)

What haPPened ?

(ii)

Whose ?

(iii)

What more about this Person?

(iv)

Where did this haPPen ?

(v)

When ?

(e)

Ourneighbour..'........

(i)

What haPPened ?

(ii)

What more about him/her ?

(iii)

Why ?

VocabularY

(a)InColumnAbelowyouseesomediffrcultwordstakenfromTextA.Matchthesewordswiththe given word before you do this exercise' definitions given iniolumn B. Look at the context of each ft)WritethenumberofthematchingdefinitionagainsteachwordinColumnA A B Para 1 1. a record ofhistorical events 2. having many facts attracts 3. beginning ancient 4. a period ofhundred Years take by force; seize D. Para 2 6. peoplewith high ranks or positions 7. grandest spectacular Para 3 pageant legend chronicle

at.

a person who travels to a holY Place arousesinterest, attention etc'

11.

own empty and lonelY steps follobed in a religious ceremony

12.

ordered

9. 10.

A Para 4 detailed reverence decreed

B 13. L4. 15. 16.

parts ofthe body, clothes,belongingsofa holy person belonging to the past most impressive;most splendid a feeling ofdeep respect

Para 5

L7. 18.

origin promulgation

19. 2A.

announcingofficially regardingas sacred a story handed down from the past a petiod of a king's or a queen'srule

Para 6

2I. 22.

very impressive; eye - catching a processionofpeople

century Para 7 reign pilgrim rites Para 8 veneration relics Para 9 capture possess Para 10 dignitaries desolate

UNIT 4 NATIONAL EVENTS SECTION 2 Sentence Comprehension for Fluent Reading

word Seehow the following word groups expand when other (i) (ii) iiiil

groups are added to them'

underline'the word groups that give bheftew infijrmation. Read the sentencesaloud' Translate the sentencesinto Sinhala or Tamil'

A (a)

During the Anuradhapura period """"'

(i)

What happened ?

During the Anuradhapura period kings of Sri Lanka continued to venerate the Tooth Relic'

(ii)

And what else ?

During the Anuradhapura period kings of Sri Lankicontinued to veneratethe Tooth Relic along with the Bowl Relic.

(iii)

What more about the Bowl Relic ?

During the Anuradhapura period kings of Sri Lankicontinued tQveneratethe Tooth Relic along ' with the Bowl Relic which had been receivedby King Devanampiyatissa as a gift from Emperor Dharmasoka.

ft)

Thus when there was a prolongeddrought and famine ......

(i)

When ?

(ii)

What was done ?

(iii)

(iv)

whv ?

Who advisedon this ?

Thus when there was a prolonged drought and famine during the reign of King Upatissa""' Thus when there was a prolonged drought and famine during the reign of King Upatissa a great puja was held. Thus when there was a prolonged drought and famine during the reign of King Upatissa a great puja was held in honour of the relics' Thus when there was a prolonged drought and famine during the reign of King Upatissa a great puja was held in honour of the relics on the advice of the Bhikkhus.

questions.When you read Text B, it is ReadText B quickly to find answers to the following This will help you to spot new important to keep in mind the information you got from Text A. information, if any, that Text B givesyou' (a)Whoarethepeoplemer-rtionedinthetextlWhyaretheymentioned? (b)

What datesare mentionedin the text ?

(c)

Many placenamesare mentionedin the text' What are they ? 71

(d)

What is the main idea that is discussed in both texts ?

(e)

In addition to this, textA deals with another important idea. Can you remember what it is. ?

Text B On the 24th of April 1815, fifty three days after the signing of the Kandyan Convention, ceding the Sinhalese Kingdom, the Danta Dhatu which had been removed to Pusulpitiya during the British invasion of Kandy was once again ceremonially installed at the Dalada Maligawa. John D' Oyly, who had negotiated.thecession,and who understood Sinhalesesentiments more than any"other Britisher, wrote thus to the Governor in Colombo: I'We have this day obtained the surest proof of the confidence of the Kandyan nation and their acquiescencein.the dominion of the British Government". The willingness of the Bhikkhus, the chieftains and the common people to bringback the Danta Dhatu signified that they were prepared to be under the new dispensation. Otherwise this sacred palladium of Sinhalakings would neverhave beenbroughtback to Kandy which had becomethe centre of British administration ofthe former Sinhalese Kingdom. 1 From time immemorial the Danta Dhatu had been one of the most protectedtleasures of the Sinhalese kings and the belief had been establishedthat he who possessedthe Danta Dhatu had the legitimate right to the sovereigntyof the land. History recordsthat this most venerated of the relics of the Buddha in Sri Lanka was brought to the island by a royal Prince and Princess of Kalinga during the reign of King Sri Meghavarna (303-31 A.C). This incident is recorded in the Mahafamsa. History records that henceforth the annual festival of the Tooth Relic continued to be one of the most important and spectaciilar of all religious festivals. During the Anuradhapura period kings of Sri Lanka continued to venerate the Tooth Relic along with the Bowl Relic which had beenreceivedby King Devanampiyatissaas a gift from Emperor Dharmasoka. Theserelics were housed together iri a building closeto the royal palace. The Mahavamsa recordsthat on several occisions the magical power of the two relics came to the assistanceof the kings and their people. Thus when there was a prolonged drought and famine during the reign of King Upatissa a great puja was held in honour of the relics on the advice of the Bhikkhirs. The Bowl Relic was filled with water, the king and the people observedata sil and the water from the Bowl Relic was sprinkled all over the city and its environs. Before the end of the night a great rain fell and the drought ended. The king made an injunition to the effect that whenever a similar situation arose the sahe ritual was to be observed. The Mahavampa tells how time and again the indispensability of these relics cameto be emphasizedin crisis situations. For"example, Parakramabahu the Great (1153 - 1186 A.D.) was faced with the predicament of being deprived of the two hallowed relics when they fell into the hands of rebellious kinsmen in Ruhuna. The king s armies were closing in upon the rebels and he was informed that the latter were contemplating the removal of the relics overseas.His instructions to the army to safeguard the relics are recordedin the Mahavamsa.' Parakramabahu'sinjunction underlines the preciousnessof the two relics an i also reveals the fact that a king could not be consecratedunless he had the two relics in his posses'ron. During the destructive reign of Kalinga Magha in the 13th century, the i wo relics were concealedby Bhikkhus in Kotmale in the inaccessiblehilly terrain of Malaya Rata. Wher Vijayabahu lll (1220 -24) liberated the southern regionsfrom Magha the relics were brought to Dambadeniya. But sincethe aliens were still holding sway over the Rajarata the king feared for their safety. We note that the safety ofthe two relics receivedhigh priority in the affairs of state. Vijayabahu's deeision to keep the relics at Beligala was prompted by the political situation that prevailed at the time. But his son and successor, Parakramabahu II (L225 - 1235) who had succeededin freeing Rajarata from the aliens, decided to bring the relics to Dambadeniya. Theking,being DuringthereignofParakramabahulV(14L0-L4&?)averysignificanteventtookplace. an erudite scholar himself, accredited with organizing the compilation of the Sinhala Pansiya Panas Jataka Pota, decided to place on record the saga of the Tooth Relic, along with injunctions how-the ceremonies connected with it should be conducted.

IV, named Dalada sirita' in elegant The work compiled under the orders of King Paraklamabahu of the Danta Dhatu along with a set of regulations Sinhala prose of the ialf, ."nt,,r', contains a f;istory about the ceremony connected with it' shrine where the Danta Dhatureposed' wenotethatthere were three chambersin theTemple -theinn-er The first three injunctions are about tlie entry the secondouter ct amle. arrd the third outei chamber. the third chamber, and those who could enter into these chambers. The minist"", of .tui. .o"ia enhr his crosestattendants,_theoffrcialsof the Temple the secondchamber were the Bhikkhus, trt" ti"g u"d issistantjrvho p^repar".g!ht Mal Asana could enter the and those erudite in the Dhamma. O"ly f;;;ie pu"taDhatuirom a distance,perhapsthrough a door inner-shrine. The ordinaryfolkhadto worsiiip ift" that the present Dalada Maligawa also has similar beyond the third ante-cha-mber.It is *g"tf, ,,ltittg architectural features. continued from very. early days' is the immunity Another interesting injunction, which perhaps iad Dhatu' The thirty seventh injunction of the granted to anyone who-seekqthe protectio. olftft" Danta ,,NohaLm shourdu" ao"" tu those who enter the Dalada Temple becauseof some Dalada sirita states: fear." to be eiecuted after the rebellion of 1818 Incidentally, it is on record that Madugalla who was convicted invoke this ancient custom of immunity' However' sought aqsylum within the shring ,.oo* ityi.,g to these customs and Madugalla's was a vain Europ.eanrulers of Sinhala provinces ftJ"""i"iu"cepted attempt. of the most valued treasures of the sinhala Thus the Danta Dhatu has bahind it a long history a: -ong of the Portuguese in the early 16th people. During the Eorop"ut irrrra.iorr*, bJgirr"i"g *itrt the advent great c11e' When the Kotte Kingdom it with p?otected cent'ry, Sinhala gl,i[k]rt. and lay a""ot""]ftud Kira Alle Divana Rala had a Port-ugal, king of was on the brink of falling into the rtu"a" of the DllgamuVihara in Sabaragamuwa'where itwas premonition, ur,afr""u' u*iywithth-eDu"iuOftut"to (1591 - 1604) who fo-undedthe Kandyan Kingdom in ofvimaladhui-u.oriyu hidden till the Temple in the neighbourhood the central hills, and who erected a two storey superb Relic the security of "pp..r"r,"" by otirer Kandyan kings' remains to this day' of the Royal Palace. This Temple, ""to',rutua te'tn""uttimes

Adapted from The'Tooth Relic: the SacredPalladium of Sri Lanka DailY News: MondaY,JulY22,1991'

2.1 Write the answers to the questions given in 2 above' 3.

Language Practice are taken from sentencesin Text B' Look at the different sets of senseunits given below' Th"y in the correct order and write out The senseunits fo" each ..rrturr.e are luirbled. Arrange them these steps' Follow expands. trr" r""t"".e again. observe how the sentence

(i) Look for the unit which forms the subject' (ii) . Ne*t seewhether any other unit could comebefore it' (iii) Look for the unit which has the main verb' (iv) Now place the other units. (v) (vi)

(a)

* * * * * *

a noun to form a nominal Are the units ad.iectival erpressions ie. do they expand expression (noun Phrase) ? ie. do they expand a verb to form an adverbial phrase/ Or are they ad.uerbiitiipi"uions clause ? at.the Dalada Maligawa on the 24th of APril 1815 the Danta Dhatu was onceagain ceremonially installedI j ceding the Sinhalese Kingdom fifty thr." auv Jt"itrr" rig"i"g of the Kandyan Convention which had been removed to Pusulpitiya during the British invasion of Kandy

(b)

* * * *

wrote thus to the governor in Colombo who had negotiated the cession John D'Oyly and who understoodSinhalesesentiments rnore than any other Britisher

lVriting Chooseone of the events given below and'write a short account of the event. These guidelines will help you to gather information. (i) (ii) iiiii (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

When is the event held or celebratednow ? Where ? Who the peopleinvolved ? (organizers,participants, observersetc.) When""" was it first held or celebrated ? Where ? Who was involved at that time ? What was done on that occasion ? What changeshave taken placethrough the years ? Reasonsfor the changes,if any.

Events' (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)' 5.

The OlympicGames The IndependenceDay Celebrationsin Sri Lanka A Religious Festival An Annual Event in your neighbourhood An Annual Event in your Schoolor University College

Vocabular5r Group work Look for key words in Text B. The key words in a text are wordsthat are essentialor important in.conveyingthe relevant information. Each group can work on one of the following themes. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Key Key Key Key

words related to people,organizations,institutions etc. words related to objects words related to places words related to action

UNIT 4 NATIONAL I]VBNTS SECTION 3 AnswerthefollowingquestionsusinginfornratiorrfronrthetrvotextsyoureSdinsectionland section2.

-il (i)Drawtwoco.lumnsforthetwotexts.NamethemAandB.IrrcolumnAnameallthe B name all the historical events ;i;;tt T;; A. historical events mentioned i. mentionedin Text B' (ii)

(iii)

to both passages' (a) Make a list of the people-whoare common (b)Maketwoseparatelistsforthepeoplewhoarenotcommontothetwopassages. sourcesof texts again. For each text, namethree two columns separate Draw two {or lhe uv'tolii toott"' Followtheexample i"i";;;li;-oTer"d information, togetherwith the given below

Source

Information

(a) (b) (c) iv)

state both passages.Against each statement' The information below is taken from one or forText B tl.ts A andb' (Wiite AforTextA; whetheritisfromText A,Text B *["ift texts)' B: and A & B if it is commonto both

(a)TheToothRelicwasbroughttoSriLankaduringthereignofKingKirtiSri Meghavarna.......'...' (b) (c)

(d)

(e)

was held to honour the relic' ".'"" Fa - Hien has recordeda great festival that of rites that had to be observedin the worship Dalad.a siritagives the rules and religious the Tooth Relic....""" legitimate right to the sovereigntyof the land In ancient sri Lanka, it wasbelieved that the was tied with possessionof the Tooth Relic """""""""' Tooth Relic had full immunity during the time People seekingrefuge at the Temple of the of the, Sinhala Kings""""

Language Practice phrase is ? Text B' can you remember what a noun Look at the noun phrasesbelolv taken from II' Section2'2'4' You saw how noun phrasesexpand-inUnit before you read the following' minds, your Look back at this "*"".ir.l".ef.esh the BriLish invasion of which had been removedto Pusulpitiya during Dhatu (a) LheDanta KandY.

2.2

ft)

and who understood sinhalese sentiments John D' Oyly, whohad negotiated the cession more than anY other Britisher'

(c)

one of the most protected treasures of the

(d)

a royal Prince and Princessof Kalinga

(e)

The annual festiualof the Tooth Relic

Sinhalesekings'

(main words)' The words to phrasg:.ale head ,nouns Note that the italicized words in the noun aboutthesenouns' information

il"J#ir""Jil;Jtfr;iil;

il;;;"",

ei"" additional 4l

2.3 The followingnoun phrasestakenfrom Text B have post-modifiersie., they expandthe headnoun by gving additional information after the head noun. Underline the word that introduces the post-modifier.The first one is donefor you.

2.4

(a)

the Danta Dhatu which had been removed to Pusulpitiya during the British invasion of Kandy

(b)

John D 'Oyly, who had negotiatedthe cession,and who understood Sinhalesesentiments more than any other Britisher

(c)

Kandy which had becomethe centre of British administration of the former Sinhalese Kingdom

(d)

the Bowl Relic which had beenreceivedby King Devanampiyatissaas a gift from Emperor Dharmasoka

(e)

the inner shrine where the Danta Dhatu reposed

(f)

Madugalla who was convictedto be executedafter the rebelJionof 1818

(g)

Delgamuwe Vihara in Sabaragamuwawhere it (the Danta Dhatu) was kept hidden

Find out why different words are used to introduce the post-modifier. Try to make an intelligent guessby looking carefully at the noun that is expanded Write your observationsby filling in the blanks in the following sentences. (a) ft) (c)

The word who is used when the head noun is #an The word which is used when the head noun is ay'an The word where is used when the head noun is a./an

2.6 The post-modifiersthat you looked at in the prdvious exercisesare dependent clauses. A dependentclause,as you know, is a group of words with a subject and a predicate in it. When a dependentclausemodifiesthe headnoun, wecallitanadjectiualclause.Lookatthenounphrases in 2.3 above. Circle the head nouns that are modified by the adjectival clauses.

2.7 The adjectival clausesin 2.3 above,as you have already obsgrved,begin with who/which/where. These words are kno*n as relatiue pronouns. Adjectival clauses that begin with relative pronouns are also called relatiue clauses. Vocabulary Look for words / phrasesfrom both Text A and Text B that are necessaryto describethe Dalada Festival. Arrange thesewords under themes. Eg. people,plices, datei, eventsetc. Writing Using the information given in Text A and Text B write a brief accountof the Dalada Festival. The key words thatyou found in the previousexercisewill be very helpful when you write this account. Do not copy entire sentencesfrom the texts.

Vocabulary

(1) pageant festival pooja rites ritual birthday

(2) planndd unexpected family political national religious

trip journey voyage adventure flight moon-landing

important significant main famous historic

drought famine monsoonrains disaster

grand ceremonial funny thrilling

(3) morning afternoon night ante meridiem postmeridiem seconds minutes days dates months year century .

(4) radio television newspapers news programme headings announcements transmission telecast information reporters announcers

breakfast lunch dinner period time future immeinorial'

invasion revolt cession convention accident death

Io,

(6)

(7)

(8)

violence death victim casualty relief " success experience,

windy rainy' bright sunny warm soft quiet forecast

eager excitement enthusiasn hated horrible scared sqspense startled feelings

observe describe record worship venerate eelebrate happen react conduct

me-aning. Give titles to your Faragraphs' Use the abovewords in paragraphs to bring out their paragraphs as interesting as possible' VJ", Utl", and your Work in groups, .ra ir' l" -"f."

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