Regional Ecology As Cultural Future Lucas Waltz
1
WALTZ
2
Regional Ecology As Cultural Future
Lucas O. Waltz
May 2015 LA 404 Comprehensive Studio Project
Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning Department of Landscape Architecture
3
WALTZ
4
Lucas Waltz BLA Ball State University, 2015 Cultural and ecological issues are dynamic, and influence one other on many levels. As a student contributing to the profession of landscape architecture, I believe interpreting the intersection of these relationships can reveal unique evidence to plan for effective solutions and an increasingly sustainable future. Think big.
5
WALTZ
6
CONTENTS Acknowledgments
9
Executive Summary Introduction/ Background
10 13
A Question For The Future History & Timeline Literature Review Project Significance
27
Methodology/ Process Project Statement Problem and Sub-Problems Project Requirements Goals & Objectives Project Scope Client Group
Solutions/ Recommendations
37
Regional Framework
Case Study Ecological Analysis Cultural Analysis Regional Framework Plan Matrix Design Strategies
Site Design
Analysis Design Concepts Master Plan Plan Enlargements Sections Perspectives
Detailed Design
Conceptual Grading Plan Stormwater Calculations model/ diorama
Outcome & Future
95
4.0 Appendix 7
WALTZ
8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to recognize the following individuals for their support throughout this project.
Miran Day: faculty advisor Martha Hunt: studio instructor John Motloch: studio instructor Mary Kramer: Art Spaces, Inc. Kevin Runion: WRDB, Inc. Terre Haute Planning Office My wonderful wife Jordyn
9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For nearly a century the Wabash River was used as an artery for industry and commerce. Known as the “Crossroads of America” for its crisscrossed rail lines, roads, and highways, the city’s global identity grew from a post-World War II era economy. The rise and fall of industrialized lands along the Wabash River has resulted in significant ecologic destruction, hydrologic degradation, and economic depression. Not knowing how to reinvest in the river beyond industry, cities turned their back on the most significant river in Indiana. The objective of this project was to organize urban form based on theories that use landscape as infrastructure. Landscape Urbanism recently emerged as a theory and has since identified new parameters in which cities question and, in turn, redefine themselves. For this reason, this research was based on examining regional scale case studies of postindustrial cities across the United States and abroad, specifically analyzing similarities between mid-size cities in the Midwest. Terre Haute, Indiana was selected as one such city developed along a watercourse. Landscape Urbanism theories and principles were referenced to create a set of regional framework and design guidelines that inform the ecological and cultural sustainability of Terre Haute’s future identity.
WALTZ
10
“Oh, the moonlight’s fair tonight along the Wabash, from the fields there comes the breath of new mown hay. Through the sycamores the candlelights are gleaming, on the banks of the Wabash, far away.” -Paul Dresser, On The Banks of the Wabash, Far Away View across Wabash River North of Terre Haute.
11
View of Terre Haute’s Indiana Theater WALTZ
12
INTRODUCTION/ BACKGROUND
13
A QUESTION FOR THE FUTURE
Cultural and ecological issues impact each other on many scales defined by time, water, land, and people. Of these, each informs and shapes the other. Land and water form natural ecologies. Time describes the particular moment this happens. People invent culture within these constraints. Over the course of history people create cultures along water bodies for strategic reasons from agriculture, to warfare, to recreation, to industry. The history of human existence along the Wabash River in Indiana is no different. Its character fluctuates based on the function of the river at that moment in time. Empires have fought over its ability to transport goods and materials. The river’s natural infrastructure for centuries drove the economy of cities in peak industrial times. Is it possible to predict behaviors of future cultures by capturing the essence of natural systems, so to inspire macro-scale change?
WALTZ
14
Is it possible to predict behaviors of future cultures by capturing the essence of natural systems, so to inspire macro-level change?
15
HISTORY & TIMELINE
The Wea Indian tribe inhabited this region until the mid 1700s when French trappers settled on the high lands (terre haute) of the Wabash River. In 1812, the Battle of Fort Harrison took place, forcing the Indian tribes out. Americans plated the town of Terre Haute in 1816 as a port for steamboats and water trade. The city soon embraced industrial development with the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal, the National Road, and the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad. “The Crossroads of America� continues to influence a diverse community of industry, education, and agriculture, and as a regional center for health care and entertainment.
WALTZ
16
1700 Wabash River View South
New Goshen Sandcut
Credit: Kramer
Wabash River View North West Terre Haute
Typical Wea Tribe camp along Wabash River
Terre Haute
Credit: Kramer
Wa
1800
ba
Historic
sh ie Er Ca l
na
City overview
Prairie Creek
Industrial zoning map Fairbanks
Credit: Kramer
Fort Harrison overlooking the Wabash River Sullivan
Hutsonville
1900 Flood of 1913
Merom
Riverboat rides
Credit: Kramer
Downtown 1920
Credit: Kramer
Early 1900s industrial boom
2000 Flood of 2008
Vincennes
Credit: Kramer
Turn to the River Iniative
Timeline cataloging modern life along the Wabash Rive and in Terre Haute. 17
LITERATURE REVIEW
urbanism as a title. Barnett does see a trend in the use of the word. “Most urbanisms are actually about preserving the environment, traditional city design, urban systems, community participation, or the politics of urban change.” (Barnett,21) Charles Waldheim coined the term landscape urbanism in the early 2000s as a critique of traditional urban design and an alternative to “New Urbanism”. “Some view landscape urbanism as a powerful new analytical approach that, as Michael Van Valkenburgh, FASLA, said, is central to the “emancipation of landscape architects.” Others may view the theoretical debate as irrelevant, or, worse, a confusing distraction from the budding public understanding of landscape architects as leaders in sustainable urban design, but these theories can be expected to have some influence. Perhaps it’s important to explore and understand what’s being debated.” (Green) The theory of Landscape Urbanism fundamentally draws attention to context. It promotes an understanding of places based on an ecology that includes people within the view and response of the natural world. “Landscape Urbanism describes a disciplinary realignment currently underway in which landscape replaces architecture as the basic building block of contemporary urbanism. For many, across a range of disciplines, landscape
The manufacturing industry in the Midwest is a shadow of its former booming self. Cities across the great lakes and eastern regions that once proudly built the identity of working class America are now largely centers of decaying infrastructure, depressed economics, and destructive environmental conditions. This is occurring because, in most cases, city planning and locations were primarily based on access to transportation and/or proximity to an energy source including waterways, rail lines, highways, and fossil fuels. Little effort was put forth in understanding environmental systems for strategic development. As a result, many postindustrial communities lack significant cultural identity, with gentrified development framing their future existence. This literature review synthesizes postindustrial design theories and works of landscape urbanism, ecological urbanism, and recently projective ecologies that targets issues rust-belt cities face as they look to define reflexive, postindustrial identities.
Landscape Urbanism Methods and Principles Urbanism. In recent years this term has stirred much controversy because its broad definition is applicable to most anything, and according to Jonathan Barnett, a professor of urban design at the University of Pennsylvania, there are over 60 different modifiers that tag
WALTZ
18
has become both the lens through which the contemporary city is represented and medium through which it is constructed” (Waldheim, 11) This shift challenges an organizational system of city planning that has been in place since the Greco-Roman World. When making a quick comparison of city form, Roman city planning was derived from a mathematical grid, while city planning predating Roman influence was much more compounded and organic. These realignments have formed from practicing concepts of habitat fragmentation and conservation; corridors, and connectivity; quantitative methodology; heterogeneity, boundaries, and restoration initially pioneered by Richard T. Forman (Dramstad, 13). The once cutting edge regional landscape ecology methods of Ian McHarg now provide the analytical foundation of drawing methodic conclusions in context of an urban site or ecologic region. James Corner argues that “the bureaucratic and uninspired failings” of the planning profession has led to a harsh landscape design typology of “decorative scenography” and profit-optimized environments. “But I would argue that landscape as a shaping influence of cities in the form of parks, public spaces and gardens is only one aspect of the panoply of potentials inherent to landscape urbanism.”
His practice, James Corner Field Operations, tests and pioneers Landscape Urbanism theory in the built environment, and has been very successful at it. Corner has created a striking balance between his professional work and his contributions as an academic; just t0 the point of furthering theories of Landscape Urbanism while managing to retain key design methods and principles needed to lead a successful business. Corner goes on to say that landscape urbanism is at root an “undefinable and unlimitable idea”. He says it has value in that regard; “landscape urbanism provides a hopeful and optimistic framework for new forms of experimentation, research and practice. It is in essence an emergent idea, and indeterminate promise.” (Corner, 26-27) As a practice, landscape urbanism is crossdisciplinary. It seeks to include a broad range of complex situations that can be solved when not only architects, planners, and engineers are involved, but also ecologic, geographic, anthropologic, cartographic and philosophic influences are included in conversations of multi-scalar issues. Landscape architectural theory at the University of Pennsylvania has an amazing history of regional study. To some extent, Corner opposes the McHargian design model with the belief that humans do not exist outside the “autonomous nature” and that thinking so is completely irrelevant in current design practice. 19
When McHarg retired from Penn his planning vision floundered, faculty redundancies and defining his vision as regional planning rather than ecological planning lead to divisions within the department. This left the landscape architecture world to reinvent the idea as landscape urbanism. (Weller, 96) “Landscape urbanism benefits from the long-standing lineage of regional environmental planning – from Patrick Geddes through Lewis Mumford to Ian McHarg-yet remains distinct from that tradition.” (Waldheim, 12) Landscape urbanism appears, at heart, to gravitate toward infrastructure and a desire to incorporate this infrastructure into design without resorting to superficially “shrub it up”. Historically, Rust Belt infrastructure shaped the industrialization of the North American landscape, but as that industrial infrastructure decays a new infrastructure begins to emerge. “…the overgrown banks of the Flint River are a testament to the imminent rebound of its biodiversity from neglect and abandonment. Decline seems to have become the progenitor of ecological regeneration. As a catalytic infrastructure, landscape is rendered visible at the precise moment at which the city fails.”(Belanger,84) Comparatively, Roman built cities continue to thrive as exemplar city planning precedents while others are now ruins and no longer inhabitable places. While still some Chinese cities, like Langzhong in the province WALTZ
of Sichuan has existed as a sustainable urban form for 2,300 years, designed in harmony with its natural landscape. This relationship can be implied to postindustrial American cities, but to a lesser extreme. Some Rust-Belt cities, though crippled by industrial outsourcing, continue to shape sustainable futures, while others must look to the very core of their existence to define a future worth sustaining. In many cases their existence originated solely for industrial purposes. As mentioned earlier, proximity to rail infrastructure, engineered waterways for fast transport, and inexpensive land drove this development. Kongjian Yu frames landscape urbanism in five ways: Feng-shui and geomancy- the pre-scientific model of landscape urbanism thinking, Greenways- landscape as infrastructure of recreation and aesthetic experience, Greenbelt- landscape as urban form maker, Ecological network- landscape as infrastructure for biological conservation, Ecological infrastructure and ecosystems services- landscape as integrated infrastructure for sustainable city and land. In a market that was once dominated by civil engineers and architects, infrastructure is now of extreme relevance to landscape architects and planners through the changing context of decentralized structures and regional economies. Engineering basic elements through expressive, flexible methods of diagramming 20
and phasing “Put simply, the urban-regional landscape should be conceived as infrastructure.” (Belanger, 91)
patterns, vegetation, and habitat all comprise a mosaic of landscapes, which layered together, inform regional concepts for management and conservation. In Richard T.T. Forman’s Land Mosaics, he describes land typologies of patches, corridors, edges, and flows that impact ecological systems on large spatial scales. These scales though, are flexible and transformative. Forman’s spatial processes of perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition all form network systems for ecologic processes. “Thus, it is important to examine fragmentation together with other spatial processes in the broader framework of land conservation.” (Forman, 407) By examining and layering these systems one can draw conclusions that inform future findings and processes. The completeness and diagrammatic simplicity of Forman’s typologies can be applied to multiple layers of a project. Chris Reed and Stoss Landscape Urbanism developed a planting plan for Riverside Park in New Bedford, Massachusetts focusing mainly on reforestation and succession processes. By identifying dissections and fragmentations of the park, Reed and Stoss were able to establish a framework for a dynamic “performance ground” of growth, succession, and modification. “It is clearly not about making approximations of pristine natural environments, but rather making functioning ecologically based systems that
Ecological Systems and Typologies Ecologic design at a regional scale was once an emerging idea, one that is now recognized as an integral process in analysis and contextual understanding. The science of ecology before the 20th century was mainly focused on plant community taxonomies. It has since emerged not only as a cultural lens of shaping aesthetics in landscape design, but as a medium of construction. Social, physical, and environmental forces, as defined by ecology, characterize spatial relationships. Ian McHarg’s Design with Nature was a groundbreaking work that illustrated these concepts. His work led the way to regional synthesis of ecological design influences. “Ecology is generally defined as the study of the interactions among organisms and their environment, and a landscape is a kilometers-wide mosaic over which particular local ecosystems and land uses recur. These concepts have proven to be both simple and operationally useful. Thus landscape ecology is simply the ecology of landscapes, and regional ecology of the ecology of regions.” (Dramstad, 12) There are many ecological systems including land morphology, soils, stream
21
deal with human activity and natural processes in the urban environment.” (Mossop, 170) Regenerative landscapes and ecologies must be informed through environmental systems and infrastructure if their cultural and natural values are to remain. The applications of these typologies are extensive and can be implemented on a variety of scales and contexts. The Highline in New York City focuses on infrastructure as the basis to apply ecological systems. In a way, it functions as an edge condition within the contrasting patches of new mixed-use high-rise towers and cultural heritage of industry. These conditions define a type of urban ecology unique to its location and time, perhaps forming a new ecologic patch of its own.
cities and regions equally if not more so than the impact of traditional landscape ecologies. Environmental policy generally refers to natural systems issues in relationship to human activities. These policies work to prevent and reduce negative outcomes based on human intervention and manipulation of the landscape. Planning strategies for the future of cities must include some form of Stefano Boeri suggests five large-scale policies that present an innovative model of urban economic development: Sustainability and Democracy, Agriculture and Ground Consumption, Nature and Control, Compact and Discard, Desertification and Subsidiarity. “The value of political ecology for producing green cities therefore lies in its cautious insistence that “alternative and sustainable forms of urbanism” may well exist, but they necessarily require the ongoing investigation of how new urban forms present both opportunities and problems rooted in the tangled and sometimes divisive social and political contradictions already inherent in cities.” (Robbins, 415) Power and progress are two forces that will always drive and influence human decisions regardless of natural or urban environments. “But ecology is not simply a project of the natural sciences…Felix Guattari, writing in The Three Ecologies, for instance, argued that ecology is as much bound up in issues of social and economic
The difference between Riverside Park and The Highline are minimal although the typology takes on different forms in each. Both reclaim infrastructural utilities as ecologic systems for a type of succession; weather it be vegetated or developable an edge condition will emerge and socially expand with the sites natural ecosystem.
Social and Civic Dynamics of Landscape Government policy shapes and informs
WALTZ
22
power, demographics, and political struggles and engagement as it is operating in relationship to environmental forces.” (Reed, 15) But when combining geographies, climates, economies, and cultures, the network becomes a series or system of codependent ecologies. The difficulty is existing political struggles within policy. Planners at one point had a chance at to influence politician’s decisions beyond their current order. “In this context it seems paradoxical that innovation is more likely to be provided by the successful, big service providers. The present state of teaching and research, brought on by its own fault supplies an explanation: the profession cannot cope with its depoliticisation. When you think about it, no firm’s innovation is allowed seriously to challenge the client’s economic interests. All innovations thus remain trapped in the prevailing logic of commercialization. “ (Bunge, 88) The current economic system of supply and demand generates a logic of power and prosperity that then disregards awareness of planning and ecologic values and is driven by success. Ties to rural and urban, the old and new landscapes are both effected by regional civic dynamics. Without city and county policy lands can potentially become redefined spatially with each new leader. Political ecology combines the concerns of ecology and the political economy, typically a field rooted in agrarian politics.
In recent years, many postindustrial cities have seen a moderate economic resurgence and once again start to grown as regional urban hubs. The topics discussed in this literature review intend to frame theories and works of landscape urbanism, ecological urbanism, and informed policy decisions that targets issues rust-belt cities face as they look to redefine future identities for their cities and regions.
23
SIGNIFICANCE
Terre Haute, Indiana has a beautiful, but until recently, largely overlooked story of life along the Wabash River. For nearly a century the river was an artery among a network of canals for industry and commerce. Known as the “Crossroads of America� for its crisscrossed rail lines, roads, and highways, the city’s global identity grew from a World War II era industrial economy. The rise and fall of industrialized lands along the Wabash River has resulted in significant ecologic destruction and hydrologic degradation. Not knowing how to reinvest in the river beyond industry, the city turned its back on the most significant river in the state. In recent years, in contrast to comparable rust belt city cases, Terre Haute has seen a moderate resurgence in its economy and once again grown as a regional urban hub. This plan intends to visualize a Terre Haute restructured to embrace a future, building from the rich histories and evolving identities of the Wabash River, the ecological, economic, social lifeblood of the city.
WALTZ
24
Vigo County
d
er
w op
fo
en
re s
en op
at
te
at w
ed re st fo
er
Terre Haute +
Middle Wabash River Busseron Watershed
Total Land: Current Wetlands: 22,924,685 acres 813,000 acres
Total Land: 262,400 acres
Current Wetlands: 18,369 acres
Estimated wetlands in 1780: 5,600,000 acres Surface area in wetlands in 1780s: 24.1% Existing wetlands: 813,000 acres Surface area in wetlands today: 3.5 % Wetlands lost: 85%
25
View of the Vigo County Courthouse from Wabash WALTZAvenue.
26
METHODOLOGY/ PROCESS
27
PROJECT STATEMENT
This project searches to define the spirit of a city. For Terre Haute, Indiana, this spirit is found in the ecological and cultural balance of the Wabash River. Ecological balance originates with water. As the city engages in CSO removal plans, this timely analysis identifies further sustainable storm water management practices. Catchment infrastructure and land allocation will insure a context sensitive future framed by the watershed. Cultural balance begins by making connections. Terre Haute’s regional influence is identified by opportunities to expand networks, redefine character, and increases awareness. A series of strategies were generated to introduce a network of ecological and cultural opportunities that reveals the city’s future identity. These strategies were then applied to a pilot location for site scale programming. “River South” was a balanced selection suitable for capturing the spirit of the Wabash Valley region.
WALTZ
28
Points of ecologic or cultural significance
29
Map and data inventory of the three subwatersheds in which Terre Haute exists.
GOALS & OBJECTIVES
Activate
Engage
This project aims to identify programmatic opportunities to activate places for public use.
This project aims to address real issues in ways that have long term benefits and selective short term implementation potential.
Improve currently underutilized amenities Repurpose post-industrial landscapes Create opportunities for healthy lifestyles Invite waterfront recreation
Seek out a local organization to function as hypothetical “client” Incorporate issues brought up by “client” organization and stakeholder groups Present findings to client and stakeholders and donate research for future public awareness campaigns
Connect
This project aims to mitigate habitat fragmentation by connecting ecological and cultural land. Establish connections to interest points within the region Respond to cultural analysis results Improve network of trails, public transportation, and walkable streets Engage with water throughout the city
Identify
This project aims to shape Terre Haute’s identity by forming a series of guidlines that direct future economic growth and development. Celebrate relationship between cultural and historic traditions Engage diverse age and ethnic groups in ways to be civically and socially active Brand locations within the city as districts specific to local microculture
Educate
This project aims to educate users by facilitating opportunities for natural discovery Create outdoor learning experiences Represent historic events in iconic ways Capitalize on retrofitted structures to serve as institutions of environmental education
Sustain
This project aims to balance solutions sensitive to stormwater at a watershed scale. Identify opportunities to decentralize stormwater retention Respond to ecological analysis results Apply green infrastructure technologies to pilot site for testing. WALTZ
30
CURRENT REGIONAL CHALLENGES
COMMUNITY ESSENCE HEALTH + WELLNESS RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES DEMOGRAPHICS RIVER’S INDUSTRIAL HISTORY SPRAWLING INFRASTRUCTURE UNDER APPRICIATED PUBLIC ART
RIVER AWARENESS RECREATION AWARENESS FLOOD PREPERATION LACK OF PROGRAM “DIRTY” RIVER
CITY CSO MANAGEMENT HABITAT FRAGMENTATION WATER QUALITY + COLOR INVASIVE SPECIES INDUSTRIAL BROWNFIELDS
BARRIER/ LACK OF ACCESS
FLOODWAY USAGE
NON-EXISTENT CONNECTIVITY
WETLAND REVITALIZATION
31
PROJECT SCOPE
The scope of this project focuses on creating a holistic regional framework based on the context analysis. First, the design must address key issues at a macro-level based on cultural and ecological lens. Second, apply the analysis to a location at a site scale. This translation is key to the regional plan’s success. After defining program opportunities and design elements, the site scale plan will reflect the goals established by the regional framework plan.
WALTZ
32
33
CLIENT GROUP
Seeking out and working with a client group was necessary for this academic project. Wabash Valley Art Spaces surfaced as a local group with a passion for improving quality of life in the region and civic awareness through city wide sculptural installations. Art Spaces values creative partnerships with business, government, foundations, universities and others positively contribute to economic revitalization and provide amenities for residents and visitors. Partnering with the client and reaching out to other agencies including the City of Terre Haute’s planning department, Indiana State University, and Wabash River Development & Beautification, Inc. was also necessary to successfully understand the vast scale and complexity of this project. Realistically, this project would have many other organizations involved at county and state levels, including but not limited to Vigo County Parks Department and Indiana Department of Environmental Management.
WALTZ
34
Project Partners Agencies / Stakeholders Primary Contacts: Kevin Runion Pat Martin
Client Primary Contact: Mary Kramer
35
Design Team Primary Contact: Luke Waltz
View of Wabash River from boat ramp in Fairbanks Park . WALTZ
36
SOLUTIONS/ RECOMMENDATIONS
37
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Case Study Detroit: Future City - Stoss Design thinking is a series of processes. It is the ability to articulate complex systems and solutions through a series of visual representations in a concise and simply understood format. This practice drives discovery and is typically subject to interpretation. Context and process are the foundation upon which a design emerges. Recently Stoss Landscape Urbanism completed a project in Detroit identifying a strategic framework plan to improve the socioeconomic future of the city, “Detroit Future City”.
This site is informed by the context of surrounding neighborhoods. The process is repeated throughout the city forming a new network of social, economic, and ecologic growth. The scalar nature of “Detroit Future City” allows growth to be flexible. The design intent is communicated at multiple scales. As touched on earlier, it begins with micro-scale residential land vacancies that grow into a neighborhood scale, a community scale, and then is realized at a macro city scale. 143 square miles, of those 28 square miles of vacant areas perforate the cities vast landscape. As a shrinking city, managing lands of this scale and varied terrain is extensive and costly. Letting the terrain inform design decisions is key to understanding which natural systems can be capitalized on as new urban infrastructure. Hydrology and pedology form the roadmap for Detroit’s future land-use. Ecological landscapes are one of five design programs driving the concept of “Detroit Future City”. These opportunity landscapes are identified within residual industrial land and vacancies to specifically target habitat
Stoss LU
Context In a broad sense the site is the entire city of Detroit. But the purpose of a framework plan is to identify site-specific design strategies that are informed by the context. Stoss identifies fragmented land vacancies as a site typology. A larger site then emerges within a neighborhood. WALTZ
38
creation relating to urban forests and meadows. Rapid succession and reforestation will form a complete ecologic framework within the city. Social and productive landscapes allow residences to reclaim the landscape as their own. Facilitating urban agriculture and programming recreational centers reinstates identity and pride within a community setting. By identifying strategic locations for implementation, the impact of these design programs will act as a ripple that permeates all layers of culture in the city.
future identity. From the beginning Stoss identified what resources were available within the city to successfully create this conceptual framework plan. The typologies/ prototypical landscapes were very helpful in seeing the application of these tools. Each define unique elements of the site and project, combined they work as a system of infrastructures and solutions to the issue of Detroit’s growing vacancies. Input/output and process diagrams are extremely helpful in terms of communicating and defending the design intent. They give direction to the project and serve as guidelines as it develops. From a representation standpoint the communication of ideas and design intent is clear. The types of drawings are simple and diagrammatic. For a large-scale project like this I believe representation has to be conceptual and graphic, rather than photoreal. The quality of work and the output level was high.
Process At a project of this scale, enormous amounts of data must be collected and synthesized into objectives. Mapping this data creates a visual inventory from which analytic conclusions are drawn. The analysis surfaces from related studies of current land uses, ecologic systems, cultural regions, connective corridors, etc. This is the moment in the analytical process when discovery happens. Through the process new relationships form to identify design issues and solutions. Specifically designing hybrid infrastructure networks, ecologic networks, open space networks, and food networks in Detroit has the potential to frame
Through the process of design thinking, complex solutions can be graphically represented in understandable formats. Stoss Landscape Urbanism is very successful at this process and “Detroit Future City� exemplifies this practice.
Stoss LU
Stoss LU 39
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Ecologic Enhancement subwatershed management challenges Currently 10 active combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are discharging, on average, 284 million gallons of combined sewage each year into the Wabash River. Pressing health and environmental concerns provide an opportunity to define alternative stormwater management solutions.
37 combined sewer overflow events/ year 174 hours of bacteria and nutrient loadings during typical CSO 30% higher E.Coli levels than water quality standards
WALTZ
40
event
existing stormwater infrastructure
10 current CSO locations Existing stormwater infrastructure 41
not to scale
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Ecologic Enhancement subwatershed management responses By analyzing the landform that surrounds and creates the high ground of Terre Haute watershed subdivisions can be made to identify smaller subdrainage basins to naturally direct surface runoff toward the Wabash River. Data computations informed by precise areas of each basin uncover the total volume of stormwater that falls within each during any given design storm.
WALTZ
42
Lost Creek Drainage Basin 4
1
total area: 75,925,080 ft2 1 year: 17,083,143 ft3 50 year: 36,064,413 ft3 100 year: 39,227,958 ft3
2 20
19
3
18
2
1
4
17
5 16
3
4
15
14
7
13 12 7 5
8
15
12 13
9 10
3 14
8
8 4
1
11
9
7
9
2
10
6
5
6
6
Honey Creek Drainage Basin 8
11
total area: 114,214,320 ft2 1 year: 256,98,222 ft3 50 year: 54,251,802 ft3 100 year: 59,010,732 ft3
Izaak Walton Lake Drainage Basin 8
total area: 22,433,400 ft2 1 year: 5,047,515 ft3 50 year: 10,655,865 ft3 100 year: 11,590,590ft3
Stormwater drainage basins 43
not to scale
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Ecologic Enhancement subwatershed management outcomes A future network of decentralized lands dedicated to stormwater retention, detention and storage. This system will function concurrently with the city’s combined sewer overflow long-term control plan (LTCP), and as a result allow further opportunities for stromwater to recharge the groundwater supply closer to the source where each rain drop hits the earth.
WALTZ
44
potential lands for stormwater capture based on drainage basins
7 9
45
stormwater main removal within 100’ of ROWs 8
Identified stormwater management land not to scale within the subwatersheds
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Cultural Connections the “Wabash Valley” identity challenges An analysis of current riverfront and citywide barriers reveal an underutilized system of great parks, open spaces, art and musical venues, nature preserves, eatery’s, and other cultural amenities.
Lack of Safety 21%
Lack of Program 32%
Lack of ` Access 43%
Lack of Access 47%
Riverfront Barriers
City Barriers
Poor Public Image 29%
Lack of Program 28% WALTZ
46
Existing culturally significant places 47
not to scale
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Cultural Connections the “Wabash Valley� identity responses By inferring cultural relationships based on location and importance, a hierarchy of networks emerges. This system can now be used to conceptually inform the cultural landuses and predict opportunities for future growth.
WALTZ
48
Implied connections between culturally significant places 49
not to scale
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Cultural Connections the “Wabash Valley” identity outcomes Over the next 25 years, this phasing strategy will simultaneously increase public infrastructure and link access to 4,763 acres of culturally significant land. And in turn, help to define the region’s identity and improve awareness of the river.
to Riley via abandoned rail line
Recreation Trails Public Street Car Green Streets 1990
WALTZ
2015
50
2040
to Parke County via Covered Bridge Gateway Trail
to Paris, IL to Saint Mary of the Woods College via land acquisition to Clay County via Heritage Trail
to West Terre Haute via HW 40 Boulevard
to Riley via abandoned rail line
to Prairieton via shared use trail Identified cultural land connections within the subwatersheds 51
not to scale
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Regional Framework Plan a balanced growth strategy This plan unifies the outcomes of both ecological and cultural analyses into a framework for Terre Haute. The plan targets 53,894 acres of land capable of balancing the city’s growth to insure a future of sustainable development.
6% 11% Water Treatment Pilot Land 3,401 Acres
Phase 1 Phase 2 Infrastructure Land Restoration Land 6,028 Acres 7,176 Acres
drainage basin post-industrial land stormwater filtration reclaimed as landscape infrustructure
current and planned trails/ networks
Phase 3 Management Land 12,439 Acres
Phase 4 Preservation Land 24,650 Acres
water treatment infrastructure/ circulation corridors
identified land to remain undeveloped
46% Total Land
14%
53,694 Acres
23%
WALTZ
52
Regional Framework Plan
figure 16 0
53
2,000
4,000
8,000
north
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Matrix Formula design process variables 7 design strategies were formed based on community input, previously conducted surveys, and specific overall goals. Each contains 5 prototypical design elements, or opportunities that inform the programmatic conditions of a potential site. Together these 35 design opportunities serve as guidelines for growth in the region.
WALTZ
54
Matrix formula 55
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Design Opportunities program element prototypes 35 design opportunities represent significant elements that make up the 7 major design strategies. These subcategories inform which types of programmatic elements will be successfully implemented at any given site.
WALTZ
56
design opportunities and program elements. 57
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
Feasibility Analysis site suitability testing The 35 design opportunities were applied to a feasibility study which determines one or more locations best suited to become a pilot sites for ecological and cultural revitalization The study was looking specifically for a place that was completely balanced in terms of the opportunities it could support. The site that came out of this analysis actually ended up being a place that has become popular in recent months for economic reasons beyond the purpose of this study. “River South� includes 360 acres of waterfront industrial land between Fairbanks Park and Interstate 70.
5 4 3 2 1
WALTZ
58
Site feasibility analysis and site suitability testing to find balanced site
59
figure 19
SITE DESIGN
Analysis: River South a balanced pilot site The challenges this 360 acre site currently faces are results of decades of industrial usage and disconnection to its surrounding context. By applying the 5 design strategies, this site will serve as a testament and landmark for Terre Haute’s future identity as a riverfront city.
5
5
5
5
35 5
5 5
Thumbnail studies of design program application
WALTZ
60
Site analysis identifying opportunities for new connections based on design strategies.
61
figure 21
SITE DESIGN
Master Plan “River South� pilot site map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
entry boat launch parking riverview restaurant first stage retention basin low rise residential outdoor education space pedestrian trail boardwalk overlook pedestrian bridge floodplain wetlands forested wetland upland forest Wabash Heritage Center
WALTZ
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
62
Hulman Street gateway pedestrian promenade Industrial Heritage Center second stage retention basin lift station facility Voorhees Street gateway event lawn lagoon entry third stage retention basin Voorhees trolly stop Hulman trolly stop wetland boardwalk wetland overlook main lift station facility grassland pasture
First Street
11
Illustrative site master plan
2 3
4
1 Washington Avenue
6
8 5 7 9
20
16 Hulman Stre 3 19
17
10
Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area
3
26 14
Wabash River
12
30
11 15 28
3
Voorhees Park
25 21
24
Voorhees Street
22
27 13 23
29 15
Interstate 70
figure 22
3
0
Prairieton Road
Margaret Avenue 63
300
600
1200
north
SITE DESIGN
Function Diagram “River South” pilot site map key
Cultural land use
WALTZ
64
Site function diagram depicting new circulation and landuse design systems.
figure 23 0
65
300
600
1200
north
SITE DESIGN
Plan Enlargements “River South� pilot site map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
WALTZ
66
residential mixed use pedestrian bridge first stage stormwater retention river access ramp riverview restaurant and overlook parking commercial mixed use multi-use event lawn local artisan studios commercial mixed use lift station facility forested wetlands floodplain wetland upland forest riverfront trail
2 1
4
3 5
6 6
7 8 6 9
12
13
15
14
10
11
Plan enlargement of residential mixed use infill and northern gateway to downtown Terre Haute. 0
67
150
300
600
north
SITE DESIGN
map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
WALTZ
68
residential mixed use riverfront trail second stage stormwater retention commercial mixed use neighborhood restaurant parking local artisan studios street car station wellness gardens entry sculpture Hulman Street Gateway forested wetlands floodplain wetland upland forest riverfront access trail
2
1
13 10 12
11
3 6
1
9
14 5
15 3 7 8
1
6
4 4
4
1
Plan enlargement of the “River South District� a riverfront lifestyle community. 0
69
150
300
600
north
SITE DESIGN
map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
WALTZ
70
wetland overlook Wabash River Nature Center interpretive promenade pedestrian/ bike trails public facilities parking overflow parking street car station athletic event lawn social event lawn drop-off/ landing forested wetlands floodplain wetland upland forest riverfront trail
12 13
1
11 14
4
15
5
9
3 2
6 7
8
10
Plan enlargement of Wabash River Nature Center and multi-purpose fields adjacent to existing Voorhees Park.
0
71
150
300
600
north
SITE DESIGN
map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
WALTZ
72
wetland overlook Industrial History Center interpretative promenade pedestrian/ bike trails second stage stormwater retention parking overflow parking street car station lift station facility social event lawn drop-off/ landing forested wetlands upland forest Margaret Avenue Gateway entry sculpture
10 6 12
7
15
4 5
11 1
9
11 2
13 3
6
8 14
Plan enlargement of industrial cultural center and Southern gateway. 0
73
150
300
600
north
SITE DESIGN
map key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
WALTZ
74
pedestrian bridge separation structures second stage stormwater retention third stage stormwater retention transitional lagoon wetland system parking public facilities lagoon wetland overlook lagoon wetland trail access drive lift station facility forested wetlands floodplain wetland upland forest riverfront trail
1
9
14 3
4 15
2
3
8 13
10 7 5
5
6
12 9 11
Plan enlargement of lagoon and wetland areas. 0
75
150
300
600
north
SITE DESIGN
Sections depicting the landform change to accommodate stormwater capture
WALTZ
76
0
77
100
200
400
SITE DESIGN
WALTZ
78
Lagoon and reconstructed wetland functioning with passive and active recreation
79
SITE DESIGN
WALTZ
80
Approach to the Wabash River Nature Center.
81
SITE DESIGN
WALTZ
82
Section perspective of First Street promenade and trolley line. 83
SITE DESIGN
Pedestrian Bridge conceptual development The purpose of these bridges are to extend a physical connection from the city to nature. Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area serves as an amazing recreational asset that is currently under utilized. These conceptual bridge proposals interpret the crossing and intersecting of cultural and ecological experiences into structural form.
pedestrian bridge elevation
WALTZ
84
North pedestrian bridge overlooking Wabashiki Fish and Wildlife Area
South pedestrian bridge approach from riverfront trail and wetland lagoons 85
DETAILED DESIGN
Stormwater Strategies prototype application The stormwater strategies serve as examples of green infrastructure management practices. By implementing these methods, there is potential to elievate approximatley half of all rainwater draining from the two basins on site. In terms of cost effectivness and environmental sensivity, less water will be combined and treated at the waste water treatment facility down stream.
WALTZ
86
Drainage basin design calculations for onsite water management potential.
Stormwater treatment system prototypes.
Overview plan of stormwater treatment system. 87
DETAILED DESIGN
Name Izaak_06 Izaak_01 Izaak_07 Izaak_04 Izaak_09 Izaak_08 Izaak_02 Izaak_03 Izaak_05
acre 1848 1151 1012 929 823 515 425 323 249
Lost Creek_00 Lost_Creek_01 Lost_Creek_02 Lost_Creek_03 Lost_Creek_04 Lost_Creek_05 Lost_Creek_06 Lost_Creek_07 Lost_Creek_08 Lost_Creek_09 Lost_Creek_10 Lost_Creek_11 Lost_Creek_12 Lost_Creek_13 Lost_Creek_14 Lost_Creek_15 Lost Creek_16 Lost Creek_17 Lost Creek_18 Lost Creek_19
328 135 60 265 1743 293 104 2175 735 1316 221 162 493 678 895 3290 294 226 111 205
Honey Creek_08 Honey Creek_06 Honey Creek_10 Honey Creek_11 Honey Creek_02 Honey Creek_01 Honey Creek_04 Honey Creek_9 Honey Creek_07 Honey Creek_12 Honey Creek_13 Honey Creek_16 Honey Creek_17 Honey Creek_03 Honey Creek_14 Honey Creek_15 Honey Creek_05
2622 925 691 605 576 517 459 445 443 365 352 266 263 129 122 113 84
WALTZ
Inches Feet 80498880 50137560 44082720 40467240 35849880 22433400 18513000 14069880 10846440 0 0 14287680 5880600 2613600 11543400 75925080 12763080 4530240 94743000 32016600 57324960 9626760 7056720 21475080 29533680 38986200 143312400 12806640 9844560 4835160 8929800 0 0 114214320 40293000 30099960 26353800 25090560 22520520 19994040 19384200 19297080 15899400 15333120 11586960 11456280 5619240 5314320 4922280 3659040
1yr 24hr
2yr 24hr
10yr 24hr
50yr 24hr
100yr 24hr
2.7 0.225 18112248 11280951 9918612 9105129 8066223 5047515 4165425 3165723 2440449 cubic feet cubic feet 3214728 1323135 588060 2597265 17083143 2871693 1019304 21317175 7203735 12898116 2166021 1587762 4831893 6645078 8771895 32245290 2881494 2215026 1087911 2009205 cubic feet cubic feet 25698222 9065925 6772491 5929605 5645376 5067117 4498659 4361445 4341843 3577365 3449952 2607066 2577663 1264329 1195722 1107513 823284
3.1 0.258333333 20795544 12952203 11388036 10454037 9261219 5795295 4782525 3634719 2801997 cubic feet cubic feet 3690984 1519155 675180 2982045 19613979 3297129 1170312 24475275 8270955 14808948 2486913 1822986 5547729 7629534 10071435 37022370 3308382 2543178 1249083 2306865 cubic feet cubic feet 29505366 10409025 7775823 6808065 6481728 5817801 5165127 5007585 4985079 4107345 3961056 2993298 2959539 1451637 1372866 1271589 945252
4.4 0.366666667 29516256 18383772 16163664 14837988 13144956 8225580 6788100 5158956 3977028 cubic feet cubic feet 5238816 2156220 958320 4232580 27839196 4679796 1661088 34739100 11739420 21019152 3529812 2587464 7874196 10829016 14294940 52547880 4695768 3609672 1772892 3274260 cubic feet cubic feet 41878584 14774100 11036652 9663060 9199872 8257524 7331148 7107540 7075596 5829780 5622144 4248552 4200636 2060388 1948584 1804836 1341648
5.7 0.475 38236968 23815341 20939292 19221939 17028693 10655865 8793675 6683193 5152059 cubic feet cubic feet 6786648 2793285 1241460 5483115 36064413 6062463 2151864 45002925 15207885 27229356 4572711 3351942 10200663 14028498 18518445 68073390 6083154 4676166 2296701 4241655 cubic feet cubic feet 54251802 19139175 14297481 12518055 11918016 10697247 9497169 9207495 9166113 7552215 7283232 5503806 5441733 2669139 2524302 2338083 1738044
6.2 0.516666667 41591088 25904406 22776072 20908074 18522438 11590590 9565050 7269438 5603994 cubic feet cubic feet 7381968 3038310 1350360 5964090 39227958 6594258 2340624 48950550 16541910 29617896 4973826 3645972 11095458 15259068 20142870 74044740 6616764 5086356 2498166 4613730 cubic feet cubic feet 59010732 20818050 15551646 13616130 12963456 11635602 10330254 10015170 9970158 8214690 7922112 5986596 5919078 2903274 2745732 2543178 1890504
88
Site grading plan at 5 foot contour intervals. 0
89
300
600
north
DETAILED DESIGN
This exercise studies two particular programmatic site elements - habitat and stormwater. It attempts to look at the progression of water and soil over time. Naturally occurring wetlands form complex hydrologic relationships between water and soil. Through the lens of time, we can begin to understand the change in soil composition and structure as a result of constant saturation. Hydric soils form gradually, so it is difficult as humans to watch the progression of this phenomenon. This diorama speeds up the process and incorporate human scale elements to bring a user closer to the natural cleansing and filtering system of constructed wetlands. A progression through the hydrologic landscape brings the viewer from a point of complete immersion, interacting and harmonizing within the ecosystem.
WALTZ
90
Detailed study model of lagoon boardwalk and changing wetland conditions.
91
OUTCOME & FUTURE
“Regional Ecology As Culture Future” began as a question to challenge traditional planning practices in the region. Over the course of the project it grew to become more than simply an idea for change. It has potential to be a foundational element in a movement where, by embracing the natural heritage, residents and are empowered to rewriting the city’s future. After participating in a collaborative design charrette focusing on the “One Wabash” site downtown, (another location identified by the feasibility study) it is evident that this is a city dedicated to defining an identity beyond its current reputation. Now inspired by a vision and equipped with a set of recommendations the Wabash Valley region has the ability to predict and effectively direct growth on a macro-level.
Collaboration during One Wabash Design Charrette.
WALTZ
92
Conceptual model of the future One Wabash District.
Overview of room during One Wabash Design Charrette.
93
View of rail line access into abandoned International Paper property. WALTZ
94
APPENDIX
95
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)- sewers designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe. Complete Streets- designed and operated to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders of all ages and abilities Culture- the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time Ecology- the study of interactions among organisms and their environment Framework Plan- a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect. Green infrastructure- an approach to management that protects, restores, or mimics the natural cycles Habitat fragmentation- alteration of habitat resulting in spatial separation of habitat units from a previous state of greater continuity. Infrastructure- the basic system of facilities, services, and installations that enable community functions Landscape ecology- furthering the theory of landscape urbanism to a holistic approach including all aspects of ecologic understanding
WALTZ
96
Landscape urbanism- the theory of city organization based on landscape form as opposed to the developing of city based on building form Matrix- an array of quantities or expressions in rows and columns that is treated as a single entity and manipulated according to particular rules Microculture- the specialised subgroups, marked with their own languages, ethos and rule expectations, that permeate differentiated industrial societies Network- a group or system of interconnected people or things Pilot- done as an experiment or test before introducing something more widely Prototype- preliminary development model able to be refined, reproduced, and implemented Rust-belt- term used to describe the shrinking postindustrial United States region of Northeastern and East North central states Sub-watershed- a topographic perimeter of the catchment area of a stream or tributary Typology- classification according to general type, characteristic, or relatable trait Watershed- an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.
97
PROJECT TIMELINE
Comprehensive Project Semester Timeline December Break Week 1
Inventory and Analysis Site study/inventory/photographs Conduct interviews with professionals Meet with advisors [tbd] Update proposal goals and objectives inventory and analyze local GIS data Finalize analysis diagrams and studies Regional Framework Plan Begin preliminary design phase Begin typology development Finalize conecptual framework plan Finalize typology paramaters for 3 edge scenarios Finalize Illustrative framework plan Framework Application Modeling Begin site base model design in Rhino develope framework algorithms based on typologic paramaters overlay parametric outcomes from Grasshopper on base model in Rhino test site study model iterations based on parameters fabricate final model of site based on new framework parameters Schematic Design apply typology to identified site location develop phasing plan Character Drawings Outline necessary drawings to communicate research and development parametric modeling diagrams/ final output results ecological and development succession diagrams and sections Perspective character renderings Production begin presentation outlines Finalize all drawings finaliz finalize all text Create presentation boards Invite stakeholders to final presentation session Final Presentation
WALTZ
Week 2
98 v
January Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
6
February Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
March Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
99
Week 14
Week 15
April Week 16
Week 17
May Week 18
SITE PHOTOS
WALTZ
100
101
WALTZ
102
103
WALTZ
104
105
PREVIOUS REPORTS
2014: Turn To The River: J3 Concepts 2011: RHIC District Plan: Ratio Architects 2011: Trail and Greenway Plan: Burgess& Niple 2011: CSO Long-Term Control Plan: HWC Engineering 2011: RiverSCAPE Master Plan: TSWDG/ HNTB 2009: ISU Campus Master Plan: Ratio Architects
WALTZ
106
107
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“Art Spaces...” Current Projects: Art Spaces, Inc., Wabash Valley Outdoor Sculpture Collection. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. <http:// wabashvalleyartspaces.com/currentprojects. html>.
Corner, James. “Landscape Urbanism In The Field.” Topos: Landscape Urbanism 71 (2010): 25-29. Print. 15 Oct. 2014. Cote, R. Industrial Ecosystems. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1: 9–11. doi: (1997), 10.1162/ jiec.1997.1.3.9
Arvidson, Adam. “On the Right Path.” Landscape Architecture Magazine Sep. 2013: 4858. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.
Dramstad, Wenche E., James D. Olson, and Richard T. T. Forman. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Landuse Planning. Cambridge? Mass.: Harvard U Graduate School of Design, 1996. Print.
Beirão, Jose, Nuno Montenegro, and Pedro Arrobas. “City Information Modelling: Parametric Urban Models Including Design Support Data.” www.academia.edu.Web. <https://www.academia.edu/1821042>.
Forman, Richard T. T. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. Print.
Belanger, Pierre. “Landscape As Infrastructure.” Landscape Journal 28.1 (2009): 79-95. Print.
Green, Jared. “New Web Site Tries to Answer the Question: What Is Landscape Urbanism?” The Dirt. ASLA, 14 Sept. 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2014.
Cook, Robert E. Projective Ecologies: Do Landscapes Learn? Ecology’s “New Paradigm” and Design in Landscape Architecture. NY: Actar, 2014. Print.
Guattari, Félix. The three ecologies, tr. by Ian Pindar and Paul Sutton. Athlone Press, 2000.
Corbin, C. I. “Vacancy and the Landscape: Cultural Context and Design Response.” Landscape Journal 22.1 (2003): 12-24. Print.
Herrington, Susan. “The nature of Ian McHarg’s science.” Landscape Journal 29.1: (2010) 1–10. Print
Corner, James. “Landscape Urbanism In The Field.” Topos: Landscape Urbanism 71 (2010): 25-29. Print. 15 Oct. 2014.
Hofland, Adam and Arjen Meeuwsen. “Landscape Architects Needed More Than Ever.” Topos: Making Space 77 (2011): 14-21. Web. 19 Sept. 2014.
Corbin, C. I. “Vacancy and the Landscape: Cultural Context and Design Response.” Landscape Journal 22.1 (2003): 12-24. Print.
WALTZ
108
Holbrook, Tom, and Paula Kirk. “Energy Masterplanning and Urbanism.” Topos: Sydney, New York, London 75 (2011): 91-94. Web. 19 Sept. 2014.
Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism: A Manual for the Machinic Landscape. London: Architectural Association, 2003. Print.
Hunter, Mary Carol. “Using Ecological Theory to Guide Urban Planting Design: An Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change.” Landscape Journal 30.2 (2011): 173-93. Print.
Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Gareth Doherty. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2010. Print. Reed, Chris. “Detroit Future City: Productive Landscape and New Urban Ecologies.” Topos: Urban Strategies 84 (2013): 24-25. Print. 15 Oct. 2014.
“Indiana Department of Natural Resources.” DNR: Wabashiki Fish & Wildlife Area. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. <http://www.in.gov/dnr/ fishwild/6188.htm>.
Reed, Chris, and Nina-Marie E. Lister. Projective Ecologies. NY: Actar, 2014. Print.
Logan, Katharine. “Go! Fish!” Landscape Architecture Magazine July 2014: 48-58. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.
Robbins, Paul. Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Ciro Najle. Landscape Urbanism: The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism. London: Architectural Association, 2003. Print.
Loures, Luis, Jon Burley, and Thomas Panagopoulos. “Postindustrial Landscape Redevelopment: Addressing the Past, Envisioning the Future.” International Journal of Energy and Environment.Print. 15 Oct. 2014.
Schneider, Christian, Anastasia Koltsova, and Gerhard Schmitt. “Components for Parametric Urban Design in Grasshopper.” Proceedings For the 2011 Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design (SimAUD). 2011 Spring Simulation Multiconference, Boston, MA. Vol. 8. Print.
McHarg, Ian L. Design with Nature. New York: J. Wiley, 1992. Print. Mossop, Elizabeth, Waldheim, Charles. The Landscape Urbanism Reader: Landscapes of Infrastructure. 163-177. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Print.
Shane, Grahame, Waldheim, Charles. The Landscape Urbanism Reader: The Emergence of Landscape Urbanism. 55-67. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Print.
109
“The Riverscape Vision.” Wabash Valley Riverscape. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. <http://www. wabashriverscape.org/index.html>. “Turn To The River.” J3 Concepts. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. <http://j3planning.com/currentprojects/>. Urban Lab. “FWD: Free Water District.” Praxis 2011: 62-65. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. Waldheim, Charles. “Landscape Urbanism A Genealogy.” Praxis: 10-17. Print. 15 Oct. 2014. Waldheim, Charles. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Print. Weller, R. “Landscape (Sub)Urbanism in Theory and Practice.” Landscape Journal 27.2 (2008): 247-67. Web. 19 Sept. 2014. Yo, Kongjian. “Five Traditions for Landscape Urbanism Thinking.” Topos: Landscape Urbanism 71 (2010): 58-63. Print. 15 Oct. 2014. Zell, Jennifer. “A River To Live By.” Landscape Architecture Magazine Apr. 2014: 128-41. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.
WALTZ
110
111
WALTZ
112