LUKE ANGERS YEAR 4 PG UNIT 10 CJ LIM & SIMON DICKENS BARC0174: Advanced Architectural Design I
A Columbarium of Dark History Contents
19123918 - BARC0174: Final Design Submission
Title A Columbarium of Dark History Location The town and oil field in Drumright, Oklahoma Protagonists Inhabitants and their technological companions Timeline 2030 - 2060 Funding OERB, Fossil fuel initiatives, Oklahoma Municipalities Critical Kindness is sacrifice. A dignified final chapter of life Thinking presents the opportunity for a heroic adventure which reflects and confronts the demons of our past.
Project Fueled by a supply of disused industrial ‘accomplices,’ Summary airplanes, automobiles, and the structures of Drumright, the project draws inspiration from the airplane ‘boneyards’ created around America as more planes are retired each year. Through a process of disassembly undertaken within the Gatehouse, the accomplices feed the construction of a mechanical landscape to reclaim the oil field. With the initial goal of creating a mechanical landscape of industrial object graves achieved, the future vision becomes the leveraging of this landscape to create and maintain an ecosystem to benefit the surrounding urban centres of Oklahoma. As the population of Drumright dwindles the project seeks to replace an unsustainable and damaging economic system with a socially and environmentally responsible township for repurposing industrial materials and sourcing protein. Nodding Donkey nodes facilitate the reclamation and rejuvenation of the land. This is achieved through the attraction of insects by using whitepainted industrial materials to mimic the moonlight which directs their migration. These form the base of a new food pyramid, re-establishing the tall grasslands of the oil field.
A Columbarium of Dark History PROJECT ELEMENT SUMMARIES
ASSEMBLAGE SUMMARY
PROJECT SUMMARY
Title: The Mechanical Landscape of Past Futures
Title: The Columbarium of Dark History
Critical Thinking: In John Steinbeck’s “Of Mice and Men,” an act of kindness is, at the same time, an act of grim sacrifice. True acts of kindness can be harsh or daunting, requiring personal transformation and, inevitably, the transformation of our current industrial environments.
Critical Thinking: A dignified final chapter of life presents the opportunity for a heroic adventure which reflects and confronts the demons of our past. Just as historical sacrifices of resources have transformed the built environment, so too can personal and symbolic sacrifices reshape our future responsibilities and experiences of architecture – with a little technological help.
Synopsis: The assemblage is inspired by an alternative reading of the complex issues of sacrifice, care, and inter-dependence in Steinbeck’s book. The relationship between humanity and technology during the Great Depression prompted the investigation of the animated film “Pinocchio” from the same period. The thematic overlap becomes especially clear when considering that loneliness drove the elderly Geppetto to create a technological companion, the marionette Pinocchio. In the assemblage, Jiminy Cricket, Pinocchio’s conscience, is recast as the dying environmental consciousness of modern society, whose loss compromises current responsibility and future stability. The sacrifice is largely ignored, and the importance of care is only recognised by Geppetto and Pinocchio or, more broadly, the aging population of Drumright and their technological companions. By integrating nature’s consciousness, Geppetto animates the now conscientious technology, encouraging Pinocchio to perform the initial embrace of the cricket. Encountering the disordered and unproductive industrial environment, the pair realize it can only be set right by placing a caring conscience at its peak. Having secured their legacy, Geppetto and the people of Drumright move on.
Synopsis: The Columbarium focuses on the creation of a positive legacy for the depressed oil-producing community of Drumright in Oklahoma. The inhabitants, with their technological companions, seek to reconcile their dark past through extraordinary and heroic acts of stewardship. Their goal is to create a meaningful and dignified third age, wherein their memories, stories, and dreams for a responsible future society are preserved through the construction of a mechanical landscape, made from remains of the dying oil economy (airplanes, automobiles, and the town itself). The Gatehouse “dis-assembly line” welcomes these “accomplices”, negotiates with the increasingly violent storms, and acts as an inhabitable periscope, reflecting the panoramic never-ending environmental “crime scene” into the shelter. Deconstructed mechanisms are painted white using Pawhuska Limestone pigments derived from the Gatehouse’s excavation to reflect the sun’s rays and create a “heat sink” in the landscape. Each pumpjack in the adjacent oil field serves as a node in the Library of individual histories, presenting a fragment of Drumright’s flawed past. With the eventual passing of the last inhabitant, the technological companions endeavour to maintain this cautionary landscape.
PROGRAM SUMMARY Functions and Project Elements: GATEHOUSE / CLIMATE NEGOTIATION: BUILDING Protection: Provides shelter, workshops, and energy for inhabitants and technological companions. Negotiation: Interacts with progressively harsher climate, reflecting and harvesting sunlight in fair weather and “battening down the hatches” for storms. Reflection: Panorama of cautionary landscape serves as a warning spectacle, attracting future visitors to consider Drumright’s dark history. Facilities for visitors. LIBRARY / QUALITY OF LIFE: LANDSCAPE Heat Sink: White-painted materials from Gatehouse workshops reflect sunlight and infrared radiation, cooling the surroundings and improving future life quality. Engagement: Trekking to and preserving Nodding Donkeys provides a meaningful project where residents and their technological companions reimagine the site’s meaning. Legacy: Each Nodding Donkey marks a burial plot for the remaining inhabitants, and is protected using the remains of an individual’s life – cars, furniture, houses – adding to the complex network of Drumright’s history. Protagonists / Users / Stakeholders: Jiminy Cricket, Pinocchio, Geppetto / The townspeople of Drumright / The Oklahoma Energy Resources Board (OERB), Oil and Gas Industry, Pension Funds. Location: Drumright, Oklahoma. Timeline: 2030 – 2060. Drumright's final resident.
PROJECT INTRODUCTION AND AMBITION Inspired by the American depression-era tales of Pinocchio (1940) and Of Mice and Men (1939), the project investigates the decline of industrial areas in southern oil-producing states and proposes a specific intervention in the derelict town and oil field of Drumright, Oklahoma. The project involves the entire landscape but for the purposes of the desing's construction focus the main enabling structure of the Gatehouse (pictured) on the boundary between the town and the abandoned oil field is focused on. Set in the near-future of 2030, the project is fueled by a supply of disused industrial ‘accomplices,’ airplanes, automobiles, and the steel structures of the oil field itself. These accomplices migrate to their final resting place on the site, inspired by the airplane ‘boneyards’ which are popping up around America as more planes are retired each year. Through a process of disassembly undertaken within the Gatehouse, the accomplices feed the construction of a mechanical landscape to reclaim the oil field. Disassembled materials are painted white using limestone pigment derived from the Gatehouse’s excavation. This serves to reflect sunlight and cool the site, while also attracting insects from reflected moonlight at nighttime. The operable fuselages which form the Gatehouse roof structure act as massive insect capturing mechanisms which attempt to control rising populations of crop-eating locusts while simultaneously creating a sustainable source of protein for the surrounding population centres and revenue for the building. By re-imagining the function of the abandoned oil field, the Gatehouse and Mechanical Landscape seek to provide a system to be emulated in industrial areas struggling to find a new purpose throughout the state.
A Columbarium of Dark History
A Columbarium of Dark History INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The proposal projects into the future of declining small towns in America’s southern oil fields. It uses the dissolution of fossil-fuel reliant economies as an opportunity to revolutionize and re-establish resilience, placing these struggling communities at the forefront of architectural and environmental innovation.
Human Care and Industrial Development
Economic Tension in Industrial America and its Media
Narrative Assemblage Synopsis
In John Steinbeck’s “Of Mice and Men,” an act of kindness is, at the same time, an act of grim sacrifice. True acts of kindness can be harsh or daunting, requiring personal transformation and, inevitably, the transformation of our current industrial environments. The initial assemblage for the project is inspired by an alternative reading of the complex issues of sacrifice, care, and inter-dependence in Steinbeck’s book. The relationship between humanity and technology during the Great Depression prompted the investigation of the animated film “Pinocchio” from the same period. The thematic overlap becomes especially clear when considering that loneliness drove the elderly Geppetto to create a technological companion, the marionette Pinocchio. 1. Jiminy Cricket, our environmental consciousness.
2. Technology, an unconscious mechanical system.
3. The natural world, equally sustaining and destructive.
4. The integration of technology and nature.
Of Mice and Men cover, John Steinbeck (1937)
The project began with an analysis of kindness in its social and architectural guises. Initial investigations into the economic struggles of America during the Great Depression and works of literature produced during that time yielded an unexpected and complex definition: Kindness is sacrifice. This means foregoing present temptations and reconciling past errors for care and security of the future. This time period saw record levels of unemployment and social isolation became commonplace for the vast majority of the population. The complexities of kindness arising from this difficult time can be seen in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men, set at the height of economic downfall.
Movie posters, Of Mice and Men (1939) and Pinocchio (1940)
Analysis: Of Mice and Men (1939) and Pinocchio (1940) The theme of sacrifice is intrinsically tied to the Acts of Kindness in the story. George must sacrifice constantly to maintain his relationship with Lennie. In such an isolated setting merely sticking together is a rarity, while the social consequences of Lennie’s difference make the friendship even more radical. In the end, however, the dreams of Lennie and George do not materialize. This becomes a persistent theme in the media of the time; sacrifice is required to overcome the all-encompassing forces of industrial progress. Similarly in Pinocchio, the puppet must perform a selfless act to shed his mechanical automaton existence to become a real boy. Stills from Film Adaptation, dir. Lewis Milestone (1939)
In the initial assemblage, Jiminy Cricket, Pinocchio’s conscience, is recast as the dying environmental consciousness of modern society, whose loss compromises current responsibility and future stability. The sacrifice is largely ignored, and the importance of care is only recognized by Geppetto and Pinocchio or, more broadly, the aging population and their technological companions. By integrating nature’s consciousness, Geppetto animates the now conscientious technology, encouraging Pinocchio to perform the initial embrace of the cricket. Encountering the disordered and unproductive industrial environment, the pair realize it can only be set right by placing a caring conscience at its peak. Having secured their legacy, Geppetto and the industrial world can move on. This narrative is reinterpreted spatially through a series of storyboards, imagining how the return of industrial “accomplices” to struggling industrial towns could bring new life.
Conclusion
True kindness can often be harsh or even frightening. Difficult choices must be made about the future; the kind thing to do is not the easy thing to do. Perhaps these difficult acts of kindness can be made consciously, in a manner that celebrates human dignity and the agency of the individual.
Reference Footnote https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_and_Men https://movieposters.ha.com/itm/movie-posters/animated/pinocchio-rko-1940-poster-40-x-60-this-fabulous-poster-is-from-the-original-release-of-the-classic-walt-disney-anim/a/660-28542.s
A Columbarium of Dark History TECHNOLOGY AND CARE
Introduction
An important part of the project timeline is the requirement for care and social interaction for the elderly population in their final years. Research was conducted to explore how technology is increasingly providing this care and questions whether this transfer of responsibility can preserve dignity.
Technology and Companionship in the Aging Population As research into care projected into the future, relationships with technology became increasingly important.
AMENITIES
Alexa, Apple Watch, Home, Roomba, and countless other tech conveniences have elements targeted specifically at the senior demographic. Aimed at assisting in daily activities, the market for these devices will soon be dominated by the elderly.
HEALTH
Focused in the realm of wearable technology, health applications are rapidly being developed which gather biometric data on the individual level. Innovation is primarily driven by growing senior market centered on care, aging, and treatment.
Reference to Literature
Process Drawing: The Mechanical Landscape and Humanity
An excerpt from Robert Cardullo’s analysis of the complex relationships in Of Mice and Men.
EMOTIONAL
Paro the baby seal is a robotic replacement for animal therapy, used in nursing homes to treat dementia. The work of Kate Darling and Rosalind Picard (MIT MediaLab) investigate future applications of social robots and their potential in care.
CURRENT TRENDS
‘There is tragedy in Of Mice and Men, Levant, Kauffmann, and Moore to the contrary. That is why Candy is in the play: he and his dog are very important to the action. The point of Carlson’s shooting of the dog - that is old and blind and smells - is not to make an easy parallel with George’s shooting of Lennie. It is not so much the dog who is in the same position as the imbecilic Lennie; it is the shooting of the dog that places Candy in the same position. Once he does not have his dog to look after anymore, Candy realizes the precariousness of his own position on the ranch: he is without one hand and therefore only able to “swamp out” bunkhouses, and he is fast approaching senility.’ ‘Like Lennie, Candy needs someone to run his affairs, to make the rest of his life easier and more congenial. He needs George. Candy is in search of a home for himself; he cannot afford, at this point, to give one to a dog. But Candy, finally, is not Lennie, and George will not team up with him after Lennie is gone. Candy does not accompany the men in their hunt for Lennie, after Curley’s wife is found dead in the barn. He stays all alone on the ranch, deserted, as it were, by everyone, even as he will be by George after Lennie has been shot.’ ‘Once he shoots Lennie, it is worth emphasizing, George can still get the farm with Candy if he wants to. (Recall that it is largely Candy’s money which will buy the farm, and Candy is still more than willing to put up that money.)’ 2. Cardullo, R. (2011). ON THE ROAD TO TRAGEDY: GEORGE MILTON’S AGON IN “OF MICE AND MEN”. CLA Journal, 54(3), 257-267. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/44325796
COMPANIONSHIP AND TRAGEDY IN “OF MICE AND MEN” Technology and Companionship: Replika, Paro, Of Mice and Men
SOCIAL ROBOTICS AND CARE The economic value of care is indisputable. 'In 2017, about 41 million family caregivers in the United States provided an estimated 34 billion hours of care to an adult with limitations in daily activities. The total economic value of caregivers is more than all out-of-pocket spending on U.S. health care ($366 billion in 2017) and roughly three times the amount Medicaid spent on long-term services and supports in 2016 ($154 billion).'¹ Already there is widespread concern surround data economies in the health sector. While privacy remains an issue, the economic and social utility of gathering and dispersing this information is immense. As researchers like Rosalind Picard, Kate Darling, Daphne Koller and Euginia Kuyda continue to develop technological solutions to the modern dilemmas of care-giving, how can we design with technology to bring humanity to the third age? 1. Susan Reinhard, L. (2019, November 14). Valuing the Invaluable 2019 Update: Charting a Path Forward. Retrieved November 03, 2020, from https://www.aarp.org/ppi/info-2015/valuing-the-invaluable-2015-update.html
Conclusion
Based on the increasing prevalence of social technologies, the project imagines a future where the responsibility for care has been taken up by technological companions. It investigates whether a meaningful and mutually beneficial relationship can be formed between technology and humanity.
Reference Footnote http://tombattey.com/design/case-study-paro/ http://tombattey.com/design/case-study-paro/ https://replika.ai/
Introduction
A Columbarium of Dark History NARRATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Concept Storyboard Sketch
The process undertaken to generate a series of stop-motion animations was inspired by Robert Cardullo’s alternative reading of Steinbeck’s book.
Stop-Motion Process 1. OFFERING
Final Stop-Motion Summary
2. NATURE
3. INDUSTRY
4. HORROR
5. DISASTER
6. UTOPIA
The final and representative stop motion animation for the project, titled “The Mechanical Landscape of Past Futures,” exploring issues of sacrifice, care, and inter-dependence.
1. Jiminy Cricket, the former proverbial CONSCIENCE, has been sacrificed in the name of unsustainable progress.
2. Oblivious to this, an itinerant worker travels past, blinded by his own experience and focused on the present.
3. Two friends traveling together have the spark of kindness which allows them to recognize Jiminy, the errors of the past.
4. Recounting an impossible dream, the desire is expressed to go off and experience life in a UTOPIAN DREAM.
5. Through mutual effort the friends agree that striving towards the impossible constitutes the proper sacrifice.
6. In an act of self-sacrifice, one friend embraces and integrates the conscience which frees him from the rational world.
7. In a second act of SACRIFICE, the other friend transforms himself into a transportation platform, a magic carpet.
8. Animated by the MAGICAL potential of sacrifice, the carpet is able to fly off with the knowledge of the conscience.
9. Together they encounter the existing technological wastefulness of the modern built environment.
10. Carrying the integrated conscience to the pinnacle of industrial production brings awareness and future hope.
11. The conscience is placed on the altar of UNSUSTAINABLE industry. This act symbolizes and commemorates sins.
12. The magical carpet now sets about the task of flattening the technological environment, integrating it with nature.
13. Realizing the task is impossible without the ultimate sacrifice, the carpet climbs to the pinnacle to bid farewell to Jiminy.
14. The final display of kindness is an embrace between the two friends before the task is completed.
15. The landscape is completed as the carpet covers itself with the final piece of technology to be INTEGRATED.
Joan Tronto’s Definition of Care
THREE FUNCTIONS FOR THE MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CARE
BODIES
1. QUALITY OF LIFE TRAINING
EXERCISE
COLD EXPOSURE
HEAT EXPOSURE
ENVIRONMENT
2. CLIMATE CONVERSATION / ENGAGEMENT
EXPERIENCE
INTERACT
CHALLENGE
SELVES
3. LIBRARY FOR HUMANITY'S LEGACY
REMEMBERING
RECORDING
“On the most general level, we suggest that caring be viewed as a species activity that includes everything that we do to maintain, continue, and repair our ‘world’ so that we can live in it as well as possible. That world includes our bodies, our selves, and our environment, all of which we seek to interweave in a complex, life-sustaining web.”
PRESERVING Fisher, Bernice, and Joan C. Tronto. “Toward a Feminist Theory of Care.” In Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women’s Lives, edited by Emily K. Abel and Margaret K. Nelson. State University of New York Press, 1990.
Conclusion Consisting of the appropriate levels of cardio and weight training to prepare users for the demands of protection and reclamation tasks.
In order to boost immunity and prepare inhabitants for Oklahoma's harsh winter, infrastructure will be provided for cold baths and swims.
Saunas will be key to the health of users, allowing them to recover quicker and achieve greater results while unwinding and de-stressing.
Inhabitants learn about and experience the extreme climate through visual and tactile interactions in their initial training for conversation.
The windiest state in tornado alley, the climate in Oklahoma has incredible destructive potential. These storms are tracked and recorded.
In the final stage of climate interaction we come to challenge the violent nature we have contributed to. This integration helps us move on.
Using spaces of reflection and reminiscence, project users will regail technological companions with tales of the past and human foibles
The process is undertaken by technology to learn and record as much as possible about the human condition, creating a database of life.
The idealistic structure which houses the repository of past thoughts, current biometric data and the future of the species. Impossible utopia.
The neglectful relationship between George Milton and the elderly Candy is contrasted with the care of Pinocchio and Geppetto, and the narrative grew to include notions care and the legacy of human individuals. An initial program for the project was also developed from Joan Tronto’s three aspects of care.
Reference Footnote https://thewire.in/culture/fifty-years-on-hal-from-2001-a-space-odyssey-has-very-contemporary-lessons-for-us https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/drumright-oklahoma-ok-big-oil-field-1801538135
A Columbarium of Dark History PROJECT BRIEF
Introduction
In developing a brief for the project, the focus on past stories of human relationships with technology are projected into the future. The brief explores how these narratives can be shifted away from current-day pessimism to positive future speculation of a mutually beneficial, caring symbiosis.
Key Protagonists and Narrative Storyboard
Narrative Elements
Legacy and Projected Future for the Industrial Town
TECHNOLOGY
HUMANITY
CONSCIENCE
PINOCCHIO
GEPPETTO
JIMINY CRICKET
The project's protagonists are derived from the initial explorations and analyses of kindness and the chosen literary works. The iconic characters of Geppetto and Pinocchio were selected for their recognizability and symbolic potential, used to signify the troubled relationship between humanity and technology. Two narrative storyboards were drawn to explore this relationship, questioning how care and kindness might be spread through story and design. Geppetto (Humanity and Nature)
Pinocchio (Technology and Industry)
Narrative Storyboard 2: Industry Returns to the Oil Field
The town of Drumright and its oil field.
1. Isolation and loneliness in industrial society.
2. The dream of a positive legacy and better future.
1. Return of “accomplice” airplanes to site.
2. Abandoned buildings deconstructed for materials.
Based on the narrative of care, the project's architectural focus became the aging and financially depleted industrial towns left in the wake of America’s 20th century industrialization. The economic, political, and spatial problems posed by these towns is addressed through the return and reconciliation of industrial objects to the sites which fueled their dispersal. The first goal of the proposal is to reflect and repent upon the errors of the past, using the “accomplices” of industry to commemorate the dark history of fossil fuel extraction, a constant reminder of the tenuous relationship between nature and technology. In balance with this repentance, a positive future is imagined for these towns wherein the vast material wealth created through their exploitation is re-purposed in service of sustainability and kindness.
Conclusion
3. Creation of a technological companion.
4. Heroic adventure, care in the face of catastrophe.
3. Painting planes with lime to reflect light.
4. Industrial materials gathered in landscape “nodes.”
The project’s protagonists are the unlikely pairing of isolated aging populations in America’s suffering industrial towns and the speculative future technologies of a not-so-distant society. Through a caring relationship, technology and these populations can address the myriad problems of living in harmony with industry.
Reference Footnote https://disney.fandom.com/wiki/Pinocchio_(character)
A Columbarium of Dark History PROJECT LOCATION
Introduction
The project finds its home in a seldom discussed driver of America’s industrial growth; the Oklahoman oil fields.
Drumright, Creek County, Oklahoma
Derelict Buildings: Typology and Materiality
Drumright is the quintessential oil boom town - now an isolated rural community facing economic hardship. Once home to the most productive oil field in North America, the landscape surrounding Drumright is littered with abandoned oil wells and refineries. These orphaned structures are the sites of past plans gone awry, deserted when resources dried up and operation was no longer feasible. Because of this history the county is still home to one of the largest pipelines in the United States.
Drumright’s existing fabric is categorized into 3 major building typologies in the examples below. Most sacred and commercial buildings incorporate some type of stone or brick with a steel structural frame. Residential building are typically timber construction and many are out of use or abandoned. On top of this, the existing industrial infrastructure for Drumright’s nearby oil field features mostly steel construction; large warehouses with trussed spans for greater storage capacity provide an excellent opportunity for reuse as the oil field’s production continues to decline.
SACRED
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
Context: The Cushing-Drumright Oil Field Located in northeastern Oklahoma, this 16 km by 5 km field encloses the towns of Drumright in the east and Cushing, its primary supply center, in the west. The field was developed from 1912 onwards, reaching peak production in May 1917 when it accounted for two-thirds of the refineable crude oil production in the western hemisphere. Though production declined steadily to 1955, and precipitously afterward, the Cushing-Drumright field remains an important site in oil infrastructure.
Conclusion
The abandoned oil field and adjacent town in Drumright, Oklahoma were selected for the project's site because this area was America's most productive extraction operation at the time the reference literature was published. It now faces a massive downturn in both economic prosperity and population.
Reference Footnote https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=DR008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumright,_Oklahoma
A Columbarium of Dark History SOCIAL CONTEXT
Introduction
Drumright was chosen as a site not only for the unbelievable quantities of oil extracted from it in the past century but because it is representative of wider social issues in economic ‘boom towns’ across the country. Aging population and employment opportunities are key considerations for the project.
The Decline of Drumright and Other Industrial Towns Like many other small towns in America Drumright has seen massive population decline since it’s industrial peak, especially of the younger demographic.
AGED 18 TO 24
Demographic and Employment Data
Reliance on the Oil Industry Due to reliance on diminishing resources, industry, and extraction, Drumright and the surrounding county are in decline and susceptible to crashes.
AGED 45 AND UP
8.0% 41.2% This statistic is largely thanks to economic decline and a lack of viable career opportunities. Such trends encourage working-age people to move away for better opportunities leaving behind a large number of retirement-aged residents, which also contributes to the dissolution of families and puts strain on a limited number of carers as the population ages. Unfortunately this trend only seems to be worsening year by year. According to census data, only 8.0% of the population is in it’s working prime while the retirement age group has ballooned to 41.2%. Similarly, family households are in decline making up only 14.2% while almost half are inhabited by individuals, 16.5% of which are 65 years of age an above.
HOUSEHOLDS WITH FAMILIES
INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS
14.2% 47.5% *16.5% 65+
https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/drumright-ok-population https://www.areavibes.com/drumright-ok/demographics/ http://www.city-data.com/city/Drumright-Oklahoma.html https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs https://datausa.io/profile/geo/creek-county-ok
Conclusion
A rapidly decreasing and aging population poses a massive problem for the fabric of Drumright and other towns of it’s kind. The project explores planning and architectural strategies for addressing this situation and proposes a possible future template for industrial towns throughout America.
Reference Footnote
https://www.kansascityfed.org/publications/research/oke/articles/2015/oil-downturn-okc-economy
https://journalrecord.com/2020/04/28/oklahoma-oil-and-gas-jobs-in-decline/ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
A Columbarium of Dark History FINANCIAL CONTEXT, UNDERUTILIZED LOCAL SKILL
Introduction
The proposal seeks to bolster the job market in Oklahoma against reliance on a volatile energy sector by making use of existing skills and diversifying outputs.
Oklahoma’s Economy: Heavy Dependence on Energy Sector
Aviation Sector: Tinker Base and Airline Maintenance Facility
Oil and Natural Gas extraction currently make up a huge (almost 25%) percentage of Oklahoma’s economy. This dependence on a single commodity makes the state highly susceptible to shifts in the market, and falling gas prices paired with a general economic setback from the pandemic has left a large number of skilled workers without jobs. This proposal attempts to broaden Oklahoma’s economy by creating new revenue sources through re-use.
Located between Oklahoma City and Drumright, Tinker Air Force Base actually sees the most volume of aircraft maintenance and repair in the entire United States. It houses and manages an array of aircraft, engines, and avionics, and shares its skilled workforce with the nearby American Airlines maintenance facility which the proposal draws upon in the initial disassembly process.
1/4
Net Worth $15B.
Available Skilled Labour from Airline Bankruptcy 2000 in Tulsa jobs lost in American Airlines bankruptcy in 2011 along with another 500 in 2020. These technical operations workers could form the initial specialized knowledge required for airplane disassembly in the proposal.
https://tulsaworld.com/business/local/american-airlines-reports-nearly-9-billion-in-losses-in-2020/ article_56f5a130-60e4-11eb-8d6d-2f27ca91cb0e.html
2,500
OF ALL JOBS ARE IN OIL AND NATURAL GAS I wish there were job opportunities that didn’t rely so heavily on the volatile energy sector...
Net Worth $4B.
LARGEST Net Worth $28B.
SKILLED AVIATION WORKERS IN THE SURROUNDING AREAS AVAILABLE FROM FURLOUGH AA Tulsa Repair Base: Skilled Work to Assist in Drumright
COMMERCIAL AND AIR FORCE MAINTENANCE FACILITIES IN THE WORLD ARE IN OKLAHOMA
PRESENT:
Skilled work base is drawn upon for initial disassembling of the returning accomplices
Oklahoma Agriculture: Dependence on Livestock Similar to the economies dependence on oil and gas, Oklahoma’s agriculture relies primarily on livestock. It is the second largest producer of beef cattle in the United States and would certainly benefit from diversifying it's output.
Maybe sustainable insect protein can diversify the state’s nutrition and provide food security while supporting the ecosystem that feeds my cattle...
Market for Parts Resale The Oklahoma Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul Technology Center (MROTC) would potentially back the project as the nations leading centre for technical knowledge of aging aircraft. In return the MRTOC will have access to the array of valuable parts arriving on site to facilitate maintenance and overhauls of their fleet or resale to American Airlines for commercial use.
FUTURE: Site becomes a public resource maintained by the last technological companions
Conclusion
Oklahoma has economic challenges but it also has unique resources and skills available that will make the execution of the proposal far easier than in other locations. The Gatehouse and Mechanical Landscape address shortcomings in energy and agriculture while providing parts to the aviation market.
Reference Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro-OcoxX9Uw https://airwaysmag.com/magazine/inside-worlds-largest-airline-owned-maintenance-engineering-base-american-airlines-tulsa-2/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base#Maintenance_Repair_and_Overhaul_Technology_Center_(MROTC)
A Columbarium of Dark History FUNDING AND POSSIBLE RISKS TO FUNDING
Introduction
The projects initial funding is obtained through a conglomerate of local and state government departments and corporations focused on the reclamation of Oklahoma’s abandoned oil infrastructures.
Project Stakeholders and Funding
Possible Risks to Funding
Because the Gatehouse and oil field are on public lands outside of the town limits of Drumright, they fall under state government jurisdiction.
Natural Disaster Defense: The project is specifically designed to protect wells and infrastructure from Oklahoma’s violent weather events. Financial relief is also planned for.
LOCAL (CLIENT) GOVERNMENT
CORPORATIONS
STATE GOVERNMENT
https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/some-say-oklahoma-should-plan-financially-for-next-disaster/
Oil Price Crash Defense: As the project produces revenue through insect protein and parts resale, loss of funding due to oil price crashes can be mitigated in the future.
OKLAHOMA ENERGY RESOURCES BOARD
https://www.oklahoman.com/article/5662982/the-crude-oil-crash-not-covid-19-is-making-the-oklahoma-city-office-
I have the utmost confidence that the proposed conversion of Drumright’s infrastructure will provide security as well as economic benefit to the county and the state at large... FUNDING BUILDING OPERATIONS: DISASSEMBLY DECARBONIZE DISTRIBUTION
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Each Stakeholder contributes services based on their specialization and involvement:
LAND MANAGEMENT
Voluntary contributions from Oklahoma oil and gas sales reclaim abandoned wells and give everyday citizens access to a public resource - insect protein
State Government: Access and Management for Landscape Works City Governments: Funding, Breaks, and Permits for Built Works Corporations: Funding and Operating Budget
Where do the Funds Come From? Conclusion Initial funds for the construction of the proposal require support from city and state government, but the primary contributor will be private corporations who have a vested interest in the success of the oil field cleanup. The OERB alone has an annual budget of 15.7million USD, and can contribute approximately $6,000 per well.
Based on different specializations, each participant in the conglomerate takes on the aspect of the project best suited to their resources. For example, the departments of Wildlife Conservation and Agriculture, Food, and Forestry, provide financial backing to the ecosystem rejuvenation in the landscape.
Reference Footnote https://oerb.com/about/funding/#:~:text=Voluntarily%20funded%20by%20the%20people,gas%20producers%20and%20royalty%20owners. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Energy_Resources_Board
A Columbarium of Dark History DISASSEMBLED PARTS FOR REUSE, RESALE, AND REVENUE
Introduction
The proposal’s initial revenue source comes from trading parts on the resale market in Oklahoma’s aviation sector, which funds the insect harvesting process.
No Resale Value: For Reuse in Exposed Building Areas
FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
WING STRUCTURE
Oftentimes parts in this category would be stripped and melted down for scrap an energy intensive process which fails to make use of the unique material qualities and complex engineering which went into their production. The proposal seeks to upcycle these components throughout the construction process. Fuselage: Used for roof and environmental control systems
WINDSHIELD & FRAME
TAIL PLANES
Wing: Designed for wind loading, repurposed as beams Windshield: Used for semipermeable glazing, reflectivity
High Resale Value: Refurbish and Sell for Revenue
$2-3M. NACELLES
$30Th.
Equity from Planes to Insects: Funding the Future
$0.5M. AVIONICS
$2-7M.
Tires: Provides membrane for basement, shoring foundations DUAL RIM TIRES
These items do not fetch enough revenue on the resale market to justify their distribution. To make use of their value they are employed in key building areas. WINDOWS
WASHROOMS
The initial investment in Drumright’s new infrastructure represented by the hundreds of millions in airplane equity is payed back to owners through resale of valuable parts. Future value is produced through the remaining materials, such as wings, tires, and fuselages which attract insects to the oil field.
https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2021/02/24/Demand-for-insect-protein-could-hit-500-000-tons-by-2030article_
As demand for insect protein increases, the attracted biomass will produce greater revenues. At current prices each tonne of insects harvested is valued at roughly US$6000, a number which will grow as time passes considering the superior quality of the wild-caught Drumright insects. Revenue from insects alone will be in the millions annually, as thousands of tonnes migrate through.
TIRES
Low Resale Value: For Reuse in Protected Building Areas
This is a good opportunity to transfer equity from the shrinking oil and aviation sectors to the growing insect protein market...
WINDSCREEN & FRAME
$0.3M.
TURBINE ENGINES
$25Th.
Windows: Unique shape used for rainwater collection Washrooms: Retrofitted with biodigesters for use in building Door Panels: Roof panels, act as trays for lime, insect drying
DOOR PANELS
SEATING
Seating: For visitor comfort stations, recline for site lines Box Trailers: Become storage units to facilitate operations
BOX TRAILERS
STORAGE TANKS
Storage Tank: Holding for gas and chemicals from vehicles
LANDING GEAR
AUXILIARY POWER UNIT
The Market for Secondhand Parts in Oklahoma
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/insect-protein-market-150067243.html
The market for secondhand aircraft parts exceeds US$2billion worldwide. With the large military and commercial aviation presence close to Drumright there are strong prospects for revenue from refurbished components. Even with some value from recycled aircraft diverted for construction materials, high resale value parts still have the capacity to generate around $25million per airplane that arrives on site ($25billion annually planes, for all 1000 planes retired in US).
Conclusion
Initial investments into the project are recouped through revenue generated from the sale of secondhand parts. The true draw for owners, however, is the opportunity to transfer their equity from low-value fuselages into the growing market for insect protein, as each disassembled plane creates future revenue.
Reference Footnote https://simpleflying.com/retired-boeing-747-scrapped/#:~:text=A%20747%20contains%20around%2066,to%20recover%20around%20%246.8%20million. https://www.flexport.com/blog/decommissioned-planes-salvage-value/
A Columbarium of Dark History PHYSICAL CONTEXT
Introduction
The most important aspect of the project’s physical context is the extreme weather of Oklahoma, which becomes more severe every year.
Air Quality Affected by Pollution from Abandoned Wells
Worsening Extreme Weather Patterns: Tornado Alley’s Future
Tornado paths in Oklahoma tend to travel across the site longitudinally (east-west or west-east) as opposed to the prevailing winds from the south.
DRUMRIGHT Context Storyboard: The emotional experience of climate catastrophe and the oil field.
*
DRUMRIGHT
Conclusion DRUMRIGHT * Highest concentration of tornadoes in the US
The physical context is addressed through an attempt to reduce abandoned well pollution by protecting them against storms. A plan is also established where certain important structures can survive tornadoes whilst others are allowed to be destroyed, creating a hierarchy of programmatic elements.
Reference Footnote
http://www.creativemethods.com/airquality/index.htm https://www.kgou.org/post/oklahoma-air-quality-dips-after-years-steady-gains https://stateimpact.npr.org/oklahoma/2017/06/08/details-of-oklahoma-budget-agreement-conceal-cuts-for-oklahoma-environmental-agencies/
A Columbarium of Dark History ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS, WIND AND SOIL
Introduction
Due to high winds and frequent tornadoes, the necessity of excavating a foundation for the Gatehouse became an early design driver.
White Paint from Site Composition: Pawhuska Limestone
Prevailing Wind Conditions
ECOREGIONS
Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint is a type of paint made from slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) or chalk calcium carbonate, (CaCO3), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are sometimes used. Whitewash cures through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, a type of reaction generally known as carbonation or by the more specific term, carbonatation.
High wind speeds and consistent directionality make the site a prime candidate for passive ventilation and cooling strategies.
"How to Apply Limewash - Limewashing - Buy Traditional Limewash". www.mikewye.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
DRUMRIGHT
GEOLOGY
DRUMRIGHT HOMEMADE LIMESTONE WHITEWASH
DRUMRIGHT https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0658/report.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LePyAhGTFE&feature=emb
Climatic Conditions: Temperature, Sunlight, and Precipitation Winter (Dec/Jan) – Mean daytime high: 10°C, Mean Nighttime Low:0°C // Summer (Jul/Aug) - Mean daytime high: 35°C, Mean Nighttime Low: 22°C Precipitation: Annual Rainfall ~ 1000mm over 70 days, Annual Snowfall ~ 150mm over 6 days. Annual Days of Sun ~ 230 days.
Conclusion
The excavation of the site is doubly justified; not only does it provide a better foundation and shelter for storm protection, but the displaced limestone is used as a pigment to coat construction materials. This increases the reflectivity of new structures and cools the site to create a micro-climate in the oil field.
Reference Footnote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/cushing_united-states-of-america_4534659 https://weatherspark.com/y/8933/Average-Weather-in-Drumright-Oklahoma-United-States-Year-Round
A Columbarium of Dark History ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY, LIME PIGMENT REFLECTIVITY
Introduction
Informed by Steven Chu and the site’s limestone composition, reflective white surfaces in the project help reduce solar transmittance and heat island effects.
White Paint as Low-Tech Response to Heat Island Effects According to Steven Chu, the Nobel Laureate and United States Secretary of Energy for the Obama Administration, the simple act of painting building roofs white as opposed to other pigments could reduce the warming effects of the sun via “negative radiative forcing.” Any building material with a large horizontal footprint has the potential to reflect infrared radiation to cool sites and offset the effects of carbon emissions.
Light Reflection Diagram: Drumright’s “Heat Sink” https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-EB-5050
Process whereby white-painted nodes can reflect large amounts of sunlight.
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools/heat-sink-calculator/
Heat Sink Process Similar to the function of a computer’s heat sinks, which cool processors on the motherboard, the white painted nodes cool the oil field and speed the process of regeneration.
White Material Reflects Sunlight
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56749105
Conclusion
Deconstructed mechanisms and buildings are painted white using Pawhuska Limestone pigments derived from the Gatehouse’s excavation. These are distributed in a networked mechanical landscape to reflect the sun’s rays and create a “heat sink” in the former oil field.
Reference Footnote https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/related-files/whiteroofsberkeley-20110726.pdf http://www.tiocoat.com/US.pdf https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/obamas-climate-guru-paint-your-roof-white-1691209.
Introduction
‘Boneyards’ in the United States already house tens of thousands of outdated planes, for example the AMARG Base in Arizona (4,400). It is reasonable to assume that climbing retirement rates will continue to provide a large number of aircraft whose material can be reused in this project’s construction.
AIRCRAFT DIS-ASSEMBLY
A Columbarium of Dark History CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Economic Context: 2020 Retirements https://thepointsguy.com/news/us-airlines-fleet-retirements-cowen-analyst/
NUMBER OF DECOMMISSIONS (US, 2020)
1,000 >8,000 300,000
https://www.airplaneboneyards.com/ grounded-airliners-in-storage-due-tocovid19-2020.htm
For dismantling industrial mechanisms, all dangerous and valuable materials are removed (engine fluids, electrical components, wires, etc.). However, the fuselage, shells are largely worthless on the resale market. What can they provide?
RETIRED IN NEXT 10 YEARS (PROJECTION) According to
They are aerodynamic and self-supporting structures which can protect the Gatehouse and the nodes and create shelters. Nature eventually takes control of these, using the mechanical landscape to regenerate.
TOTAL US FLEET (FUTURE SUPPLY) https://www.flexport.com/blog/ decommissioned-planessalvage-value/
https://simpleflying.com/delta-2020-200-retirements/
TYPICAL VEHICLE DIS-ASSEMBLY
RECYCLED CARS (US TOTAL, 2020) https://www. thebalancesmb.com/ auto-recycling-factsand-figures-2877933
12,000,000 1,370,000 286,900,000
Cars are used as the means of distributing pigments throughout the mechanical landscape and are themselves painted white. Some are dismantled within the gatehouse to provide building material (tires, chassis frames, windshields, etc.) while others continue out to surrounding node sites.
TOTAL CARS IN OKLAHOMA (FOR PROJECT) https://www.statista.com/ statistics/196065/numberof-registered-automobilesin-oklahoma/
Different vehicle typologies are harvested for different purposes. Larger transport trucks and tankers provide valuable storage units and everyday sedans contain seat frames and glass which are reused in the roof structure. Most importantly the plethora of tires which inundate the site provide wear-resistant rubber for the building’s foundation piles.
TOTAL CARS IN US (PROJECT FOLLOWERS) According to
FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
WING STRUCTURE
TURBINE ENGINES
SEATING
DOOR PANELS
LARGE DUAL RIM TIRES
LARGE TIRES
TYPICAL TIRES
WINDSHIELD & FRAME
DOOR PANELS
WINDSCREEN & FRAME
TAIL PLANES
LIFE RAFTS
WASHROOMS
WINDOWS
STEERING WHEELS
CAR SEATS
CHASSIS FRAMES
BOX TRAILERS
STORAGE TANKS
Key Boneyard Materials: Low Resale Value and Abundance 1. Aluminum superstructure, ribs and stringers, usually melted down but can be reused for roof.
2. Wings have no value on the resale market but are incredibly strong, and can be reused as beams.
Boeing 737 Model has Greatest Impact in Future Retirement
Disused Industrial Shells as Future Ecological Framework
Research determined that an overwhelming number of future retired aircraft will be 737s. This is taken into account in the design of the Gatehouse from the runway dimensions to the structural grid; all are optimized for 737 modules. MOST PRODUCED COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT IN THE UNITED STATES IS THE BOEING 737 SERIES. PAVING WIDTH REQUIRED FOR TURN: 20.2m
3. Fiberglass fuselage shells are difficult to recycle and are typically torn down - used as an envelope.
4. Windows are overwhelmingly abundant and their unique shape suits them to rainwater collection.
LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED: 1350 - 1540m LANDING ORIENTATION: INTO HEADWIND Brady, C. (n.d.). Detailed Technical Data. Retrieved November 30, 2020, from http://www.b737.org.uk/ techspecsdetailed.htm
Conclusion
In light of the wealth of material resources being made available by decommissioned industrial vehicles, the project’s construction will focus on re-purposing their unique physical qualities to make an architecture which responds to the tumultuous environmental conditions in the oil field. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaS0dgFSvVw&t=93s
http://www.fi-aeroweb.com/US-Commercial-Aircraft-Fleet.html
Reference Footnote https://simpleflying.com/2020-us-airline-retirements/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK9zhumtGg0&list=WL&index=21
A Columbarium of Dark History DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Introduction Design development was undertaken through a process of drawings and sketch models informed by a period of research and narrative exploration.
Printed Circuit Board Sketches
Design Process Drawings, Plan and Sections
Process Perspectives of Massing with Periscope
Layered computer PCBs were a reference for geometry
The original site plan layout based on wind and storms with PCB geometry overlay
Early perspectives of massing model showing the Gatehouse’s relation to the surrounding landscape
Section Development Process
Attempt 1.
Early drawings make use of these technological geometries
Attempt 2.
Attempt 3.
Decisions and Improvements from Process 1. The strict and logical geometry of the PCB imposed a strict framework on the layout and forms of the design. This tightened up the geometry of early, more complex proposals (Attempts 1 and 2). 2. With a simple and clarified design (Attempt 3 and perspectives), further design development arose from breaking the strict logic of the geometries, adapting them to weather, light, and programmatic elements.
Conclusion
Decision Process Hierarchy
ORIENTATION
FUNCTION
MATERIALITY
BASED ON WIND, HIGHWAY
FROM NARRATIVE
AVAILABLE RESOURCES, REUSE
As sketches, models, and drawings were produced the project consistently changed, evolving and regressing, growing and shrinking. The initial inspiration comes from the narrative which was developed early in the semester, but more detailed decisions are backed by site conditions and research.
Reference Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2LgmIGE2nI&t=522s
A Columbarium of Dark History
A Columbarium of Dark History PLANNING, CLEANUP, AND SOCIAL GOOD
Introduction
Drumright could serve as a future development hub for Oklahoma, not through growth or industry but a radical approach to repurposing the dying oil field.
Drumright in Relation to Oklahoma: The Networked Effect of Reinventing the Oil Field
Resources Available for a Well Cleanup Project https://www.travelok.com/maps
Cleanup corporations, specifically the OERB in Oklahoma, provide the initial funding to realize the project whose program involves reclaiming the oil field.
https://media.rff.org/archive/files/document/file/RFF-Resources-192_Infographic.pdf
Drumright
Tulsa
"A multi-million dollar voluntary clean-up fund paid for by industry to ensure this potential problem is always addressed. The Oklahoma Energy Resources Board (OERB) is the entity responsible for overseeing the program. OERB focuses on a four-step restoration process that follows recognized environmental standards to clean up well sites and often improve landscapes, leaving an area better than before. Anyone who’s concerned about a well in Oklahoma can register the location and OERB will investigate. Since 1994, they’ve dedicated $125 million to restoring 17,000 orphaned and abandoned well sites across the state averaging two to three sites per day. Perhaps the most impressive part is there is absolutely no expense to landowners, the fund covers the costs of this restoration and reclamation process."
Oklahoma City
Drumright as Larger-Scale Node: An automated alternative to Howard’s Garden City, Drumright serves as a macrocosm of it’s own networked mechanical landscape by providing goods to surrounding populations.
IER. (2020, June 17). Does America Have an Orphan Well Problem on Its Hands? Retrieved November 10, 2020, from https://www. instituteforenergyresearch.org/fossil-fuels/gas-and-oil/does-america-have-an-orphan-well-problem-on-its-hands/
Oil Field Nodes
https://scodpub.wordpress.com/2011/03/01/garden-cities-by-ebenezer-howard/
Planning Drumright: The Failing Town and the Networked Oil Field
Overhead perspective of the nodding donkey pumpjacks in the oil field
Pumpjack Locations in Relation to Drumright
Conclusion
https://maps.fractracker.org/latest/?appid=fc88d95485c8423bafee417c26a95782&webmap=aa7f85ff6fb149248df33ba2aae66080
The initial importance of realizing the Gatehouse project is the cleanup and reclamation of the Drumright oil field. Once this is achieved, the dying town can take up its role as a mechanical landscape networked to the surrounding population centres, providing benefits like natural habitat and protein.
Reference Footnote https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/11/orphaned-oil-wells-to-squeeze-state-coffers-249138 https://oerb.com/well-cleanup/
A Columbarium of Dark History ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATEGY, THE CARBON SINK
Introduction
The proposal saves on costs through the deconstruction, re-use, and resale of materials with high embodied carbon potential, especially in the landscape.
Negative Carbon Footprint through Re-use
Embodied Carbon Calculations for the Gatehouse: Neutral Facility to Deploy the Carbon Negative Landscape
The initial goal of the proposal was to construct the Gatehouse on a neutral carbon budget, allowing some leniency in emissions as it will facilitate the carbon negative landscape which reclaims the oil field. However, as the design process evolved it became clear that more re-used elements could be integrated into the functions of the Gatehouse itself. Using airplane fuselages for the primary functions of the building allows the Gatehouse too to become a carbon negative structure with embodied carbon in reused materials outweighing that of the new materials required for its construction.
Full Reuse, Carbon Offset (x -1.0) 190 Fuselage Top Halves (x8,000kg/each=1,520,000kg) 500 Airplane Doors (x27kg/each=13,500kg) 3800 Windows (x0.1m²/each=380m²) 400 Transport Truck Containers (x2000kg/each=800,000kg) 6 Airbus A380 Wings (x14,000kg/each=84,000kg) 10 737 Wings (x8,000kg/each=80,000kg) 45,000 Rubber Tires (x7kg/each=315,000kg)
@9.0kgCO2e/kg @15.0kgCO2e/kg @81.3kgCO2e/m² @3.0kgCO2e/kg @12.0kgCO2e/kg @12.0kgCO2e/kg @4.5kgCO2e/kg
= = = = = = =
27,360,000kgCO2e 202,500kgCO2e 30,894kgCO2e 2,400,000kgCO2e 1,008,000kgCO2e 960,000kgCO2e 1,417,500kgCO2e
Σ(x-1.0)
= -19,698,894kgCO2e
Requiring Modification, Mixture New and Reused (x 0.50) 50,000m² Steel Decking (x23kg/m²=1,150,000kg) 10,000m² Plywood (x7kg/m³=70,000kg) 7,000m² Gypsum Finish (x11kg/m³=77,000kg) 234m³ Timber Joists (x800kg/m³=187,200kg) 300m³ Steel Section Beams (x7,850kg/m³=2,355,000kg) 224m³ Steel Section Columns (x7,850kg/m³=1,758,400kg)
@3.1kgCO2e/kg @0.68kgCO2e/kg @0.13kgCO2e/kg @0.31kgCO2e/kg @1.5kgCO2e/kg @1.5kgCO2e/kg
= = = = = =
3,565,000kgCO2e 47,600kgCO2e 10,010kgCO2e 58,032kgCO2e 3,532,500kgCO2e 2,637,600kgCO2e
Σ(x0.50)
= 4,925,371kgCO2 4,925,371kgCO2e
New Materials, Standard Weighting (x 1.0) 87m³ Poured Foundation Piles (x1,500kg/m³=130,500kg) 2000m³ Rammed Earth (x1,700kg/m³=3,400,000kg) 20 0.5m³ Engineered Trusses (x 7,850kg/m³=78,500kg) 25 Steel Flywheels, Slewing Ring(x900kg/each=22,500kg) 75,000m² Runway Surface 1,000m² Glazing 25,000m³ Limestone (@2,711kg/m³=67,775,000kg)
@0.097kgCO2e/kg @0.024kgCO2e/kg @1.3kgCO2e/kg @42.5kgCO2e/kg @15.0kgCO2e/m² @65.0kgCO2e/m² @0.09kgCO2e/m²
= = = = = = =
12,659kgCO2e 81,600kgCO2e 102,050kgCO2e 956,250kgCO2e 1,125,000kgCO2e 65,000kgCO2e 6,099,750kgCO2e
Σ(x1.0)
= 8,442,309kgCO2e
GATEHOUSE
CARBON NEUTRAL
MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE
CARBON NEGATIVE
Embodied Carbon in Aircraft: Breakdown by Material From prior sheets the weight of a typical gutted commercial aircraft is known to be 32,000kg. Using the material breakdowns below while referencing the ICE database, it was possible to estimate the embodied carbon being salvaged from the aircraft (11.0kgCO2e/kg overall, more for wings, less for shells). Composition by Weight
Carbon Negative Landscape Nodes: Typical Offset
Overall Carbon Offset by Gatehouse: = -6,331,214kgCO2e
1 Fuselage with Wings (32,000kg@11.0kgCO2e/kg=352,000kgCO2e) + Single Home (68,000kgCO2e) + 2 Vehicles (14,000kgCO2e)
Each Landscape Node Offsets over 400 tonnes of Embodied CO2
= -434,000kgCO2e/per
Primary Reference Document for Embodied Carbon Values
Conclusion
After calculating the embodied carbon values based on a material inventory of the proposal, it has been determined that the Gatehouse can be constructed with a negative carbon footprint. New and modified materials amass roughly 14,000 tonnes of embodied CO2 while reused materials contain almost 20,000.
Reference Footnote https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/60374/what-is-the-weight-of-the-fuselage-only-of-the-boeing-747 https://www.aircraftcompare.com/blog/what-are-planes-made-of/ https://www.buildup.eu/en/events/embodied-carbon-updated-ice-database-and-rics-building-carbon-database
A Columbarium of Dark History FUTURE ECONOMIC STRATEGY, SUSTAINABLE PROTEIN
Introduction
As the project ages and the population shrinks to zero, its economic contribution carries on through an automated process of insect attraction and harvesting.
Reflectivity From Insect Husks
Locust Plagues: Attracting Pests with Light
Sustainable Wild Nutrition and Revenue Source The white elements of the mechanical landscape create reflective light islands, in distracting these insects off of migratory flight paths.
Attracted insects, particularly crickets and locusts, form base of food pyramid for new synthetic ecosystem, establishing a positive future role for industrial objects.
brief communications
Insect orientation to polarized moonlight
b
c
d
e
An African dung beetle uses the moonlit sky to make a swift exit after finding food.
M
–90°
0°
Nutritional values of edible insects Edible insects provide essential macronutrients, such as energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates that can help to improve Lao diets (Table 2). Carbohydrates and fat are the main food sources that provide energy for human bodies to carry out daily tasks. Moreover, carbohydrates help to keep the digestive tract healthy. They slow digestion and absorption of nutrients in meals, and help to prevent obesity.
+90°
Danthanarayana W. (1986) Lunar Periodicity of Insect Flight and Migration. In: Danthanarayana W. (eds) Insect Flight. Proceedings in Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_7
Making Use of Locust Plagues The project postulates that increasing climate volatility and the decreasing influence of humanity on the environment will see the return of locust plagues to the American Midwest. The white elements in the mechanical landscape create reflective light islands to distract these insects off of migratory flight paths. In this way, the site will serve to protect the crops of Oklahoman farmers while providing a potential protein source for inhabitants and visitors. The dried husks of locust exoskeletons also contribute to the reflective luminance of the landscape.
LIGHTING FOR INSECT CAPTURE
Nutritional values of insects vary considerably by species and can be explained by external factors such as climate, diet and habitat of the insects. They also depend on how the insects are prepared and cooked prior to consumption.
I can produce 20 times more calories per liter of water than traditional livestock...
SWARMS AS HARVEST OCCASION
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-56187046
Conclusion
Research conducted on the future of sustainable food sources has determined that insects provide the greatest amount of nutrition per unit of resources expended on rearing. A detailed investigation of the economic benefits of entomophagy (eating of insects) will be carried out in future pages.
DeFoliart, Gene R. "Insects as human food". www.food-insects.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Reference Footnote https://what-when-how.com/insects/coloration-insects/#:~:text=Pterins%20are%20white%2C%20yellow%2C%20or,from%20a%20purine%2C%20guanosine%20triphosphate.&text=In%20insects%20displaying%20Tyndall%20blue,commonly%20classified%20into%20two%20groups. https://askentomologists.com/2017/08/01/white-eyes-black-body-why-do-insect-eyes-turn-white-after-they-die/
A Columbarium of Dark History BUILDING PROGRAM AND TIMELINE
Introduction
The Gatehouse seeks to accommodate multiple programs, mediating between human environment and industrial disassembly. As such, the project proposes a semi-automated process in the surrounding oil field to facilitate higher life quality in the nearby centres of Tulsa and Oklahoma City.
ORIENTATION MATRIX IN MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE
PROGRAMME ADJACENCY DIAGRAM
RUNWAY - Planes land into headwind AIRPLANE WAITING BAY
HIGHWAY
HIGHWAY
HUMAN ENTRY - Tunnel - Reception - Maps of site
ROOF STRUCTURE HUMAN ACCOMMODATION - Hunting equipment storage - Training pavilions - Overnight rooms
TUNNEL EXIT - Painted material recirculation
REFLECTIVE PERISCOPE - Paint drying - View of site
PLANE ENTRY - Gateway to landscape - Plane disassembly - Material salvaging - Panel painting
PRIMARY WORKSHOP - Hangar space - Service cores - Storage Silos - WCs and lockers
SERVICES
SECONDARY WORKSHOPS - Car painting - Lime extraction - Training
CHEMICAL RECLAMATION - Processing tanks - Parts cleaning and packing DEPARTURE TO MATRIX PATHWAY THE ORIENTATION MATRIX IS AN ELECTRONIC PATH SYSTEM PROGRAMED INTO THE TECHNOLOGICAL COMPANIONS WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO DISTRIBUTE GATEHOUSE MATERIAL IN THE LANDSCAPE
VISITOR CAR PARK - Charging stations - Path to entry - Public WCs
TUNNEL ENTRY - Vehicle Intake - Building material intake
MAIN CAR PARK - Vehicle storage - Paint preparation - Material salvaging
Deconstruction Project Begins: Abandoned buildings in the town of Drumright are dismantled, transported to the Gatehouse, and taken to the oil field on first accomplices.
Node Growth after Population Decrease: With the local population of Drumright decreasing, new Nodes for accommodating burial plots are constructed in the oil field.
Insect Population Brings Life to Oil Field: Abandoned buildings in the town of Drumright are dismantled, transported to the Gatehouse and taken to the oil field on first accomplices.
Spread of Sustainable Protein Model: With Drumright as a leading example other abandoned rural communities are converted to insect protein allotments for temporary use.
2030
2040
2050
2060
Mechanical Companions Arrive: In order to assist Drumrights aging population in the re-purposing of their town infrastructure, technological companions are deployed.
TECHNICAL
Completion of Deconstruction: As the last residents of Drumright are cared for by Mechanical Companions, the towns last buildings are dismantled.
Allotments Managed by Nearby Cities: Allotments are given to nearby urbanites from the Tulsa and OKC population centres for seasonal use in return for upkeep.
Drumright Returns to Ecology: The sacrifice of building materials to protect the new ecology in the oil field repays Drumright’s debts.
ROBOT ENTRY - Above ground - Roof access - Charging
SEASONAL FOOD STORAGE - Cricket and grasshopper vats - Drying and curing structures
ORIENTATION MATRIX IN MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE
DIAGRAM KEY Above-Ground Below Ground
15
Conclusion Orientation Matrix
The process of converting Drumright from an abandoned past community into a sustainable, protein-producing mechanical landscape provides a model for other abandoned towns to emulated. The vast swaths of industrial materials produced in the previous century find new purpose through the Gatehouse. Reference Footnote https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/mystery-plane-graveyard-left-essex-3554704 https://source.wustl.edu/2019/11/four-ways-to-curb-light-pollution-save-bugs/
Introduction
The master planning strategy for Drumright’s deconstruction and the oil field’s mechanical landscape is facilitated by the Gatehouse, which is the design focus.
A Columbarium of Dark History MASTER PLAN
Conclusion Retired airplanes, old vehicles, and disused buildings all pass through the Gatehouse for disassembly before being distributed to the surrounding pumps.
Town of Drumright
Planes land in direction of headwind
Construction Focus
Tornado paths
15
A Columbarium of Dark History DECONSTRUCTION AND REUSE
Introduction
Node structures are constructed from the disintegrating infrastructure in the town of Drumright. Each Nodding Donkey is reclaimed and regenerated with existing materials, allowing the town to rewrite its own legacy.
Node Typologies: Size Varies Depending on Resident
Node Protection: Configuration Based on Exposure 1. SOUTHERN EXPOSURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1. Unprotected Node 2. Full Accomplice
This
3. Full Accomplice, Materials 4. Disassembled Accomplice 5. D.A. with House 6. D.A. with House, Vehicles 7. D.A. with Materials 8. Multiple D.A.s, Houses 9. Multiple D.A.s, extra Material
2. SOUTHEASTERN EXPOSURE
3. EASTERN EXPOSURE
House Deconstruction: Methods for Ground Cover
4. EXTREME EXPOSURE
Burial Location at Node Centre
Due to extreme weather, the configuration of industrial material re-purposed on the node sites is incredibly important and will be informed by the unique exposures of environmental qualities of each site. A general method for addressing these issues has been laid out, each suited to a different typical exposure based on prevailing winds data. The node sites may be more or less built up as the case may be, but the general configuration rules can be applied based on simple observations made in site analysis. The primary goal is the protection and regeneration of the pumpjacks which, if damaged, could release harmful pollutants into the surrounding areas and compromise the effort to restore the oil field to an ecological stasis.
The disassembly process for a standard single family home. Primary framing elements of the facade and roof are laid flat on the ground to decompose and protect newly established flora in the oil field. Different layouts can be used depending on the need for exposure protections and landscape factors such as footpath access in wetter areas.
Conclusion
Because of the large variety and non-uniformity of materials the deconstruction of Drumright will produce, various typologies are accounted for in the layout of the nodes. This provides a systematic approach to the key goals of the project, tailored to protecting the nodding donkeys and regenerating the landscape.
Reference Footnote
PROLIFERATION OF THE MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE
A Columbarium of Dark History THE MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE
NODE CONSTRUCTION FROM DRUMRIGHT’S REMAINS
A Columbarium of Dark History NODE CONSTRUCTION
A Columbarium of Dark History
NOTE
This image is a still frame. The animated version can be viewed in the in the narrated .mp4 file (BARC0174_21_AngersLuke_PG10_Narrated02.mp4 at 4:50) submitted along with this portfolio.
A Columbarium of Dark History CONSTRUCTION PHASING OVERVIEW
Introduction Based on research into Drumright’s existing fabric and available skilled work a construction strategy tailored to reused steel and parts has been devised.
1
The existing site is located at the council limit of Drumright, along its main highway
2
The first step is to overlay an electronic orientation matrix for robotic navigation
3
Additional tarmac surfaces are laid down for the airplane runway and car park
Construction Focus Area: Visitor Lobby The completed building is reminiscent of the surrounding industrial construction by virtue of the recycled materials sourced from the town of Drumright. While most of the usable space in the building is simply covered open-air space for disassembly work, the visitor lobby provides an opportunity to investigate an insulation, services, and accessibility strategy in detail.
10
4
The building footprint is excavated from the surface limestone, providing initial pigment
5
Primary foundations and columns are laid out at 32x32m, best for plane dimensions
6
Completion of enabling works and installation of mechanical equipment for articulating elements; ready for insect capture
A secondary beam structure is added with 6.4m spacing where program is supported
Entrance Lobby Construction Focus
Drumright’s Foundations, Oil Field, and Gatehouse
7
First reused plane wings support the periscope while floor joists are put down
8
Program functions are added on top of steel decking while key trusses are placed
9
First round of recycled fuselages clad the roof, door + window ‘scales’ dry insects
Conclusion The phasing diagram provides a general overview of the construction whose details, assemblies, and connections will be investigated more thoroughly. Each layer of the process is highlighted in red while indications of materiality and functions at each step are illustrated through the adjacent thumbnail pictures.
Reference Footnot http://endless-swarm.com/?p=1147 e https://www.trainafoods.com/wholesale/product/california-sun-dried-tomatoes
A Columbarium of Dark History General Arrangement Drawing Appendix
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS SITE PLAN LEVEL 0 (BASEMENT) PLAN LEVEL 1 (GROUND) PLAN LEVEL 2 (MEZZANINE) PLAN LEVEL 3 (ROOF) PLAN NORTH ELEVATION SECTION AA EAST ELEVATION SECTION BB LEVEL 0 FOCUS (LOBBY) PLAN LEVEL 0 FOCUS (LOBBY) REFLECTED CEILING PLAN FOCUS (LOBBY) SECTION CC FOCUS (LOBBY) SECTION DD
MECHANICAL LANDSCAPE NODES
THE GATEHOUSE - GA TECHNICAL FOCUS
SITE PLAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
B
RUNWAY INTERSECTION
REFLECTIVE PERISCOPE AIRPLANE WAITING BAY FUSELAGE ROOF STRUCTURE PROTECTIVE LIME PILE INSECT DRYING AIRPLANE DEPARTURE VISITOR LOBBY/RAMP ACCESS
HIGHWAY
7 1 A
A EXIT
VISITOR PARKING
ACCOMPLICE PARKING
5 3
4 6 B
+0.0m
LEVEL 0 (BASEMENT) PLAN B
FOCUS AREA - VISITOR LOBBY WC/ STORAGE
A
CHARGING BAY
GROUND ACCESS
GROUND ACCESS
GALLERY/ SEATING
VISITOR ORIENTATION /RECEPTION
A EQUIPMENT COURTYARD
CARPARK ACCESS
VEHICLE WORKSPACE
INSECT DRYING/ STORAGE
CHEMICAL STORAGE INSECT RECLAMATION
TOOLS/ PARTS SHELTER
GROUND ACCESS
ROBOT UPKEEP
B
-5.5m
LEVEL 1 (GROUND) PLAN B
INSECT PIGMENT HANGAR SERVICE
INSECT HARVESTING
PAINT MIXING
A
A
LIME SHELTERS
SHOVEL/ PICK STORES LIME SPRINKLING
GANTRY ABOVE RUNWAY
HANGAR WORKSHOP
INSECT HARVESTING
AIR CHAMBER
PARTS RECLAMATION
INSECT HARVESTING
HANGAR SERVICE
CHEMICAL HANDLING SERVERS
B
+0.0m
LEVEL 2 (MEZZANINE) PLAN B
HANGAR SERVICE
A
A WATER TANKS RARE INSECT STORAGE
LIME TREATMENT
INSECT HARVESTING
GANTRY SERVICE
ROOF PARTS
AIR CHAMBER
LIGHTING LIME DRYING
VENTILATION/ ROBOT COOLDOWN HANGAR SERVICE
LIME TREATMENT
B
+10.0m
ROOF PLAN B
FOCUS AREA - VISITOR LOBBY
A
A
B
+18.0m
NORTH ELEVATION
1 3 7 4 5
2
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
REFLECTIVE PERISCOPE RUNWAY/HANGAR FUSELAGE ROOF STRUCTURE PIGMENT PROCESSING VEHICLE ENTRY VEHICLE DEPARTURE PUMPJACK NODE
SECTION AA
KEY PLAN
EAST ELEVATION
1
4 6
7
3 2
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
REFLECTIVE PERISCOPE AIRPLANE WAITING BAY FUSELAGE ROOF STRUCTURE PROTECTIVE LIME PILE INSECT DRYING AIRPLANE DEPARTURE PUMPJACK NODE
SECTION BB
KEY PLAN
A Columbarium of Dark History
LOBBY PLAN D
4
5
4
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CIRCULATION CORES MAIN ENTRANCE OFF RAMP SEATING, WORKSHOP VIEW
2
WASHROOMS ICED TEA BREWING SEATING, LIME PROCESS VIEW COURTYARD AND LOCKERS
6
RECEPTION CHARGING BAY
9 8
C
C
3
7
6
1
-4.5m D
LOBBY CEILING PLAN D
1 2 3 4 5
PIVOT ROOF/SHADE CONTROL FIXED FUSELAGE HABITATS GLAZED CEILING, VIEWING
5
WINDOW RAIN COLLECTION
2
COVERED ENTRY
1 4
C
C
3 Raised Lantern Structure
-4.5m D
LOBBY SECTION CC
ine
-line
t-l
ht g i S e op
Lo
bb
y
Si
Fu
gh
se
t-l
in
lag
e
eS
igh
Perisc
KEY PLAN
LOBBY SECTION DD
e
n -li
t h g
Lo
bb
y
Si
e g a
Si
l
e s u
gh
t-l
F
in
e
KEY PLAN
A Columbarium of Dark History
CLOSED FOR STORM
Q
OPEN FOR SUNLIGHT
A Columbarium of Dark History STRUCTURAL CONCEPT AND CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
Introduction
Construction principles are derived from the need to reuse materials from Drumright’s existing infrastructure, primarily modularized steel structures.
Structural Reclamation Method: Post and Beam from Drumright’s Sacrificed Materials STAGE 1: EXCAVATION
STAGE 2: FRAMING
First, the square footprint is excavated. Lime trenches are tunneled in a continuous process
Abandoned steel framing elements from the town arrive on site with the accomplices to be assembled
ISOMETRIC
Operable airplane fuselages mounted on traditional structure
STRUCTURAL ISOMETRIC
Recycled steel beams and joists are employed for their strength and suitability to the Oklahoma climate.
Excavation Precedent
Cistern
Rain Collection
Modularized fastenings, angles, and parts secure frame
Recycled steel columns are dismantled along with the beams and mounted on reused tire piles which protect from corrosion.
PROGRAM BELOW
40.67m Overall Fuselage Length Based on Boeing 737-800 Fuselage Dimensions
Steel columns provide effective blend of tensile and compressive strength for wind loads
Fulcrum Location (Fuselage left in tact to preserve strength) 32m Grid Connections
Tire foundation piles provide long term stability and protection
Precedent: Terra Cotta Soldier Excavation Structure O N D
2031
2032
2033
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Enabling Projects Drumright’s Deconstruction Funding Approval Sorting Initial Material Planning Consult/Application Pre-Construction Robot Stations Established Runway Layout
Inspiration for the Gatehouse’s structural principles is taken from the excavation site of the Terra Cotta Army. The steel spans covering the excavated trenches in this photo are similar to the approach envisioned for the Gatehouse to Drumright’s mechanical landscape.
PHYSICAL TESTING
Construction Site Excavation Tire Piles In-situ Initial Framing Semi-Envelope Attached Lime Paint Coating Completion is planned for the new year of 2034, commemorating the centennial of Drumright's population decline and the inception of the two reference works.
20
Window Troughs
Fuselages shed rainfall into recycled window and door trough structures. These then divert to main drains connected to a series of cisterns.
2. Foundation
Roadside Drumright
Gatehouse Construction Timeline Overview 2030 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME J F M A M J J A S
Fuselage Diversion
SKIN ABOVE
1. Canopy GRID LAYOUT A grid system based on a 32m square (subdivided based on strength requirements) is employed as it best accommodates existing fuselage dimensions
CONCEPT
Conclusion The synthesis of reused materials and skilled mechanical assembly will be required for the construction process. Areas to investigate include steel connections and the life cycles and structural properties of abundant industrial waste materials such as rubber or the fiberglass fuselage shells.
Reference Footnote https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/23/travel/xian-china-budget-affordable.html https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/420-E-Broadway-St-Drumright-OK/18669884/ https://www.tripadvisor.ca/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g60995-d144846-i200215451-Mammoth_Site_of_Hot_Springs-Hot_Springs_South_Dakota.html
STORM WIND (E)
HATCHES UP
First Vortex Observation
A Columbarium of Dark History FUSELAGE CANTILEVER MECHANISM, KEY ISSUES
Introduction
Structural concepts are explored in finer detail by looking at an isolated grid module (32m square) and how fuselage modules can be attached.
MODULE (32x32m)
EARLY CONCEPT SCHEMATIC TO BE REFINED THROUGH DESIGN PROCESS
N 32m
PIN CONNECTION AND FUNCTION
MIGRATING INSECTS
PHYSICAL TEST
LIGHTING ATTRACTS
32m
\|
Truss Supports Additional Load
WIND TUNNELS IN FUSELAGE TRUSSED FULCRUM
ELEVATION Truss Supports Additional Load
PREVAILING CROSSWIND (S)
8m
Cantilevered Fuselage Lifted by Mechanism
Wind Tunnel testing was carried out to determine ideal amplitudes for creating an insect-capturing vortex in fuselages.
CANTILEVER MECHANISM AND COUNTERWEIGHT
\\
15m
LIME MOUND DEFLECTS WIND
HARVESTING MECHANISM
10m
18m
/\
32m RUBBER TYRE FOUNDATION PILES
32m
\/ PLAN 30m LIME PILE
32m
15m LIME PILE
Key Issues for the Operable Fuselages and Roof Structure 1. Stability and rigidity of fuselage structure after being cut 2. Increased load on structure bearing pivot, fuselage, and counterweight 3. Resistance to high winds captured by fuselage shell
32m
Conclusion Truss Supports Additional Load
Physical tests were conducted to investigate the interaction of wind with building elements. It was determined that the optimal height for wind deflection to collect insects using the lime pile was 15m.
Techniques for insect capture and the fuselage roof structures reaction to wind are tested with physical models and smoke. The observed results are used to inform later iterations of the design and it’s structural feasibility, taking into consideration the large amount of wind loading from Oklahoma’s storms.
A Columbarium of Dark History FUSELAGE MOUNTING, HEIGHT, AND FULCRUM LOCATION
Introduction
Fuselage shells are reused in the roof structure to drive many functions in the projects program, from capturing insects to controlling daylight.
Fuselage Dissection Process
1
Fuselage Hinge Structure - Height vs. Stability (Elevation)
Perspective View - Fuselage Mechanisms Extended
Initial outline cuts are made in fuselage composite shell Initial outline cuts are made in fuselage fiberglass shell
Insect Foraging Ranges of Oklahoman Purple Martins Added Range from Fuselage
2
Once outlined a larger saw is used to cut through structure Once outlined a larger saw is used to cut through structure
Building Height
3
Once cutting is complete a crane lifts the roof element
Helms, J. A. et al. Predator foraging altitudes reveal the structure of aerial insect communities. Sci. Rep. 6, 28670; doi: 10.1038/srep28670 (2016).
Truss Supports Additional Load
Once cutting is complete a crane lifts the roof element
Fuselage Hinge Structure - Height vs. Stability (Plan)
4
The roof element is attached to a pre-built moment frame The roof element is attached to a pre-built moment frame
Truss Supports Additional Load
Due to possible structural compromise occurring from the fuselage dissection, an alternative mounting mechanism is proposed whereby the fuselage shells will not be directly stressed at a single pivot point. Instead, the are mounted on a structural frame with distributed supports creating a more robust structure.
HINGE LOCATION:
Maximizes Height, Less Stability and Counterweight Good Height with Stability and Counterweight
Maximizes Stability and Counterweight, Less Height
5
KEY PLAN
Remaining material is painted and distributed Remaining material is painted and distributed
Hinge location affects structural requirements as well as programmatic functions such as insect yield and access to daylight.
Conclusion
In order to achieve the desired heights for insect harvesting and resilience against winds, the possibility of mounting fuselages on a frame was explored an alternative to leaving them as free-standing structural elements. Construction options are reviewed in detail on the following page.
Reference Footnote https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926167/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhCN8--ed2k&ab_channel=SamChui
A Columbarium of Dark History FUSELAGE LIFTING SYSTEMS
Introduction
The options for manipulating fuselage shells for insect capture in the roof evolved throughout the design process. The progression is illustrated below.
OPTION 1: Independently Pivoting Fuselages on Truss
OPTION 2: Connected Fuselage Series on Pivoting Frame
OPTION 3: Braced Fuselages Grouped on Pivot Truss
Isometric
Isometric
Isometric
Fuselages are operated independently by individual mechanisms.
Fuselages are operated simultaneously on moving structural frame.
Fuselages are operated simultaneously as a single element on moment frame
PROS AND CONS OF FUSELAGE LIFT SYSTEMS OPTION 1: PROS
- Independent articulation of fuselages could increase yields - More specificity in daylight control - Less material in support structure - Smaller torque is needed for lifting individual fuselages - Makes good use of existing structural properties of the fuselage.
OPTION 1: CONS
- More management and upkeep for individual mechanisms - More susceptible to storms and wind events - Less stable roof structure overall - Possible increased energy demand due to preponderance of mechanisms - Generally more complicated to operate - Greater likelihood of error in construction
OPTION 2: PROS Elevation
Elevation
Elevation
Foraging height requirements can only be reached with large cantilever.
Foraging height reached with less strain but more structure.
Foraging height achieved by raising frame and efficient grouping of counterweight
Braced Together Along Undersides
- Larger surface area can be elevated to foraging height, improving yields - Less susceptible to weather events - Less articulating elements require less resources - Reduced complexity in operating and reacting to conditions
OPTION 2: CONS
- Less control over individual areas of roof - Less ability to react to weather patterns and insect migrations - More structural material required - Greater complexity in structural design stage
OPTION 3: PROS
- Greater ease of management and upkeep - Stronger roof structure than Option 1 - Lighter structure allows for higher pivot and foraging height, improving yields - Least susceptible to weather events - Simplified design and operation, fewest moving elements - Makes best use of existing structural properties of the fuselage.
Counterweight Calculations for Typical B-737 Fuselage Modules The deconstructed fuselage shell weight of the most common module in the building, the Boeing 737, is approx. 5,500kg according to the Torenbeek reference cited. The fulcrum is placed such that 3520kg (64% of overall area) of the mass cantilevers on the 30m long side while 1980kg remains at the 10.5m tail. To maximize structural and operational efficiency, the moments must be balanced about the fulcrum. 3520kg(30m) = 1980kg(10.5m) + CW(10.5m) → CW = [3520kg(30m) - 1980kg(10.5m)] ÷ 10.5m = 8077kg Therefore counterweights from construction byproducts of 8,077kg ÷ 1,220kg/m³ = 6.62m³ of Dirt, 8,077kg ÷ 1,555kg/m³ = 5.19m³ of Sand, which will easily fit into the 90m³ shell housing for the tail counterweight. 10.5m Moment Length
OPTION 3: CONS
- Less control over individual areas of roof - Least customizable, strict layout
Option 3 is most desirable from a building construction standpoint.
30m Moment Length 90m³ Enclosed to house Counterweight
Conclusion
Fulcrum Location (Full monocoque left to preserve strength) 1980kg 84m² (36% of Shell)
3520kg 147m² (64% of Shell)
KEY PLAN
Through multiple design process iterations it was determined that while Option 1 is feasible, Option 3 is the most desirable from the standpoint of operation and maintenance. It makes best use of the fuselages inherent structural qualities and minimizes degrees of freedom, therefore delivering the greatest efficiency.
Reference Footnote Torenbeek, E. (1990). Synthesis of subsonic airplane design. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dirt-mud-densities-d_1727.html https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/97148/st1.cfm
Introduction
A revision of the fuselage mounting schematic has been made to improve structural efficiency and operational requirements.
Conclusion
By slightly overbalancing the tail, it becomes possible for the structure itself to work for the building, as the fuselage will naturally open when a cable is released.
Connection Detail and Bracing for Fuselages Set Above Superstructure
A Columbarium of Dark History CANTILEVER MECHANISM DEVELOPMENT
Improved Schematic for Greater Efficiency in Fuselage Operability
Default Position
Lightened Semi-monocoque True Monocoque at Tail Retains Strength Open Semimonocoque for Insect Capture
Steel Cable Knife-edge Pivots
Knife-edge Pivot
Counterweight Overbalances Tail
Fuselage Structure in Tension when Closed Added Bracing
Added Bracing
Pulley True Monocoque at Tail Retains Strength
Boom Stopper
Braced to Superstructure
Flywheel
Trusses Support Added Fuselage Dead Load Braced to Superstructure
Added Piles Carry Fuselage Dead Load
A Columbarium of Dark History FOUNDATIONS AND LOAD PATH
Introduction
The Gatehouse's foundations are mounted on stable limestone, which is helpful for resistance to wind loads. The pile requirements are explored below.
Foundation Wall Precedent
Foundation Concept 1
2
Excavate
The primary dead load which the building’s structure must support comes from the fuselage roof structure. Foundation placement, number of piles, and steel section size are all derived form the roof structure loads being carried to the ground. Depending on the fuselage module being supported weight varies quite drastically by unit, from under 7000lbs (3000kg) for the smallest commercial F-28s, 12,000lbs (5500kg) for Boeing 737s, to 72,000lbs (32,000kg) for Boeing 747s. These weights are derived from Torenbeek, Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, Table 8-5, pictured below.
3
Shore
Loading from Fuselage Weights
Bury
Recycled steel columns are dismantled along with the beams and mounted on reused tire piles which protect from corrosion. The buildings excavated limestone sub-floor is also shored using rubber tires from dismantled automobiles for foundation walls to create the network of lime trenches seen below.
Typical Load Path Diagram
Groins to Support Lime Pile In order to keep persistent winds from eroding excavated lime pigment piles, a series of groin supports are employed to shore up and stabilize the base material.
Tire Foundation Walls Striated Rammed Earth
Fuselage weight is the primary dead load which the structure must carry
32m
Foundation Pile Groups
Wind loading is minimal while fuselages are raised Steel cable cross bracing stabilizes with tensile strength Steel columns and beams carry primary loads Circulation core provides additional support Pile foundations transfer loads into limestone
Foundation Loading and Pile Number Calculations B-747 @ 32,000kg x 0.5 (top only) x 0.0098kN/kg = 157kN B-737 @ 5,500kg x 0.5 (top only) x 0.0098kN/kg = 27kN F-28 @ 3,000kg x 0.5 (top only) x 0.0098kN/kg = 15kN
Shell Weight:
According to the structural engineering standard of 500kN axial load for a typical foundation pile and a total live load and slab load of 5kN/m², the following calculation shows the foundation capacity for a given fuselage type. 5kN/m² x 1000m²/column = 5000kN so typical foundation has 10 piles. For each additional pile (500kN), a roof structure can be added consisting of... 3 B-747 Shells (471kN) 18 B-737 Shells (486kN) 33 F-28 Shells (495kN)
Conclusion
The Gatehouse's foundation combines traditional pile foundations with alternative techniques in rammed earth and re-purposing rubber tires to create foundation walls. Based on primary dead loads from the fuselage roof structure and live load from building processes appropriate pile numbers are determined.
Reference Footnote http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Groynes https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/60374/what-is-the-weight-of-the-fuselage-only-of-the-boeing-747
A Columbarium of Dark History STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW AND SECTION SIZES
Introduction
Because construction relies on structural steel material salvaged from Drumright's disassembly, multiple section sizes are used in different areas.
Steel Section Size Calculations
STRUCTURAL PLAN
General Columns
Lobby Columns
The steel sections sizes appropriate for a given area of the Gatehouse are determined with reference to the Steel for Life Blue Book based on the calculated axial force the member needs to withstand.
General Columns (10m max. Unsupported) Program Only: Max. Live Load = 5kN/m², Max. Supported Area = 1024m² 5kN/m²(1024m²) = 5120kN Compression Resistance → UC 305x305x198 Program + Roof: Program Load = 5120kN, Max. Roof Load = 8 B-747 Fus. 5120kN + 8(157kN) = 6376kN Comp. Resistance → UC 305x305x240
Program + Roof
Program Only
Lobby Columns (8m max. Unsupported) Glazing Dead Load = 1kN/m², Max. Live Load = 1.92kN/m², Max. Supported Area = 256m², 2.92kN/m²(256m²) = 748kN Max. Roof Load = 4 B-737 Fuselages 4(27kN) = 108kN 748kN + 108kN = 856kN Compression Resistance → UC 152x152x44
General Beams (32m max. Unsupported) Max. Live Load = 5kN/m², Max. Supported Area = 205m² 5kN/m²(205m²) = 1025kN Compression Resistance → UB 610x305x238
STRUCTURAL ELEVATION
Lobby Beams
General Beams
Lobby Beams (32m max. Unsupported) Glazing Dead Load = 1kN/m², Max. Live Load = 1.92kN/m², Max. Supported Area = 256m², 2.92kN/m²(256m²) = 748kN Max. Roof Load = 4 B-737 Fuselages 4(27kN) = 108kN 748kN + 108kN = 856kN Compression Resistance → UB 610x305x145
Conclusion
This preliminary analysis reveals the opportunity for use of a variety of steel section sizes in the Gatehouse's construction. Areas with smaller unsupported heights such as the basement (4.5m) and smaller spans such as the enclosed program rooms could make use of other sizes of salvaged steel.
Reference Footnote https://www.steelforlifebluebook.co.uk/
A Columbarium of Dark History OPERABLE PERISCOPE CONCEPT
Introduction
One of the primary programmatic requirements is for operable sheets of recycled glass to deflect light and wind for paint-drying in the airplane hangar.
Periscope Layout: Single Lime Reflector and Multiple Paint Dryers
Pivoting Capabilities: Rotation Captures Wind and Light Isometric
Plan
Airplane runway reaches destination at operable periscope. Reflective surface dries paint while simultaneously reflecting a view of the oil field.
Reused wings from accomplices provide tensile support from above mirror
Airplane Wing Beams
Polished Glass Fragments form Periscope Surface
Repurposed Steel Framing with Engineered Trusses
Front Elevation PHYSICAL TEST
Periscope reflection visible at a distance.
Side Elevation Pivoting structure allows periscope to take advantage of wind and light conditions to assist with accomplice painting.
PHYSICAL TEST
The periscope moderates temperatures in the open-air hangar by closing on extremely hot days and heating to the optimal range of 30°C on cooler days.
Conclusion
KEY PLAN
The periscopes provide a unique structural challenge as the large operable components of the building. As such, the most efficient and simplified structural solution is sought through economy of materials and the most suitable structural components, namely the high load-bearing aircraft wings.
A Columbarium of Dark History OPERABLE PERISCOPE CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
The operable periscope's construction is explored in greater detail. The axial load bearing capacity of repurposed wing beams determine its ability to function.
Periscope Operation, Counterweight, and Wing Beam Loading
Pivot Mechanism, Wings Mounted on Slewing Ring
The paint-drying periscope is supported using Boeing 737 and Airbus A380 wings as beams. The wings are designed to withstand large wind loads while in flight and are therefore well equipped to carry the substantial structural loads. Load-bearing capacity of each wing is calculated using the wind load formula below.
The mechanism which allows the periscope to open is a set steel slewing rings designed to withstand radial (self-weight) and moment (wind) loading.
Fw (Wind Load) = 1/2 ρ (Air Density) v² (Wind Speed) A (Surface Area of Leading Edge)
→ For A380 wings - 1/2(1.225kg/m³)(224m/s)²(78.5m²) = 2353kN → For B737 wings - 1/2(1.225kg/m³)(224m/s)²(26.4m²) = 791kN
Therefore a combined wing beam can carry roughly 3150kN of periscope load The 1283m² of periscope structure each set of wing beams must support produces a typical light structure dead load of 2.4kN/m² → 1283m²(2.4kN/m²) = 3079kN Conclusion: 3150kN > 3079kN so each wing beam is able to fully support the area of periscope structure required.
KEY PLAN
Slewing Ring
PERISCOPE STRUCTURE Flywheel Drive Rotates Steel Pivot Shaft
Detail View
PERISCOPE SECTION
COUNTERWEIGHT LOADING
18m
Height-Variable Bus Frame Counterweights
20m 32m
Wing Skin Monocoque Acts as Tensile Beam
Conclusion Wing Structure Mounted on Slewing Ring
Following an analysis of the wind load forces which the wings must resist at cruising speed, it has been determined that their structural properties will allow them to support the weight of the periscope. Rotation is achieved by mounting the wing beams on a support shaft with a pivoting slewing ring.
Reference Footnote https://www.skf.com/binaries/pub12/Images/0901d196809590fe-Slewing-bearings_tcm_12-513670.pdf
A Columbarium of Dark History LOBBY ROOF OVERVIEW
Introduction
The key area within the Gatehouse on which construction development was focused is the submerged visitor lobby, one of the few spaces for human use.
Structural Requirements for Hovering Lobby Fuselage Struts
Lighting Conditions from Staggering Mounting Height
The secondary structure mounted of the lobby roof supports both B-737 and F-28 fuselages. The HSS steel section sizes required for individual struts are determined from the calculations below with reference to the Steel For Life Blue Book.
It was determined that the initial design of coplanar fuselages added needless precision in the construction process, while staggering facilitates daylighting.
B-737 Load = 27kN on 5 Struts → 27kN/5 = 5.4kN in axial load, therefore vertical HSS element @ 2.5m Max. Unsupported → 33.7mm Circular Hollow Section Horizontal elements divide load over two contact points (5.4kN/2) at a distance of 2m → 5.4kN/2(2m) = 5.4kN Bending Moment → 80x40 Rectangular Section F-28 Load = 15kN on 3 Struts → 15kN/3 = 5.0kN in axial load, therefore vertical HSS element @ 2.0m Max. Unsupported → 26.9mm Circular Hollow Section Horizontal elements divide load over two contact points (5kN/2) at a distance of 1.4m → 5kN/2(1.4m) = 3.6kN Bending Moment → 60x40 Rectangular Section →
Construction Sections
LOBBY ROOF STRUCTURE Staggered Fuselage Shells Create Optimal Daylighting
INITIAL COPLANAR FUSELAGES STAGGERED
KEY PLAN
LIGHTING CONDITIONS IMPROVED BY STAGGERING
Reused Window 'Troughs' Collect Rain and Attract Wildlife
Braced HSS Struts Support Mounted to Lobby Structure
Conclusion
The lobby showcases the fuselage roof structures used throughout the site for visitors to gain an understanding of harvesting processes and node construction. Structural members in the roof as well as fuselage window openings filter light into the lobby to enhance the experience of the reflective lime excavation below.
Introduction
The key issue in the general construction section through the lobby was resolving the connection between the airplane fuselages and roof structure.
Conclusion
The fuselages are hovered on steel struts above the glazed roof to filter daylight into the lobby below while simultaneously providing habitats to wildlife.
A Columbarium of Dark History LOBBY ROOF CONSTRUCTION SECTION
LOCATION
Detail B
Detail A Detail C
Detail D
Introduction
The details called out on the previous construction section are further resolved below, focusing on fuselage connections and roof joints.
DETAIL A
Conclusion
Fuselages are suspended above the lobby superstructure on struts and are fastened with bolted connections. Rainwater collection gutters are key at joints.
DETAIL B
A Columbarium of Dark History LOBBY ROOF DETAILS
DETAIL C
DETAIL D
Introduction
The internal experience of the lobby is created through reused airliner seating with specific site lines to the building processes, lime piles, and periscope.
Conclusion
This construction section shows the curtain wall strategy at the lime pile boundary through which visitors can view its processing. It also opens at night for ventilation.
LOCATION
Detail E
A Columbarium of Dark History LOBBY CURTAIN WALL CONSTRUCTION SECTION
Introduction
Once more the key detail focuses on the roof joint where rainfall runoff is collected in a gutter for use in industrial process like paint mixing and part cleaning.
DETAIL E
Conclusion
The operable curtain wall is powered by a drive engine which engages a lift arm, opening the structure to allow cool night air to pass through the lobby.
A Columbarium of Dark History LOBBY CURTAIN WALL DETAIL
1.
2.
3.
1. Fluorescent Lamps 3200 Lumens per Tube 2. Incandescent Light Bulbs 800 Lumens per Bulb 3. Reused Navigation Lamps 200 Lumens per Light
A Columbarium of Dark History PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING FABRIC AND ORIENTATION
Introduction
The project's design, informed by physical experiments and testing, reacts to and redirects many aspects of Oklahoma’s tumultuous environmental conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTIONS: DRUMRIGHT GATEHOUSE
DRY BULB TEMP.
DRUMRIGHT
KEY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS Outdoor Temperatures: Winter - Mean daytime high: 10°C, Mean Nighttime Low: 0°C Summer - Mean daytime high: 35°C, Mean Nighttime Low: 22°C Precipitation: Annual Rainfall ~ 1000mm over 70 days. Annual Snowfall ~ 150mm over 6 days. Annual Days of Sun ~ 230 days.
Daylight Control
Wind: The site is prone to strong winds and tornadoes with an average windspeed above 20km/h in the spring and a handful of days with speeds above 60km/h. Tornadoes also tend to form at this time of year.
Insulated Lobby
Sunbath Seating
Solar Reflection
Reflective Lime Excavation
Pollution: Air quality is quite good (US AQI: 34) thanks to the rural location. However, abandoned oil wells on the site are an environmental concern and a possible source of contamination.
Material Repurposing
KEY INDOOR CRITERIA
NODES
Insect Harvesting
Grassland Management
Lime Pile Membrane
Sun Path Drumright, OK 2021, All months
Natural Ventilation
Wind Rose Drumright, OK 1994-2015, All months
Sun-drying Lime
1. Carefully managed light conditions for workspaces and insect harvesting using articulated roof elements. 2. Insulated lobby space for human visitors to the site. ENERGY SOURCES Wind: The site has consistently strong winds which could aid in the functioning of the building (paint drying, insect harvesting, natural ventilation).
Green Burial Site
Environmental Conditions to Achieve 1. Overall ecological reclamation and cooling of oil field site 2. Carefully managed light conditions for workspaces, insect harvesting 3. Temperature and humidity controlled spaces for painting, insect storage
Key Elements for Achieving Conditions -
Grassland sanctuary from decomposing material, solar reflectivity from lime Reflectivity and albedo from reclaimed materials, lime, absorbance from oil Maintained via thermal/vapor membranes, natural ventilation, and light control
Conclusion
The east-west orientation of the building's slope is on plane with the site's most frequent storm paths and perpendicular to prevailing winds and sunlight. This allows maximal control of environmental conditions for paint-drying, insect capture, and lighting, while allowing airplanes to land into headwinds.
Reference Footnote https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/oklahoma/drumright-873308/ https://weatherspark.com/y/8933/Average-Weather-in-Drumright-Oklahoma-United-States-Year-Round https://www.bestplaces.net/climate/city/oklahoma/drumright https://www.weather-us.com/en/oklahoma-usa/drumright-climate#temperature
A Columbarium of Dark History ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS
Introduction
Environmental concepts in the building were informed by primary site factors of wind and sun. Design of the environmental features references these factors.
BUILDING FRAGMENT: Environmental Features
Crosswind Redirection
CLOSED ROOF
DAY (TYP.)
Solar Reflection
Storm Wind Deflection Shade Cover
Prevailing Crosswind Ventilation
OPEN ROOF
NIGHT (TYP.)
On Plane for Headwind
Directs Crosswinds and Insects Below
Lunar Light Traps Workspace Lighting
Operable Periscope
Lime Curing
Grease Reused for Operable Elements
Lime Pile Membrane
Paint Drying
Erosion Groyne Support
Solar Reflection
Operable Roof
Lime and Insect Sun Drying
Insect Harvesting
Lime Extraction
Conclusion
Carefully controlling the influence of the external environment on interior conditions allows for energy expenditure of the building’s functions to be minimized. The building's form and orientation leverages environmental conditions of the site and its own material qualities to accomplish this goal.
A Columbarium of Dark History PERFORMANCE STRATEGIES
Introduction
Based on available resources and the particular environmental conditions unique to the site, a hybrid approach to environmental strategies is explored. INPUTS
OUTPUTS
ENVIRONMENT
Benefits of Direct Reuse over Recycling and Melting Scrap While the aviation industry typically sells out of use planes to melted down as scrap metal, the project conceptualizes new was to reuse elements thus saving the energy that would be needed for the recycling process. As a rule, the recycling process requires roughly 10% of the initial embodied energy in a material to process it for new applications. Therefore, taking a typical 32,000kg 737 Fuselage alone, leaving aside the numerous other plane components, the following energy costs associated with recycling it's aluminum are calculated.
WIND Insects
SUN
Protein
Water Purification
Paint Drying Ventilation
Vehicles
Robot Photovoltaics
Reflectivity Vortex Trap Formation
EARTH
Direct reuse of the fuselage alone displaces over 35 tonnes of carbon.
Insulation
ENERGY CYCLING
Lime Pigment
Thermal Control
35 Tonnes of Carbon/ Fuselage
Storm Protection
Industrial Processes
Lime Drying
1 Fuselage with Wings (32,000kg@11.0kgCO2e/kg = 352,000kgCO2e) x .10 = 35,200kgCO2e
Water Filtration
Water Collection
Passive Heating
Passive Cooling
Airplanes
RAIN
Net Zero for Material Application
Reuse Strategies: Flitch Plate for Extending Old Steel
Foraging
Steel Flitch Plate Building Services Residual Motor Oil and Gasoline
Mechanical Landscape Creation
Houses
Grassland Reestablishment
Industrial Reuse
DVW Glued on Timber Cleats Variable Length Steel Sections
Decomposition of Drumright
Memorial 1. Lime Excavation
LIME PIGMENT LIFECYCLE
Raw material from construction process
8. Pigment Silos
SOLAR CHARGING PROCESS
11. Distribution
Prepared pigment stored in ventilated silos
2. Lime Grinding
Painted materials distributed throughout the landscape
Stone pulverized to isolate lime
10. Painting
Galvanized Sleeve Bolts
3. Sorting
Separation from aggregate
4. Homogenizing Sorting lime particles into uniform sizes
Washers
9. Paint Mixing
Rainwater added to pigment with alum salt
5. Pre-Calcination
Preheating and aeration before drying
6. Sun-Drying
Pigment chunks laid on roof “scales” to sun dry
7. Pigment Separation Chunks sifted through progressively smaller filters
Conclusion
Environmental energy sources are combined with the traditional resources arriving on site through a radical reuse economy. This maximizes the amount of material suitable for use in construction or building processes while ensuring that the program has a consistent and efficient energy supply.
Reference Footnote https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flitch_beam https://www.nordkalk.com/products/product-information/production-process/#:~:text=Limestone%20is%20extracted%20from%20the,the%20hardness%20of%20the%20rock.&text=In%20the%20grinding%20process%20the,tiles%20and%20flue%20gas%20desulphurisation. https://www.lime.org/lime-basics/how-lime-is-made/
A Columbarium of Dark History RAINWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
Introduction
Reused fuselage roof structures lend themselves to a rainwater collection strategy as the rounded shells deflect water to the sides.
SECTION AA FRAGMENT: RAINWATER COLLECTION
- Drumright
CONCEPT
Fuselage Diversion
Window Troughs
Cistern W/C's Below
1000mm of Rainfall per annum
Isometric Fuselages shed rainfall into recycled window and door trough structures. These then divert to main drains connected to a series of cisterns.
Fuselage Diversion
Plane Window Troughs
Cistern
150kL Cistern per Roof Unit
Main Drain
Plan Rain flowing from fuselage, trough, main, cistern.
Rainwater Provided to Building through Harvesting
Key Elements for Achieving Capacity
Total roof area of 25,600m², with ~15,000m² suitable for harvesting At 1000mm rainfall per anum, 15,000m² x 1000mm = 15,000m³ x 1000L/m³ Throughout year 15,000,000L of rainwater will fall on fuselage area
Craftsmanship of window troughs will be key in achieving maximum capture Storage strategy and overflow must be considered for sudden large rainfalls Maintaining operability in fuselage structures during storms to divert excess
Conclusion
Based on weather data there is great potential for the building to capture and use rainwater in many of its functions, especially as rainfall is quite consistent throughout the year. Oversized troughs are specified as the site is susceptible to occasional storms with high-volume downpours.
Reference Footnote https://climate.ok.gov/index.php/climate/county_climate_by_county/creek
Introduction
Conclusion
Environmental design was further informed through the production of a physical model which was tested against simulated site-specific wind conditions. The same model was used to investigate the interaction between the excavated lime material and the light and shade conditions generated by the building.
Form Reaction to Different Wind Directions WITH OPEN HATCHES
Wind simulations provided insight into orientation effects and structural requirements. Most importantly they revealed how the excavated lime piles surrounding the building can increase wind flow through key areas. Wind further assists in lighting as pigment particles can diffuse natural light when suspended in moving currents.
Lime Pile Optimization for Crosswind (S) Harvesting WITH CLOSED HATCHES
NO LIMEPILE
S
8m LIMEPILE IDEAL VENTILATION CONDITION
SE
15m LIMEPILE
30m LIMEPILE E
IDEAL TORNADO CONDITION
The buildings periscope structure was minimally effected by the prevailing southerly winds, making its orientation optimal for cross-ventilating the hangar and painting areas. As winds progress towards an easterly heading, the periscope will need to withstand greater wind loading. With tornadoes typically arriving from the east, the periscope structure can effectively subvert wind loads by closing for such events.
Through physical wind simulations it was determined that the optimal lime pile height for both storm deflection and insect harvesting is roughly 20m.
Light Conditions Manipulated through Lime Reflectance
A Columbarium of Dark History WIND AND LIGHT CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTATION
A Columbarium of Dark History WIND ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FORMS
Introduction
Based on initial physical studies of air flow interacting with the building further investigations of wind loading and vortex formation were carried out.
STORM WIND (E)
HATCHES UP
OVERALL: OPEN CONFIGURATION
INITIAL TEST: HATCHES UP
INITIAL TEST: HATCHES DOWN
OVERALL: CLOSED CONFIGURATION
First Vortex Observation
Storm Simulation from the East With and Without Limepile STORM WIND (E)
HATCHES DOWN
PREVAILING WINDS
PREVAILING WINDS
NATURAL VORTEX CREATION
Greater Wind Loading
Smaller Wind Loading
Unprotected by Lime Pile
Protected by Lime Pile
Vortex Creation and Applications Based on the observation of vortex formation in physical experiments and the thematic connection to the site’s tornadoes, one of the environmental focuses of the project became the manipulation of wind currents and vortex formation to benefit the building. The protective lime pile is observed to give good cover from the E-W storm winds, but may also be used to direct prevailing (S) wind flow into the roof structure's airplane fuselages to create vortex 'traps' for insects.
Conclusion
The building’s lime pile and roof structure both provide opportunities to direct natural wind flow for ventilation and insect harvesting. By manipulating the height of the pile and the configuration of fuselage 'spines,' it will be possible to create optimal pressure conditions for the building's functions.
Reference Footnote https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_shedding
A Columbarium of Dark History WIND ANALYSIS OF FUSELAGE CONFIGURATIONS
Introduction
A detailed analysis of the avg.10m/s crosswind during harvest season was made on fuselage configurations using CFD software to supplement physical tests.
AIR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
AIR PRESSURE VECTOR
AIR PRESSURE
PRESSURE VECTOR
AIR VELOCITY
VELOCITY VECTOR
PHYSICAL TEST
Negative Pressure
AIR VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
AIR VELOCITY VECTOR
Reversed Velocity Vector for Insect Capture
Optimized for Insect Capture
CONCEPT Vortex Shedding
Shed Vortex Reaches Second Fuselage
PHYSICAL TEST Configuration Maximizes Negative Pressure Volume
Vortex Shedding to Capture Insects Analysis of cylindrical fuselage structures in wind tunnel conditions reveals the commonly observed phenomenon of vortex shedding.
Conclusion
A deeper analysis of the physical phenomenon of vortex shedding in cylindrical structures can be applied to the fuselage roof system. Vortex shedding has possible applications for insect capture, and the optimal configuration for creating low pressure 'traps' is derived through a series of tests.
A Columbarium of Dark History EXCAVATED LIMESTONE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Environmental regulation of the Gatehouse is achieved through a study of the specific material properties of the limestone footprint.
Internal Environment of Mass Limestone Basement Space
Managing Summer Heat and Maintaining Comfort Zone with Thermal Mass
The limestone excavation making up a large part of the inhabitable building area has specific material qualities which will affect the internal environment of the Gatehouse's basement. Of particular importance is limestone's hydrophilic property which contributes to the management of humidity in the basement, as the stone surface is able to absorb excess vapour in the air. The climatic conditions suitable for limestone longevity are mapped onto the psychrometric chart containing Drumright's hourly weather data below.
The primary method of climatic control in the Gatehouse relies on the excellent heat capacity of the excavated limestone basement to create a night purging process for thermal regulation. Because limestone has one of the highest specific heat capacities of any building material (over 1000 J/kg.k) the basement will have an extremely large thermal mass.
Relative Temperature/Humidity%: 30 - 60% Dry Bulb Temperature Range: 0 - 35°C
Optimal Conditions for Internal Limestone
DRUMRIGHT CLIMATE PSYCHROMETRIC
Psychrometric Chart INDICATOR: Dry Bulb: -15.00 °C Rel Humidity: 100.00% Abs Humidity: 1.01589 g/kg Vap Pressure: 0.1653 kPa Air Volume: 0.73221 m3/kg Enthalpy: -12.5776 kJ/kg Dew Point: -15.00 °C Wet Bulb: -15.00 °C
Lag and Dampening of T° Extremes from Thermal Mass
The process makes use of articulating reflective roof elements to shield this mass from the warming effects of solar radiation during the day. Overnight, as cool air begins to pass through the site, these elements open to allow any thermal gains from the previous day to escape and restore the cooling capacity of the limestone below, which again serves to cool the building throughout the following day. This process of thermal damping is visualized in the adjacent Greenspec temperature graph.
Temperature/Humidity Distribution Hrs 100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
g/kg
50%
CLOSED TO PROTECT FROM DAYTIME HEAT
35
40%
OPEN FOR NIGHT PURGING
30
Grid: 0 Hrs
30%
Appropriate Strategies to Maintain Comfort
25
20
NT
Limestone Manages Humid Climate Hours
L
20%
VE
15
A UR
Absolute Humidity (g/kg)
N
O
I AT IL
T NA
10
COMFORT ZONE PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
HEATING DAYS
10%
MASS COOLING & NIGHT VENTILATION
5
143
1 Hrs
0 -15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Thermal Regulation of Visitor Lobby
25
30
35
40
45
°C
Solar Radiation
MORNING CONDITION: ALLOW LIGHT
AFTERNOON CONDITION: MAINTAIN SHADE
8am 5-15°C Seasonally
4pm 15-30°C Seasonally
NIGHT PURGING (FLY WHEEL COOLING) CONCEPT
Conclusion
Limestone manages humidity through hydrophilic absorption to maintain the comfort level in visitor spaces. Simultaneously it's thermal mass capacity allows for regulation of temperatures throughout the sites hottest days using a purging process to eliminate the need for mechanical ventilation.
Reference Footnote Macquoy, B. “Natural ventilation based bioclimatic redevelopment.” (2014). https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/psychro-chart2d.html Walker, R., Wilson, K., Lee, A. et al. Preservation of York Minster historic limestone by hydrophobic surface coatings. Sci Rep 2, 880 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00880 https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/thermal-mass/
A Columbarium of Dark History PLANE DOOR SUN-DRYING SCALES
Introduction
One of the building's key environmental features are the many airplane component drying 'scales' which are used to process lime and insects during hot summers.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOMETRIC
ISOMETRIC OF DRYING SCALES
FASTENING SCHEMATIC
Support Joists
Boeing 737 Door Module Doors rest on Beam
Removable Attachment Bracket
Section Details
Fastening Close-up
Sliding Pin Bolts fasten Door Modules to Bracket and Roof Structure
Removable Attachment Bracket
Conclusion
Brackets and Joist connect to the Primary Roof Structure
TOMATO SUN-DRYING TRAYS PRECEDENT
Much like the trays used in the process of sun-drying tomatoes, doors from the disassembled airplanes are fastened to the roof structure helping materials absorb sunlight while providing shade below. Using a detachable bracket allows the doors to be repositioned based on harvest yields and seasonal conditions.
Reference Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6R21t4jWLU https://www.theproducenerd.com/2016/11/the-making-of-sun-dried-tomatoes/
A Columbarium of Dark History ENTREPRENEURIALISM IN DRUMRIGHT'S (AFTER)LIFESPAN
Introduction
The project’s entrepreneurial vision for the future leverages the abandoned town and oil field to benefit the nearby populations in Tulsa and Oklahoma City.
(After)Lifespan of Drumright + the Oil Field
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
- Population Deficit Crisis - Severe Storms
- Town Dismantled - Gatehouse Excavated
- Tech. Companions + Accomplices Take Over
- Gatehouse Completed - Mech. Landscape Begins
- Last Home Decon. - Locust Plagues
How the Death of Drumright Supports Population Centres As the population of Drumright dwindles along with the oil industry, the project seeks to replace an unsustainable and damaging economic system with a socially and environmentally responsible township for re-purposing industrial materials and sourcing protein. Inhabitants in the surrounding cities receive seasonal allotments for land in the oil field where Nodding Donkey nodes facilitate the reclamation and rejuvenation of the surrounding environment. This is achieved through the attraction of insects which form the base of a new ecological food pyramid, using white-painted industrial materials to mimic moonlight which directs their migration and establishing tall grasslands in which they thrive.
Tulsa
Mechanical Landscape: Node Lifespan
Oklahoma City 110km away Pop. 1.4million
Drumright 60km away Pop. 1million
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2010 Summary File 1 - population by census tract
Entrepreneurial Concept: Climate Benefit and Insect Attraction from Excavation Bi-product and Disused Materials You see signs by the road in Oklahoma saying “dirt for sale”... Oh I’d like to get inside that guys mind and look around for an hour... This guy sees opportunity at every glance man!
E
AL
F
S OR
Hmm... Maybe Oklahoma lime could actually be used to protect from climate volatility while providing economic benefits locally...
Bill Hicks, 1986
Attracted Insects as a Source of Efficient Protein The white-painted elements of the mechanical landscape create reflective light islands, distracting various insects off of migratory flight paths. Attracted insects, particularly crickets and locusts, form the base of food pyramid providing lowcarbon protein and establishing a positive future role for industrial objects.
Insect/animal
Energy Protein Carbohy (kcal)
(g)
House cricket
134
12.9
Grasshopper
96
14.3
Silkworm pupae
127
12.2
Scarab beetle
98
13.4
Giant water bug
182
19.8
Beef (boiled)
218
27.6
Fish (boiled)
130
19.2
Eggs (boiled)
143
12.5
Adapted from Yhoung-Aree and Viwantpanich (2005).
Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security
1kg of Cricket
1kg of Cattle
From 1.7kg feed
From 10kg feed
DeFoliart, Gene R. "Insects as human food". www.food-insects.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
DeFoliart, Gene R. "Insects as human food". www.food-insects.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Conclusion
Bill Gates, 2021
With abandonment and decay awaiting Drumright in the near future, the entrepreneurial challenge of re-tooling its existing infrastructure must make use of local resources. Native insects and pests are attracted as a new revenue source while excavated lime pigment is used to address the worsening climate.
Reference Footnote https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/f056677c-8b2f-11eb-8f69-0367b6f4fca7?shareToken=e3a9b2f19ed0a577822220a34619d1b8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvEj2GL_hDU&t=144s&ab_channel=VergeScience https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2010population DeFoliart, Gene R. "Insects as human food". www.food-insects.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
A Columbarium of Dark History CIRCULAR ECONOMIES AND MATERIAL END-OF-LIFE
Introduction
Processes which deliver the Mechanical Landscape are designed to be selfsupporting, generating ecological growth and revenue streams into the future.
Circular Economy Flowchart: Setting Up a Regenerative Process
End of Life: Drumright’s Buildings
The first stage in the circular economy involves industrial processes, disassembling components and treating chemicals for resale on the broader aviation and transport markets. Leftover materials from disassembly such as the fuselage structures (which would typically be scrapped) are reused in the construction and reclamation processes. These create secondary cycles for future revenue creation from insect protein and well cleanups.
One of the key issues addressed through the project is the swath of abandoned homes Drumright produces each year. Inspired by Alan Wiesman’s “The World Without Us,” the simple act of deconstruction speeds the process of ecologies return while providing greater surface area for reflecting the sun’s rays. RAINWATER
1 SECONDHAND RESALE
REVENUE
REFURBISHING
NODE PONDS LIME EXCAVATION
PIGMENT MIXING
2
MATERIAL PURCHASE
Homes are transported into the landscape to create the burial node for the owner at a pumpjack
VALUED
REVENUE
WELL CLEANUP
Initial disassembly of the walls to start reflection and decomposition, roof shelter for working under
FILTRATION INPUTS
CLEANING
AIRPLANES DISASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
MATERIALS
VALUELESS
CONSTRUCTION
FUNCTIONING
OILFIELD RECLAMATION
3
VEHICLES HAZARDOUS INSECT ATTRACTION
As time passes the roof structure is no longer required. Pieces are fully disassembled and spread to maximize area
REVENUE
STORAGE FUEL
REVENUE
SUN-DRYING
PROCESSING
SOLD TO THIRD PARTY
Conclusion
RE-REFINED SUNLIGHT
Through a series of regenerating processes and circular economies the project envisions a realistic future where Drumrights oil field can become a natural resource once more. Returning the “accomplices” and materials of industry to the landscape they arose from provides the framework for this new ecology.
Reference Footnote https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6VH59QxPlI
A Columbarium of Dark History SOCIAL CONTEXT, PUBLIC LAND AND HUNTING CULTURE
Introduction
The societal context is heavily influenced by the ecological setting, the great plains. The proposal plays on the existing local culture in which wild animals have been hunted as a source of sustainable nutrition for many years. Reintroduced fauna along with attracted insects will expand hunting practices into the future.
Fauna Supported by New Influx of Insect Protein
Native Plant Species Conducive to Insect Populations
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
5.
6.
7.
8.
With the new influx of insect protein, various fauna populations are able to thrive in the abandoned oil field. From top (left) to bottom (right), the species which see population increase are as follows: (1.) Whitetail Deer, (2.) Elk, (3.) Pronghorn Antelope, (4.) Wild Turkey, (5.) Pheasant, (6.) Quail, (7.) Cottontail Rabbit, and (8.) Mourning Dove.
The new influx of insect protein attracted to the site require various flora to sustain their habitat. The native plant species reintroduced to heal the oil field, from top (left) to bottom (right), are as follows: (1.) Big Bluestem, (2.) Blue Grama, (3.) Buffalo Grass, (4.) Coneflower, (5.) Texas Bluebell, (6.) Prairie Bush-Clover, (7.) Oklahoma Phlox, and (8.) Indiangrass.
Ecoregion: Central Great Plains and Limestone Hills
Re-introducing Wildlife to the Oil Field
The existing ecoregion in the oil field is a mixture of plains and sandstone hills. As such, planting for the nodes will correspond with the historic grasses and flowers that thrive in these plains. Grasses also serve as a perfect habitat for the new insect protein source.
Conservation efforts have been dealing with deer, elk, and other animal populations in Oklahoma for many years. The wild dear population can be reintroduced by the Department of Wildlife Conservation to initially boost the population before it becomes self-sustaining.
Well Capping: 6-12 months Species Reintroduction: 2 years Groundwater Cleanup: 3-5 years Nature overtakes Infrastructure: 10 years
TIMELINES
Hunting Culture in the Plains: Hunting as Conservation
Since its inception in 1907, the state of Oklahoma has fostered a productive hunting culture. Primarily the concern of state legislature, hunting is to this day seen as an important activity contributing to the ideals of democratic access to natural resources. The deer harvest alone provides around 100,000 animals each year and serves as a massive economic driver which funds conservation efforts and habitat restoration through a 10% contribution from gear sales. The Public Trust doctrine in America grants every citizen access to public lands. Wildlife and lands are not owned by the state or any corporation, and may be freely used by anyone provided they follow key guidelines, for example the purchase of a hunting license. Thus, hunting in the Oklahoman plains provides an incredibly important public trust resource.
Conclusion
Plains of Oklahoma with rolling sandstone hills in the background.
Deer being relocated by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation.
The establishment of a new ecosystem in the oil field provides a new social and economic driver, feeding into the important cultural pastime of hunting. The recovered landscape becomes a new public resource supported by the Department of Wildlife Conservation for the benefit of visitors.
Reference Footnote https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/what-to-hunt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f1pTWpD8zA&t=265s&ab_channel=outdooroklahoma https://ndep.nv.gov/uploads/documents/community_meeting_posters.pdf
A Columbarium of Dark History ECONOMIC VIABILITY, INSECTS AS A FOOD SOURCE
Introduction
The project proposes a new addition to Oklahoma’s hunting culture - the harvest of insects as a new, sustainable, and free-range source of protein. Insects attracted to the site by reflective lime pigment in the landscape form a surplus population making their capture and gathering easy.
Insects as an Alternative Sustainable Nutrition Source Various organizations including the United Nations have posited insects as the future source of human nutrition. Because they are cold-blooded and can digest food without exothermic processes, they can produce far more nutrition than traditional livestock with the same amounts of water and land.
Insect Species Attracted by Light and New Ecosystem
Migration Paths through Oklahoma
1.
The annual migration of trillions of insects from Mexico and Southern Texas through Oklahoma presents an opportunity to harvest from the single largest movement of biomass in the area (thousands of tonnes annually).
2.
3.
4.
comparison of average protein content among insects, reptiles, fish and mammals
Noctua pronuba
animal group
species and common name
edible product
Insects (raw)
Locusts and grasshopppers: Locusta migratoria, Acridium melanorhodon, Ruspolia differens
larva
14–18
Locusts and grasshopppers: Locusta migratoria, Acridium melanorhodon, Ruspolia differens
Adult
13–28
Sphenarium purpurascens (chapulines – Mexico)
Adult
35–48
Silkworm (Bombyx mori)
Caterpillar
10–17
Palmworm beetles: Rhynchophorus palmarum, R. phoenicis, Callipogon barbatus
Larva
7–36 14–25
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)
Larva
Crickets
Adult
8–25
Termites
Adult
13–28
Beef (raw)
19–26
Flesh
25–27
Cattle Reptiles (cooked)
Turtles: Chelodina rugosa, Chelonia depressa
Intestine Liver Heart
Fish (raw)
Protein content (g/100 g fresh weight)
Finfish
Crustaceans
Molluscs
18 11 17–23
Liver
12-27
Tilapia
16–19
Mackerel
16–28
Catfish
17–28
Lobster
17–19
Prawn (Malaysia)
16–19
Shrimp
13–27
Cuttlefish, squid
15–18
Source: FAo, 2012f.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Migration primarily occurs at night... With insects becoming the primary protein source of the future cities of Oklahoma, species which are high in fat, protein and other nutrients are the focus of attraction. Along with pollinators to sustain the landscape, the attracted species from top (left) to bottom (right), are as follows: (1.) Field Cricket, (2.) Grasshopper, (3.) Cicada, (4.) Migratory Locust, (5.) Redhumped Caterpillar, (6.) Painted Lady, (7.) Anise Swallowtail, and (8.) Honeybee.
Attracted Insects Provide Greater Food Efficiency Crickets and Grasshoppers are widely recognized to be the most sustainable protein source on the planet, with farming efforts continuing to expand. The chart below shows the relative efficiency of insect protein to various traditional livestock.
History of Integrating Insect Protein in the Diet
Directed by the prevailing winds... Modern Packaging for Oklahoma's Free Range Insect Protein To habituate and broadly market entomophagy to the American public, a neatly packaged alternative cricket flour is produced to be added in everyday recipes.
JIMINY’S
FIGURE 5.1
efficiencies of production of conventional meat and crickets
Dishes from Vincent M. Holt’s 1885 manifesto Why Not Eat Insects?
JIMINY’S
JIMINY’S
JIMINY’S
JIMINY’S
Percentage of animal edible
80
55
55
40
25
20
kg
15
10
5
Conclusion 0 cricket
Poultry
Pork
Beef kg feed/kg edible weight
Source: van Huis, 2013.
kg feed/kg liveweight
Providing a sustainable and incredibly efficient protein source, the insects are the future economic driver which benefit the surrounding populations and pay off investment in the other elements of the project, from the landscape reclamation initiative to the dis-assembly of the airplane “accomplices.”
Reference Footnote https://www.edibleinsects.com/insect-nutrition-information/#:~:text=Insects%20are%20packed%20full%20of,muscle%20tissue%20or%20even%20wheat. Huis, Arnold & Van Itterbeeck, Joost & Klunder, Harmke & Mertens, Esther & Halloran, Afton & Muir, Giulia & Vantomme, Paul. (2013). EDIBLE INSECTS future prospects of food and feed security. Holt, V. M. (1978). Why not eat insects, Faringdon: Classey.