How to reconstruct by Lucas Bartolome

HOW TO RECONSTRUCT...

Handbook made by Christian Gutiérrez and Lucas Bartolomé. 2015-16

CONTENTS

Emergency Architects Australia - Solomon Islands (2007):

Description of the EAAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Project

.......................

Pros and Cons

.......................

Reconstruction guide: Institutional strategy

....................... 15

Financial strategy

....................... 20

Community participation

....................... 22

Reconstruction approach

....................... 24

Risk management

....................... 29

Universal design:

7 Principles for universal design

....................... 33

Drawings

....................... 34

Model

....................... 35

EMERGENCY ARCHITECTS AUSTRALIA - SOLOMON ISLANDS (2007)

EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN SOLOMON ISLANDS (2007) Emergency Architects Australia Project The Solomon Islands are an archipelago nation in the Pacific Ocean, is located near New Guinea. The total population is 538,000 inhabitants (19 inhabitants per square kilometer). These people live in 350 of the 992 islands of the country. The tropical climate is moderated by the ocean. The temperatures on the coast are fairly constant throughout the year and vary between 28 ° C and 32 ° C. The water temperatures are between 23 ° C and 28 ° C. The only one country’s official language is English, which is the language of the 10,000 people on the islands, and is as a second language, used by 165,000. Almost all the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands speak as a native language one of about 120 indigenous languages. Most people work in agriculture and fisheries.

The islands have been populated since the Paleolithic probably about 28,000 BC. In 1568 discovered the spanish Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira the archipelago for Europe. In 1767 Philip Carteret landed on one of the islands, but without realizing that the island belonged to the old Spanish discovery. In 1788 arrived the British John Shortland on the east coast. In 1885 took over the German Reich the northern part of the island as a protected area. In 1899 fell the rest of the islands for the United Kingdom. At the beginning of the Pacific War, Japanese troops occupied the middle of 1942 the archipelago. After the war, the Solomon Islands British protectorate were again. The internal autonomy they gained in 1976 and in 1978 under the name of Solomon Islands as an independent state. When tsunami in the Solomon Islands 2007 measuring 8.1 by a tsunami with waves up to five meters high was triggered on April 2 of 2007. February 2013 caused in the Solomon Islands with a one-meter-high tsunami wave at least five dead in the Santa Cruz Islands.

The islands are between four tectonic plates: the Pacific Plate, Australia, Woodlark and Solomon Sea. The eastern edge of the plate is one of Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most seismically active regions in the world. The 2nd of April in 2007, at 7:39 a.m. local time, an undersea earthquake of magnitude 8.1 occurred at a depth of 10 kilometers in the western part of the Solomon Islands, 45 kilometers from the city of Gizo, Ghizo Island. The earthquake was the strongest in the 21th century in the Solomon Islands and triggered a series of tsunami waves that struck surrounding islands in the first five minutes. Gizo was severely affected, and took place 33 of the 65 fatalities. Coastal villages were razed. The earthquake and tsunami in the Solomon Islands 2007 caused extensive damage to several of the islands of the country. Thirty-six thousand people were displaced, 6,000 (8000 damaged) homes destroyed, and 165 schools needed extensive reconstruction. At first, the affected residents of Gizo used their own mechanisms for survival. After four days, the first help arrived outside the affected area. Various organizations and institutions donated large amounts of humanitarian aid to affected islands. However, the aid was slowly and not enough. And it was in the process of dealing with the damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami which several decisions that adversely affected social long-term recovery of affected communities were taken. The disastrous impacts of hazards can be both short term and long term, and can take place directly from the event, or indirectly through the cascade of effects. Cascading effects are frequent, as the long-term effects often go unnoticed. Often they concerned with assessing the damage and losses, which refers largely short-term impacts. About a month and a half after the earthquake and tsunami, three NGOs (Save the Children, World Vision and Oxfam) affected areas were divided between themselves and jointly organized their funds.

Emergency Architects Australia made 2 specific programs: a workshop and a brochure. These workshops are to help people rebuild their homes. They built a prototype house on the island ranongga. One of the islands more damaged by the tsunami. For new homes by emergencies Architects of Australia, she worked with the communities to design a proposal with sustainable materials. With local carpenter built houses you demonstration on the two islands, which had suffered the most damage. The design was a simple raised house, expandable with a summer kitchen, with which people can build in all conditions. The demonstration program of housing was successful. In Ranongga, the village of Mondo moved to safe ground and a new village called Keigold in the middle of the island. That meant now the village no longer had access to the sea for washing. In June 2009 EAA started a program to build latrines in the village Keigold. The construction lasted three weeks, and worked fifteen students who helped build 14 latrines. To date, 54 latrines built. Hygiene is very important: radically improve something as simple as washing your hands local health. The latrines were built with local wood, concrete, corrugated metal and PVC pipes. In Ngari in Gizo, they designed a primary school and a secondary school: Communities asked for to replace 110 of the 165 schools that were destroyed. They chose Ngari in Gizo Iceland, as a prototype of the school building. So they built a primary school in the town of Gizo, on Ghizo Island, in the Western Province of the Solomon Inslen. The other one of the hardest hit by the tsunami disaster in April of 2007. Construction began on 17 September 2008. The construction lasted 12 weeks. The construction of this school was very important. The school with two classrooms serving children from 11 villages.

The secondary school was built by four architects of EAA with the local community. They used local materials such as wood to promote a sustainable approach to building. All the buildings were built in Ngari with hardwood, most of which are locally derived from the trees of families near the school locally owned. All the trees were ground by hand. The selected local wood met resistance to earthquakes. Elements such as the crosses were incorporated into the design prior to construction. The weakest points of Fundamentals of Structural Engineering. It’s a totally wooden structure. The outside part of the building and windows were painted. This protects the wood most exposed to the weathering process. Wood is used for floors and inner wall. In cooperation with the carpenters the dormitory bunk beds and desks were built with wood. 2009 Two other architects of EAA were added to the team. They built the dormitories, a dining room, and the homes of teachers for six months. Local carpenters, were the project managers for further constructions. The classrooms are built in more than 100 schools and more than fifty rooms are in work or planned for construction. The prototypes were designed to withstand earthquakes and other natural disasters. The designs were traditional techniques, the local culture and the available materials. Emergency Architects Australia had with this project, the winners of “The Australian Designed International Project Award, 2011” (Australian Developed International Project Award 2011)

PROS AND CONS

PROS + MATERIALS:

Local materials. More profitable than import. Material knowledge of the inhabitants.

+ STRUCTURE: Cross elements for the stability of the structure. + PEOPLE INVOLVED:

EAA has made workshops to involve people. Possibility of continuation or new constructions of the locals.

+ WORKSHOP: The workshops to improve development time and quality. + ENGINEERS HELP: Engineers involved in construction to improve the development building. + OWN CONSTRUCTION: This includes the people directly in the construction of the individual elements. + HAND-ART FACTORY:

It is not something external or unknown, but they make it themselves and according to their habits.

+ STUDENTS HELP: It sensitizes the students to the help of support and they think about solutions for situations after disasters. + SHORT AND LONG-TERM ASSISTANCE EAA provides assistance both early and long-term development of reconstruction. But not other NGOs.

CONS + NOT ENOUGH MONEY:

Financing problems. They were made of activities to raise money. For the financing helped: World Vision, Caritas, French Red Cross. But it was not enough.

+ PLANNING TOO SLOW:

They have not met a deadline for the assistance plan, so the money hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been received.

+ INSECURE OWN CONSTRUCTION: Lack of resources and control during construction. + ENGINEERS SHORT TIME THERE:

The engineers who worked on the reconstruction, have been for a short period of time at the place and they continued working away.

+ NO PROTOCOL TO CATASTROPHE: There was a lack of organization, by the absence of a protocol. After an initial assessment of NGOs all over again reassessed. + NO COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NGOs AND COMMUNITIES: There was no communication after the disaster between NGOs and communities. This frustrates the locals who saw that nothing was done.

RECONSTRUCTION GUIDES

HANDBOOK GUIDING PRINCIPLES 1. A good reconstruction policy helps reactivate communities and empowers people to rebuild their housing, their lives, and their livelihoods. 2. Reconstruction begins the day of the disaster. 3. Community members should be partners in policy making and leaders of local implementation. 4. Reconstruction policy and plans should be nancially realistic but ambitious with respect to disaster risk reduction. 5. Institutions matter and coordination among them improves outcomes. 6. Reconstruction is an opportunity to plan for the future and to conserve the past. 7. Relocation disrupts lives and should be minimized. 8. Civil society and the private sector are important parts of the solution. 9. Assessment and monitoring can improve reconstruction outcomes. 10. To contribute to long-term development, reconstruction must be sustainable. The last word: every reconstruction project is unique.

DISASTER EVENT Initial Response (2 weeks) Establish coordination mechanism

Engage agencies

Conduct initial public communication

Carry out initial assessment

Define outline strategy

Issue rapid appeal and subsequent appeals

Launch emergency response

Assessment and Policy Making (2 months)

Maintain Initiate joint Define and update Announce Carry out monitoring and rapid damaged reconstruction reconstruction detailed assessment policy policy assessments feedback system

Reconstruction (2+ years) Institutional Strategy -Designate lead reconstruction agency

Financial Strategy -Issue financial appeals

-Designate lead agencies in key sectors

-Estimate reconstruction cost

-Establish local government collaboration

-Mobilize financial resources

-Establish NGO/ civil society coordination mechanism -Analyze institutional governance risks

-Define and implement housing assistance scheme -Establish financial management system

-Maintain monitoring and feedback systems

Community Participation -Design and implement communication plan -Carry out consultations with affected communities -Establish community/ NGO/ CSO collaboration

Reconstruction Approach -Reconstruction begins and continues throughout -Define reconstruction approaches

Risk Management

-Establish community facilitation system -Maintain effective participation

-Establish system for: governance, corruption and enviromental risk management -Establish system to ensure disaster risk reduction -Carry out land use in reconstruction and site planning -Establish system exercises for social risk -Develop assessment reconstruction -Identify training safeguard policy -Plan and execute framework relocation and to apply infrastructure

-Maintain monitoring and feedback systems

Main Issues Who gets a Communication Assessing damage house? the social in post-disaster and setting dimension of housing reconstruction reconstruction policy reconstruction Community Institutional options Mobilizing financial organizing and for reconstruction resources and participation managementassessing other reconstruction International, assistance national, and local partnerships in reconstruction

Enviromental To relocate or planning not to relocate Inf. and comm. Reconstruction technology in approaches reconstruction Land use and Monitoring and physical planning evaluation Housing design Mitigating the risk of and construction corruption technology Infrastructure and service provision Cultural heritage conservation Training requirements RECONSTRUCTION in reconstruction

COMPLETE

INSTITUTIONAL STRATEGY

1.-ASSESSING DAMAGE AND SETTING RECONSTRUCTION POLICY +Early, rapid assessments, timely presentation of assessment data takes precedence over exhaustive analytical precision. +Joint assessments and standardized assessments produce benefits. (page 30) +Data collected during assessments should be shared, to reduce duplication of efforts. +Consultation with affected communities is essential and is possible even in rapidonset emergencies. +A detailed housing condition assessment is always necessary to estimate the total cost of reconstruction and to allocate the resources. +Assessment should focus not just on bricks and mortar; the social condition of the people, their working ethos, their willingness to participate, and cultural values all affect reconstruction. +The particular needs of different groups and individuals should be evaluated. +The reconstruction policy is pivotal because it provides the framework for intervention by local and international actors. +Communicating the reconstruction policy to those affected, it is almost as important as defining it well. 2.- INSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT- ASSESSING DAMAGE AND SETTING RECONSTRUCTION POLICY

+Government should lead the effort to define reconstruction policy and should coordinate its implementation. These policy decisions must be properly communicated to the public. +Before a disaster, the best practice is to establish a reconstruction policy and an institutional response structure, including one for housing and community reconstruction. +The reconstruction agency, even if it is new or temporary, must work closely with existing line ministries and other public agencies. +Mechanisms are needed to coordinate the actions and funding of local, national, and international agencies and to ensure that information is shared among them. +Funding must be allocated equitably. Broad controls and good monitoring of all sources minimize corruption.

3.- INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS IN RECONSTRUCTION

+Partnerships between government and international, national, and local organizations are essential to successful reconstruction. +Partners that arrive later in the recovery period should respect the agreements that other partners made with government and affected communities. +Negotiated rules should govern the collaboration between government, NGOs, CSOs, and affected communities in a reconstruction program. The terms of partnerships should be concretely defined and formalized in writing. +The Global Humanitarian Platform (GHP) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Principles of Partnershipâ&#x20AC;? should always beadhered to. +NGOs and CSOs are almost always more effective when working within their area of expertise and the limits of their capacity and resources. +Governments have the right and responsibility to require that NGOs and CSOs follow ground rules, conform to the reconstruction policy, and report regularly on their activities.

First 2 4 Hours

Type of disaster:

2 . Community assessed 3 . Assessment team leader’s name: 5 . Date

6 . Time

7 . Persons

# Injured

# Dead

# Missing

8 . Homes affected

# Minor damage

# Moderate damage

# Destroyed

9 . # of fam f ilies

Currently known displaced evacuated

1 0 . How are people being sheltered?

Describe shelter situation

(provide % if number is not possible within 4 hours)

Peri-urban

Approximate number of inhabitants Approximate number of inhabitants 4 . Name of contact person in the community and contact info f :

Rural

Rapid Field Assessment Form (B)

1 . Geographic area

Urban

GPS coordinates:

Proj o ected displaced evacuated

Shelter/ r host f milies/camps/other fa

Describe damage and access

1 1 . Status of roads. Best way to access affec f ted area 1 2 . Conditions / access of: (as applicable) Rail • • Bridges • Water facilities • Sewage systems • Schools • Health facilities • Electricity • Telephones • Airport • Seaport

Concerns for

Other:

(OBSERVATION) Describe livelihood losses

Government 1 3 . Effect on Commercial Business / buildings urban settings buildings factories (if applicable): 1 4 . Brief description of livelihood groups and how they are affected (secondary info f rmation) 1 5 . What are the specific phys y ical losses in agriculture? (if applicable) 1 6 . What are the specific phys y ical losses in fishing? (if applicable) 17. a. Is the local gov b. Is the commun c. Are NGOs resp Who?____ ______ __

Minor damage: Moderate dama Destroyed: Obv Note: If necessa

Crops/gardens

Boats

Nets

Animals (e.g. livesttock, k poult ltry, ettc.))

Tools

ster response? Yes No Don’t know Don’t know er? Yes No ea? Yes Don’t know No ____ __ _________ ______ _________ ______ ______

upied but needs minor repairs. ely occupied and requires maj a or repairs. res rebuilding. ocation.

1 7 . Expected needs:

Hazardous materials Toxic spills Oil spills

First 72 Hours

Type of disaster: GPS coordinates:

Urban

1. Geographic area:

Approximate number of inhabitants

2. Community assessed:

Approximate number of inhabitants

3 . Assessment team leader’s name:

1 2 . Food and nutrition

4 . Name of contact person in the community & contact info:

Peri-urban

Field Assessment Form (B)

Is food available in the disaster area? Yes No What kind?

Is there enough for the potential number of people affected? Yes No Explain:

Is this food accessible to all the affected people, or do only a few have access?

Explain:

Do people have access to cooking facilities?

Do people have access to a safe place to prepare and eat? Yes No Describe

6 . Time

7. Persons (Update)

# Inj n ured

# Dead

# Missing

8 . Homes affected (Update)

# Minor

# Moderate damage

# Destroyed

9 . # of families (update)

Currently known displaced / evacuated

Rural

Utensils: None Few Many Fuel: None Few Many Pots: None Few Many Other:

5 . Date

Are there specific groups that face difficulties in obtaining food in this site? If so, who and why?

Proj o ected displaced / evacuated t d

(provide & if number is not possible within the 72 hours)

What are people’s dietary habits (main food products they normally consume)?

(OBSERVATION) Describe conditions

1 3 . Health

10 . How are the manes of communication functioning?

What was the health and nutritional situation of the people before the disaster? Explain:

L and line, mobile phone, VHF, HF, etc.

How is it likely to evolve?

Is the current shelter resistant to rain, wind, sun, cold?

What is the physical status of existing structures?

How many people lack adequate shelter?

What is the immediate risk to life?

What is the customary provision of clothing, blankets and bedding for women, men, children and infants, pregnant and lactating women and older people?

Describe access and conditions to health facilities:

Is any disaster-related problem affecting health facilities? Equipment: Medicines:

Vaccines: Number of staff: What health activities should the Red Cross Red Crescent engage in to supply needs/resources?

What did a typical household used to have?

14 . Safet f y, security & protection Have families been separated? Yes No Approximate number:

Are there any potential security threats?

Has registration of affected people been undertaken? Yes No Have families been separated? Numbers: Locations: Details of registration process:

Shelter requirements – climatic factors:

Are people subject to:

Explain:

Physical abuse: Sexual abuse: Gender-based or psychological intimidation: Insecurity: Discrimination:

What are the main agricultural activities?

What has happened to households that run shops?

Who does what on the land and who owns it?

What were the main sources of income and food prior to the disaster?

Have important environmental assets been damaged or destroyed which may affect people’s future ability to make a living?

15 . Water and sanitation

Are people using unsafe water sources as alternatives? Why?

How is water carried and in household?

Do people treat water at home by: Filtering Yes No Boiling Yes No Chlorinating Yes No

Excretal disposal Where do people defecate/urinate at present?

∞ ∞ ∞

Are there adequate hand washing/bathing facilities at key points and are they used? Is soap or an alternative available?

∞

16 . Sheltering

If homes have been severely damaged or destroyed, where are people living? On the site of their former homes? Yes No Approximated numbers: With friends or family? Yes Approximate numbers:

Are they unable to run small businesses? Yes No Has the disaster affected their productive activities? Yes No

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

Rail Bridges Water facilities Sewage systems Schools Health facilities Electricity Telephones Airport Seaport

Concerns for

Hazardous matteriialls Toxiic spiills Oil spil illls

Othe herr:

20.

a. Is the local government active in the disaster response se? ? Yes No Don on’tt know b. Is the community y resp ponding g to the disaster? Yes No Don’t know c. Are NGOs resp ponding g in the disaster area? Yes No o Don o ’tt kno ow Who?____ ______ _________ ______ _________ ______ _________ ______ _________ ______ ______

In camps? Yes No Approximate numbers:

Did people use their homes to store: Tools or equipment Yes

Briefly explain:

Update damage and access

1 8 . Status of roads. Best way to access affected area 19.

Conditions/access of: (as applicable)

Hand washing

Have they lost access to this space to produce goods? Yes No

What were the main sources of income and food prior to the disaster?

Have communities lost key items (assets) that they need for their work (e.g. fishing or farming equipment, means of transport, tools or equipment, etc.)? Explain:

Are diarrhoeal diseases above normal? Are they increasing or decreasing?

Do people use their homes for productive activities? Yes? No?

No No No No

1 7 . Liv elihoods

Explain:

Houses: low medium high Water: low medium high Sanitation: low medium high Electricity: low medium high Health: low medium high Community centres: low medium high

Describe the physical status of shelters:

Need to resist heavy rain: Yes Need to resist heavy wind: Yes Need to resist hot weather: Yes Need to resist cold weather: Yes

(e.g. farmer with smallholding, office worker, wage labourer, remittances, a combination of activities, etc.)

Restoring family links Is there any need for restoring family links? Yes No

Impact on people’s homes and key services:

Number and kind of specific health target/vulnerable population

What are the main types of activities households use to make a living?

Explain:

Are there unaccompanied minors?

Are people getting enough water for: Drinking Yes No Bathing Yes No Cleaning Yes No

How many people are experiencing serious trauma or other psychological effects since the disaster?

Consumables:

Which social groups are most at risk and why?

Water supply

17. Expected needs:

11. Relief

What are the climatic factors?

How many are at risk?

Is there a health emergency? What is its nature?

Provide shelter or food for animals? Yes No How has the disaster affected this use? Explain:

Minor damage: Building can be safely occupied but needs minor repairs. Moderate damage: Building cannot be safely occupied and requires maj a or repairs. Destroyed: Obviously destroyed and requires rebuilding. Note: If necessary, sketch a map to show location.

FINANCIAL STRATEGY

1.- WHO GETS A HOUSE? THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION +The housing assistance scheme should support the objectives established for the reconstruction program. +Each disaster will require its own housing assistance scheme; there is no â&#x20AC;&#x153;one size fits allâ&#x20AC;? approach. +The post-disaster housing policy must consider the situation of people in all categories of housing tenancy, including squatters, although all members of all categories may not receive assistance. +The assistance schemes should be tailored to different levels of damage. Avoid incentives to exaggerate damage that then result in overpayment. 2.- MOBILIZING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND OTHER RECONSTRUCTION ASSISTANCE +Transparent systems must be be put in place for programming financial resources for reconstruction. +In all cases government must apply good public financial management (PFM) practices. +Government should consider all reconstruction funds, and establishing rules for their use in reconstruction.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

1.- COMMUNICATION IN POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION +Effective communication in a reconstruction project is not about what governments and project managers “say,” but what beneficiaries “hear.” +Two-way information flow builds trust, consensus, and active participation, key factors for positive outcomes in development programs, and limits the misunderstandings. +The cultural and social context affects communications. An inadequate or improper understanding of this context can create risks to project implementation. +The largest benefits from communication are realized when it is made a reconstruction project from the first day. 2.- COMMUNITY ORGANIZING AND PARTICIPATION +Reconstruction begins at the community level. A good reconstruction strategy engages communities and helps people work together to rebuild their housing, their lives, and their livelihoods. +Community-based approaches require that the community conduct its own assessment. +“The community” is not a monolith, but a complex organism with many alliances and subgroups. The community needs to be engaged in order to identify concerns, goals, and abilities. +The scale at which community engagement is most effective may be quite small, for example, as few as 10 families. +The community may have different preferences and expectations, so agencies involved in reconstruction must be open to altering their preconceived vision. +Transparency and effective communication are essential to maintaining engagement and credibility with the community and within the community.

RECONSTRUCTION APPROACH

1. TO RELOCATE OR NOT TO RELOCATE +An effective relocation plan is one that the affected population helps develop and views positively. +Relocation is not only about rehousing people, but also about reviving livelihoods and rebuilding the community, the environment, and social capital. +It is better to create incentives that encourage people to relocate than to force them to leave. +Relocation should take place as close to the original community as possible. 2. RECONSTRUCTION APPROACHES +Households begin reconstruction the day of the disaster. +Communities and households must have a strong voice in determining the postdisaster reconstruction approaches and a central role in the reconstruction process. +The building approaches adopted after disasters should be as similar as possible to those used in normal times for similar households. +Building codes and standards for reconstruction should reflect local housing culture, climatic conditions, affordability, and building and maintenance capacities. +Reconstruction should contribute to economic recovery and the restoration of local livelihoods. +Good planning principles and environmental practices should be incorporated, whatever the reconstruction approach. 3. LAND USE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING +Laws, regulations, plans, and institutional frameworks should form the basis of reconstruction planning. If existing instruments are not realistic, use the reconstruction process as an opportunity to improve them. +The planning process should incorporate active collaboration among the reconstruction agencies, the affected community, the private sector, and other stakeholders. +While addressing long-term development, land use and physical plans should still be flexible and offer choices, rather than become static â&#x20AC;&#x153;master plans.â&#x20AC;? +The planning process needs high-level support, active leadership from the government agencies that will actually implement the plans, and involvement from local communities.

4. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE PROVISION +Successful infrastructure reconstruction requires extensive coordination on many fronts: with planners, households, and multiple agencies involved in housing reconstruction. +Project developers should build infrastructure that conforms to planning and regulatory requirements. Minimum technical standards are needed for reconstruction of infrastructure that incorporate disaster risk reduction (DRR). +Involving built environment experts, such as architects and engineers, in project development increases the chance that upgraded standards are incorporated into local infrastructure projects over the long term. 5. HOUSING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY +The housing designs and construction technologies used in reconstruction should be selected by taking into consideration local building practices, desired standards, culture, and economic and climatic conditions. +The housing designs and construction technologies used in reconstruction may affect prices and supply in the building materials market. +Local expertise is invaluable in selecting HMCTs, but builders should be supported by training, and their expertise augmented by global knowledge and best practices. +Repairing and retrofitting partially damaged houses are legitimate alternatives to full reconstruction but deserve similar attention and assistance. Scenario 1: Three stage recovery Stage 1 Disaster

Stage 2

Stage 3

Transition Shelter

Permanent House

Dwelling Collapse Tent/ Host Family etc.

Scenario 2: Two stage recovery Stage 1 Disaster

Stage 3

Dwelling Collapse Tent/ Host Family etc. by extending Sheltering in Stage 1 and by advancing Stage 3 by rapid reconstruction

6. CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION +Cultural heritage conservation helps a community not only protect valuable physical assets, but also preserve its practices, history, and environment, and a sense of identity. +Communities should prioritize which cultural assets to preserve, considering both cultural meaning and livelihood implications. +Cultural heritage conservation plans are best designed before a disaster, but, in their absence, heritage authorities should collaborate to develop effective post-disaster heritage conservation strategies. +Because vernacular properties are sometimes capable of withstanding local climate conditions, they may serve as safe havens where surrounding communities can temporarily relocate. 7. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS IN RECONSTRUCTION +Training is the intervention that most determines whether the housing reconstructed after a disaster is an improvement over what people had before. +A training program should be developed based on an assessment of housing damage, the reconstruction approach, and the recommended technical guidelines. +Training should be simple and based on people’s everyday experience—the simpler the instructions, the better. Good results come from instilling a “safety mindset” in builders. +Training on the job is an essential component. Follow-up is needed throughout the reconstruction process. +The training design must be adapted to specific country conditions and reconstruction requirements.

Hazard mapping

Safe site?

Yes Site risk mitigation measures possible?

Yes

Undertake site risk mitigation measures

Damage assessment

Extent of damage?

Relocate

Repair

Retrofit

Damage categories

Rebuild Building back safer

Preparedness

RISK MANAGEMENT

1. ENVIROMENTAL PLANNING +During reconstruction, there are two principal environmental concerns: restoring damage to the environment from a disaster and minimizing the environmental impact of the reconstruction process itself. +Site planning in new settlements should be governed by ecological concerns. +Construction methods, building designs, and choice of materials all have an environmental impact; they should be based on local practices while being ecofriendly. +Disaster debris is a valuable resource that should be reused during reconstruction whenever possible. However, materials that can be harmful to workers or the environment, such as asbestos or toxic substances, must be managed carefully. 2. INFORMATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN RECONSTRUCTION +Information is the basis of effective decision making. Low- or no-cost access to reliable and accurate information is crucial after a disaster. +The principles of information management and exchange in emergencies should always be adhered to. +Data from various sources can be integrated and used by multiple stakeholders to enhance outcomes, monitoring, and evaluation. +The quality of information and communications technology (ICT) systems in a place before a disaster will affect response and reconstruction. +ICT systems deployed in the field after a disaster must function in an environment of weak communications infrastructure and low bandwidth. 3. MONITORING AND EVALUATION +Define and agree with stakeholders what will be monitored and evaluated early in project development. +A mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches is likely to be the most useful for monitoring and evaluation in a post-disaster situation. Participatory performance monitoring and households surveys are two especially useful qualitative tools. +Assessment data are a critical source of baseline information for evaluation.

4. MITIGATING THE RISK OF CORRUPTION +Good governance is more than preventing corruption; accountability for the effectiveness of the reconstruction effort should be the overriding goal. +The larger the cost and the faster the pace of reconstruction, the more vigilant all agencies need to be. +Tracking financial inflows and outflows, while important, is not sufficient for providing transparency and accountability throughout the reconstruction process. +Disaster-affected communities, corruptions ultimate victims, can play a key role in combating corruption if systems for social audit are established. +Measures to reduce corruption in post-disaster reconstruction can be successfully introduced even if the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall integrity system is weak.

UNIVERSAL DESIGN

7 PRINCIPLES FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN 1.- Equitable use. The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities. 2.- Flexibility in use. The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. 3.- Single and intuitive use. Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level of the user. 4.- Recognizable information. The design must communicate necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sensory abilities. 5.- The tolerance for error. The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. 6.- Low physical effort. The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue. 7.- Size and space for approach and use. Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation and use, regardless of body size, posture or mobility of the user.

DRAWINGS AND MODEL

Main structure for buildings

Main structure for the letrines