!" #$%&#'() *#+,:
!"#$%&%'() '( *#%+ ',% -.*/0/1.*&% 2#'"(3&%,%
!"#$%&$' (&)"& (')*+
,*&($-.($' /&!&0"+*&
!
!" #$%&#'() *#+,: -./0&1&2#3 2# (/&4 25& 67("8"97(1& !/2.#:1&5&
!"#$%&$' (&)"& (')*+ ,*&($-.($' /&!&0"+*& 1/"2%1/+! #&3.0.*., *,"&(/&$, #+!,*&!*"!$, 412)$'&)"$, 2022
!"#$%& '()*&+$, -,./)(0#(1, – 20,.3 450$)(%)&#6# '708#$%9#
"
#
!"#$%&'()*+, -).* ()/ 0$1232(4 +$5 67'($ 8'&$+-9), 3&$ (2/ 0$1):432'2 ()" 0$1’ ;.2 (2 :&9%0,&$ (25 ,%3$'<$5 +$5.
$
%
!"#$"%&'"() !
!&'$3=34
10
!
> :&,*%"/'2 ()" 0)&/;#%2'()" #7%)" '(2/ -;.2
16
!
?'()%&04 $/$:%)+4
28
!
@,'+&0; -.$<'&)
78
!
A B09."-()5 #7%)5 '() )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/)
104
!
B/9."'2 C%,"/$5 ,-&.,3+C/=/ -,%&)#7/
132
!
D,.C(2 '#,:&$'(&07/ -$%$:,&3+9(=/
166
(5678795:;<= 85>?7@7A (5BC8795:;<= 85>?7@7A 217A C;DECA
0.$.# 1929 0.$.# 1955 0.$.# 1973 0.$.# 1985 0.$.# 2000 !.$.# 2012
$; C<F9G8B7; HD>7; 1E5>IF 7;<7@7:;<F B5B>FIJEC $ C<F9G8B7A I;C B7 FB7:7 <C; BKE 8L9K
MF>BKA /5>;7HDE
-,./%8),$%1(:
-/79G<CB7;<?C 6BKE 2C6. ,7N?CA 6-8 -/79G<CB7;<?C “MC>F” 6BKE /CBK6?JE -,GI<>LBK:C <CB7;<;DE “(O9CP>7E” 6BKE /CBK6?JE
167 169 173
&
-/79G<CB7;<?C “&6Q>:CB7A” -/79G<CB7;<?C 6B7 (5BA -/79G<CB7;<?C 6B7 &BB;<L R967A -Inside out -$ne Athens -,GI<>LBK:C <CB7;<;DE 6B7 (5BCS7G>I5?7 -/79G<CB7;<?C 6BK -5;E7<>FB7GA -Uptown Residences
175 179 181 184 189 192 195 197 200
-/79G<CB7;<?C “Hansen”
450$)(%),#$%,1 ;$8<6#$*=,1 %8$ >5(/#(:
-Invisible Hotel -18 Steps -Party wall -&>H;B5<B7E;<LA -;CIJE;6:LA "@5DE “&3.!& x4” -1>5GEKB;<= 5>IC6?C 6B7 Berlage Institute -TEC 85?>C:C I;C BKE 8L9K… :5 OEC 5>IC6B=>;7 <C; OEC 8C;HE?@;
?$@.6=8)$%>: !5<8*1(:
-/79(K)<CB7?<K6K 6B7 (5BCS7G>I5?7: OECA 8>7U9K:CB;6:LA I;C BKE 8L9K… -$>?V7EBCA B7 <5EL JA <7;EL -&8L BKE 879G<CB7;<?C 6B7 B5B>FIJE7: TEC :7EBO97 58CEC@;C8>CI:FB5G6KA B7G @K:L6;7G <C; B7G ;@;JB;<7Q. -&6B;<OA @;CU>D65;A: HC>F667EBCA @;C@>7:OA 6B7 56JB5>;<L BJE 7;<7@7:;<DE B5B>CIDEJE.
'
205 207 209 213 215 218
224 226 229 233
!
E"+-,%9'+$($
238
!
F23C5
246
(
1;<LEC 1
)
B09."-()5 #7%)5 )%<G,($& ) #7%)5 ()" )&0)-C:)" -)" :,/ :)+,<($&. H5 () "-;.)&-) ()" )&0)-C:)", ,</$& 9%%20($ '"/:,:,+C/)5 +, (2/ 0(&%&$04 +)/9:$. A& -<'= ;I,&5 (=/ -)."0$()&0&7/ ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)" '"/1C()"/ (2/ ,&0;/$ ()". J;3= (25 +,39.25 $'(&045 -"0/;(2($5, 2 )-)<$ :2+&)"%34120, $-; (2/ C/()/2 $/)&0):;+2'2 (25 -;.25, ) $09."-()5 0$1<'($($& C/$5 #7%)5 $/$30$<)5 3&$ (2/ K&='&+;(2($ (25. A +)/):&9'($()5, .,&()"%3&0;5 #$%$0(4%$5 ()" 0$& 2 ,-&K,K.2+C/2 L*'2 ()" 0$1;%&', (2/ ,MC.&M4 ()".
!"#$%&%'
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“+C')”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
!!
!"
!"#$%$&' 1
!#
; 87/<.0&=% 2"0 ("7&)>.%=2"0 >1."0 2%3 *),%3
!%
«H !"#$% &'$()*#+,% (-. !)$./0#12(-. 03#-. ',.%$ .% 4%#50)*. () 4&%,2$) +$% (1. 6-7 %.89'2% 2(% !(,#$%, ($: !%;19'#$.5: %4#)+#%998($2(':, %*;/#91(': <#%2(1#$/(1(':: (1. !,.121 (-. 4'63., ($: 2".()9': 2(82'$:, () 4%$0.,<$ !%$ ($: %4&5: !)$.-.$!5: <#%2(1#$/(1(': %4/ ($: )4),': 94)#', .% %.%4(*0;', 4'#%$(5#- 2*&&)+$!7 6-7, /4-: (1. '4$;*9)". )$ !8()$!)$» _Jan Gehl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“() 0C/(%)” (=/ :&9L)%=/ '"/)&0&7/ (25 -;.25.
!&
!' 1;<LEC 2
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
3.Woditsch Richard, Public and Private Spaces of the Polykatoikia in Athens, doctoral thesis, Berlin University of Technology, 2009 , p.56
> -)."0$()&0<$, =5 +C') $/$-$%$3=345 (25 -;.25, :&$+;%L=', ()/ :2+;'&) #7%), ,/7 +,($M* ()"5 $/$-(*#120, +&$ :"/$+&04 '#C'2 $..2.,-<:%$'25. !-,&';:&$ (25 &:&=(&045 G=45 ,/()-<G)/($& '()/ :2+;'&) #7%) ,/7 $"(;5 ,/'=+$(7/,($& '(2/ -)."0$()&0<$. A :&$#=%&'+;5 +,($M* (=/ :*), :,/ ,+L$/<G,($& =5 C/$ 3%$++&0; $"'(2%; ;%&), $..9 +,()"'&7/,($& ', #7%), :&$(%C#)/($5 () 0(<%&) $-; () ,-<-,:) ()" :%;+)" +C#%& 0$& ()/ (,.,"($<) ;%)L). O('& () :2+;'&) 0$& () &:&=(&0; '()&#,<) '"3#=/,*)/($& '()"5 +&0%)*5 0)&/;#%2'()"5 #7%)"5 (25, M,0&/7/($5 $-; (2/ '()9, ($ 0.&+$0)'(9'&$, ()"5 :&$:%;+)"5, ,&'C%#,($& '(2/ &:&=(&04 &:&)0(2'<$ 0$& +C'$ $-; ($ &:&=(&09 +-$.0;/&$ (=/ 0$()&0&7/, ,-&'(%CL,& '(2/ :2+;'&$ 'L$<%$. > :2+;'&$ -.,"%9 (25 -)."0$()&0<$5 ,/&'#*,($& $-; (2/ -)&0&.<$ (=/ #%4',=/ :&$0"+$&/;+,/)" :2+;'&)" #$%$0(4%$ -)" ,/()-<G)/($& '() ,'=(,%&0; (25. B"(; -%)C0"I, =5 $-;%%)&$ ()" -%)'$%+)'(&0)* #$%$0(4%$ (25 '(&5 $/930,5 (25 ,09'()(, ,-)#45, :2+&)"%37/($5 C/$/ '"/,#4 0$& G=/($/; :2+;'&) #7%) ,/(;5 0$& ,0(;5 (25 -)."0$()&0<$5. > C/()/2 G=4 -)" -$%$(2%,<($& '(2/ -;.2 (25 B14/$5 ,</$& $-)(C.,'+$ (25 $K<$'(25 '"30C/(%='25 0$& (25 ,33*(2($ (=/ .,&()"%3&7/ '()/ -"0/; $'(&0; &'(;.
!(
!) 1;<LEC 3
«! "#$%&'()*+ $,&,-).&,+ -,', /, )01203(, 4, 5%, 6 020&7'8 )6+ 9/.4,+, :&;(-04),' -8/# ()'<2. ,482#(, (# ='8&/&%(6 -,' '(0&&05;, , =',$%&'(2* -,' 01*)6),.» _Sarkis, 20014
4. Woditsch Richard, Public and Private Spaces of the Polykatoikia in Athens, doctoral thesis, Berlin University of Technology, 2009 , +26. 54 5.!"#"$%&' () *&+,-, . "/0$1231('$ 34 3"$ , #56,, 2375+2$8"+1"'$91, , :;4'", 2008 , +.137
> C/()/2 :%$'(2%&;(2($ -)" ,M,.<'',($& '()"5 ,'=(,%&0)*5 #7%)"5 (25 -)."0$()&0<$5, 0"%&).,0(&09 -%)'-,%/9,& ()/ "-$<1%&) #7%) (25. E*+L=/$ +, ()/ Jan Gehl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“$M&)1C$($” (25. F$%;.$ $"(9 :,/ :*/$/($& /$ ,/($#1)*/ '(2/ 0$12+,%&/;(2($ (=/ 0$()<0=/ 0$& /$ $-)(,.C')"/ (;-)"5 3&$ $"1;%+2(,5 '(9',&5.5
"*
> -$%,+K).4 G=/($/7/ "-$<1%&=/ #7%=/ 9+,'$ '"/:,:,+C/=/ +, ($ 0(<%&$ 0$& 2 ,*0).2 +,(9K$'2 +,($M* $"(7/, 1$ ,/&'#*',& (2/ .,&()"%3<$ (=/ :2+;'&=/ #7%=/. DC'= ()" 0$(9..2.)" '#,:&$'+)* ()"5, 1$ :&$+)%L=1)*/ 0$.*(,%,5 '"/140,5 3&$ (&5 "-$<1%&,5 :%$'(2%&;(2(,5, )& )-)<,5 1$ ):234')"/ (,.&09 ', -&) G=/($/C5 -;.,&5. “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”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
"!
7. Jan Gehl, . <%4 "'&=2+" +1" 31>/$" +26.19
> K,.(<='2 (25 -)&;(2($5 ()" :2+;'&)" #7%)", 1$ ,/(,</,& (2/ -$%$+)/4 ()" $(;+)" ', $"(;/. E(2/ -,%<-(='2 (=/ $/$30$<=/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/, -$%;.) -)" :,/ 1$ +,($K.21,< 2 '"#/;(2(9 ()"5, 1$ -$%$($1,< 2 :&9%0,&9 ()"5, 0$175 2 -%)'L,%;+,/2 ,+-,&%<$ 1$ 3</,& -&) ,"#9%&'(2. B0;+2 2 ,.0"'(&04 ,&0;/$ ()" :2+;'&)" #7%)", 1$ =14',& () 9()+) CM= $-; () '-<(&, +, $-)(C.,'+$ (2/ $*M2'2 (=/ -%)$&%,(&07/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/. > -*0/='2 (25 $/1%7-&/25 -$%)"'<$5 '()/ :2+;'&) #7%), 1$ :2+&)"%34',& -,%&'';(,%,5 ,"0$&%<,5 3&$ 0)&/=/&04 ,-$L4. E, C/$ L&.;M,/) -,%&K9..)/, :*/$($& /$ -%)0*I,& C/$ ,"%* L9'+$ $/1%7-&/=/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/. 7 > $/1%7-&/2 :%$'(2%&;(2($ $/$+L<K).$ ,</$& '()&#,<) -)" 0$1&'(9 () :2+;'&) #7%) ,.0"'(&0;. A& 9/1%=-)& C.0)/($& $-; 9..)"5 $/1%7-)"5 0$& +&$ :%$'(2%&;(2($ ,</$& &0$/4 /$ -"%):)(4',& /C,5. E(2/ $/$-;L,"0(2 -)%,<$ ()" $(;+)" $-; () &:&=(&0; -%)5 () :2+;'&) ,/()-<G,($& '"30,/(%=+C/2 2 -&1$/;(2($ $"(45 (25 ,-$L45 -)" 1$ 3,//4',& (C()&,5 :%$'(2%&;(2(,5. 6$& ,</$& '2+$/(&0; /$ "-9%#)"/ #7%)& -)" /$ $-)(,.)*/ $L,(2%<$ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/ 0)/(9 '(&5 0$()&0<,5. Q7%)& )+$.45 +,(9K$'25 +,($M* :2+;'&)" 0$& &:&=(&0)*. 8C()&)& #7%)& $-)(,.)*/ )& $12/$N0)< $09."-()&. > $M&)-)<2'2 0$& 2 ,/)-)<2'2 ()"5 +, ()/ :2+;'&) #7%) 1$ :2+&)"%34',& /C,5 ,"0$&%<,5 3&$ "-$<1%&$ -$%$+)/4 0$& () C/$"'+$ 0)&/=/&07/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/ '(2/ +,($K$(&04 G7/2 +,($M* ()" :%;+)" 0$& (25 0$()&0<$5.
«950=#'-43#),', 10'5*4, 6 ($?(6 50@ @58&$#' ,482#(, ()6 C%. ()0 =&*20, ()0 51./0+ )%4 ,4/&A5%4 -,' )%4 (@2:84)%4, -,/A+ -,' ()0 $&*40 50@ "0=#3#),' ?"% ,5* )0 (5;)' -,' ,@). 6 =',5;()%(6 ,50)#1#; )0 -1#'=; <', )0 5%+ 250&#; 4, :#1)'%/#; 6 C%. ,482#(, (), -);&',, (# @58&$0@(#+ -,' 4?#+ 5#&'0$?+ -,)0'-'A4, =61,=. :#1)'A404),+ )'+ (@4/.-#+ <', @5,;/&'#+ 5,&,204?+.»_Jan Gehl, ! "#$ %&'()*% *+% ,+$-.%.
""
"# 1;<LEC 4
"$
1;<LEC 5
"%
"&
!"#$%$&' 2
"'
?=2".7(@ #&#8."9@
")
'*+,-,.*/012 -*34,5,6 4#%.*+ 5("(*'6".7'.*+ A& -%7(,5 :,0$,(<,5 ()" 20)" $&7/$ #$%$0(2%<G)/($& $-; (&5 C/()/,5 ,-,0($(&0C5 -%)'-91,&,5 (=/ /C=/ K$.0$/&07/ #=%7/ 3&$ :&,*%"/'2 (=/ '"/;%=/ ()"5. E(&5 '"/140,5 $"(C5 (=/ C/()/=/ $/$0$($(9M,=/, 2 C0($'2 0$175 0$& ) -.21"'+;5 (25 !..9:$5 3/7%&'$/ :&$:)#&0C5 :&$0"+9/',&5. D, (2 '"/,#4 ,&'%)4 )+)3,/7/ $-; (&5 -,%&)#C5 (25 :&$'-)%95, () 3,/&0;(,%) L$&/;+,/) (25 $'("L&.<$5, 0$& (2 :&;30='2 ()" -%)'L"3&0)* -)" +, (2/ D&0%$'&$(&04 6$($'(%)L4 ()" 1922 CL($', '() $-)0)%*L=+$ (25, () $'(&0; 0C/(%) B12/7/-F,&%$&75 ,M,.<#120, +, $.+$(7:,&5 %"1+)*5, $"M9/)/($5, +C'$ ', +;.&5 20 #%;/&$ +,($M* 1907 0$& 1928 ()/ -.21"'+; ()" 0$(9 330%.1 > ,&'%)4 $"(4, ', '"/:"$'+; +, (2/ 0$04 )&0)/)+&04 0$(9'($'2 (25 #7%$5 ', +&$ ,-)#4 '"/$..$3+$(&045 $'(91,&$5 $..9 0$& 2 ,-&($0(&0;(2($ ()" -%)K.4+$()5 '(C3$'25 '(2/ B14/$, ):432', ()"5 ,"-)%;(,%)"5 $-; ()"5 )+)3,/,<5 /$ #%2'&+)-)&4')"/ +C%)5 ()" #%2+$(&0)* 0,L$.$<)" -)" +,(CL,%$/ +$G< ()"5 3&$ (2/ $3)%9 $'(&07/ $0&/4(=/, ,-C/:"'2 -)" +, ($ :,:)+C/$ (25 ,-)#45 1,=%)*/($/ $'L$.45 0$& -%)'):)L;%)5ú $&(<$ -)" ):432', '(2/ +,')-).,+&04 $/)&0):;+2'2 -).";%)L=/ 0(&%<=/ '(2/ B14/$.
1.*( 1922 ?1&'()' +1,' 09/" 1.200.000 #/5+?)@2-. . &'(7(- 1() #6,;)+=(A +1" "+1$3& 3B'1/" 41"' 12/&+1$". . :;4'" "AC,+2 1(' #6,;)+=5 1,3"1" 40% 2'9 +1(' !2$/"$& ($ #/5+?)@2#/(3&62+"' #6,;)+=$"34 &'(7( 3"1& 74%.
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
#*
!"#$%&'()'*+$,-./01'&2$'34%'5"#+6'7,8&
#!
'0"%):C+$()5, () )-)<) C."', '2+$/(&09 0$($'0,"$'(&09 G2(4+$($ (25 )&0):)+45, -$%C#)/($5 (2/ :"/$(;(2($ $/C3,%'25 -)."7%)L=/ 0(&%<=/, ', '"/:"$'+; +, () 3,/&0;(,%) %,*+$ (25 $%#&(,0()/&045 $/$/C='25 -)" -%C'K,", () +)/(C%/) 0</2+$ () )-)<) ,-&0%$()*', ,0,</2 (2/ -,%<):) '(2/ 0,/(%&04 !"%7-2. E(2 '"/C#,&$ (=/ 3,3)/;(=/ (25 D&0%$'&$(&045 6$($'(%)L45 0$& (25 0$(9'($'25 -)" ,-&0%$()*', ,0,</2 (2/ -,%<):), -"%):)(4120, $0;+$ -,%&'';(,%) 2 $/)&0):;+2'2 (=/ -)."0$()&0&7/. 6$($."(&0; %;.) ,<#, ) R.S «-,%< $-$..$345 ,0 (25 $/$."(&045 L)%).)3<$5 (=/ 0$1$%7/ -%)';:=/ (=/ $/,3,%12')+C/=/ )&0):)+7/» -)" ,0:;120, () 1923 0$& $-9..$', $-; (2/ L)%).)3<$ 3&$ 25 #%;/&$ ;'$ 0(<%&$ 1$ $/,3,<%)/($/ (2/ -,%<):) $-; () 1923 C=5 () 1924 $..9 0$& ) /;+)5 «F,%< '#,:<=/ F;.,=/, 6=+7/ 0$& E"/)&0&'+7/ ()" 6%9()"5 0$& A&0):)+45 $"(7/» ) )-)<)5 3&$ -%7(2 L)%9 ;%&G,, +C'= %"+)()+&07/ '#,:<=/, (2/ '#C'2 +,($M* :2+;'&)" 0$& &:&=(&0)* #7%)". E"/C-,&$ $"(45 (25 ,"/)N045 +,($#,<%&'25 (25 L)%).)3<$5 (=/ )&0):)+7/, 4($/ /$ :&,"0)."/1,< 091, +)%L45 $/)&0):;+2'2 0$&, ,-)+C/=5, 2 0$($'0,"4 -)."7%)L=/ 0(&%<=/. 8) 1927 ) /;+)5 «F,%< '"'(9',=5 A&0):)+&07/ E"/,($&%&'+7/»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
#"
##
2. 8/$2<4- D., D#> 1() #/(E64="1(1,#(6)3"1($3>"-, &/;/(, :/0$=47,-, *.11, 1912, +26.122 3. F"/="/&F"'56,-, . "+1$34 #(6)3"1($3>" 1,=21"#(62=$34:;4'"-, !(6$1$+1$35 >7/)=" (=>6() !2$/"$9-, :;4'", 1991 , +26.38 4.D'($3$(+1&+$(: =B1/( #() #"/"12>'2$ )#(0/2%1$3& 1, 7$&/32$" 1,=>+;%+,- "#5 1(' 23=$+;%14 +1(' 2'($3$"+14 3"$ =21& 1, 64C, 1,-, 0%/>"AC,+, 1() 2'($3>()
$/$L)%9 '(2/ $/(&+,(7-&'2 ()" '(,3$'(&0)* -%)K.4+$()5 -)" $/(&+,(7-&G$/ )& -%)'L"3&0)< -.21"'+)< (25 D. B'<$5, -$%9 (2/ 0$(9%32'2 ()" '#,(&0)* R.S (25 19.3.1927 «F,%< (25 0$(9 )%;L)"5 4 :&$+,%<'+$($ &:&)0(2'<$5»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’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’ F$30;'+&) F;.,+) 0$& ,<#, #$%$0(2%&'(&0C5 :&$0"+9/',&5 )L,&.;+,/,5 ',
#$
!"#$%&'9)':;<=%6#">'*&3+"6+?;. @=&#08A
#%
5. F"/="/&F"'56,-, . "+1$34 #(6)3"1($3>" 1,=21"#(62=$34:;4'"-, !(6$1$+1$35 >7/)=" (=>6() !2$/"$9-, :;4'", 1991 , +26.186-190
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
!
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
#'
A27.7#() *."')&
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
6. F#>/,- F., :;,'"$34 "/0$1231('$34 "#( 1875-1925, 2375+2$- «FB6$++"», :;4'", 2003 , +. 201
#(
F$%9:,&3+$ $-)(,.,< 2 -)."0$()&0<$ -)" '#,:<$', ) 6. F$/$3&=(90)5 '(2/ ):; @,+&'()0.C)"5 0$& B%$#7K25 () 1933. F%;0,&($& 3&$ :*) M,#=%&'(9 0(4%&$, +, :*) ,&';:)"5, ($ )-)<$ ,/7/)/($& +,($M* ()"5 +C'= ()" L=($3=3)* 0$& ()" :7+$()5 '()/ (,.,"($<) ;%)L). E() :7+$ 0$($'0,"9'(20, ,/(,"0(4%&) 0$& #7%)& -."/(2%<=/ - '(,3/=(2%<=/ 3&$ 0)&/4 #%4'2 $-; ()"5 ,/)<0)"5 0$175 '#,:&9'(20, 0$& -&'</$ 2 )-)<$ ;+=5 :,/ 0$($'0,"9'(20,.
!"#$%&'B)'52<0'*;<.#&3;"#8&
#)
7.. 1231('$34 7$"=5/?%+, 1,5G,-, 1( (/;(6(@$35 A?(-, =2 =$" #$( 3";"/4 #"/()+>" 1,- 7(=4- 3"$ "#(04 "#5 236231$3$+1$3B"'"?(/B-, ( +"?43"1"3(/)?$+=5#() 1('><21"$ "#5 1$- #"/"+1&72-, ($ (#(>27$"1/B0()' 56()- 1()(/5?()-, , @/"==$34 +)'B02$" 1%' "'($@=&1%' 3"$ 1( +1,;">( #() )G9'21"$ #&'% "#5 1( @2>+( 2>'"$ 3&#($" "#5 1" +#()7"$512/" @'%/>+="1" 1(). 8. F#>/,- F., :;,'"$34 "/0$1231('$34 "#( 1875-1925, 2375+2$«FB6$++"», :;4'", 2003, +26. 206
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«$/$-/)45»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
A& (%,&5 .,&()"%3&0C5 ,/;(2(,5 $"(C5 ("-):)#4, $/9-$"'2, -%),()&+$'<$ L$32()*) ,-&0)&/=/)*/ +,($M* ()"5 +C'= ()" #7%)" ,&';:)" (#=.), ) )-)<)5 '"#/9 :&$1C(,& +,39.,5 :&$'(9',&5. E(&5 0$(;I,&5 (=/ :&$+,%&'+9(=/ (25 -%7(25 #%)/&045 -,%&;:)" 4($/ '*/21,5 )& #7%)& *-/)" /$ ,-&0)&/=/)*/ 9+,'$ +, ()/ #7%) ,&';:)" 0$& 2 -%)'-C.$'2 ()"5 /$ 3</,($& -,%/7/($5 +;/) +C'$ $-; $"(;/. O('& :&$-&'(7/,($& -=5 2 .,&()"%3&04 :&9%1%='2 (=/ :&$+,%&'+9(=/ (=/ $'(&07/ -)."0$()&0&7/ (25 -,%&;:)" 1919-1927 #$%$0(2%<G,($& $-; $-)"'<$ :&$#=%&'+)* (=/ 0*%&=/ .,&()"%3&7/ (25 0$()&0<$5 0$& $-; 9+,'2 ,-&0)&/=/<$ (=/ ,-< +C%)"5 #7%=/ +,($M* ()"5 $/,M9%(2($ $-; (2/ #%4'2 ()"5. > 0)"G</$ 4($/ ) +;/)5 #7%)5 -)" -$%)"'<$G, '#,(&04 $-)+;/='2. F$%$:,<3+$($ $"(45 (25 -,%&;:)" $-)(,.)*/ 2 -)."0$()&0<$ ()" P. P$.$/902 (,&0;/$ 9) '(&5 ):)*5 P’ E,-(,+K%<)" 130 0$& 6):%&30(7/)5 28 -)" 0$($'0,"9'(20, () 1925, 2 -)."0$()&0<$ ()" R. R&0).$Y:2 (,&0;/$ 10) '(&5 ):)*5 F.$-)*($ 2 0$& 6$..&:%)+<)",, 2 )-)<$ 0$($'0,"9'(20, () 1926 0$& 4($/ &:&)0(2'<$ ()" B%3. E. D$/=.0<:2 0$& (C.)5 2 -)."0$()&0<$ ()" >. P,=%3;-)".)" (,&0;/$ 11), +,.C(2 ()" <:&)" ()" &:&)0(4(2 ) )-)<)5 4($/ 0$& -).&(&0;5 +2#$/&0;5 () 1926 '(&5 ):)*5 F$(2'<=/ 236 0$& B+)%3)*.
$!
1;<LE5A 9, 10, 11
$"
!"#$%&' ()"*#+#, 1928-1931 6$& ', $"(4/ (2/ #%)/&04 -,%<):), ,-&#,&%,<($& 2 -.4%25 ,0+,(9..,"'2 (25 )&0)-,:&045 C0($'25 3,3)/;5 -)" :,/ ,-&(%C-,& (2/ *-$%M2 $09."-()" #7%)". A& -)."0$()&0<,5 #(&'+C/,5 +, () '"/,#C5 )&0):)+&0; '*'(2+$ 0$& ', +&0%9 )&0;-,:$ -)" -%)C%#)/($/ $-; +)/)0$()&0<,5 $/(&+,(7-&G$/ -)..C5 L)%C5 -%)K.4+$($ 2.&$'+)* 0$& L=(&'+)* -)" 1$ ."/;($/ ='(;') ', '2+$/(&0; K$1+; $/ ,L$%+;G)/($/ )& '#,(&0C5 :&$(9M,&5 ()" P.A.6 ()" 1929 «-,%< 0)&/7/ ,'=(,%&07/ $".7/»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
$#
9.H/;/( 47, IJ8 1929.
$$
1;<LEC 13
1;<LEC 12
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
$%
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
$&
1;<LEC 15
1;<LEC 14 1;<LEC 16
$'
1;<LEC 17
1;<LEC 19
1;<LEC 18 1;<LEC 20
1;<LEC 21
$(
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“,"-%,-C5” 0.$'&0&'(&0; *L)5 0$& 2 #%4'2 ()" $/9.$L%)" :&$0;'+)" (25 Beaux-Arts. F$%).$’ $"($, $%#&(C0()/,5 +, '2+$/(&04 :%9'2 -%)5 ($ (C.2 (25 :,0$,(<$5 ()" 1920, )& )-)<)& $-CL"3$/ (2/ ,%3).$K&04 $%#&(,0()/&04 -%)'-912'$/ /$ $-):7')"/ '($ 0(<%&$ ()"5 () :&$#%)/&0; *L)5 ()" )%1).)3&0)* '#,:&$'+)*. > $%#&(,0()/&04 ()"5 ,+-,%&,<#, (2/ “.)3&04” (=/ 0$1$%7/ ;30=/ 0$& (=/ $:&9'-$'(=/ ,-&L$/,&7/, 0$175 $/$3/=%<G,& 0$& (&5 '2+$/(&0C5 0$($'0,"$'(&0C5 &:&;(2(,5 ()" )-.&'+C/)" '0"%):C+$()5. E() -.$<'&) $"(45 (25 .)3&045 4($/ 0$& )& $%#&(C0()/,5 W$'<.,&)5 6)"%,+C/)5 0$& !++$/)"4. J$G$%<:25, )& )-)<)& L9/20, /$ $-)'($'&)-)&)*/($& '"/,&:2(9 $-; () '(&.&'(&0; -.)"%$.&'+; (25 Beaux-Arts -%)5 +<$ -&) %,$.&'(&04 $%#&(,0()/&04. A #$%$0(4%$5 (=/ +,')-).,+&07/ -)."0$()&0&7/ ,0L%9G,& +&$ 0%<'&+2 0$+-4 '(2/ $/4'"#2 -)%,<$ (=/ +)%L).)3&07/ $..$37/ $"(45 (25 +,($K$(&045 -,%&;:)". B-; ($ (C.2 (25 :,0$,(<$5 ()" 1920 C#)"/ 4:2 3%$L(,< +, C+L$'2 ,-$/$'($(&0)< :%;+)& '(2/ ,MC.&M2 (25 /,),..2/&045 $%#&(,0()/&045. A& “+)/(C%/)&” (25 B14/$5 '(2/ :,0$,(<$ ()" 1930 $L)"30%9G)/($& ($ -%;("-$ ()" %,$.&'+)* 0$& ()" ,"%=-$N0)* %$'&)/$.&'+)* -)" -%)'LC%)"/ (2/ :"/$(;(2($ 0$& '(2/ ,..2/&04 $%#&(,0()/&04 /$ $/(&($#1,< '($ "-).,<++$($ (25 $/$#%)/&'(&045 +)%L).)3<$5.
$)
1;<LEC 22. /79G<CB7;<?C ,<9CU7QE7G 6BKE 7@L %7G<;CE7Q <C; ,85G6?887G B7G C>H;BO<B7EC 2C6?95;7G #7G>5:OE7G.
%*
A65,">)7*7 @,./95,B6# %)$516# *)7# '(*,@,.(=$%3 4"3#8, 1919-1941
/KI= HF>BK: 5&+A&+61'5&%$<41>'C'&,3"#D'2;<.#&3;"#8&'341'A03&2;<0A"#D1'7ED%&1>'*;<"3",3"#$'8F+.A&';A8<;.'*0"+&"G1>' 7ED%&>'HIIH
%!
8#'(9/:#1.*; 9#"</0/) 1.K/)+&?,L. L(/7&'(@6(), . 266,'$34 ($3('(=>" =21& 1( 1950 !2/>(7(1950-1973: :'&#1)C,, '(=$+="1$34 +1";2/51,1" 3"$ 3/"1$35#"/2=E"1$+= 5-, */&#2<" 1,- D66&7(-, 2020 2. . #(6)3"1($3>" 1,"'1$#"/(043"$ ( 3&;21(3($'%'$357$"0%/$+=5F"6(A1"M%=&-|N#)/B 66,N1"A/(O$3,?5/(P(=,=B'( !2/$E&66(', D;'(1$3BJ=&72-, 8($'%'$34 P(=4, N1B@"+,
> #7%$ +, ()/ W’ -$30;'+&) -;.,+) $/(&+,(=-<G,& (,%9'(&$ )&0)/)+&09 -%)K.4+$($. F%)(,%$&;(2($ $-)(,.,< 2 $/(&+,(7-&'2 (=/ C0($0(=/ '"/1207/ L(7#,&$5, -,</$5 0$& ,M$1.<='25 -)" K<=/, () +,3$.*(,%) +C%)5 ()" -.21"'+)*. A 0%$(&0;5 +2#$/&'+;5 +, (2/ ,-&:,</='2 -)" CL,%, 2 ,+-;.,+2 -,%<):)5 '(&5 :)+C5 ()" :,/ +-)%,< /$ -%)'LC%,& .*'2 '() -%;K.2+$ +, -%)3%9++$($ 0%$(&045 -%;/)&$5. > +,($(%)-4 (25 #7%$ ', +&$ -%)23+C/2 0$-&($.&'(&04 #7%$ $-)(,.,< -%)(,%$&;(2($, '*+L=/$ +, (&5 ,-&($3C5 ()" :"(&0)* 0;'+)". > ,-&($0(&0;(2($ 3&$ )&0)/)+&04 9/12'2 ,/(,</,($& $-; (2/ 3,=3%$L&04 1C'2 (25, (2/ ,33*(2(9 (25 +, (2/ -,%&)#4 (25 DC'25 B/$().45 0$& (&5 #7%,5 ()" "-$%0()* ')'&$.&'+)*. !01C',&5 (25 ,-)#45 +, 1C+$ (2/ $M&).;32'2 (25 )&0)/)+&045 0$(9'($'25 (25 #7%$5 0$& (2/ $/$'"30%;(2'2 (25, -,%&3%9L)"/ (2/ ,&'%)4 MC/=/ -;%=/ 0$& 0,L$.$<=/ -)" 1$ 0$($.9K)"/ ($ -$%$3=3&09 +C'$.1 E2+$/(&04 $-)(,.,< $"(4 ()" 6"%&90)" W$%K$%C')", ) )-)<)5 $-)%%<-(,& (2/ 0$1).&04 0$& ($#,<$ ,0K&)+2#9/&'2 =5 +<$ $"()*'&$ 0$& K&7'&+2 )&0)/)+&04 -).&(&04 3&$ (2/ #7%$. B"(; ,M23,<($& $-; (2/ -).&(&04 $'(91,&$ -)" $"(4 K&7/,&, (&5 -,%&)%&'+C/,5 -$%$3=3&0C5 (25 :"/$(;(2(,5, $..9 0$& (2/ -%)(<+2'2 (=/ /(;-&=/ ,-,/:"(7/ '(2 K%$#"-%;1,'+2 0,%:)'0)-<$. !/$..$0(&09 -%)(,</,& +&0%45 0.<+$0$5 ,-,/:*',&5 '(2 3,=%3<$, (2/ 0(2/)(%)L<$, $..9 0$& ', K&)+2#$/<,5 (=/ -$%93=3=/ -%)N;/(=/ $"(7/ (=/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/. E"/:"$'(&09 +, ($ -$%$-9/= -$%)"'&9G,& (2 +&0%45 0.<+$0$5 )&0):)+&04 K&)+2#$/<$ 0$& :%$'(2%&;(2($ =5 (2/ 0&/2(4%&$ :*/$+2 (25 $/9-("M25 (25 ,..2/&045 )&0)/)+<$5. 8$ '#C:&$ 3&$ (2/ $/90$+I2 (25 ,..2/&045 )&0)/)+<$5 0$& (2/ $/)&0):;+2'2, $/$'(C..)/($& +, (2/ C/$%M2 ()" ,+L".<)" -).C+)" ()/ S,0C+K%2 ()" 1944. > K&$&;(2($ 0$& () $<'12+$ L;K)" -)" 0$(&'#*,&, 0$1)%<G)"/ (&5 0)&/=/&0C5 '#C',&5, $..9 0$& (2/ $/(<.2I2 ()" $(;+)" 3&$ () $'(&0; -,%&K9..)/. A 0)&/=/&0;5 :&#$'+;5 -$%9 (2/ .4M2 (=/ ,#1%)-%$M&7/ ()/ B*3)"'() ()" 1949 -$%$+C/,& 3&$ :,0$,(<,5 +,(9. H5 $-)(C.,'+$ $"(7/ (=/ '"/1207/ ,%+2/,*,($& () L$&/;+,/) (25 $'("L&.<$5 0$& (25 $'(&0)-)<2'25 -)" -$%$(2%,<($& (&5 -%7(,5 (%,&5 +,($-).,+&0C5 :,0$,(<,5. E(2/ -,%<-(='2 ()" B12/$N0)* '"30%)(4+$()5, ) -.21"'+;5 (25 -;.25 '#,:;/ (%&-.$'&9G,($&.2
%"
P&$ ()"5 0$()<0)"5 (25 ,-$%#<$5, ,0(;5 $-; (&5 -,%&'';(,%,5 ,"0$&%<,5 3&$ ,%3$'<$, .,&()*%32', ,.0"'(&09 2 $/=/"+<$ 0$& 2 -%)'($'<$ -)" -%)'CL,%, () $'(&0; -,%&K9..)/ $-; (&5 -).&(&0C5 :&7M,&5.3 8) -)')(&0; #9'+$ +,($M* ()" -.21"'+)* (25 -;.25 0$& ()" :&$1C'&+)" '(,3$'(&0)* $-)1C+$()5 +,3,1*/120,. !('& ($ ,-;+,/$ #%;/&$ ', 0"K,%/2(&0; ,-<-,:) "&)1,()*/($& -).&(&0C5 -)" :&,"0).*/)"/ ()/ 0$($'0,"$'(&0; ()+C$ 0$& (2/ )&0)/)+<$ -)" '#,(<G,($& +, (2/ +&0%45 0.<+$0$5 '(C3$'2.
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’ ,-C0($'2 0$& (=/ :&$+,%&'+9(=/ ,</$& -).* "I2.C5. O('& 2 ()-)1,'<$ (25 0$()&0<$5, 0$1)%<G,($& $-; () ,&';:2+$ 0$& (2/ $3)%$'(&04 :*/$+2 ()" $(;+)", ,/7 -$%9..2.$ ,</$& ,/:,&0(&04 (25 ($M&045 ()" ($"(;(2($5.
%#
3. F"6(A1"*., Self Promoted Housing: Postwar Solutions in Athens, City and Territory, XXXV/136137: 335-345, 2003
4.&.#.&95SCE@>L -87G97A, «. 8C9;F I5;B7E;F HFPK<5 – I;CB?;» *7 2=:C 12..4.72 JA 15.4.72, :5 BKE 6G::5B7H= BJE ". 2;>;>F<K, *. #799F>7G <C; ".0. /C8CWJFEE7G. 5.4;9;88?@KA -K:=B>KA, /79G<CB7;<?C <C; 6QIH>7EK VJ=, &>H;B5<B7E;<F PO:CBC, 12/1978, 6. 106. 6.,C>KI;FEEKA 0., . 5SO9;SK BKA 5:87>5G:CB787; =65JA BKA <CB7;<?CA <C; K 58?@>C6K BKA 6BK :7>N= BKA <CB7;<?CA <C; BKA 8L95JA, &>H;B5<B7E;<F PO:CBC, 12/1978, 659. 110.
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“-$.&95 $12/$N045 3,&()/&95”. B"(4 '"/:C120, +, (&5 ,'=(,%&0C5 $".C5 -)" .,&()"%3)*'$/ =5 #7%)& 0)&/=/&0)-)<2'25 (=/ )&0)3,/,&7/ -)" G)*'$/ 3*%= ()"5, 0$& ,"/))*'$/ (2/ $/9-("M2 0$& :&$(4%2'2 (=/ +,($M* ()"5 '#C',=/.5 «H)64 <#')04'8 "?&% *)' #;2,()# 5#&;50@ )6+ ;=',+ )8"6+, #'(0=.2,)0+, 20&7A(#%+. H)64 501@-,)0'-;, 0' 1;<0 5#&'((*)#&0 20&7%2?40' =#4 /?10@4 4, ?$0@4 #5,7?+ 2# )0@+ 5'0 -8)%. E;50), -0'4* =#4 (@4=?#' )0@+ #40;-0@+ 5?&, ,5* -0'4* @54%).&'0. …0' 5'0 -,11'#&<62?40' =#4 /, ,4?$04),4 4, C.(0@4 (.2#&, ()64 ,@1. 2# )'+ )?((#&'+ 0'-0<?4#'#+ <3&% <3&%.» E. I0118&0+, )0 J.2, 4/1972 O('& 2 -;.2 (25 B14/$5 :&$+)%L7/,($& =5 ,M45: ! 8$ $/7($($ ,&'):4+$($ 0$($.$+K9/)"/ :&$+,%<'+$($ '()"5 "I2.;(,%)"5 )%;L)"5 (=/ -)."0$()&0&7/ ', 0,/(%&0C5 -,%&)#C5. ! 8$ $/7(,%$ ,M$'L$.<G)"/ ()"5 #$+2.;(,%)"5 )%;L)"5 4 0$()&0)*/ ', -,%&)#C5 3*%= $-; () 0C/(%). ! E()"5 +,'$<)"5 )%;L)"5 (=/ $12/$N07/ -)."0$()&0&7/ '"/$/(7/($& +,'$<$ ,&'):4+$($. ! 8$ #$+2.;(,%$ ,&'):4+$($ ', &';3,&$, "-;3,&$ :&$+,%<'+$($ 4 1"%=%,<$ ', +C') $'(&0C5 '"/)&0<,5 (-.# 6"IC.2), 4 ', :&$+,%<'+$($ ', "-)K$1+&'+C/,5 ,%3$(&0C5 '"/)&0<,5 '() 0C/(%).6
%$
%% 1;<LEC 23
- =#71>) '6) (%'.9("/?;) > 0$()&0<$, -)" $-)(,.,< -.C)/ C/$ ,+-;%,"+$-$3$1;, :&$L2+<G,($& =5 '0)-;5 G=45, 0$& $/(&+,(=-<G,($& =5 +C') 0)&/=/&045 $/C.&M25. F9/= ', $"(4 (2/ &:C$, )&0):)+,<($& 0$& $/$0"0.7/,($& C/$5 +$G&0;5 +&0%)$'(&0;5 0$($/$.=(&'+;5. B"(;5 ', '"/:"$'+; +, (2/ $*M2'2 ()" -.21"'+)*, (2 +&0%4 0.<+$0$ (=/ $'(&07/ )&0)-C:=/, $..9 0$& (=/ ,-&#,&%4',=/ ()" )&0):)+&0)* 0.9:)" (25 ,-)#45, ,</$& )& -$%93)/(,5 -)" '"/CK$.$/ '(2/ ,"%,<$ :&9:)'2 0$& (2/ ,-&("#2+C/2 ,L$%+)345 ()" 1,'+)* (25 $/(&-$%)#45.
7.. #(6)3"1($3>" 1,"'1$#"/(043"$ ( 3&;21(3($'%'$357$"0%/$+=5F"6(A1"M%=&-|N#)/ B66,N1"A/(O$3,?5/(P(=,=B'( !2/$E&66(', D;'(1$3BJ=&72-, 8($'%'$34 P(=4, N1B@"+,
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
@ 1/"A; '6) 1#'(9/:#1.*;) (=6%(B*;) 9/:$*('/.*<() > +)%L4 (25 $12/$N045 -)."0$()&0<$5 ($ -%7($ +,($-).,+&09 #%;/&$ 0$1)%<G,($& $-; () +&0%; ,+K$:;/ (=/ )&0)-C:=/ 0$& (2/ $/$.)3<$ +40)"5 0$& -.9()"5 -)" ,+L$/<G)"/, (&5 :&$(9M,&5 ()" 3,/&0)* )&0):)+&0)* 0$/)/&'+)* 0$& ()/ 1,'+; (25 $/(&-$%)#45. A %;.)5 ()" $%#&(C0()/$ '()/ '#,:&$'+; (25 -)."0$()&0<$5 0$& '(2/ ,MC.&M2 (25 +)%L45 (25, $L)%)*', +&0%; $%&1+) -$%$:,&3+9(=/, ', '#C'2 +, (2/ )&0):)+&04 :%$'(2%&;(2($ (25 ,-)#45 0$& (2/ C0($'2 (25 -;.25.
%&
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’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
%'
8.*<&3() D. :'"+1"+>", . 2CB6$C, 1,#(6)3"1($3>" - +1,' :;4'" =21& 1(' #562=(, :/0$1231('$3 & ;B="1", 12/1978, +26.131 9. *<&3() D. :'"+1"+>", . 2CB6$C, 1,#(6)3"1($3>" - +1,' :;4'" =21& 1(' #562=(, :/0$1231('$3 & ;B="1", 12/1978, +.132-133
1;<LEC 24. /79G<CB7;<?C #C99;IF B7G #JE6BCEB?E7G #CXC:8O9K
%(
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
%)
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
1;<LEC 25
&*
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
&!
10.F("Q1+() J6@", *( #2/$(7$35 :/0$1231('$34 3"$ , =21"#(62=$34 #(6)3"1($3>", (=$6>", :;4'", 2014
1980-2000 7% 89$/()%), 21, 6$2%(6"#:', &6% 1 )./0%.1 21, (301, > "-,%,0+,(9..,"'2 (25 325 '(2/ -;.2 (25 B14/$5 '"/,#<G,($& +C#%& 0$& () (C.)5 (25 :,0$,(<$5 ()" ‘70. A )&0):)+&0;5 0)%,'+;5 ,-C%#,($& 0"%<=5 '(&5 0,/(%&0C5 -,%&)#C5 0$& 2 0$($'0,"$'(&04 :%$'(2%&;(2($ K%<'0,& :&CM):) '(2/ -,%&LC%,&$ (25 -;.25 0$& '() ,"%*(,%) .,0$/)-C:&) (25 B((&045.
11.F"6(A1"M%=&-, N#)/B66,N1"A/(O$3,?5/(-, . #(6)3"1($3>" 1,"'1$#"/(043"$ ( 3&;21(3($'%'$357$"0%/$+=5-, &/;/( +1( Athens Social Atlas, 2015
8) L$&/;+,/) (25 $*M2'25 ()" -.21"'+)*, -)" -$%$(2%)*/($/ ()/ -%)23)*+,/) 0$&%;, $-; (&5 $%#C5 (25 :,0$,(<$5 ()" 1980 $/(&'(%CL,($&. > $.;3&'(2 0$($'0,"$'(&04 :%$'(2%&;(2($, 2 C..,&I2 0%$(&0)* ,.C3#)" 0$& 0$1).&0)* '#,:&$'+)* 3&$ (2/ ,&0;/$ (25 -;.25, ):432'$/ '(2/ +,($(%)-4 (25 ', C/$ #$)(&0; $'"/,#C5 $-; )-.&'+C/) '0"%;:,+$. 8) -/,*+$ 0,%:)'0)-<$5 -)" -,%&K9..,& ()/ 0$($'0,"$'(&0; 0.9:), +,(C(%,I, () #$%$0(4%$ ()" '(,3$'(&0)* -%)K.4+$()5, $-; -)')(&0; ', -)&)(&0;. > ,"(C.,&$ ()" 0(&%&$0)* $-)1C+$()5, 2 C..,&I2 -%;/)&$5 3&$ (2/ 09."I2 (=/ $/$307/ ', :2+;'&,5 "-):)+C5 0$& -$%)#C5, ()" ;.) 0$& $"M$/;+,/)" -.21"'+)*, 0$& 2 "-,%'"30C/(%='2 (=/ $"()0&/4(=/ ,</$& )& .;3)& -)" #$%$0(2%<G)"/ (2 G=4 '(2/ -;.2 (25 B14/$5 $/,.0"'(&04 0$& () K&)(&0; (25 ,-<-,:) ,M$&%,(&09 #$+2.;.11 8$ +,'$<$ 0$& "I2.9 0)&/=/&09 '(%7+$($ $/$G2()*/ +&$ ,&:"..&$04 $L432'2 0$()<02'25 '(2/ -,%&LC%,&$ (25 -;.25. F%72/ $0$()<02(,5 ,0(9',&5 '($ K)%,&)$/$().&09 0$& /;(&$ ()" $'(&0)* '"30%)(4+$()5, 0"%&$%#)*/($& $-; -)."0$()&0<,5 +,'$<$5 4 +,39.25 0.<+$0$5 0$& +,($(%C-)/($& ', -"0/):)+2+C/,5 $'(&0C5 -,%&)#,5.
- +%;:981 21, (301, 8) C%3) ()" $%#&(C0()/$ 0$& -).,):;+)" 6=/'($/(</)" S)M&9:2 $-)(C.,', '2+$/(&0; ,3#,&%<:&) 3&$ (2/ -%)$'(&)-)<2'2. > -;.2 -,%&3%9L,($&, =5 C/$ '"/,#C5 -$%$3=3&0; -,:<) -)" $-.7/,($& ', ;.) () .,0$/)-C:&). > :&9#"'2 (25 ,-&("3#9/,($& +C'$ $-; () :<0(") +,($L)%7/ 0$& 0"%<=5 () $"()0</2(), -)" -%)-)%,*,($& 0$& /)2+$():)(,< ,0 /C)" (2/ $((&04 32. A& :&$L)%C5 )&0&'(&0C5 $'"/C#,&,5, )&0&'+)< 0$& 3,&()/&C5, $-)(,.)*/ () $'(&0; -,%&K9..)/
&"
1;<LEC 26
&#
12,13. !6&1%' L+">"-, Beyond the Informal City: Athens and the Possibility of an Urban Common, 7$7"31(/$34 7$"1/$E4, Berlage Institute, 2014, +26. 176-177
(25 /C$5 -,%&LC%,&$5. B"()< :&C-)/($& $-; $"'(2%4 )%39/='2, ($ 0%&(4%&$ (25 )-)<$5 $-)(,.)*/ 0"%<=5 2 ($M&04 ($"(;(2($ (=/ 0$()<0=/, () -,%&K9..)/, $..9 0$& )& 0%$(&0C5 "-):)+C5. B"(4 2 ,&0;/$ ()" S)M&9:2, -$%)"'&9G,($& ', :&9L)%$ C%3$ -)" ).)0.4%=',, =5 :2+;'&)5 .,&()"%3;5 $..9 0$& =5 ,.,*1,%)5 ,-$33,.+$(<$5. E2+$/(&0;(,%$ $-; $"(9 $-)(,.)*/ “8) %"1+&'(&0; '#C:&) ()" .,0$/)-,:<)" (25 B((&045” () 1947, “2 A&0)"+,/;-).2” (=/ B12/7/ () 1960, “A&0&'(&04 1,=%<$”, “() %"1+&'(&0; '#C:&) 3&$ (2/ -%=(,*)"'$”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’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
&$
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
&%
14.F"6(A1"M%=&-, N#)/B66,N1"A/(O$3,?5/(-, . #(6)3"1($3>" 1,"'1$#"/(043"$ ( 3&;21(3($'%'$357$"0%/$+=5-, &/;/( +1( Athens Social Atlas, 2015
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“3-45/$(%+% 6%+47,2*28: 34/9,%+4.,7% :9;4/4<.,$ ;4/9;/4,=+2+% $ >?&@)+2 +9;4/4<7%” %-A. B2($+-28 C&+#&%,',28
&&
V,#=%&'(4 -,%<-(='2 $-)(,.,< 2 -)."0$()&0<$ (=/ S2+4(%2 0$& E)"G9/$ B/(=/$0902 '(2/ ):; !++$/)"4. D-,/902 118, () 1973. 8) 0(<%&) $-)(,.,< (2/ 0$()&0<$ (=/ $%#&(,0(;/=/ 0$& 9..=/ (%&7/ )&0)3,/,&7/, ,/7 $%3;(,%$ '(,39G,& 0$& () ,-$33,.+$(&0; ()"5 3%$L,<) “Atelier 66”. 6$& ($ (C'',%$ :&$+,%<'+$ ,0(".<'')/($& ', :*) 4 0$& (%,&5 )%;L)"5, ,/7 :,/ "-9%#,& ("-&04 09()I2, $L)* 091, :&$+C%&'+$ C#,& '#,:&$'(,< '"+L=/$ +, (&5 $/930,5 ()" 091, 09()&0)". E(;#)5 3&$ ;.,5 (&5 +)/9:,5 ,</$& 2 ,-<(,"M2 :&$+-,%;(2($5, :2+&)"%37/($5 $/)<3+$($ 0$& 1C,5, (;') -%)5 ()/ .;L) ()" E(%CL2 '(2/ -%;')I2 $..9 (2/ ,'=(,%&04 $".4. > ,<'):)5 0$& 2 0$($0;%"L2 0&/2'2 $-)(,.)*/ &:&$<(,%$ '()&#,<$ ()" 0(&%<)", 0$175 $-)(,.)*/ "-$<1%&)"5 $/)&#()< 0$& -%)'K9'&+)& #7%)&, :2+&)"%37/($5 C/$ +,($K$(&0; '(9:&) +,($M* ()" :2+;'&)" 0$& ()" &:&=(&0)*, 0$& ;#& C/$ $:&$-C%$'() ;%&). 8) '()&#,<) (25 "-$<1%&$5 0</2'25 3</,($& &:&$<(,%$ :2+)L&.C5 $%3;(,%$. B..9 -$%$:,<3+$($ $/9.)3)" ,/:&$LC%)/()5 ,</$& $-; () C%3) (=/ $%#&(,0(;/=/ 2 -)."0$()&0<$ '(2/ ):; E</$ 44, $..9 0$& '(2/ ):; S)M$-$(%4 44 () 1981, 0$175 0$& ()" $%#. B.CM$/:%)" F$(')*%2 '(&5 ):)*5 S&:;()" 0$& S,.L7/. E(2/ (,.,"($<$,2 ,'=(,%&04 $"(4 -)."-.)0;(2($ (25 )%39/='25, +,($LC%,($& 0$& '(&5 ;I,&5 ()" 0(&%<)", ;-)" -C%$ $-; () $/,-<#%&'() +-,(;/ (K$++C/) .,"0;), "-,%&'#*)"/ ($ +,39.$ "$.)'(9'&$.
7J;%;A03+"#6 ,?KF"& 341 2;<.#&3;"#8&1 > 24/D) LMNO)PPQQQRSTUVRVWXLYPYZS[\PNWT][X^OPNT_`aV^TYaYVbO^LZbUN[ZVaL
&'
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«-%)'3,&7120,» -9/= '()/ 4:2 "-9%#)/($ &'(;, :2+&)"%37/($5 ()+C5 '() )+)&)3,/C5 '(%7+$ (=/ -)."0$()&0&7/1, '"/,#<G)/($5 () ;%$+$ ()" S)M&9:2 3&$ (2/ -;.2. «!"#$ %&'#()*+* #' %,-./$ 012% +#3 432.'",56% 2.%7 &$)37 "&'4'289, 2.%7 &$)37 0%+.+2(937 +#% 46/#"% /%. $-. +#39 %,-.#*/#'9./1 /%. #'9 %+#./$ +-*4.%+2'.» _:.;9937 !6+<&'7 2 F$%9..2.$ +, (2/ A."+-&$04 $/9-("M2 0&/,<($& 0$& 2 ,+-)%&04 :%$'(2%&;(2($ (25 -;.25 0$(9 +40)5 ()" /C)" :&0(*)". RC)& #7%)& 0$($/9.='25 M,L"(%7/)"/ ', +,39.$ )&0;-,:$ '"%%&0/7/)/($5 (&5 +&0%)+,'$<,5 ,-&#,&%4',&5 "-)K$1+<G)/($5 () 0C/(%) (25 -;.25 0$& (2/ '2+$'<$ ()". A& #7%)& $"()< $-)%%)L)*/ (2/ :2+;'&$ G=4 0$& +,()"'&7/)/($& ', #7%)"5 «,.,3#;+,/25» $'(&0;(2($5. E($ #%;/&$ -)" $0).)*12'$/ ()"5 A."+-&$0)*5 $37/,5, (C()&)& #7%)& :&$(2%)*/ (2/ :2+)(&0;(2($ ()"5 0$& -)..$-.$'&9G)/($& $-)(,.7/($5 +&$ '<3)"%2 ,-C/:"'2. A& -,%&'';(,%,5 )."+-&$0C5 "-):)+C5 :,/ ,/(9'')/($& '(2/ G=4 0$& (&5 '"/41,&,5 (25 -;.25, ,30$($.,<-)/($& 0$& -$%$+,.)*/($& :2+&)"%37/($5 ,0(,/4 0$& $-%)'-C.$'($ $'(&09 0,/9. 3
1.P$&0)1, :;4'": 7>31)", 3"1"'"6%1$+=5 - 3"$ 3/>+,, I. :>+%#(- , Made in Athens, 2012, +26. 44-45 2. P$&0)1, :;4'": 7>31)", 3"1"'"6%1$+=5 - 3"$ 3/>+,, I. :>+%#(- , Made in Athens, 2012, +26. 46 3. P$&0)1, :;4'": 7>31)", 3"1"'"6%1$+=5 - 3"$ 3/>+,, I. :>+%#(- , Made in Athens, 2012,+26.47 4. P$&0)1, :;4'": 7>31)", 3"1"'"6%1$+=5 - 3"$ 3/>+,, I. :>+%#(- , Made in Athens, 2012, +26. 48
«= &$)3 4*9 *69%. &)('9 '2'.'5*917 /%. #% />,.% 4'2./; +#'.-*6% #37 *69%. #8,% %9%59<,6+.2%.» _:.;9937 !6+<&'74
&(
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’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liaros Properties 3&$ /$ ,+L"'4')"/ ,+-)%&04 $M<$ :&)%3$/7/)"/ $%#&(,0()/&0)*5 :&$3=/&'+)*5 0$& :%9',&5 ', 3,&()/&C5 ;-=5 () D,($M)"%3,<) 0$& ) 6,%$+,&0;5 (UPTO35, ReMap Athens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“-%)23+C/) 0$-&($.&'(&0; (%;-) -$%$3=34 )&0&'(&0)* #7%)"”,7 0$& $/(&+,(=-<G)"/ ', :&$L)%,(&0; K$1+; (&5 -$1)3C/,&,5 -)" +C#%& (7%$ ,+-,%&,<#, 2 G=4 '() 0C/(%) (25 B14/$5. &)
!"#$%&'( )*+,+-./012345/ 671/8493:;<=/ >?62@/A6714B/<45/ 671/C3BB?D?=?62/39/ <4/E:D<4/ >3;;34./ FGF+H&IJGHK/ FG+&JGLK./ 01:=<M1/84B6?6N61./ OPQR./*S$"QTRU QT! V.W" #$%&'(/ )*+,+-./012345/ 671/8493:;<=/ >?62@/A6714B/<45/ 671/C3BB?D?=?62/39/ <4/E:D<4/ >3;;34./ FGF+H&IJGHK/ FG+&JGLK./ 01:=<M1/84B6?6N61./ OPQR./*S$"QR!
«F.%: .5): ("4): %2($!)" <$%9'#,29%(): <$%9)#>3.'(%$. G !%()$!,% 2() !5.(#) (1: H;7.%:, +$% .% ',.%$ '4$;*91(7, 4#54'$ .% ',.%$ “'*7&$% !%$ '*8'#1”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»_K&!12(1: I. L/<1 8 8.!"#$%&$' (. )*+$, , -./0/.12%+3213%4*' &$' .2"5#/&23#6/'. 70/ 48""20 93/ &$0 :;<0/;, 70/ 48""20 93/ &$0 :;<0/, -#+*%-3' (/./=<%$', :;<0/, 2011, %-". 324
'*
'!
'"
XGHY(+/OW
'#
«! "#$%&'()*+,,-.+ /'0/+ &"-.&.') /'+. "$*1%&'$)%2& (")"*-$. $345+/( /( ,)& /()#0 &"6 «'17*0 /+,(2&» /( %08( &.&7$#0 /( &1'4., &6#&'& /'$19 (")"6*&)$19 4 3$5,&')%$:9 (")%#)'-9 '+9. ;)& ")$ .+70*)& &.0*1/4 '+9 8& &.&%0*1"'( 8+/&1#$:9 %#1,,-.$19 /'$. '#6"$ 3)&,6#7</+9 %&) *()'$1#52&9, 5)& "&#03()5,&, '$1 «&%0*1"'$1», 2/<9 '$1 ")$ "&#(=+5+,-.$1 /'$)>(2$1 '+9 /:5>#$.+9 &/')%49 36,+/+9, 4, &.0*$5&, '$1 «7<'&5<5$:», '+9 %&'’ (17+,)/,6. ,)%#$5#&72&9 '$1 &%0*1"'$1. ?) 6,<9 ->$1. 43+ 52.(), -/'< /"$#&3)%0, .:=()9 5)& '+ ,1/'+#)&%4 &',6/7&)#& '$1 «&'+,-*+'$1» %&) «&/>(32&/'$1» &%0*1"'$1, ,( '+. (")*(%')%4 &"6%#1@+ '+9 «A<49 '<. 0**<.» /( 3)"*&.0 4 &"-.&.') 3)&,(#2/,&'&. B%6,& %&) 5)& '+. «&*48()&» "$1 &.&3:('&) &"6 '$19 *(#$:9 '$2>$19, '& (5%&'&*(),,-.& &.')%(2,(.& /( ,"&*%6.)& 4 6/& ,)/$%#:C$.'&) "2/< &"6 %$1#'2.(9 "$1 &.(,2A$1. /( &.')%#)/'0 3)&,(#2/,&'&.» !"#$%&'"(%)*+, ,. -(#(..)/0+, 1. 223 Made in Athens
'$
'%
'&
!"#$%$&' 3
''
''
4.-.C 1929 J<3) +,(9 (2/ 1,'+)1C(2'2 ()" /;+)" 3741 () 1929 «-,%< (25 &:&)0(2'<$5 0$(’ )%;L)"5» ) )-)<)5 '"/CK$., '(2/ %$3:$<$ $*M2'2 (=/ -)."7%)L=/ 0(&%<=/, ,0:;120, ) -%7()5 P,/&0;5 A&0):)+&0;5 6$/)/&'+;5 (P.A.6) -)" $-)(C.,', (2/ K9'2 3&$ (2/ $/)&0):;+2'2 -)."7%)L=/ 0(&%<=/ 0$& (2/ C/($M4 ()"5 '()/ -).,):)+&0; &'(;. A P.A.6 ()" 1929 0$1;%&G, () 0)&/; /)+)1,(&0; -.$<'&) 091, )&0):)+&045 :%$'(2%&;(2($5, 0$($%37/($5 091, -%)23)*+,/) '#,(&0; /)+)1C(2+$ 0$& $L)%)*', ).;0.2%2 (2/ #7%$.
-./0123 4561/13
E() -/,*+$ $"(45 (25 3,/&045 $/$1,7%2'25, ,&'93)/($& 0$&/)()+<,5 -)" $L)%)*/ (2/ :&$'L9.&'2 (25 "3&,&/45 0$& K&='&+;(2($5 (=/ 0(&%<=/, (2/ 1C'2 (=/ 0(&%<=/ '($ )&0;-,:$, (2/ '#C'2 +,($M* (=/ ;+)%=/ &:&)0(2'&7/ 0$& (2/ :&$+;%L='2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" (=/ )&0):)+7/. O('& '()/ P.A.6 ()" 29 ,+L$/<G)/($& 3&$ -%7(2 L)%9 +C(%$ -)" $L)%)*/ (2/ +)%L4 0$& () +C3,1)5 (25 )&0):)+45 0$& 3,/&09 G2(4+$($ 0(&%&$045 ,-9%0,&$5. A%<G)/($& )&0):)+&09 '"'(4+$($ ($ )-)<$ "-$3)%,*)"/, () ,.9#&'() +C3,1)5 (=/ )&0):)+4'&+=/ )&0)-C:=/, (2/ '#,(&04 1C'2 ()" 0(&%<)" ', $"(9 0$& (&5 ,.9#&'(,5 $-)'(9',&5 ()" 0(&%<)" +, ($ ;%&$ ()" )&0)-C:)". B0;+$ ', $"(9 -,%&.$+K9/)/($& ) "-)#%,=(&0;5 L=(&'+;5 0$& $,%&'+;5 (=/ :&$+,%&'+9(=/ +C'= (25 ,-&0)&/=/<$5 +, :%;+)"5, -.$(,<,5 0$& "-)#%,=(&0)*5 $09."-()"5 #7%)"5 )&0)-C:=/, )& ,.9#&'(,5 :&$'(9',&5 $"(7/ (=/ $/)&3+9(=/ ($09."-()& #7%)& 0$& L=($3=3)<) )& )-)<,5 '#,(<G)/($& +, () ,<:)5 ()" #7%)" 0$& ()" ,L$%+)'+C/)" )&0):)+&0)* '"'(4+$()5. B"(9 ,</$&, () '"/,#C5 '*'(2+$ :;+2'25, ;-)" ($ 0(<%&$ ,L9-()/($& '($ -.93&$ ;%&$ :2+&)"%37/($5 +<$ ,/&$<$ ,-&L9/,&$ '(2/ -%;')I2 ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)", () $'"/,#C5 '*'(2+$ :;+2'25 ;-)" ($ 0(<%&$ ,</$& $-)0)..2+C/$ $-; ($ -.93&$ 0$& ($ )-<'1&$ ;%&$ ()" )&0)-C:)". 8$ :*) '"'(4+$($ $"(9, -%)"-)1C()"/ ,.9#&'(2 $-;'($'2 +,($M* 0(&%<)" 0$& )%<=/ )&0)-C:)" 2,5m. 8) +&0(; '*'(2+$ $-)(,.,< C/$/ '"/:"$'+; (=/ :*) -%)23)*+,/=/ '"'(2+9(=/ +, ($ 0(<%&$ /$ ,L9-()/($& '(2/ +<$ -.93&$ -.,"%9 $/9 :*) ,0$(C%=1,/ $"(45, $L4/)/($5 ,.,*1,%2 (2/ 9..2. 8C.)5 () -$/($#;1,/ ,.,*1,%) '*'(2+$ $0).)"1,< 0$/;/,5 ()" $'"/,#)*5 '"'(4+$()5 +, ($ 0(<%&$ /$ $-C#)"/ 0$& $-; () +-%)'(&/; ;%&) 0$(9 3m.
'(
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m. !-< (=/ ,+-)%&07/ ):7/ ()" )&0&'+)* ) '"/(,.,'(45 4($/ ($ 16, 50/10, ,/7 ,-< (=/ .)&-7/ ):7/ 12/10.
')
D,(9 $-; -%)(%)-4 ()" 8,#/&0)* !-&+,.2(2%<)" !..9:)5 () 1934 1,'+)1,(,<($& -%),:%&0; :&9($3+$ «F,%< *I)"5 )&0):)+7/ B12/7/ 0$& -,%&#7%=/» '*+L=/$ +, () )-)<) #=%<G,($& 2 ,"%*(,%2 -,%&)#4 (25 B14/$5 ', (C'',%&5 G7/,5, 3&$ 091, +&$ $-; (&5 )-)<,5 )%<G,($& ) ,-&(%,-;+,/)5 '"/(,.,'(45 *I)"5 :;+2'25 ', $/$.)3<$ +, () -.9()5 ()" :%;+)" ,-< ()" )-)<)" ()-)1,(,<($& () 0(4%&), 0$175 0$& ($ +C3&'($ 0$& ,.9#&'($ ,-&(%,-(9 *I2 $/,M9%(2($ $-; () -.9()5 :%;+)". !-<'25 -%)K.C-,($& 2 "-C%K$'2 (=/ $-).*(=5 +,3<'(=/ "I7/, 0$(9 C/$/ 0$& +;/) ;%)L), ', )%&'+C/)"5 $-; ()"5 ()+,<5. E(&5 :&$'($"%7',&5 ):7/ $/;+)&)" -.9()"5 &'#*,& 0$& '(2/ ;I2 ()" '(,/;(,%)" :%;+)" () +C3&'() *I)5 -)" &'#*,& ,-< ()" -.$(*(,%)" 3&$ 15 m +,(9 (2 :&$'($*%='2 ,L;')/ () +&0%;(,%) -.9()5 :,/ ,</$& +,3$.*(,%) $-; 10 m. > ,"%*(,%2 -,%&)#4 (25 -;.25 (25 B14/$5 :&$&%,<($& ', )0(7 ()+,<5 +, (&5 ,/:,<M,&5 B, W, P, S, !, Z, > 0$& @ ;-)" )%<G,($& :&$L)%,(&0; 0$1,'(75 "I7/. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ B )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 20/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 18m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 11m. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ W )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 14/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 14m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 8m. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ P )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 12/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 8m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 6m. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ S )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 20/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 23m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 14m. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ ! )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 14/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 17m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 9m. P&$ ()/ ()+C$ Z )%<G,($& *I)5 0(&%<)" () 12/10 ()" -.9()"5 :%;+)", +C3&'()5 *I)5 14m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 7m (C.)5 3&$ ()/ ()+C$ > )%<G,($& +C3&'()5 *I)5 9m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 6m 0$& 3&$ ()/ ()+C$ @ )%<G,($& +C3&'()5 *I)5 6m 0$& ,.9#&'() *I)5 6m. E()"5 ()+,<5 B, S, ! 0$& Z -C%$ $-; () ,-&-.C)/ *I)5, ,-&(%9-20, 0$& 2 -%)'1402 ,/;5 )%;L)" ', ,')#4 $-; (2/ 0(&%&$04 -%;')I2, $-; 3m C=5 4m.
(*
!"#$%&'()"*#)+%&'$,-'$./0,-'$%&'123-4&'
(!
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m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
("
>#8#823 &;09?1, E"/,#C5: 70% 8) )&0):)+4'&+) (+4+$ ()" )&0)-C:)" -,%&)%<G,($& +,($M* ()" -%)'7-)" ()" )&0)-C:)" (=/ -.$3<=/ )%<=/ $"()* 0$& ()" -<'= )&0):)+4'&+)" )%<)". 8) ,.9#&'() K91)5 (25 )&0):)+4'&+25 ,-&L9/,&,5 ,</$& 8 m. !/7 '() '"/,#C5 )&0):)+&0; '*'(2+$ 2 ,.9#&'(2 ,-&(%,-(4 :&9'($'2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" ,</$& () 1 m. B'"/,#C5: 60% 8) )&0):)+4'&+) (+4+$ ()" )&0)-C:)" -,%&)%<G,($& +,($M* ()" -%)'7-)" ()" )&0)-C:)" (=/ -.$3<=/ )&0):)+4'&+=/ )%<=/ ($ )-)<$ ,</$& C0$'() -$%9..2.$ -%)5 () $/(&'()&#) -.93&) ;%&) ()" )&0)-C:)" +, $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m 0$& ()" -<'= )&0):)+4'&+)" )%<)" +, $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m 0$& $-; $"(;. D,&0(;: 60% 8) )&0):)+4'&+) (+4+$ ()" )&0)-C:)" -,%&)%<G,($& +,($M* ()" -%)'7-)" ()" )&0)-C:)" ()" -.$3<)" )%<)" ()" )&0)-C:)" -%)5 () )-)<) ,L9-(,($& 2 )&0):)+4, ()" -<'= )&0):)+4'&+)" )%<)" () )-)<) ,</$& -$%9..2.) -%)5 () -<'= ;%&) ()" )&0)-C:)" 0$& ', $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m $-; $"(; 0$& ()" -.$3<)" )&0):)+4'&+)" )%<)", () )-)<) ,</$& ,-<'25 -$%9..2.) 0$& ', $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m $-) () $/(<'()&#) -.93&) ;%&) ()" )&0)-C:)". F$/($#;1,/ ,.,*1,%) '*'(2+$: 50%
8) )&0):)+4'&+) (+4+$ ()" )&0)-C:)" -,%&)%<G,($& +,($M* (25 )&0):)+&045 3%$++45 )-)* ,</$& -$%9..2.2 -%)5 () -%;'=-) 0$& ', $-;'($'2 3m $-; $"(;, (=/ -.$3<=/ )&0):)+4'&+=/ )%<=/ ;/($5 -$%9..2.) +, ($ $/(<'()&#$ -.93&$ ;%&$ ()" )&0)-C:)" 0$& ', $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m $-; $"(9 0$& ()" -<'= )%<)" -)" ,</$& -$%9..2.) -%)5 () -<'= ;%&) ()" )&0)-C:)" 0$& ', $-;'($'2 ()".9#&'()/ 2.5m $-; $"(;.
F(C%"3,5: 70% 8$ 0(<%&$ -%C-,& /$ L(9/)"/ ,<(, +C#%& ($ ;%&$ ()" )&0)-C:)", ,<(, ,L;')/ :,/ ,L9-()/($& +, $"(9 /$ +2/ $L4/)"/ $-;'($'2 +&0%;(,%2 ()" 1m 0$& 2 $-;'($'2 +,($M* (=/ ;I,=/ (=/ 0(&%<=/ ()" )&0)-C:)" /$ +2/ ,</$& +&0%;(,%2 (=/ 0.70m. (#
E() '"/,#C5, '() +,&0(; 0$& '() -$/($#;1,/ ,.,*1,%) '*'(2+$ :;+2'25 )& ,.9#&'(,5 :&$'(9',&5 -)" $/$LC%120$/ &'#*)"/ 3&$ +C3&'() *I)5 0(&%<=/ C=5 0$& 9 +C(%$. P&$ 091, C/$ +C(%) ,-&-.C)/ -%)'(<1,/($& '($ ,.9#&'($ ;%&$ 0,3 +C(%$.
E($ -$%$-9/= )&0):)+&09 '"'(4+$($ ($ #$%$0(2%&'(&09 (25 ,.9#&'(25 :;+2'25 ,-&L9/,&$5 ,</$& ($ 50 (,(%$3=/&09 +C(%$ +, -%;')I2 5m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m. B0;+$ $/ +,($M* (=/ ;I,=/ )&0):)+2+9(=/ ,-< ()" <:&)" )&0)-C:)" )-)&)":4-)(, )&0):)+&0)* '"'(4+$()5 $L4/)"/ ("#;/ $09."-()"5 #7%)"5 ,:,/ ,-&(%C-,($& /$ C#)"/ -.9()5 +&0%;(,%) (=/ 0.70m +,($M* (=/ ;I,=/ (=/ )&0):)+2+9(=/ 0$($ (2/ '(,/;(,%2 1C'2. 6$1)%<G)/($& +C3&'($ 0$& ,.9#&'($ *I2, ,/7 ,&'93)/($& 0$& '"/(,.,'(C5 0(&%&$0)* *I)"5. E, :%;+)"5 +, -.9()5 +C#%& 8m, ,-&(%C-,($& 2 0$($'0,"4 :*) )%;L=/. P&$ :%;+)"5 $-; 8m 0$& -9/= ,-&(%C-,($& 2 0$($'0,"4 (%&7/ )%;L=/. > 0$($'0,"4 (,''9%=/ )%;L=/ ,-&(%C-)/($& ', :%;+)"5 +, -.9()5 10,80m 0$& -9/=, 2 0$($'0,"4 -C/(, )%;L=/ ,-&(%C-,($& ', -.9()5
($
:%;+)" 13,50m 0$& -9/= ,/7, 3&$ (2/ 0$($'0,"4 CM& )%;L=/ ,-&(%C-,($& () -.9()5 (=/ ):7/ /$ ,</$& 16m 0$& -9/=. 8C.)5 3&$ :%;+)"5 +,3$.*(,%)" -.9()"5 (=/ 16m ,-&(%C-,($& 2 -%)'1402 ,/;5 )%;L)" $/9 2,5m ,-< -.C)/ ()" -.9()"5 (25 ):)*. 8) ,.,*1,%) *I)5 )%;L)" ', #7%)"5 0*%&$5 #%4'25 0$()<02'25 )%<G,($& '($ 2,40m ,/7 () ,.,*1,%) *I)5 &')3,<)" +, ,+-)%&04 #%4'2 :,/ +-)%,< /$ ,</$& +&0%;(,%) (=/ 4m. A $%&1+;5 (=/ +C3&'(=/ )%;L=/ ', -%;')I2 :&$#=%<G,($& $-; ()/ $%&1+; (=/ '"/).&07/ )%;L=/ :2+&)"%37/($5 -)."9%&1+$ %,(&%C +, +;/) -,%&)%&'+; (2/ "-)#7%2'2 ()"5 0$($ 2.5m $-; ()/ -%)0,<+,/) ;%)L), 0$175 ,-<'25 ,&'93)/($& )& L=($3=3)< 3&$ L=5 0$& $,%&'+;.
(%
+,-./012301.014565017891,:59;.<5291=92.4><9?1.0:1@ABCD185E9.<,.0F9,G1HI(D1!)%(I
(&
!.".# 1973 J<3) -%&/ (2/ C0:)'2 ()" /C)" 3,/&0)* )&0):)+&0)* 0$/)/&'+)* () 1973, 1,'-<G,($& ) /;+)5 ()" 1968 «-,%< ()" *I)"5 (=/ )&0):)+7/ 0$& ()" '"'(4+$()5 (25 ,.,*1,%25 :;+2'25» $-)(C.,'+$ (25 C/()/25 ,-C0($'25 (=/ -)."0$()&0&7/ '($ -%)9'(&$, +, ()/ )-)<) $"M9/,($& ) '"/(,.,'(45 ,0+,(9..,"'25 0$(9 20 C=5 40%. «…*5%+ )0 -);&'0 ,50-).(#' <3&%/#4 -,' #'+ *10@+ )0@+ @5?& )0 ?=,70+ 0&*70@+ 7%)'(2*4, ,#&'(2*4 -,' 61',(2*4, %+ -,' -,1.4 ,'(/6)'-.4 #2784'('4 2#)8 ),@)0$&*40@ =62'0@&<;,+ 5#&; ,@)A4 #@&?%4 -0'40$&.()%4 $A&%4…»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«L#)8 ?<'4# 6 5#&;7626 ,4,2*&7%(6 )0@ M!I )0@ 1955 ,5* )04 M!I )0@ 1973. !' :,('-?+ =',)8"#'+ )0@ 4?0@ M!I ,-010@/034, *5%+ -,' )%4 5&06<0@2?4%4 )0@, ), ;=', <4%()8 51,;(',. F?&, ,5* ,@)* *2%+ @58&$0@4 -#781,',, *5%+ <', )64 #1#3/#&6 =*26(6 -,' )64 #1#3/#&6 (34/#(6, 503 0@(',()'-8 #5#-)#;40@4 )04 9.K. 395/68 ()04 )02?, ,@)*4.»
('
1. P (/><21"$ %- , 26&0$+1, "#5+1"+, 1() 31$/>() "#5 1" #>+% 5/$" 1() ($3(#B7(). H 2>'" 1( =B@$+1( 2#$1/2#5=2'( AG(- 1() 31,/>() =21/(A=2'( "#5 1$- #/(1(A1( "?21,/>"=21/4+2%-, IJ8 1973.
«L#&'-8 $,&,-)6&'()'-8 5,&,=#;<2,),. H)64 #1#3/#&6 =*26(6 2?(, (# 0'-'(203+, '($30@4 *(, -,' ()04 9.K. 395/68, 2*40 503 ?$0@4 ,7,'&#/#; 0' 5#&'0&'(20; <'8 )*4 (@4)#1#(). #-2#)811#@(6+, #4A 6 ,5*(),(6 85* )* *&'0 )0@ <65?=0@ (503 ()* (@4#$?+ (3()62, #;4,' -,' *&'0 )0@ <#')04'-03 -)'&;0@) 0&;C#),' (# 2,50m. 51?04 25cm <', -8/# 2?)&0 3N0@+ )0@ -)'&;0@ (8&/&. 55). "B)(' -);&'0 3N0@+ 75 2. 250&#; 48 85?$#' 85* );+ <#')04'-?+ 501@-,)0'-;#+ 2*1'+ 21m, =61,=. @58&$#' ($?(6 3,5 5&*+ 1, *),4 #;4,' <4%()* *)' ()* #"%)#&'-* ''($3#' . ($?(6 1:1 . ,-*26 $,261*)#&6. O,&,-)6&'()'-* #;4,' *)' ,4 -)'C*),4 2? ).4 -1,('-. =*26(6 )* -);&'0, /8 ?5&#5# 48 85?$#' 85* )8 <#')04'-8 30cm <'8 -8/# 2?)&0 3N0@+, =61,=. 22,50m. P(0 <', )04 (@4)#1#(). =02.(#%+ 0&;C#),' 2'-)*+ (# 0,70 5#&;50@, <', 4?#+ 5#&'0$?+. "94 167/#; @5*N6 *)' 5#&;50@ )0 55% 2',+ ?-),(6+ #;4,' =&*20' -,' -0'4*$&6()0' #1#3/#&0' $A&0', )*)# 0 (@4)#1#().+ =02.(#%+ <', ), «0'-*5#=,» ((@2:,)'-8 . 5&,<2,)'-8) 7)84#' ()* 1 ,65 ()* 5,&8=#'<2, ?$#' @5010<'()#; <', 100 ()&?22,),), 5&8<2, 50@ #;4,' ,5,&8=#-)0 <', 4?#+ 5#&'0$?+. H@<-&')'-8, ,4,7?&#),' *)' 5#&'0$?+ 503 501@-,)0'-'050'034),' (.2#&, (L,&03(', O,184=&', <>&8-1#'0) $);C04),' 2# (@4)#1#(). =02.(#%+ 1,60m. > -,)8(),(6 /, #;4,' ,-*26 $#'&*)#&6, *),4 ,&$;(0@4 0' «,4,518(#'+» @7'()82#4%4 0'-'(2A4- H)64 5#&;5)%(6 ,@). (8&/&. 42 5,&. 2) 0 2'-)*+ (@4)#1#().+ 0&;C#),' (? 1,20, 5&8<2, 503 (62,;4#' *)' 0 -,/,&*+ /, #;4,' 5#&;50@ 2,70 ((@4)#1#().+ 50@ =#4 ?$#' (.2#&, 5&,<2,)050'6/#' 03)# ()0 L#),"0@&<#;0, <'8 5,&8=#'<2,, *50@ #;4,' 5#&;50@ 2,00). I,' 5&07,4A+, =#4 /, -84#' -,4#;+ ,4851,(6 )%4 501@-,)0'-'A4 )0@ '60 ).+ Q550-&8)0@+ (5&,<2,)050'62?40+ (.=. = 4,25) . ).+ I@N?16+ (4,58), 8118 ()'+ 5#&'0$?+ F#)&,1A4%4 . I#&,2#'-03 50@ ?$0@4 (.2#&, 1.26 -,' 1.23 ,4);()0'$,»_M. H,&6<'8446+2
2.,C>KI;FEEKA 0., . 5SO9;SK BKA 5:87>5G:CB787;=65JA BKA <CB7;<?CA <C; K 58?@>C6K BKA 6BK :7>N= BKA <CB7;<?CA <C; BKA 8L95JA, &>H;B5<B7E;<F PO:CBC, 12/1978 , 659. 147
((
8$ +C3&'($ *I2 (=/ 0(&%<=/ ,-< (25 3%$++45 :)+4',=5, ;-=5 0$& '()/ PA6 ()" 1955, '"/,#<G)"/ /$ 0$1)%<G)/($& $-; ($ -.9(2 (=/ ):7/, +, $-)(C.,'+$ ,L;')/ :,/ ,-&(%C-,($& 2 ()-)1C(2'2 ()" '"/).&0)* +C3&'()" *I)"5 ()" 0(&%<)" =5 -%)5 (2/ 3%$++4 :;+2'25, (2/ 0$($'0,"4 )%;L=/ ', ,')#4 0$(9 2.5m ()" -%7()" ', ,')#4 )%;L)" $-; (2/ 3%$++4 :;+2'25 0$& 091, ,-;+,/)" )%;L)" ', ,')#4 $-; ()/ -%)23)*+,/) +C#%& ,M$/(.4',=5 ()" +C3&'()" *I)"5. 8C.)5 ,&'93)/($& %"1+<',&5 3&$ "-)#%,=(&0)*5 L=($3=3)*5 -)" K.C-)"/ &';3,&$ 3&$ $,%&'+; 0$& 2.&$'+; 0$175 ,-<'25 0)"G&/,5 0$& 0.&+$0)'(9'&$.
()
4.-.C 1985 3. 8)/$"<4:#5+1(6(-, P)'"151,12"'"E&;=$+,1() $+1(A 1%' 266,'$39' "+1$39' 3B'1/%', ( /56(- 1() 2'2/@(A ($3(7(=$3(A 121/"@9'(), P$7"31(/$34 7$"1/$E4, :/$+1(1B62$( !"'2#$+14=$( M2++"6('>3,, 2008, +26.54 4. K"=,65 31>/$( (/><21"$ %- 1( 31>/$( ")15 #() B02$ 3A/$" 0/4+, 1,' 3"1($3>" =2 =B@$+1( AG(- 1" 8,50=.
J<3) -%&/ (2/ $/$1,7%2'2 ()" P,/&0)* A&0):)+&0)* 6$/)/&'+)* () 1985, ,&'93,($& '() ,..2/&0; 1,'+&0; -.$<'&) ) /;+)5 «F,%< ,-&K).45 "-)#%,7',=/ -%)5 :2+&)"%3<$ #7%=/ '(91+,"'25 $"()0&/4(=/ 3&$ (2/ ,M"-2%C(2'2 (=/ 0(&%<=/ 0$& %*1+&'2 '"/$L7/ 1,+9(=/ 0$& 9..=/ :&$(9M,=/»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
)*
A& -%)23)*+,/)& P.A.6 0$& 0"%<=5 $"(;5 ()" ‘29 +, ($ C%0,% 0$& (&5 %"1+<',&5 -)" ,<#$/ $/(<0("-) '(2/ +)%L).)3<$ ()" 0(&%<)", C-$&%/, «1C'2» 3&$ (2/ ,&0;/$ (25 -;.25. H5 C/$/ K$1+; -%)0$1;%&G, (2/ ,M=(,%&04 ,+L9/&'2 (=/ 0(&%<=/, 3,3)/;5 -)" :,/ '"+K$</,& ', ,-<-,:) :&$(9M,=/ '()/ P.A.6 ()" ‘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
)!
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m P&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 0.8 *I)5 13.00m P&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 1.2 *I)5 16.00m P&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 1.6 *I)5 18.00m
!"/Z"["\/OPPP
P&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 2.0 *I)5 21.00m P&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 2.4 *I)5 24.00m 5
)"
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
)#
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
3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 0,8 *I)5 14,00 +. 3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 1,2 *I)5 17,25 +.
3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 1,6 *I)5 19,50 +. 3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 2,0 *I)5 22,75 +. 3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 C=5 2,4 *I)5 26,00 +.
3&$ '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25 2,4 0$& 9/=, () :,0$-.9'&) ()" ,-&(%,-;+,/)" '"/(,.,'(4 +, +C3&'() *I)5 32,00+.6 V"][\/OPQO. %J^JI/Q!"
P&$ ;.,5 (&5 (&+C5 ()" '"/(,.,'(4 :;+2'25, ,-&(%C-,($& 2 $*M2'2 ()" +C3&'()" *I)"5 ()" 0(&%<)" 0$(9 1,00m ,L;')/ $"(; :&$+)%L7/,($&, ()".9#&'()/ 0$(9 () 50% (25 ,-&L9/,&$5 ()", =5 L"(,+C/) :7+$.
)$
!"#$%& 28
)%
)&
!"#$%& 29
)'
)(
!"#$%$&' 4
))
))
6 B(4,0*2"3 =2" "7("8"97() 2/2.4:5&"
!*!
!*"
XGHY(+/_P
!*# XGHY(+/_Q
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
Q"`abcG*&I(/ dI*I*&Y(/ H+$efS'-/&Ig/ IGHIdbFIg/ H+$S,&+G/I/ $YcI-/&Ig/ ShL+FIe/&Ig/ IGHIFIh,*ihIg/ &hKh+&I-/dJI-/ &I/Y$I(/ ShL+FY(/ +g&Ie"j/U Z"["\/ Qk!! O"/\gJG+lK-/ mdY*&I$I-./ ng(+&Y&i&S-/ +(+L%^hG*i-/ &Ig/G*&Ie/&'(/ S$$i(GHo(/ +*&GHo(/ Hb(&J'(./I/ JY$I-/&Ig/ S(SJcIe/ IGHIFIhGHIe/ &S&J+co(Ig./ nGF+H&IJGHK/ FG+&JGLK./ mJG*&I&b$SGI/ #+(SdG*&KhGI/ pS**+$I(,Hi-./ OPPT./*S$"WP
!*$
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
!*%
!*&
XGHY(S-//_O./__
A$)"B; 7%&#+#C%&; D)2";BE$6 E() P.A.6 ()" 1985 -,%&3%9L)/($& 3&$ -%7(2 L)%9 :&$:&0$'<,5 $M&)-)<2'25 (=/ $09."-(=/ #7%=/ ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)". 8) +C#%& (;(, 1,'+&0; -.$<'&) $/$L,%;($/ ', %&G&0C5 -).,):)+&0C5 ,-,+K9',&5 )& )-)<,5 :,/ '"+L=/)*'$/ +, (&5 :"/$(;(2(,5 ()" ,..2/&0)* 0%9()"5. 8$ 9%1%$ 12 0$& 13 -$%)"'&9G)"/ $/(<'()&#$ (2/ -$%$#7%2'2 (=/ $09."-(=/ ', 0)&/4 #%4'2 $..9 0$& ($ ,/,%39 )&0):)+&09 (,(%93=/$. A& ,-,+K9',&5 $"(C5 :&$(2%)*/ ', +,39.) K$1+; () 0(&%&$0; $-;1,+$ ()" (,(%$37/)" +, $-)(C.,'+$ 2 0.<+$0$ ()"5 /$ ,</$& '"+K$(4 +, ($ ,..2/&09 :,:)+C/$. DC'$ $-; $"(C5 (&5 :&$(9M,&5, '(;#)5 ,</$& 2 ,M"-2%C(2'2 (=/ 0)&/=/&07/ $/$307/ (=/ 0$()<0=/. D, () 9%1%) 12 1,'-<G,($& 2 $%#4 (25 ,/)-)<2'25 (=/ $09."-(=/ #7%=/ '() )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/). A& $09."-()& #7%)& (<1,/($& ', 0)&/4 #%4'2 $-; ()"5 ,/)<0)"5 #=%<5 ;+=5 /$ 1<3)/($& :&0$&7+$($ 0"%&;(2($5. !M$&%,(&045 '2+$'<$5 ,</$& ) %;.)5 (25 P,/&045 E"/C.,"'25 (=/ &:&)0(2(7/, 2 )-)<$ :&$+)%L7/,& 0$& :&$#,&%<G,($& ()/ ,/)-)&2+C/) -$%$3;+,/) #7%). !/,%39 )&0):)+&09 (,(%93=/$ #$%$0(2%<G)/($& ($ )&0):)+&09 (,(%93=/$ *'(,%$ $-; -%;($'2 ()" S4+)" 4 (25 ,-&(%)-45 P,&()/&95* 4 (25 '"/C.,"'25 (=/ &:&)0(2(7/ $"()*. P&$ (2/ ,L$%+)34 $"()* ()" 1,'+)* -%)K.C-,($& )%3$/=+C/2 +,.C(2, 3&$ (2/ $L)+)<='2 0$& $M&)-)<2'2 (=/ +,+)/=+C/=/ $09."-(=/ #7%=/ ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)" '()/ :2+;'&) #7%). > +,'$<$5 0.<+$0$5 $"(4 -).,):)+&04 -$%C+K$'2 -%)K.C-,& (2/ $/9-.$'2 0$& $M&)-)<2'2 ,.,*1,%=/ #7%=/ (;') '() ,-<-,:) ()" &')3,<)" ;') 0$& '() :7+$ $..9 0$& () 9/)&3+$ ,'=(,%&07/ '()7/ 3&$ (2/ ,-&0)&/=/<$ +, ()"5 ,M=(,%&0)*5 0)&/;#%2'()"5 #7%)"5 0$& () $'(&0; :<0("). «R)(', #4A 6 ,51. #4050;6(6 )%4 ,-81@5)%4 $A&%4 #;4,' ,5* )6 73(6 )6+ 501#0=02'-. #5?2:,(6 2'-&.+ -1;2,-,+, 0 $,&,-)6&'(2*+ )0@ 0'-0=02'-03 )#)&,<A40@ (,4 #4#&<* ,50(-05#; (# ,4,518(#'+ 2#(,;,+ -1;2,-,+ -,' ,5,')#; <', )64 5&,<2,)050;6(. )0@ 5&04*2', 8(-6(6+ =62*(',+ #"0@(;,+ 50@ #",(7,1;C04),' 2# )64 ?<-&'(6 ,5* =62*('0 70&?, )6+ 5&*),(6+ $,&,-)6&'(203 )0@ 0'-0=02'-03 )#)&,<A40@ (,4 #4#&<* -,' )6 =620(;#@(. )6+ ()64 B762#&;=, )6+ I@:#&4.(#%+.» 3 !*'
3.I$"''"3(A/() I., 8&/@" !., !/%1(G&61,I., K"63()1+&3, D., !2$/"="1$34 2?"/=(@4 1%' ;2+=9' 1,2'(#(>,+,"3&6)#1%' 2'5J.* 3"$ 1() 2'2/@(A ($3(7(=$3(A 121/"@9'() (&/;/" 12 3"$ 13 1() IJ8 /85), *DD, :;4'", 1988
D0$%(1<( '/$ =#71.*/E 9:(.7</$ A& 1,'+)<, ;-=5 -,%&3%9L)/($& '()/ P.A.6. ()" ’85, :&$1C()"/ -%)(%,-(&0; #$%$0(4%$, #=%<5 /$ ,-&LC%)"/ 9+,'$ 0$+<$ +,($K).4 '() $'(&0; -,%&K9..)/. 8$ -,%&)%&'+C/$ 0$& +2 ,.0"'(&09 0</2(%$ :,/ -%)0$.)*/ () ,/:&$LC%)/ 0$& :,/ -$%$0&/)*/ ()"5 &:&)0(4(,5. > 3,/&04 0$& $'$L45 :&$(*-='2 (=/ 9%1%=/ C#,& ):234',& '(2/ 0$($'(%$(432'2 0$& '(2/ ,0+,(9..,"'2 (=/ -$%)#7/ -)" 2 ,L$%+)34 ()"5 -%)K.C-,& 0$& $"(; $-):,&0/*,($& $-; ()/ 0,%:)'0)-&0; #$%$0(4%$ (=/ .&3)'(7/ ,L$%+)37/.
4.8)/$"<4:#5+1(6(-, P)'"151,12"'"E&;=$+,1() $+1(A 1%' 266,'$39' "+1$39' 3B'1/%', ( /56(- 1() 2'2/@(A ($3(7(=$3(A 121/"@9'(), P$7"31(/$34 7$"1/$E4, :/$+1(1B62$( !"'2#$+14=$( M2++"6('>3,-, 2008, +26.136
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
!*(
6 #(4,0*2"3 2"0 6.! :7# 2" 42"9" (#7 2%& *),%
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«> 0&<84%(6 )%4 0'-'()'-A4 5#&'0$A4 2# )?)0'0 )&*50 50@ 4, @58&$#' =',:8/2'(6 )%4 @5,;/&'%4 $A&%4 -,5* )0@+ 62'=62*('0@+ ?%+ )0@+ 0'-#;0@+ 82#(, ($#)'(2?40@+ 2# )64 -,)0'-;, $A&0@+- =;4#' #5;(6+ )64 =@4,)*)6), 4, ,4,5)3((04),' <4%&'2;#+ 2#),"3 )%4 -,)0;-%4.»_Jan Gehl5 > -$%$3=34 ()" $'(&0)* &'()* +C'= (25 ,-$/9.2I25 ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)" :2+&)"%3,< (2/ -%))-(&04 #9%$M25 ,/;5 /C)" :&0(*)" -)" :&,"%*/,& ($ «0)&/9» ;%&$ ()" :2+;'&)" #7%)". P*%= $-; $"(;, 2 -;.2 $/$'"30%)(,<($& ,0 /C)" +, ()"5 ,/)-)&2+C/)"5 $09."-()"5 /$ .,&()"%3)*/ =5 ()-;'2+$ (25 3,&()/&95 -)" ($ :2+&)"%3,< $..9 0$& :2+&)"%3,<($& 3*%= ()"5. > 3,&()/&9 :,/ ).)0.2%7/,($& #=%<5 C/$/ 0)&(,)/; #7%) ,0(;/='25 $..9 0$& ) 0$&(,)/;5 $"(;5 (;-)5, -)" L&.):)M,< /$ $-)(,.C',& ) $09."-()5, :,/ "L<'($($& #=%<5 (2/ *-$%M2 (25 0)&/;(2($5. > -;.2 $-)0(9 '"/)#4 $M&)-)&7/($5 ($ $'(&09 (25 0,/9. P</,($& -.C)/ $/(&.2-(4 +C'$ $-; 5.Gehl Jan, . <%4 "'B=2+" +1" 314/$", 0/,+$=(#($9'1"- 1(' 7,=5+$( 09/(, !"'2#$+1,=$"3B- D375+2$- M2++"6>"-, 2013, +26.67
!*)
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
!!!
6.8)/$"<4:#5+1(6(-, P)'"151,12"'"E&;=$+,1() $+1(A 1%' 266,'$39' "+1$39' 3B'1/%', ( /56(- 1() 2'2/@(A ($3(7(=$3(A 121/"@9'(), P$7"31(/$34 7$"1/$E4, :/$+1(1B62$( !"'2#$+14=$( M2++"6('>3,-, 2008, +26.171
7. Woditsch Richard, The Public Private House: Modern Athens and its Polykatoikia / Polykatoik$" as a TwentyFirst-Century Project, Panos Dragonas , Park Book, 2019, +26. 252.
8$ ,-&($0(&09 -%)K.4+$($ (25 $12/$N045 -)."0$()&0<$5 ,/()-<G)/($& '($ (+4+$($ ,0,</$ -)" ) /;+)5 ()" 1929 )%<G,& =5 0)&/4 &:&)0(2'<$. > $/(&+,(7-&'2 ()"5 0%</,($& :$&:$.7:25, 0$175 -%)U-;1,'2 $-)(,.,< 2 '"/,%3$'<$ 0$& 2 '"/,//;2'2 ()" '"/;.)" (=/ 0$()<0=/. «> ,4,4?%(6 )0@ -)'&',-03 ,50/?2,)0+ /, ,-010@/.(#' 2', (),=',-. #"?1'"6 -,/A+ ,4,-,'4'(2?4, =',2#&;(2,), -,' 7/,&2?4#+ 2048=#+ -,)0;-6(6+ /, (@4@58&$0@4 ()0 ;='0 -)'&',-* -?1@70+, #4A 0' 5&%)*)@5#+ *N#'+ 5,&,2?40@4 ,2#)8:16)#+». _F. S&,<A4,+ 7 DC'$ $-; (2/ ,/)-)<2'2 (=/ $09."-(=/ #7%=/ 1$ $/$0(21,< 2 0)&/=/&04 '"/,<:2'2 0$& () $-$&()*+,/) -/,*+$ '"/,%3$'<$5 -)" $-$&(,<($& 3&$ ()/ ,0'"3#%)/&'+; 0$& (2/ $/$3C//2'2 (25 $12/$N045 -)."0$()&0<$5 '() )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/).
!!"
!!# XGHY(+/ _R
!!$
XGHY(+/_!
!"#$%
&$'%()* +%,%-
.#+/012 (34,#)$*
()* +,-./0 102* 3,-0/* 4)5,*, , ,.,6,* 7,8 93:;7,79 23-0<7,8, =90 45>;-?,.,-9672-
_'()!" *+,&-",
,8;-2;7-3: 20<39- ;9 /+,8* 7,8* -=-,37<79* .,71 32- 2./ 3201020;» 7$%F%'#$G6 7'6% 5("+ 5("('7+"6, 2017
!!) XGHY(+/_V
!"*
XGHY(+/_W/
!"! XGHY(+/_T/
!""
XGHY(+/_k
!"# XGHY(+/RP
!"$
XGHY(+//RQ/
!"% XGHY(+/RO
!"&
XGHY(+/R_
!"' XGHY(+/RR
!"(
XGHY(+/R!
!") XGHY(+/RV
!#*
XGHY(+/RW
!#! XGHY(+/RT
B&4,0=% /*7,/:9C&5& */.7">1&
!##
./0&# !#$
B/$G2(7/($5 (2/ -%$3+$(&04 :&9'($'2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" '(2/ B14/$, +,.,(4'$+, 0$& 0$($3%9I$+, '"30,0%&+C/,5 -,%&)#C5 ()" 0C/(%)" (25 B14/$5. > ,-&.)34 (=/ -,%&)#7/ +,.C(25 C3&/, K9'2 (25 )&0):)+&045 ()"5 :%$'(2%&;(2($5 -)" -$%)"'<$'$/ +,(9 () 2000. 8$ (,.,"($<$ :&$1C'&+$ $-)3%$L&09 :,:)+C/$ $/$LC%)/($& +C#%& () 2011 ($ )-)<$ :,<#/)"/ -=5 2 )&0):)+&04 :%$'(2%&;(2($ ,/()-<G,($& 0"%<=5 -,%&+,(%&09 ()" 0C/(%)" (25 B14/$5. !-&.CM$+, C('& :*) -,%&)#C5, ()/ 2) 0$& 6) ()+C$ ()" S4+)" B12/$<=/, )& )-)<,5 ,+L$/<G)"/ -"0/4 :;+2'2 0$& $-)(,.)*/ 0$(9 0*%&) .;3) -,%&)#C5 0$()&0<$5. E(&5 -,%&)#C5 $"(C5, 0$($3%9L20$/ )& $09."-()& (=/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/ 0$& $0).)*12', 2 0$(23)%&)-)<2'2 $"(7/. > $M&).;32'2 :,/ K$'<'(20, ', -)')(&0C5 +,(%4',&5 $..9 $-)(,.,< (2/ 0$(9 -%)'C33&'2 :&90%&'2 ()"5 ', (%,&5 0$(23)%<,5, +&0%)<, +,'$<)&, +,39.)&, +, 3/7+)/$ () +C3,1)5 ()"5 ', $/$.)3<$ +, () +C3,1)5 (=/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/, () '#4+$ ()"5 0$& ($ 0,/9 )&0;-,:$-:&$+-,%;(2($. P&$ ()/ :&$#=%&'+; $"(;, #%2'&+)-)&4'$+, C/$ ()-)3%$L&0; '#C:&) -)" $-)("-7/,& (2/ ,&0;/$ (25 -;.25 (25 B14/$5 () 2001. E(2/ '"/C#,&$ ,'(&9'$+, '()"5 +,39.)"5 $09."-()"5 ;-)" 0$($3%9I$+, (&5 +,($K).C5 -)" "-C'(2'$/.
!#%
!;"21, (#8#82F$ 6$#%&#+3C181, 21, 45'$6, C)2; 2# 2000
!"#$%#&"'() *(& ") (+&$+*%%* (*,&+*%* *()$+*-#./, 010)%2,3, ")' 4554
!#&
1981-1990
1961-1980
1946-1960 2)6 D#C/6,
!#'
6)6 D#C/6,
G)2; 2# 2005
2001-2005
1990-2000 2)6 D#C/6, 6)6 D#C/6,
!#(
!#)
XGHY(+/Rk
!$*
2/) '/1F()
E()/ 2) ()+C$ -,%&.$+K9/)/($& )& -,%&)#C5 ()" F$30%$(<)", ()" Z$--,<)", ()" D,(5, (25 6"/)'9%3)"5, (25 P)*K$5 0$& ()" RC)" 6;'+)". 8) +,3$.*(,%) 0)++9(& (25 -,%&)#4 $/)&0):)+4120, '(&5 :,0$,(<,5 +,($M* ()" 1950 0$& 1980, (25 “)&0):)+&045 9/12'25” (25 -;.25, B-; (;(, C=5 0$& () 2000, 2 :%$'(2%&;(2($ $0).)"1,< L1</)"'$ -)%,<$, ,/7 +C'$ '(2/ ,-;+,/2 :,0$,(<$ 2000-2011 -$%$(2%,<($& +&$ '#,(&04 $/9-("M2. > -,%&)#4 -$%)"'&9G,& &:&$<(,%) $/93."L) 0$& "I)+,(%&0C5 :&$L)%C5 -)" ,+L$/<G)/($& C/()/,5 $0;+2 0$& '(2/ -,%<+,(%) ()" &:<)" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)". 8$ (%&9/($ ,//C$ )&0):)+&09 (,(%93=/$ -)" ,-&.C#120$/, +, '"/).&0; ,+K$:;/ $09."-(25 ,-&L9/,&$5 67326m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m2 +, +,<='2 8.9%.
!$!
2)6 D#C/6,
!$"
!$#
!$$
!"#$%$ &'()*+,-* ./0-* %,- -1'-2-31'4 ,5,0(678-
Q!TQ.PPP//U QWPP._PTW
RRO_.!kR_ U RWPP.!!O!
Q!OV.PRR//U Q!_T.RRR_
kkV.Tkk U Q!OP.ORk
!$&
95:7%$ &'()*+,-* ./0-* %,- -1'-2-31'4 ,5,0(678-
OWWW._T////U O!QP.RQQ_
Q!!Q.W!O//U QPWW.PVQQ
QVT_.VkV///U Q_QP.R_!W
k_O.T_//U !!V.OTRO
VkR.PRO U ROR.TRVQ//
QPTQ.P!T//U QPVQ._kPT
OVV!.kT!//U OORO.VVPk
QOTV.VWV U T_T.RQQT
QT!W.QOW//U QVWR.V__!
ORQ.VVT_ U OP!!.WPTW
QQW_.OTRV U QQ_P.T_!W
QRT!.PVQk U Q___.PkWO/
QRTk.WWPV U QO__.TTRR/ V!_.WTkT U RRR.RVRT
OPTR.POO//U VkV.WPTV
QRPT.___//U QO__.kkk_
OPTT.TW U OP!V.PO_Q
_QVV.VQW//U OV!V.kPk
QT_V.RO_//U Q!_R.OT!T
OPWW.VPk//U QVkO.VR_T
RO!.!!WV U _!P.P!k! OkVQ.RkkV U OTkQ.VOkW
_QkO.!T_ U _QQT._kRR
RVk.P_WV U _!Q.!QW!/
!$(
;1'-2-31'( ,5,0(678& 35 &35,(<)$,- 3=65>-? &'()*+,-* ./0-*
QVPk.PQT//U QVPk.PQWT
QWkk.P!_O U QWkk.P!_O
QO_V.PPV//U QO_V.PPVO
!_!.!T U !_!.!T
QQ_O.TTT U QQ_O.TTT
!RO.kTQ! U !RO.kTQ!
Rk!O.VPR! U Rk!O.VPR!
Q__O.TO!k U Q__O.TO!k/
QOO!.RkQk U QOO!.RkQk
QWkT.TQ_Q U QWkT.TQ_Q
!%*
6/) '/1F() E()/ 6) ()+C$ -,%&.$+K9/)/($& 2 -,%&)#4 (25 6"IC.25, (25 -.$(,<$5 B+,%&045 0$& (25 B((&045. > -,%&)#4 -$%)"'<$', C/()/2 $/)&0):;+2'2 (&5 :,0$,(<,5 $-; () ‘50 +C#%& () ‘90, ,/7 -,%&)%<'(20, $-; () 2000 0$& +,(9. E(2/ -,%&)#4 $"(4, -$%$(2%4120$/ '() +,3$.*(,%) +C%)5 (25 +&0%)< $09."-()&, ,/7 ,/()-<'(20$/ +;/) ,<0)'& -C/(, )&0):)+&09 (,(%93=/$, +, () '"/).&0; ,+K$:;/ (25 $09."-(25 ,-&L9/,&$5 /$ ,</$& 51210.8m2, '($ )-)<$ $"()< 0%</)/($& 9/,()& 0$& $M&)-)&4'&+)&. E(2/ -.,&)I2L<$ ()"5, () +C3,1)5 ()"5 C#,& ,.$((=1,< ($ (,.,"($<$ ,<0)'& #%;/&$, +, +C%)5 (=/ $09."-(=/ /$ C#,& $/)&0):)+21,<, ,/7 C/$ +&0%; -)')'(; (24%) C#,& :&$(2%4',& () +C3,1)5 0$& () '#4+$ ()"5 +C#%& '4+,%$. 8C.)5 '() 20% -$%$(2%4120, )%&'+C/2 $*M2'2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" .;3= 0$(,:9L&'25 0(&%<=/. E4+,%$, 2 $09."-(2 ,-&L9/,&$ C#,& +,&=1,< 0$(9 16.1 % 0$& C#,& ,+K$:;/ 43771m2
!%!
6)6 D#C/6,
!%"
!%#
!%$
95:7%$ &'()*+,-* ./0-* %,- -1'-2-31'4 ,5,0(678-
!&#)$,!(( ' !!",$,,*%*
!"!#$%""& ' !()&$&))*
,!(%$%&)"!& ' !)#!$))#&,*
!###$+"(&), ' !!&#$!&"(!*
&&)!$!(%+ ' !#%*$!"*!
,&)+$*)(+*! ' !"%%$&#"*&*
&*()$+")()% ' !!#*$,(%!(&
!**!$&((& ' !(#*$*",#
&%%)$)&&,+) ' &(#%$)&(#*,
&(""$,!+" ' !+%($"+," &,"+$#&#++# ' !)&*$&+&&&"
!!#!$"&+# ' !("%$&#)%&
&!(,-&#"),% ' !#(($%#!(
!%&
;1'-2-31'( ,5,0(678& 35 &35,(<)$,- 3=65>-? &'()*+,-* ./0-*
!)#+$#""#!# ' !)#+$#""#!#
!"+#$+,!!)! ' !"+#$+,!!)!
&,)($&(&)#.' &,)($&(&)#
!##($+!&+ ' !##($+!&+
&!)+$%)*( ' &!)+$%)*(
!)#&$&*** ' !)#&$&***
!!"+$!+"("% ' !!"+$!+"("%
!%,*$&+,+ ' !%,*$#&+,
!##($+!&+(" ' !##($+!&+(".
&&"&$((#,+, ' &&"&$((#,+,
!%(
!"#$%$ &'()*+,-* ./0-* %,- -1'-2-31'4 ,5,0(678-
"$*!D###$ J "'*)D("())
!*(%D%)!(111J !"*&D'%##
!&*
H$19#"+71('( B-)'0)-7/($5 '(2/ -$%$(4%2'2 0$& 0$($/;2'2 ()" $09."-()" '() '*/).) ()", =5 '"/C#,&$ (25 -;.25, $L$&%C'$+, () 0(&%&$0; ;30), () $<(&) ()" 0$($0,%+$(&'+)* 0$& ()" $-)'-$'+$(&0)* (25 #$%$0(4%$. X+=5 2 ,&0;/$ -)" -$%)"'&9G,($&, 2 -$%9.)32 3,=+,(%<$ (=/ '#2+9(=/ -)" +C/)"/, +$%("%9 (2/ *-$%M2 ()" 0$& (2/ $..2.C/:,(2 '#C'2 ()"5. O/$ '()&#,<) -)" 0"%&$%#,< '(2/ ,&0;/$ ()" $09."-()" $-)(,.)*/ )& +9/(%,5 0$& 091, ,<:)"5 :&$#=%&'(&07/ '()&#,<=/, ($ )-)<$ )%&)1,()*/ () 091, )&0;-,:). > *-$%M2 ()"5 '"/(,.,< '(2/ :&9'-$'2 ()" '"/;.)" ()" $09."-()" (;') =5 ,-&L9/,&$, $..9 0$& =5 C//)&$. > C/()/2 "I)+,(%&04 :&$L)%9 -)" -$%)"'&9G,& () $/93."L) (25 B14/$5 0$& '"30,0%&+C/$ )& -,%&)#C5 +,.C(25 ,+L$/<G,($& '(2/ -;.2 =5 +&$ '"/,#;+,/2 ,-&L9/,&$ +, )+$.4 ,MC.&M2, ='(;'), '() ,'=(,%&0; (=/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/ :2+&)"%3)*/($& $-;()+,5 +,($K).C5 ,-&-C:=/ -)" ,/&'#*)"/ (2/ $'"/C#,&$ (=/ $09."-(=/. O/$ $0;+$ '()&#,<) -)" ,-&0%$(,< '(2/ ,&0;/$ ()" $09."-()" ,</$& 0$& () $"()0</2(). > -;.2 -)" ,M,.<#120, +, 3/7+)/$ (2/ #%4'2 ()" $"()0&/4()", :,/ 0$(9L,%, /$ $/($-,MC.1,& '(2/ "-,%'"30C/(%='2 ()", +, (2/ 0"0.)L)%&$04 '"+L;%2'2 0$& (2/ '(91+,"'2 $"()0&/4(=/ /$ $-)(,.)*/ ($ '2+$/(&0;(,%$ -%)K.4+$($. O('& -)..)< $09."-()& -$<%/)"/ $"(4/ (2/ #%4'2, +, ($ $"()0</2($ /$ 0$($0.*G)"/ ()/ :&$1C'&+) ,.,*1,%) #7%) ()"5. 8) L$&/;+,/) $"(;, ,</$& '"/:,:,+C/) +, (2/ pilotis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«,/,%3)*» $09."-()".
!&!
Q"pS*d,lS&+G/I/ (YhI-/`#SJ,/ SdGLI$K-/ gdIqJSo*S'(/ dJI-/FihGIgJc,+/ qoJ'(/ *&%^hSg*i-/ +g&IHG(K&'(/cG+/ &i(/SrgdiJb&i*i/ &'(/H&GJ,'(/H+G/ Je^hG*i/ *g(+so(/ ^Sh%&'(/H+G/ %$$'(/ FG+&%rS'(j/ t]"QOOQuQkTQv. t wX\/OkOumuQkTQv./ P!UQPUQkTQ"
1$)!2!3$)- +,+4-56&# 3, ,)7#$2,8+$)- $2493#+#
&<F9G8B7A HD>7A 1<8C;@5GB;<L ?@>G:C #CB7;<?5A
!&"
!&#
!&$
!"#$%$&' 5
!&%
!&%
D/,C2% =>/87#=27(1& *."24=/5&
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m) 0$& 2 ()-)1C(2'4 ()" ,</$& &0$/C5 /$ :2+&)"%34')"/ C/$ -"%4/$ G=45 '() ,'=(,%&0; (25 -)."0$()&0<$5, ,/(9'')/($5 ()/ '(2/ 0$12+,%&/4 G=4 (=/ 0$()<0=/.
!&'
!&(
-#'(./0120(,34(%0
!&)
>#09&62#%&*6 «!6";»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e Corbusier, ;-=5 () Unite d’ habitations 0$& () Maisons Jaoul.1 8) '"30%;(2+$ 0$($.$+K9/,& C/$ ).;0.2%) )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/), '"/).&045 C0($'25 3.127 (.+. B-)(,.,<($& $-; (C'',%$ $/,M9%(2($ 0(<%&$, (;') '(2/ '($(&04 0$& .,&()"%3&04 )%39/='4 ()"5. 691, 0(&%&$04 +)/9:$ C#,& :&9($M2 P 0$& $/$-(*'',($& ', 7 ,-<-,:$ ("-;3,&), &';3,&), (C'',%&5 ;%)L)& 0$& %,(&%C), ,/7 :&$1C(,& :&0; (25 0.&+$0)'(9'&). 8$ (C'',%$ 0.&+$0)'(9'&$ ()-)1,()*/($& '(&5 (C'',%&5 3=/<,5 ()" $09."-()" (+4+$()5 ()" )&0)-C:)".
Q"x/aI(&bJ(+/ mJqG&SH&I(GHK/ *&i(/X$$%F+/ Qk!PUQkW!./n"/ #IJseJGI-./ pbh+&+/qoJIg/ H+G/&Sq(o(./ y"QPuQkWk./*S$"/ OOUOV
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
E, $0).)"1<$ +, (&5 ,-&($3C5 (25 ,-)#45, )& #7%)& *-/)" +,($LC%)/($& -%)5 () ,'=(,%&0; ()" )&0)-C:)", ,/&'#*)/($5 (2/ '2+$'<$ ()" $09."-()". E, $/(<1,'2 +, () '"30%;(2+$ Q$%9, '($ -,%&'';(,%$ 0(&%&$09 -$%$:,<3+$($ (25 ,-)#45, $"(4 2 $..$34 :,/ ):432', '(2/ K,.(<='2 (25 ,&0;/$5 ()" $09."-()" $..9 ,-CL,%, C/$/ 3,/&0; '"+K&K$'+; +, (2/ -$%$+,.2+C/2 ()" ,&0;/$.
=;2#?1 %8#B)*#9
!'!
!'"
1;<LE5A 50, 51, 52, 53
J9B&"321C6 =62#%&%F$ “G/065"#$” B-C/$/(& $-; () '"30%;(2+$ «Q$%9»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«K.C-)"/» ', $"(;/.
!'#
!'$
1;<LE5A 54, 55, 56, 57
I/:$*('/.*<( “D7E"1('/)” 82/ :,0$,(<$ ()" ‘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
!'%
1;<LEC 58
!'&
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pilotis .,&()"%3,< '$/ #$.$%; ;%&) +,($M* ()" :2+;'&)"-:%;+)" 0$& ()" $09."-()", ,/7 ($ 0$($'(4+$($ (%)L):)()*/ (2/ 0</2'2 0$& ,/,%3)-)&)*/ () )&0;-,:). > ,<'):)5 '($ 0.&+$0)'(9'&$ ,</$& 0%"++C/2 $-; () :2+;'&) K.C++$ 0$& 3</,($& ,'=(,%&09 ()" )&0)-C:)" 0$& -$%9..2.$ '()/ :%;+). E4+,%$ )& 9..)(, ,.,*1,%)& #7%)& ()" &')3,<)" $-)(,.)*/ &:&=(&0)*5 #7%)"5 '(91+,"'25, 0.,&'()*5 +, '&:,%C/&,5 -;%(,5. > +,(9K$'2 '($ :&$+,%<'+$($ )%3$/7/,($& ', ,-&+40,&5 :&$:%;+)"5 '(2/ «-<'=» ;I2, -%)5 ()/ $09."-(). A& 09()&0)& +C'= (25 :&$:%)+45 $"(45 C%#)/($& 0$12+,%&/9 ', ,-$L4 +, ()/ $09."-() #7%). O('& $"(;5 ,/,%3)-)&,<($& 0$& ,/(9'',($& '(2/ 0$12+,%&/;(2($ ()"5, ,/&'#*)/($5 () $<'12+$ (25 0)&/;(2($5 0$& ()" $/40,&/ 0$& ,+-/C)/($5 (2/ ,"1*/2 3&$ (2/ :&$+;%L='2 0$& '"/(4%2'2 ()". E() :,*(,%) ;%)L) 3</,($& 2 '*/:,'2 ()" -,%&L,%,&$0)* :%;+)" ()" .;L)" ():;5 E(2'&0.C)"5) +, () 0(<%&) +C'= +&$5 -,G)3CL"%$5. B/ 0$& ) :%;+)5 ,</$& +,($3,/C'(,%)5, 2 '*/:,'2 ()", 0$& 0$(’ ,-C0($'2 2 '*/:,'2 (25 -;.25 +, () 0(<%&) ,</$& '2+$/(&04. B"(; ,-&'2+$</,($& (;') $-; (2/ <:&$ (2/ #%4'2 (25 -,G)3CL"%$5 $..9 0$& $-; (2/ pilotis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
!''
=;2#?1 K’ #"3L#9
C+'/J6 .7/3#</$
!'(
>#09&62#%&*6 82# G)2, > -)."0$()&0<$ #(<G,($& +,($M* ()" 1980-1983 0$& $/40,& '() +,($+)/(C%/) 0</2+$ 0$175 :&$L)%)-)&,<($& $-; ()/ (*-) (25 +)/(C%/$5 $12/$N045 -)."0$()&0<$5 -)" ,-&0%$(,< (2/ -,%<):) +,(9 ()/ W’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«K$%*»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«0,/;» #7%) (25 -;.25. O('&, $-$/(9 ) $%#&(C0()/$5 '() :&$#%)/&0; -%;K.2+$ ()" -$%$+,.2+C/)" $0$.*-()". > ,-<."'2 $"(4 ()" )&0)-C:)" L&.):)M,< /$ 0$($%%<I,& ()/ +*1) -)" -,%&3%9L,& (2/ ,&0;/$ ()" =5 $/$30$<$ $-;%%)&$ 0$& +)/$:&04 .*'2 ()" 1,'+&0)* -.$&'<)". !')
C+'/J6 .7/3#</$
!(*
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
!(!
A $09."-()5 #7%)5 0$($/C+,($& ', :*) (+4+$($, +, () +,3$.*(,%) /$ ()-)1,(,<($& '(2/ -%;')I2, 0$& () +&0%;(,%) /$ ()-)1,(,<($& '() -<'= +C%)5 ()" )&0)-C:)". !M7'(,5 ()-)1,()*/($& 0$& '(&5 :*) ;I,&5 ()" 0(&%<)" '"/:C)/($5 C('& ()"5 ,'=(,%&0)*5 #7%)"5 (=/ 0$()&0&7/ +, ()"5 $09."-()"5 #7%)"5 ()" )&0)-C:)". A $%#&(C0()/$5 ,-&.C3,& /$ ()-)1,(4',& +,39.$ +-$.0;/&$ 0$& ,M7'(,5 -%)5 (2/ -.,"%9 ()" :%;+)", ()" :2+;'&)" #7%)". > :&$<%,'2 0$& 2 -)')(&04 :"'$/$.)3<$ (=/ ,.,*1,%=/ #7%=/ :,/ ,</$& ,/:,&0(&04 (25 "-)K91+&'25 ()" $09."-()" 0$& (25 -<'= ;I25 $..9 $-)'0)-,< '()/ 0$(9..2.) -%)'$/$().&'+; ()" 0(&%<)" 3&$ KC.(&'() L"'&0; L=(&'+; 0$& $,%&'+;. F$%9..2.$ 2 +-%)'(&/4 $".4 $-):<:,($& '(2/ '#C'2 +,($M* &:&=(&0)* 0$& :2+;'&)" #7%)" .,&()"%3,< =5 L<.(%) 0$& :&$+)%L7/,& +&$ )+$.4 %)4 $-; () :2+;'&) #7%) '(&5 0$()&0<,5. 8C.)5 2 +,(9K$'2 $-; () :2+;'&) #7%) '() ,'=(,%&0; ()" 0(&%<)" )%3$/7/,($& +, +&$ 3%$++&04 0</2'2 '() "-)K$1+&'+C/) &';3,&), +C'= (25 )-)<$5 ,-&("3#9/,($& 2 :&$+-,%;(2($ ()" )&0)-C:)" 0$& 2 ,-&0)&/=/<$ (=/ :*) $09."-(=/ #7%=/.
1;<LEC 59
!("
!(#
*-+!:; $<!5,(!8
Inside out > -)."0$()&0<$ $/,3,<%,($& () 2008 '() R. ^"#&0;, $/$-(*'',($& ', CM& )%;L)"5 +, LC%)"'$ :)+4 $-; ,+L$/C5 )-.&'+C/) '0"%;:,+$ 0$& M*.&/,5 ,-&L9/,&,5 /(*/)"/ () 0(<%&). «8$"(;#%)/$, 2 C/()/$ (%&':&9'($(2 :&$+;%L='2 $"(4 (=/ ;I,=/ $/)<3,& C/$/ :&9.)3) +, ()/ B12/$N0; 4.&) 0$& $"(;, #%2'&+)-)&7/($5 C/$ ".&0; () )-)<) :,/ C#,& #%2'&+)-)&21,< -)(C ', $"(4 (2/ ("-).)3<$ 0(&%<)", $-)'0)-7/($5 ', C/$/ ,-$/$-%)':&)%&'+; (25 C//)&$5 (25 ;I25 '() B12/$N0; $'(&0; ()-<)»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«+)/).&1&04 +)%L4» ()" 0(&%<)", $-):<:)/($5 ()" C/$/ ,'='(%,L4 #$%$0(4%$. E#,:&9G,($& =5 C/$ -%<'+$ +C'= ()" )-)<)" 2 )%&G;/(&$ 0</2'2 (25 -;.25 +,($(%C-,($& ', 0$($0;%"L2 ,/(;5 ()" 0(&%<)". B"(4 0$($.43,& '()/ 0)&/;#%2'() #7%) ()" :7+$()5, () )-)<) -,%&.$+K9/,& C/$/ $'(&0; 04-) 0$175 0$& -&'</$. E() ,-<-,:) $"(; -%)'LC%,($& +&$ /C$ 9-)I2 (25 1C'25 ()" 0(&%<)" ', '#C'2 +, () $'(&0; '*/).) '() )-)<) K%<'0,($&. E($ :*) $"(9 '()&#,<$, '()/ $09."-() 0$& '() :7+$, '"+-"0/7/,($& ) %;.)5 ()" 0(&%<)" ,/(;5 (25 -;.25.
!($
C+'/J6 .7/3#</$
«> ,%+2/,<$ $"(4 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" ()" $'(&0)* )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)", ()" -%)':<:,& +&$ )"'&$'(&04 0$& $/$-;'-$'(2 '() 0(<%&) #=%&04 .,&()"%3<$, $-):<:)/($5 ()" ,/ +C%,& (2/ 0.$'&04 "-;'($'2 ()" $&1%<)", ;-)" ,/ +C'= ()" #7%)" $"()*, ) ,-&'0C-(25 ,&'C%#,($& '()"5 #7%)"5 :&$K<='25 )& )-)<)& ()/ -,%&K9..)"/, 0$& )& )-)<)& +, (2 ',&%9 ()"5, -%)K9..)/($& -%)5 (2/ -;.2, '"+-.2%7/)/($5 (2/ ,M=(,%&04 ;I2 ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)".»_B/14 [;G2 3&$ () archisearch
!(%
!(&
1;<LE5A 60, 61, 62
!('
«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» _F2%$9 ?'(.09, /1.(:.'(1=+ /'+. G&#0 G&#&'/0#+, 2017
!((
7ne Athens E($ (C.2 (25 :,0$,(<$5 ()" 1950, ) $%#&(C0()/$5 6=/'($/(</)5 S)M&9:25 $/$G2()*', #7%) 3&$ ($ 3%$L,<$ (25 ,($&%,<$5 ()" '(2/ B14/$. !-C.,M, C/$ )&0;-,:) '()"5 -%;-):,5 ()" J"0$K2(()*. 8$ 0,/(%&09 3%$L,<$ (25 Doxiadis Associates ,-,0(9120$/ 0$175 2 $%#&(,0()/&04 -%$0(&04 +,39.=/,. 8) '"30%;(2+$ $-)(,.)*/($/ (,.&09 $-; (C'',%&5 -(C%"3,5 #(&'+C/,5 3*%= $-; C/$ $<1%&). > +<$ -(C%"3$ 4($/ $L&,%=+C/2 '(&5 -%7(,5 '#).C5 '#,:&$'+)* '(2/ !..9:$, ,/7 2 9..2 '(C3$G, () Graduate School of Ekistics 0$& (2/ ,-&'(4+2 (25 $/1%7-&/25 ,30$(9'($'25, +&$ /C$ C//)&$ '()/ -).,):)+&0; '#,:&$'+; -)" $/C-("M, ) S)M&9:25. 8) 2008 () 0(<%&) $3)%9'(20, 0$& +,($(%9-20, ', '"30%;(2+$ 26 0$()&0&7/. A& $%#&(C0()/,5 ()" Divercity & Trac -)" $/C.$K$/ () 0(<%&) ,+-/,"'+C/)& $-; (2/ L&.)')L<$ ()" S)M&9:2 :&$(4%2'$/ (2/ $-.;(2($ (25 :)+45 0$& ($ (%<$ K$'&09 ()" '()&#,<$: (2/ ,00,/(%&0;(2($ (25 -%;')I25, ($ (C'',%$ 0.&+$0)'(9'&$ 0$& (2/ $".4. 8) 0(<%&) $%#&09 '#,:&9'(20, 3&$ /$ ,/'=+$(=1,< '()/ $'(&0; &'(; +, :&$L9/,&$ 0$& :&$+-,%;(2($. A& ;30)& +, (2/ :&9($M2 ()"5, $0).)"1)*/ () 4:2 "-9%#)/ $/93."L) (25 -.$3&95 ()" J"0$K2(()*. > ;I2 ()" 0(&%<)", .,&()"%37/($5 =5 0$+K95 0$& $L$&%7/($5 () $%#&0; $%1%=(; -.$<'&), «/(*/,($&»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
!()
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«T+ )0 2*40 (@4#-)'-* 0'-'()'-* )#)&8<%40 ()0 -?4)&0 )6+ 5*16+, )0 ONE ATHENS #4(,&-A4#' )0 *&,2, )0@ S0"'8=6 <', 2', #"'=,4'-#@2?46 26)&*5016, . Entopia, 50@ /, 5,&#;$# 2'-&?+ -0'4*)6)#+ ()'+ 2#<81#+ 5*1#'+. H# ,@)* )0 54#32,, 01*-16&0 )0 '(*<#'0 #;4,' ,7'#&%2?40 (# -0'4*$&6()0@+ $A&0@+ -,' ,4?(#'+ 50@ 0=6<034 ()0 2,&28&'40 ,;/&'0». _Divercity & Trac
!)*
C+'/J6 .7/3#</$
!)!
J9B&"321C6 &62#%&%F$ 82# G)26.#9"B)*# 6$& ', $"(4/ (2/ -,%<-(='2 $'(&045 0$()<02'25 ,0L%9G,($& 2 $/9302 3&$ $/$1,7%2'2 (25 )%39/='25 0$& (25 +)%L45 (25 -)."0$()&0<$5, ,/&'#*)/($5 ()/ 0$($0;%"L) 9M)/$. 8) C%3) $"(; $-)(,.,< +<$ $-; (&5 K%$K,"+C/,5 -%)(9',&5 ', :&$3=/&'+; -)" :&)%39/=', 2 P!6-8![RB B.! ', '"/,%3$'<$ +, () International Architectural Review DOMES. 8) )&0;-,:) K%<'0,($& '(2 -,%&)#4 ()" D,($M)"%3,<)" '() 0C/(%) (25 B14/$5. E() (;(, P,/&0; F).,):)+&0; E#C:&) ()" S4+)" B12/$<=/ #$%$0(2%<G,($& =5 "-)K$1+&'+C/2 -,%&)#4, ,/7 3&$ (2/ K,.(<='2 (25 ,&0;/$5 (25 -%)(,</)/($& $/$-.9',&5 ;-=5 $"(4 -)" -%$3+$()-)&4120, +C'= ()" :&$3=/&'+)*, +, 0"%<$%#2 #%4'2 $"(4 (25 0$()&0<$5. > ,-&L9/,&$ ()" )&0)-C:)" ,</$& -,%<-)" 2.155 m2, $-; ($ )-)<$ 0$.*-()/($& -,%<-)" ($ 1.500m2. 8) '"30%;(2+$ $/$-(*'',($& -,%&+,(%&09 ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)" ='(;') )& ;I,&5 ()" -%)5 (2/ -;.2 :,/ $-)(,.)*/ C/$ '"+-$3C5 0$& $-%)'-C.$'() +C(=-) $..9 :&$+)%L7/)/($& +, :&$:)#C5 0,/)* 0$& -.4%)"5 -%)'LC%)/($5 ,'='(%CL,&$ 0$& ,M='(%CL,&$ $/9.)3$ +, (&5 $/930,5 ()" #%4'(2. 8$ :&$+,%<'+$($ ()-)1,()*/($& -9/= ', +<$ '-"%),&:4 #9%$M2 0$& $/$-(*'')/($& -,%&+,(%&09 3*%= $-; () $<1%&) 09(= $-; C/$ ,/&$<) 0,0.&+C/) ,-<-,:) -)" $-)(,.,< (2/ '(C32 ()" 0(&%<)". «> ()?<6 2,C; 2# )0 -#4)&'-* ,;/&'0 ,50)#1034 ), =30 -3&', $,&,-)6&'()'-8 #-7&8(#'+ )0@ (@110<'-03 ()0'$#;0@ )6+ -,)0;-6(6+, =;404),+ )64 ,;(/6(6 ()0@+ -,)0;-0@+ *)' :&;(-04),' *10' -8)% ,5* )64 ;=', ()?<6 -,' <3&% ,5* )64 ;=', ,@1..» _L,&;, I0-0). > -%;($'2 )%3$/7/,($& 3*%= $-; ()/ $09."-(), ) )-)<)5 $M&)-)&,<($& =5 0)&/;#%2'()5 #7%)5 0$& ,-&0)&/=/,< +, ;.$ ($ :&$+,%<'+$($. > 0$1’ *I)5 $*M2'2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" 0$& 2 )30)-.$'(&04 ()" :&$+;%L='2 -)" -$%$-C+-,& ', :)#,<), ()/ 0$1&'(9 ,"%*#=%) 0$& -%)'&(; 0$175 ,M$'L$.<G,($& 0$& ) $-$%$<(2()5 L=(&'+;5 0$& $,%&'+;5 ', ;.$ ($ ,-<-,:$ ()" '"30%)(4+$()5. > -%;'K$'2 '(&5 ,-&+C%)"5 0$()&0<,5 -%$3+$()-)&,<($& +C'= 091,(=/ $M;/=/ 0"0.)L)%<$5, )& )-)<,5 ,</$& ()-)1,(2+C/,5 ,/(;5 ()" $&1%<)" ', (C'',%&5 1C',&5.
!)"
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
!)#
C+'/J6 .7/3#</$
!)$
>#09&62#%&*6 821 H)%$#&";2#9, > -)."0$()&0<$ -)" ,/()-<G,($& '(2/ ):; S,&/)0%9()"5, '() 0C/(%) (25 -;.25 (25 B14/$5, '#,:&9'(20, () 2007 $-; ()/ $%#&(C0()/$ P. B33,.4 0$& 0$($'0,"9'(20, () 2012. 8)-)1,(,<($& ', :&'3=/&$<) )&0;-,:), '"/).&0)* ,+K$:)* 285 (.+. 0$& ,M,.<'',($& ', 5 '(91+,5 9/= ()" ,:9L)"5 0$& 4 "-;3,&,5, ,/7 $/9+,'$ 0$& ,-< ()" ,:9L)"5 -$%,+K9..,($& 2 pilotis. BL,(2%<$ (25 '#,:&$'(&045 :&$:&0$'<$5, '*+L=/$ +, ()/ $%#&(C0()/$, $-)(C.,', ) (*-)5 (25 $12/$N045 -)."0$()&0<$5 (=/ :,0$,(&7/ (25 0$($'0,"$'(&045 9/12'25 (25 !..9:$5, 1930 0$& 1960 0$175, -$%9 (2/ ,0L".&'(&04 ,-&%%)4 (25 «$3)%95» 0$& ()" 1,'+&0)* -.$&'<)" '($ )-)<$ ,/(9'',($&, ,/C#,& +$14+$($ 3&$ (2/ :&$#,<%&'2 (25 0$()&0<$5, (;') $/$L)%&09 +, () 9()+) ;') 0$& +, () '*/).) (25 -;.25. H5 '(;#)5, (<1,($& C/$5 /C)5 (*-)5, +C') ()" )-)<)" 2 $%#&(,0()/&04 ,-$/$-%)':&)%<G,($& =5 «:)#,<) 3&$ (2/ G=4». > :&$+;%L='2 ()" #7%)" :&C-,($& $-; $-.;(2($ 0$& )":,(,%;(2($, L&.):)M,< '(2/ :2+&)"%3<$ ,/;5 $/1%=-)0,/(%&0)* 0$& +2 $"($%#&0)* -,%&K9..)/()5 $'(&045 0$()<02'25. «… L', ,51., 5@-4. -,' "#-8/,&6 20&7., 6 050;, 250&#; 4, @50=','&#/#; (# 2?&6 . 4, #5,4,167/#; (# 5011,518(',.» A $09."-()5 :&$+)%L7/,($& =5 +&$ ,&'#7%2'2 (25 :2+;'&$5 'L$<%$5 +C'$ '() )&0;-,:) 0$& () 0(<%&). 82/ C/()/2 0.<'2 -)" :&$1C(,& () )&0;-,:) 0$(9 (2/ ,-&+402 :&9'($'2 ()", $0).)"1,< 2 :&$+;%L='2 (25 pilotis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
!)%
=!30
:&,"0).*/,& (2/ )&0,&)-)<2'2 0$& (2/ C+-/,"'2 ()" $&'14+$()5 ()" «$/40,&/» '() #%4'(2, 0$& (2/ :&)#C(,"'4 ()"5 -%)5 (2/ -;.2 -)" $/)<3,($&. E2+$/(&04 ,0(;/='2 (25 pilotis $-; ()/ #$%$0(4%$ ()" .,&()"%3&0)* #7%)" '(91+,"'25 0$& 2 +,($L)%9 ()" '()"5 #7%)"5 "-; ()" ,:9L)"5. > ,/'=+9(='2 -)..7/ :&$K$1+<',=/ &:&=(&0;(2($5 ', C/$/ #7%) :2+&)"%3,< (&5 -%)U-)1C',&5 ,/;5 -,%&K9..)/()5 0)&/=/&045 ;'+='25 0$& '"..)3&0;(2($5.
!)&
Uptown Residences
8) Uptown Residences, 0$($'0,"9'(20, '()/ \3&) @=+9 B+$%)"'<)" $-; ()"5 Q%&'(</$ J)"0)-)*.)", >%7 D-,%(902 0$& 6='(4 F$/23*%2. 6$($.$+K9/,& C/$ ).;0.2%) )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/) '"/).&045 C0($'25 8.350 m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pilotis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
!)'
C+'/J6 47G /">A/$
!)(
1;<LEC 63
!))
>#09&62#%&*6 “Hansen” 8) $%#&(,0()/&0; 3%$L,<) AREA, Architecture Research Athens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«E0 ,50)?1#(2, #;4,' 2', 5#&'((*)#&0 0&'C*4)', ?4)046 5,&8 -,),-*&@76 /#A&6(6 )6+ 5*16+, *50@ 6 5&*(0N6 )0@ -)'&;0@ 1#')0@&<#; (,4 2', 2#),:16). =',25#&.+ CA46 2#),"3 =&*20@ -,' -.50@». _AREA, 5#&'<&,7. )0@ ?&<0@
"**
A '#,:&$'+;5 0$& 2 :&$#,<%&'2 ()" $09."-()" #7%)" L$/,%7/,& -%)K.2+$(&'+)*5 3&$ (2/ '#C'2 ()" +, (2/ -;.2 0$& :</,& (2/ :"/$(;(2($ :&$(4%2'25 0$& -%;'K$'25 '()"5 ,.,*1,%)"5 #7%)"5 (25 -;.25. B"(;, ', '"/:"$'+; +, (2/ '"30C/(%='2 (25 $09."-(25 ,-&L9/,&$5 '() ,'=(,%&0; ()" )&0)-C:)", :2+&)"%3,< &:$/&0C5 '"/140,5 3&$ (2/ ,/)-)<2'2 (=/ $09."-(=/ #7%=/ '() )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/). > .)3&04 ()" 0(&%<)" 0$& 2 +&0%4 0.<+$0$ (;') $"()* ;') 0$& ()" )&0)-C:)" ,</$& '"+K$(4 +, () $12/$N0; ()-<) 0$& +-)%,< /$ $/$-$%$#1,<.
«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». _AREA
"*!
*-+!:; $<!5,(!8
"*"
"*#
B.>72/(2"&7("E 87#:5&7=9"E (#7 C./0&/3
Invisible Hotel 8) -%;3%$++$ -,%&L,%,&$0C5 0,/(%&0;(2(,5 -%)'LC%,& C%3$ ($ )-)<$ 3,//&)*/($& $-; (&5 $/$3/7',&5 0$& (&5 ,%+2/,<,5 ()" $12/$N0)* ()-<)", -%)K9..)/($5 ()/ #$%$0(4%$ (25 B14/$5. > B14/$ 1,=%,<($& =5 %,"'(4 -;.2 +, :"':&90%&($ ;%&$, K&7/)/($5 (2/ ,+-,&%<$ (25 +C'$ $-; (2/ -"0/;(2($ (=/ :%$'(2%&)(4(=/, () $-%)':;02() (=/ 1,9',=/, ()/ $"()'#,:&$'+; (=/ 0&/4',=/. A& 6,/(%&0;(2(,5 $"(C5 #%2'&+)-)&)*/ 0$& 0$1)%<G)"/ ,0 /C)" ($ L"'&09 #$%$0(2%&'(&09 (25 $%#&(,0()/&045 0$& (25 -;.25, 3&$ /$ :2+&)"%34')"/ $L)%+C5 3&$ C/$/ 0$&/)*%&) :&$L)%,(&0; $'(&0; &'(;, +C'$ '()/ )-)<) ,-$/$-%)':&)%<G,($& 2 $'(&04 ,+-,&%<$. 8) C%3) Invisible Hotel -%)(,</,& (,(%$7%)L,5 «K9',&5» -$%):&045 0$()<02'25 -%)'$/$().&'+C/,5 '()/ $09."-() ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)", 3"%/7/($5 -.9(2 '(2/ -;.2. H5 C/:,&M2 $-$M<='25 (25, 2 0$()<02'2 ()-)1,(,<($& ,0 /C)" ,-< (25 -)%7:)"5 ,-&L9/,&$5 ()" $'(&0)* &'()*, '"/:C)/($5 (&5 (,.,"($<,5 ,.,*1,%,5 $'(&0C5 ,-&L9/,&,5, () :7+$ 0$& ()/ $09."-(). > +,39.2 -%)3%$++$(&04 -.$(L;%+$ (25 0$($0;%"L25 0</2'25 091, «K9'25» $/$.$+K9/,& :&$L)%,(&04 &:&;(2($ '*+L=/$ +, (2/ )-)<$ #$%$0(2%<G,($& =5 L"'&04, )&0)3,/,&$04 4 $1.2(&04. > +,39.2 ,33*(2($ +, (&5 -,%&K9..)"',5 -)."0$()&0<,5, )& -%)K$..;+,/,5 ,&0;/,5 '(&5 ;I,&5 (25 «K9'25» 0$& 2 #%4'2 (25 (2.,'0)-&045 09+,%$5 '() :7+$ 091, +&$5 -%)'LC%)"/ (,#/2(C5 1C,5, C++,'2 '*/:,'2 +, (2 3*%= -;.2 0$& ,/,%3)-)&)*/ C/$ $-%;K.,-() -$&#/<:& 9+,'=/ 0$& +,').$K2+C/=/ )-(&07/ '#C',=/.1 «! ,($#=;,()0+ =62*('0+ $A&0+ -,' 6 ,&$')#-)04'-. )6+ 9/.4,+ (@4'()034 )0 ,7,'&#)'-* 51,;('0 ,@).+ )6+ ,4),11,<.+ . )6+ ='8$@(6+ )6+ 2',+ (7,;&,+ ()64 8116. E,&8)(#+, 25,1-*4',, '(*<#'#+ ()0?+ -,' 5'10)?+, &#)'&? -,' ,-81@5)0' $A&0' )%4 0'-0=02'-A4 )#)&,<A4%4 1#')0@&<034 %+ 7@('-8 #&<,1#;, <', )64 @1050;6(6 #4*+ «2,1,-03» 0&;0@ 2#),"3 )0@ =62*('0@ -,' )0@ '='%)'-03 U6 =62*(', C%. #5#-)#;4#),' 2?(, (), 0'-*5#=, -,' ), -);&',, ), #"#&#@4#;, -&@70-0')8C#' ), #(%)#&'-8 )0@+, ,50-,135)04),+ )64 '='%)'-. C%..»_ M'8446+ 9;(%50+2 KLMNONPQR STURQD "**%I +:F<5V4.<? 25E9.W,.0F<?X 8I Y0Z[0:D \I ]3-/,0?D 8I ]2F-./2I
"*%
1.Made in Athens 2. :>+%#(I$&'',-, !2/$?2/2$"3B82'1/$351,12-, +26. 151-152
"*&
XGHY(+/VR
18 Steps To 18 STEPS ,</$& () -%7() K%$K,<) ()" $%#&(,0()/&0)* :&$3=/&'+)* «18+ Student Housing» -)" :&)%3$/7120, () 2010 $-; (2/ &:&=(&04 0$($'0,"$'(&04 ,($&%<$ OLIAROS B.!. A :&$3=/&'+;5 $L)%)*', ()/ '#,:&$'+; :)+45 L)&(2(&045 '(C325 '(2/ -;.2 (25 B14/$5 0$& '"30,0%&+C/$ '(2/ -,%&)#4 6,%$+,&0)*-D,($M)"%3,<)". A& $%#&(C0()/,5, FORA, Fagulha, Oliveira 0$& Ruivo Architects, -$<%/)/($5 =5 $L,(2%<$ (2/ :)+4 (25 $'(&045 -)."0$()&0<$5 (25 $/(&-$%)#45, 0$& :&#)()+7/($5 (2/, ()-)1,()*/ +C'$ '() 0C."L;5 (25 +&$ 0"0.&04, 0,0.&+C/2 0</2'2, 2 )-)<$ $-)(,.,< ()/ -"%4/$ ()" 0(&%<)". > ("-&04, 0$($0;%"L2 )%39/='2 ', )%;L)"5 0$($%3,<($&. 8$ :&$+,%<'+$($ (=/ L)&(2(7/ '#,:&9G)/($& =5 )& «,.9#&'()&» #7%)& 0$()<02'25 '()"5 )-)<)"5 -%)K.C-)/($& +;/) .,&()"%3<,5 -)" $-$&()*/ (2/ $-)+;/='2 ;-=5 ) *-/)5 0$& () :&9K$'+$, 0$& -$%$-C+-)"/ '(2/ +)/$'(&04 G=4. B"(9 -.$&'&7/)"/ (2/ 0)&/;#%2'(2 '()9, 0$& :&$#=%<G)/($& +, 0&/2(9 -,(9'+$($, 7'(, )& :*) #7%)& /$ +-)%)*/ /$ ,/)-)&21)*/ 0$& 2 0"0.&04 0,/(%&04 0</2'2 /$ +,($(%$-,< ', #7%) '(9'25. E(2/ -,%<+,(%) ()" 0,.*L)"5 ()-)1,()*/($& )& #7%)& ()" .)"(%)*, '"/1402 -)" $-)(,.,< () $-)0)%*L=+$ (25 ,'='(%CL,&$5 ()" 0(&%<)". > 0</2'2 ,0()/7/,($& ', C/$ -).",-<-,:) :7+$ $..9 0$& '()/ $09."-() 4 garden void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
"*'
"*(
4#.&,* 65
Party Wall E($ -.$<'&$ ()" <:&)" :&$3=/&'+)* 3&$ ()/ '#,:&$'+; :)+45 L)&(2(&045 '(C325 -)" $L)%9 (2/ -,%&)#4 6,%$+,&0)*-D,($M)"%3,<)", -%)(,</,($& $-; () $%#&(,0()/&0; 3%$L,<) Solid Objectives – Idenburg Liu (SO-IL) +&$ -%=(;("-2 :)+4, () Party Wall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arty Wall II. > ,-C0($'2 -,%&.9+K$/, 26 :&$+,%<'+$($ ($ )-)<$ ,+L$/<G)"/ +,3$.*(,%2 -)&0&.<$ '(2/ ,'=(,%&04 ()"5 )%39/='2, 0$175 0$& 0)&/;#%2'(2 0$L,(C%&$, :=+9(&) L=()("-&7/ 0$& "-;3,&) #7%) '(91+,"'25. E, +&$ -%)'-91,&$ :&$#,<%&'25 0$& :&$.;3)" +, ($ '(,/9 -,%&17%&$ ()" -"0/):)+2+C/)" $12/$N0)* $'(&0)* -,%&K9..)/()5, ) $09."-()5 #7%)5 $/$+)%L7/,($& $-; () -,%<0.,&'() ("L.; "-;.)&-) ()" 0(&'+C/)", ', C/$/ :%)+&0; #7%) ,.9#&'(25 :&9'($'25 4,5 m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
"*)
A42"F% 7=":/E"0
"!*
"!!
"!"
=!30
4":%2)&2#$%&3, H%6BE$%8C3, N+)F$ «4O-@4 !4» - 4’ K"6P)*# (1 6(3 26 5 %832%C6) «E0)-;5 ()" S&$3=/&'+)* 4($/ 2 $/$G4(2'2 -%)(9',=/ 3&$ () K$'&0; 0*(($%) (25 -;.25, () A&0):)+&0; 8,(%93=/). B/(&0,<+,/; ()" 4($/ 2 ,.,*1,%2 ,-&.)34 4 ("-&07/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/ ', 3,&()/&C5 ()" J,0$/)-,:<)" +, "-)K$1+&'+C/) $'(&0; -,%&K9..)/, 0$& 2 0$(91,'2 -%;($'25 3&$ (2/ $M&)-)<2'2 ()" «'($"%)*», (=/ ,/:&9+,'=/ :2.$:4 :%;+=/, '"/:"9G)/(95 ()"5 +, "L&'(9+,/$ 0,/9 4 $09."-()"5 #7%)"5». > -%;($'2 $L)%9 (2/ $/9-.$'2 ()" «'($"%)*» -)" '#2+$(<G)"/ )& :%;+)& E+*%/25 0$& T".45 '() 0C/(%) (25 B14/$5. 8$ 0,/9 (=/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/ $/)<3)/($& '()/ :2+;'&) #7%) (=/ :%;+=/, :2+&)"%37/($5 C/$ '"/,#C5 $'(&0; -9%0), () )-)<) -%)=1,< (&5 '"..)3&0C5 :%$'(2%&;(2(,5. > -%;($'2 C#,& (<(.) «e_co_llectiva» 0$175 '(2%<G,($& '(2/ )&0).)3<$ (eco), '(2 '"/,%3$'<$ (collectiva) 0$& '(&5 /C,5 (,#/).)3<,5 (e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«e_co_llectiva» (0C/(%) 3,&()/&95 0$& '"/()/&'+)* ()" C%3)" (25 '"30)+&:45 0$& 0$..&C%3,&$5), () -).&(&'(&0; 0C/(%) (-).&(&'(&09 :%7+,/$, ,%3$'(4%&$ :2+&)"%3&045 +,($-)<2'25 $'(&07/ $/$0"0.)*+,/=/ $-)%%&++9(=/) 0$& 2 K&K.&)1402-($&/&)1402 (25 3,&()/&95. A& /C,5 $"(C5 #%4',&5 ', '"/:"$'+; +, () :&$:<0(") -%)=1)*/ (&5 '"..)3&0C5 :%$'(2%&;(2(,5 0$& (2/ )&0).)3&04 '"/,<:2'2 ,/7 L&.):)M)*/ /$ :&,"%*/)"/ ($ ;%&$ (25 0)&/;(2($5, :2+&)"%37/($5 (2/ C//)&$ (25 "-,%3,&()/&95. "!#
1;<LE5A 66, 67
"!$
A")9$12%&' )"B68*6 82# Berlage Institute, 2011 J2# Berlage Institute ("6BC62#(#%'51&) C%6 &"%2%&' 6$;0981 82# (06*8%# 21, )")9$12%&', )"B68*6, “Labor, City, Architecture: Towards a Common Architectural Language” B%6 C)26(29:%6&#Q, C6512/, 9(3 21$ &65#+'B181 2#9 Pier Vittorio Aureli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loister - Ji Hyun Woo, Berlage Institute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
"!%
"!&
1;<LEC 68
Platform - Ivan K. Nasution, Berlage Institute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oof -Lingxiao Zhang, Entablature - Lingxiao Zhang, Berlage Institute, 2011 D/0#, 82# 2):$123 6$;B09L# (#9 +1C%#9"B)* 1 8988F")981 2E$ (#09&62#%&%F$ 6(#2)0)* /+6L#, B%6 $/), )()CP;8)%,, :2%8C/$), (;$E 6(3 21$ (301. 7% ("#2;8)%, 692/, ("#8L/"#9$ /$6 +%6L#")2%&3 2Q(# :E"%&#Q ()"%P;00#$2#, C) 823:# 21$ )+"6*E81 21, 682%&', 89$/:)%6, 2#9 +"3C#9 82# )(*()+# 2#9 +FC62#,, 21$ )$#(#*181 21, &626&)"C62%8C/$1, «3?1,» 21, (301,, &6% 21$ +1C%#9"B*6 )$3, 8900#B%&#Q :F"#9 (6"6BEB%&', +"6821"%32126, B%6 2#9, &62#*&#9, 2#9 2)2"6BF$#9. J) 30), 2%, ("#2;8)%,, # 6&;09(2#, 6$6B$E"*R)26% E, C/8# )$#(#*181, 2#9 682%&#Q %82#Q. 7% :F"#% 692#* C(#"#Q$ $6 ("#86"C#82#Q$ 826 8QB:"#$6 8)$;"%6 &62#*&181, &65F, )$2#(*R)26% )& $/#9 1 :6C/$1 8900#B%&' P#Q0181 600; &6% 1 89$)"B68*6 C)26.Q 2E$ &62#*&E$.
"!'
S$6 ()*"6C6 B%6 21$ (301… C) /$6 )"B682'"%# &6% /$6 (6%:$*+% > ,%,"/2(&04 )+9:$ Acalyptos SKG :2+&)"%3,<($& *'(,%$ $-; -%=()K)".<$ (=/ 40.22 Architects +, '(;#) (2/ ,*%,'2 ,/;5 (;-)" -)" /$ $-)(,.,< 0)++9(& ()" $'(&0)* &'()* 0$& /$ +-)%,< /$ .,&()"%34',& =5 -"0/=(45 (=/ 0)&/=/&07/ :,'+7/ 0$& /$ $-)0$($'(4',& (2 '#C'2 ()" $/1%7-)" +, (2/ L*'2. > )+9:$ '"++,(C#,& ', -)..C5 :&$L)%,(&0C5 :%9',&5, +C'$ $-; (&5 )-)<,5 ,M,(9G,& ()/ #7%) ()" $0$.*-()" 09(= $-; :&$L)%,(&0C5 -$%$+C(%)"5 0$& ,-&#,&%,< /$ ,+L$/<',& (&5 0%"++C/,5 $"(C5 $'(&0C5 3=/&C5. E() -.$<'&) (25 152 D-&,/9., (25 W,/,(<$5 () 2016, '() ,..2/&0; -,%<-(,%) 2 )+9:$ -$%)"'&9G,& «O/$ -,<%$+$ 3&$ (2/ -;.2…+, C/$ ,%3$'(4%&) 0$& C/$ -$&#/<:&». 8) -,<%$+$ :&,M93,($& '() B%&'()(C.,&) F$/,-&'(4+&) @,''$.)/<025 +, (2/ '"++,()#4 '$%9/($ L)&(2(7/. A& L)&(2(C5 0$.)*/($& /$ ,-&.CM)"/ 0$& /$ $/$.*')"/ '"/).&09 (C'',%&5 $09."-()"5 '(2/ -;.2 (25 @,''$.)/<025. E(;#)5 ,</$& 2 :2+&)"%3<$ M,#=%&'(7/ :)+7/ $-; M*.), &0$/C5 /$ ,/($#1)*/ '()/ 091, $09."-() 0$& /$ '"/:,1)*/ :2+&)"%37/($5 C/$ ',/9%&) #%4'25. 8$ ',/9%&$ ,</$& )0(7, ,M"-2%,(7/($5 :&$L)%,(&0)*5 '0)-)*5, greening, farming, playing, connecting, dining, recycling, dreaming, performing. E(2/ '"/C#,&$ ,-&.C3,($& 0$& 0$($'0,"9G,($& +<$ $-; (&5 :)+C5 ()" ',/$%<)" greening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greening 0$& () connecting ,/7 '($ -&) $-)+)/=+C/$ (+4+$($ ()" $0$.*-()" ()-)1,()*/($& ($ "-;..)&-$ ',/9%&$ $/(&+,(=-<G)/($5 ($ '"/,&%+&09 '$/ M,#=%&'(9 :=+9(&$. D&$ :&$L)%,(&04 -%$0(&04 -)" $0).)"14120, 3&$ ()/
"!(
'#,:&$'+; ()" $0$.*-()" 4($/ $"(4 ,/;5 -9%0)" +&0%45 0.<+$0$5, +, () greening /$ :&$'0)%-<G,($& ', ;.2 (2/ C0($'2 0$& ($ "-;.)&-$ ',/9%&$ /$ -$%,+K9..)/($& ,M<')" :&$'0)%-&'+C/$. 8C.)5 -)..)< '"++,(C#)/(,5 $/(&+,(7-&'$/ ()/ $09."-() =5 «+&$ '02/4 (25 0$12+,%&/45 G=45» ()-)1,(7/($5 '() 0C/(%) ()" () performing, -,%&+,(%&09 ($ "-;.)&-$ ',/9%&$ ,/7 () playing 0$($.$+K9/,& (&5 -&) &:&=(&0C5 0$& $-)+$0%"'+C/,5 3=/<,5 ()" $09."-()". «L?(, ,5* )0 5,'$4;=' -,' )0 #&<,().&'0, =',7,;4#),' 6 5&*/#(6 <', ?4,4 5'0 5&,('40 ,-81@5)0 50@ /, ,50-).(#' 4?0 -02:'-* &*10 ()64 1#')0@&<;, )0@ 0'-0=02'-03 )#)&,<A40@ %+ #1-@()'-*+ 5@&.4,+ C%.+ -,' -0'4%4'-.+ #5,7.+ %+ ?4, 5#=;0 #4=@482%(6+ )%4 -0'4%4'-A4 =#(2A4. L# =#=02?46 )64 2#'%2?46 5,&0@(;, #1#3/#&%4 5&8('4%4 =62*('%4 $A&%4 ()0 -?4)&0 )6+ 5*16+, 0 #5,4,5&0(='0&'(2*+ )0@ ,-81@5)0@ ,50)#1#; ?4, 2#<810 ()0;$62, 2# #",'&#)'-?+ =@4,)*)6)#+. 950)#1#; 2', #@-,'&;, 4, ($#=',()#; 2', «#@?1'-)6» <#')04'8 2# )64 -0'4*)6),, <', )64 -0'4*)6),, 50@ /, ,50)#1#; ),@)*$&04, :,('-. (@4'()A(, ,4,<?446(6+ )6+ 5*16+, ,5* ), 2?(, 5&0+ ), ?"%, 2?(% )6+ ,3"6(6+ )%4 @5,;/&'%4 $A&%4 -,' )6+ #4(%28)%(6+ ()'+ 5&8('4#+ @50=02?+ )6+. 950)#1#; 2', #@-,'&;, 4, ,4,:,/2'()#; 6 7@('-. -16&0402'8 )6+ 5*16+ -,' 6 50'*)6), )6+ =62*(',+ C%.+.»_ E(,-,1;=0@ J, F,5,=050310@ 9., R4, 5#;&,2, <', )64 5*16… 2# ?4, #&<,().&'0 -,' ?4, 5,'$4;=', 8&/&0 J03, public spaces +, (#1. 176 C*8%8.1;,/ D., -8@8;,@,E.,/ 4., ?1*.7, ;7=,*1(/*7 *), pubic spaces+
"!)
""*
1;<LEC 69
1;<LEC 70
""!
G7*,59#27(C3 -.:#=E/3
"""
""#
>#0(1)&62#*&181 82# G)26.#9"B)*#: /$6, ("#P01C62%8C3, B%6 21$ (301… > '"30,0%&+C/2 :&-.=+$(&04 ,%3$'<$ ()-)1,(,<($& ', C/$ )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/) (25 -,%&)#45 ()" D,($M)"%3,<)". > -%;($'2 $+L&'K2(,< (&5 '*3#%)/,5 -%$0(&0C5 '"30%;(2'25 0$& $/9-.$'25 ()" $'(&0)* &'()* 0$& -%)(,</)"/ ,/$..$0(&0C5 )& )-)<,5 $/(&(<1,/($& '()/ ,M,"3,/&'+; 0$& '()/ C/()/) 0)&/=/&0; $-)0.,&'+;.
-;89J:CB;<= 5>IC6?C BJE -FNEK -K:787Q97G07Q@C, 1GCII59?C %CEBV7QEK <C; 1;>=EK ,NC<;JBF<K B7G 2012 6B7 B:=:C &>H;B5<BLEJE B7G 1.(./., :5 58;U9O87EB5A <CPKIKBOA B7GA *./C8CWJFEE7G, -./C8C95SL87G 97 <C; 6Q:U7G97 BKE ).#9C:8CB6OC"
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«0$(7L.&»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«> 9/.4, =#4 #;4,' 2', 5*16 ,5&*(%56: 6 C%. =62'0@&<#;),' (), '(*<#', 2,<,C'8 -,' ()'+ #'(*=0@+, #4A 6 -,/62#&'4*)6), ,50)@5A4#),' (), 25,1-*4', -,' ()'+ *N#'+ )%4 501@-,)0'-'A4.»
""$
1;<LEC 71
""%
7"*R#$26, 2# &)$3 E, &#%$3 > :&-.=+$(&04 C%,"/$ $L)%9 +&$ -,%&)#4 ()" 0C/(%)" (25 B14/$5, K$1&9 ,-2%,$'+C/2 $-; (2/ )&0):)+&04 9/12'2 (=/ :,0$,(&7/ 60’-70’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«! $#'&'(2*+ )0@ ,-81@5)0@ %+ ?4, #4#&<* (62#;0 -;46(6+5#&8(2,)0+, =',(58 )0 )#)&8<%40, -,),&<#; (),=',-8 )64 5;(% -,' 25&0()8 *N6 )6+ 501@-,)0'-;,+ -,' #4=#$02?4%+ 2#),:811#' (),=',-8 )64 0&<84%(6 )%4 =',2#&'(28)%4 )%4 501@-,)0'-'A4.» -;89J:CB;<= 5>IC6?C BJE )LVG (7EF<K <C; R>B5:;A /CECI;DB7G B7G 2014 6B7 *:=:C &>H;B5<BLEJE B7G /CE58;6BK:?7G 3566C9?CA, :5 58;U9O87EBC B7E #./CEKIQ>K.
""&
""' 1;<LEC 72
1;<LEC 73
""(
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«> ='#-=;-6(6 =62*('0@ $A&0@ -,' 6 =62'0@&<;, «-0'4A4», =#4 #;4,' ,518 5,&81161#+, ,118 ,11610=',51#-*2#4#+ =',='-,(;#+. H)6 26)&*5016, 0' Negri -,' Hardt, :1?50@4 -,' 2;, 8116 =',='-,(;,, 50@ 04028C0@4 «,5&*:1#5)6 )@$,;, (@484)6(6». B;4,', 6 -,/62#&'4. ,-,/*&'()6 =',510-. )%4 ,)*2%4 ()0 ,()'-* 5#&':81104, 2?(, ()0 51,;('0 5,&,<%<.+, -,),481%(6+, -@-1070&;,+, N@$,<%<;,+ -15. B4A 250&#; 4, 264 #;4,' 584)0)# #5'/@26)., 6 26)&*5016 )64 #5':811#' 2# ?4, ='-* )6+ &@/2*, -,),()&?704),+ 5011?+ 70&?+ )64 -0'4. C%. )0@ 51./0@+. V,;4#),' 5%+ -,' ()64 5&0:162,)'-. )%4 Negri -,' Hardt, 6 ($?(6 =62*('0@-'='%)'-03 5,;C#' -,/0&'()'-* &*10, 2',+ -,' 6 5,&,:;,(6 )0@ #4*+ . )0@ 8110@ 0&;0@ 250&#; 4, ,7,'&?(#' )6 (@4/.-6 35,&"6+ . <?446(6+ )0@ «-0'403». S#4 #;4,' )@$,;0 5%+ ()6 «(@484)6(6» =;40@4 ,4);()0'$6 ?27,(6 2# )0 “-0'4*”.» E(2/ -%;($'2 $/$3/=%<G)/($& (C'',%$ -,:<$ -$%C+K$'25 ($ )-)<$ C#)"/ :&((; #$%$0(4%$, :2+;'&) 0$& &:&=(&0;. 691, C/$ $-; $"(9 $-)(,.,< '"/1,(&0; ,%3$.,<) 0$& ()-)1,(,<($& '() )&0):)+&0; (,(%93=/) $/9.)3$ +, (&5 $/930,5 (25 091, -)."0$()&0<$5.
"")
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pilotis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
"#*
-)" '"/1C()"/ (2/ ($"(;(2($ ()" ("-&0)* )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)" 0$& ,/()-<G)/($& '() $12/$N0; $'(&0; &'(;. > -%;($'2 '()#,*,& '()/ ,-$/$-%)':&)%&'+; (25 '#C'25 &:&=(&0)* 0$& :2+;'&)", ,/()-<G)/($& )& #7%)& -)" '"/1C()"/ () L9'+$ -)" :2+&)"%3,<($& 0$& :&$+)%L7/,($& C/$ :<0(") #7%=/ 0$& 0&/4',=/ -)" $-.7/,($& ', ;.$ ($ ,-<-,:$ ()" )&0):)+&0)* (,(%$37/)". «)0 =62*('0 -,' )0 '='%)'-* 5&?5#' 4, ,4,<4%()034 (# 5011,518 #5;5#=, 5&0-#'2?40@ 4, -,),40.(0@2# )6 =@4,2'-. )0@+ ($?(6 2# )0 ,()'-* 5#&':81104.» -;89J:CB;<= 5>IC6?C BJE (FE7G &>IQ>K <C; 3FE7G (C<>GE;<L9C B7G 2014 6B7 B:=:C &>H;B5<BLEJE B7G 1.(./, :5 58;U9O87EB5A B7GA ,.,BCG>?@K, -./C8C95SL87G97 <C; 6Q:U7G97 B7E /.2C6;9FB7.
"#!
1;<LEC 74
"#"
482%&/, +%6P"F8)%,: :6";88#$26, +%6+"#C/, 82# )8E2)"%&3 2E$ #%&#+#C%&F$ 2)2"6BF$E$/ public spaces + > :&-.=+$(&04 ,%3$'<$ +, (<(.) «B'(&0C5 :&$K%7',&5: #$%9'')/($5 :&$:%)+C5 '() ,'=(,%&0; (=/ )&0):)+&07/ (,(%$37/=/»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
"##
E2+$/(&0; 0)++9(& (25 -%;($'25 $-)(,.,< 2 $/$G4(2'2 %,$.&'(&07/ +,1;:=/ 3&$ (2/ ".)-)<2'2 (25. > :%$'(2%&)-)<2'2 (=/ 0$()<0=/ ,</$& $-$%$<(2(2 3&$ (2/ ".)-)<2'2 (25 -%;($'25 (;') 0$(9 () '#,:&$'+;, ;') 0$& 3&$ (2/ (,.&04 C0K$'2. «9-*2, -,' ,4 =#4 #5')#@$/#; 6 #4050;6(6 0' =',='-,(;#+ #;4,' (62,4)'-?+ <', )64 ?4,&"6 (@22#)0$'-A4 =&8(#%4 -,' )64 -'46)050;6(6 )%4 -,)0;-%4 (# C6).2,), 50@ )0@+ ,70&034 82#(, #56&#8C04),+ )64 50'*)6), C%.+.» P$#6%="1$34 2/@"+>" 1%' M2"'9 R&06" 3"$ :7"="'1>" S"';(A6,, 1() 2018 +1( *=4=" :/0$12315'%' 1() !"'2#$+1,=>() M2++"6>"-, =2 2#$E6B#()+" 1,' T/$- U)3()/$91,.
"#$
"#% XGHY(+//W!
!"#$%$&' 6
"#'
H09*/.4=9#2#
"#)
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aison Dom-ino ()" Le Corbusier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
"$*
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
"$!
"$"
XGHY(+//WV
"$#
«!"# $%& %'($)#"* +,,- "'*,(./ %'0 1( #% $"1%23-$%142(5$" 1( %21*60 '"7*8+,,(# 19# 25#"3:& ;*(.6(<$"#9# $".%,(5'0,"9#, $" $*67/& / $".%,<1"7-& 6,4$%6%& "'"$8+2"*&, %=(< "4#%* 23";0# 8)8%*( 01* >% 6%1(*6(<$" "6"4 .*% '(,,+ 370#*% %60$-. ?*%14 ( $"1%23-$%1*2$0& %510&, '(5 >% (;-./2"* 2" $4% (7>(,(.*601"7- 2<@"5A- 1(5 %21*6(< 1('4(5 $" 1- =<2-, ;"# "4#%* %;<#%1(& / "A%*7"1*6+ ;<26(,(&. BA%71+1%* %',:& %'0 1- ;*6/ $%& 8(<,-2-.» _:'*28 3%;%D#'&&49, ! %-A.+),+4&.,$ ,%. 2 ;=/2, *.149
"$$
"$%
I%:C3
"$'
@1<)1-60&A:& ! !"#$%&'%()$'*+ ,$-./)$01*+ 23&4) 5!678! 9:; ! <=#>- 6&-)4? @-)A(B>C !3-1-)%D-? !0%$'E+ 3$-F"40&$+G #-"=0()%-+ 3$-3"(1E+ 0%( &0/%&"$'* %/) ($'(3(1$'4) %&%"-.4)/)? HIJKLM NHOMPN Q ! ,&)3"$)*+ R%-B"(+? S- *"$- %(T 3C1(0D(T #4"(T? HIJKLM NHOMPNQ ! UVWVUX 1&>E%&+ .$- '-%($'D&+ ! YOZP L[ \]^P[N _`^LJLab[ cO]OKbdIP ! e-"1-"=+ e-)*>C+? 7 -0%$'f g(>T'-%($'D- %C+ 1&%-g(>&1$'f+ !Af)-+? h(>$%$0%$'* D3"T1- (1D>(T h&$"-$4+? !Af)-? ijji ! e-"1-"=+ eV? kE00- UV? il U>>C)&+ -"#$%E'%()&+ %(T 1&0(g(>E1(T? h-)&g$0%C1$-'E+ &'3*0&$+ W"f%C+? lmmn ! e->(B%-+ 6V? o$'()*1(T ,V? W($)/)$'f ,(1f '-$ g(>&(3(1$'f (".=)/0C 0%C) !Af)-? 6&00->()D'C? ijjl ! e->(B%-+ 6V? !Af)-? '-%($'D- ($'(.E)&$-V !)=>T0C %/) 1&%-g(>&1$'4) g"-'%$'4) 0%E.-0C+? !Af)-? ijjm ! e->(B%-+ 6V? o$'(.E)&$-? g"-'%$'E+ 0%E.-0&$+ '-$ '($)/)$'*+ 3$-#/"$01*+ 0%C) !Af)- '-$ %() <*>(? 0%( ,$-0%=0&$+ %(T '($)/)$'(B -g('>&$01(B 0%C) U>>=3-? !Af)-G UWWU? %(1V !p? 00V ijqXllr? ijjs ! e->(B%-+ 6/1=+? h"(F>f1-%- '($)/)$'f+ F$40$1C+ -)=g%TtC+ 0%C) !Af)-G o$ 1&%-F(>E+ %C+ %&>&T%-D-+ &$'(0-&%D-+ 0%C) '($)/)$'f .&/."-uD- %C+ g*>C+ '-$ C '"D0C %C+ $3$*%TgC+ '($)/)$'f+ 0T)(#f+ '-$ C '"D0C %C+ $3$*%TgC+ '($)/)$'f+ 0T)(#f+? 0%( h*>C '-$ #4"(+ -g* %() lm( 0%() li( -$4)-V S$1C%$'*+ %*1(+ .$- %() '-AC.C%f !A-)=0$( 2V !"-F-)%$)*? !Af)-G Ueh v h-)&g$0%f1$( 6&00->D-+ v RUho9? 00V ljjXwil? lmm: ! egD"C+ WV? !$ !AC)-$? &'3(%$'*+ (D'(+ 5eE>$00-;? !Af)-? ijjn ! egD"C+ eV? !AC)-$'f -"#$%&'%()$'f -g( irqnXijln? &'3*0&$+ 5eE>$00-;? !Af)-? lmmw ! h-g-$/=)(T S=0C+? 7 -"#$%&'%()$'f '-$ C g*>C? &'3*0&$+ W-0%-)$4%C? !Af)-? lmmr ! x*3C y>'C0%C+ hV ? o &g-)-g"(03$("$01*+ %C+ g(>T'-%($'D-+V z)- 1E>>() .$- %C) !Af)-{? z)- 1E>>() .$- %C) !Af)-? &'3*0&$+ h-g-|f0C+? !Af)-? lmii ! x(B0C !..&>$'f? 7 &tE>$tC %C+ -0%$'f+ g(>T'-%($'D-+ 0%C) !Af)- -g* %( ijiq 1E#"$ %( lmil? ! R%-A-'*g(T>(+ h=)(+? o$'()*1(T e-"D-? o "*>(+ %(T ($'(3(1$'(B %&%"-.4)(T 0%C) g*>C? lmiq ! R%&u=)(T 2/0fu? 7 uT0$(.)/1D- %C+ !Af)-+? z)- 1E>>() .$- %C) !Af)-? &'3*0&$+ h-g-|f0C+? !Af)-? lmii ! S0-'->D3(T <V? h-g-3(g(B>(T !V? ,D0>C? z)- g&D"-1- .$- %C) g*>C} 1& E)- &".-0%f"$( '-$ E)g-$#)D3$? HIJKLM NHOMPNQ ! S0E%0C+ R%-B"(+ 9"V ? R'E~&$+ .$- %() 0%"-%C.$'* 0#&3$-01* %C+ 1C%"(g(>$%$'f+ !Af)-+? z)- 1E>>() .$- %C) !Af)-? &'3*0&$+ h-g-|f0C+? !Af)-? lmii ! P^K €O[? 7 |/f -)E1&0- 0%- '%f"$-? #"C0$1(g($4)%-+ %() 3C1*0$( #4"(? h-)&g$0%C1$-'E+ U'3*0&$+ 6&00->D-+? lmiw "$(
! ÅP[[P]^ ‚ƒO„H]b[? o '-A"Eu%C+ %C+ g-"-./.f+? 1$- '"$%$'f A&/"D- %C+ -"#$%&'%()$'f+? ! YOKbI]ON …V? †PdƒPdOab[? NbMLOK HbKOƒL‡Oab[ O[Z L[PˆIOKL]‰ L[ \]^P[N ZIƒL[d ]^P ijjmNG …^PbƒPaMOK P`HPM]Oab[N O[Z Mb[]P`]IOK ZLŠPƒP[MP? ‹[]Pƒ[Oab[OK €bIƒ[OK bŒ çƒJO[ O[Z ŽPdLb[OK ŽPNPOƒM^? wiè:G qwwXqnr? lmmq ! YOKbI]ON SV? †PKŒ êƒb„b]PZ ‘bINL[dG êbN]’Oƒ †bKIab[N L[ \]^P[N? cL]‰ O[Z …PƒƒL]bƒ‰? “““”èiwsXiwqG wwnX w:n? lmmw ! êPƒPM PbƒdPN? 9/"D&+ #4"/)? B~$>()èF$F>D-? ijq: ! êLPƒ ”L•bƒLb \IƒPKL? …^P –b„XL[b êƒbJKP„G —IPNab[L[d ]^P \ƒM^L]PM]IƒP bŒ –b„PNaM †HOMP? HIJKLN^PZ J‰G \[‰b[P cbƒHbƒOab[? lmi: ! ˜bZL]NM^ ŽLM^OƒZ? …^P êIJKLM êƒL™O]P ‘bINPG YbZPƒ[ \]^P[N O[Z L]N êbK‰šO]bLšLO ? êOƒš ›bbš? lmij
!"#"$ ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"$)
!>$u"-.'f+ RV? W=>u- WV? 7 !)%$g-"(#f '-$ ($ !"#$%E'%()&+ œ%C+ù? 20%("D&+ W($)/)$'4) ,T)=1&/)? 9/"$'4) h(>$%$'4) '-$ %(T Ug-..E>1-%(+ %(T !"#$%E'%()- 0%C) U>>=3-? ijljXq:? ="A"( 0%( \ƒM^P]‰HP? lmli !)%/)-'='C ,C1f%"C+ '-$ R(T|=)- ? 7 g(>T'-%($'D- 0%C) U>>=3-? ( "*>(+ %/) -"#$%&'%*)/)? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr? <>=#(T @V? h(>T'-%($'D-? g"(F>f1-%- '-%($'C0$1*%C%-+? &g$'($)/)D-+? g"(%Bg/) '-$ 0T1F*>/)? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr <>=#(T žV? ž$-))D%0-"C žV? 9-%|C'40%- UV? 7 0%E.-0C %/) g"(0uB./) 0%C) !Af)- '-$ %() h&$"-$= 0%C) g&"D(3( ijlmXij:m? h"(0uT.$'E+ g(>T'-%($'D&+? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr? ž$-))-'(B"(T žV? W=".- hV? h"/%(~=>%C+ žV? 9->'(T%0='C UV? h&$"-1-%$'f &u-"1(.f %/) A&014) %C+ &)(g(DC0C+ -'=>Tg%/) &)*+ oVS '-$ %(T &)&".(B ($'(3(1$'(B %&%"-.4)(T œ="A"- il '-$ iw %(T žoW èrnù? SUU? !Af)-? ijrr ,C1C%"-'*g(T>(+ !)=".T"(+? \$ &0/%&"$'-D -T>-D %/) -AC)-$'4) ($'(3(14)? S&#)$'= #"()$'=? ijwj ,-1=>- !V? Ÿ=1g- eV? W("(1F>f UV? 7 -0%$'f g(>T'-%($'D- 0%C) !Af)- ijlmXij:m? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr W"$&|f+ U11-)(Tf>? Ug$ %(T g"(F>f1-%(+ %C+ g(>T'-%($'D-+? ="A"(? !"#$1f3C+? ijil e->(B%-+ 6/1=+? RgT"E>>C+ R%-B"(+ 8$'Cu*"(+? 7 g(>T'-%($'D- %C+ -)%$g-"(#f+ '-$ ( '=A&%(+ '($)/)$'*+ 3$-#/"$01*+? ="A"( 0%( \]^P[N †bMLOK \]KON? lmin egD"C+ WTg"$-)*+? 7 -0%$'f g(>T'-%($'D-? SVUVU? ijwl h-g-#"f0%(T e=.'T? 7 $0%("D- %C+ -AC)- 'f+ g(>T'-%($'D-+G h4+ 1D- (>*'>C"C g*>C ($'(3(1fAC'& g=)/ 0%C) -)%$g-"(#f? ="A"( h("uB"$(+ ,V? 7 1()%E")- -"#$%&'%()$'f 0%C) &>>=3-? ijnmXijqn? 6E1-%- #4"(T '-$ %&#)4) imèijqj R-"C.$=))C+ žV? 7 &tE>$tC %C+ &1g("&T1-%(g($f0&/+ %C+ '-%($'D-+ '-$ C &gD3"-0C %C+ 0%C 1("uf %C+ '-%($'D-+ '-$ %C+ g*>&/+? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr R-"C.$=))C+ žV? 7 0B.#"()C g(>&(3(1$'f )(1(A&0D- 0-) -g(%E>&01- %C+ AE0&/+ %C+ '-%($'D-+ 0%C) g-"-./.$'f 3$-3$'-0D- %(T -"#$%E'%()-? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr S|='(T UV !)-0%-0D-? 7 &tE>$tC %C+ g(>T'-%($'D-+ 0%C) !Af)- 1&%= %() g*>&1(? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr
!
kE00-XU11-)(Tf> U>E)C? 7 !Af)- 0%$+ 3&'-&%D&+ %(T ¡nm? ¡sm '-$ ¡qmG h(>&(3(1$'f 1&%-1*"u/0C '-$ -"#$%&'%()$'f 3C1$(T".D-? ="A"( ! k$>$ggD3C+ ,C1f%"C+? h(>T'-%($'D- '-$ 0B.#"()C |/f? !"#$%&'%()$'= AE1-%-? ilèijqr ! 9"$0%(uE>>C+ !V? S( 1$'"(-0%$'* &g*+ %C+ 0B.#"()C+ -"#$%&'%()$'f+? 6E1-%- #4"(T '-$ %&#)4) imèijqj ! ‚POƒdIN ¢¡†IKKL™O[? ›P^L[Z ]^P \MMLZP[]OKK‰ ŽPNLKLP[] –PNLd[ bŒ \]^P[N \HOƒ]„P[]N? ="A"(
%"&'()*+,-. &"/$01&. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!t-(g(B>(T y))-? h&"%$'$*|(.>(T U>$00=F&%? !g(%Tg40&$+ %(T -0%$'(B 1BA(T? E)%Tg&+ -)-g-"-0%=0&$+ %C+ -AC)- 'f+ g(>T'-%($'D-+? ,$=>&tC? lmin ž$-))-'(g(B>(T ž&/".D-? UD0(3(+ 0%C) !AC)- 'f g(>T'-%($'Dž&/".(0(g(B>(T UV 6&(34"(T ž? S( 1g->'*)$? 1$- 1&>E%C %C+ *~C+ %C+ !Af)-+? U"&T)C%$'f &".-0D-? lmli WT"$-|f+ !g*0%(>(+? ,T)-%*%C%&+ -)-F=A1$0C+ %(T $0%(B %/) &>>C)$'4) -0%$'4) 'E)%"/)? ( "*>(+ %(T &)&".(B ($'(3(1$'(B %&%"-.4)(T? ,$3-'%("$'f 3$-%"$Ff? !"$0%(%E>&$( h-)&g$0%f1$( 6&00->()D'C+? lmmr eg*1g(>(+ 8$'*>-(+? !0%$'*+ 0#&3$-01*+ '-$ -)-g>=0&$+G C -AC)- '= &1g&$"D-? 3$3-'%("$'f 3$-%"$Ff eg(B%0$'- U>E)C? 7 '($)/)$'f '-%($'D- %C+ '*''$)C+ <$E))C+? U"&T)C%$'f &".-0D-? !Af)-? lmmj hD0/ 0%() -'=>Tg%(? ,$g>/1-%$'f &".-0D-? h-)&g$0%f1$( 6&0->D-+? lmm: h>=%/) 20-D-+? ›P‰b[Z ]^P ‹[Œbƒ„OK cL]‰G \]^P[N O[Z ]^P êbNNLJLKL]‰ bŒ O[ çƒJO[ cb„„b[? 3$3-'%("$'f 3$-%"$Ff? ›PƒKOdP ‹[Na]I]P? lmi: R/%C"(g(B>(T h(>TtE)C? 7 g(>T'-%($'D- /+ g"*F>C1- 0%() %&#)$'* '-$ -"#$%&'%()$'* %Bg(? 3$g>/1-%$'f &".-0D-? &gV'-AV S(T")$'$4%C+ kD>C 8D'CX9"$0%D)-? 7 -)=g>-0C %/) -'=>Tg%/) %/) ($'(3(1$'4) %&%"-.4)/) /+ &".->&D( F&>%D/0C+ %(T $0%(B %C+ g*>C+? U"&T)C%$'f &".-0D˜bZL]NM^ ŽLM^OƒZ? êIJKLM O[Z êƒL™O]P †HOMPN bŒ ]^P êbK‰šO]bLšLO L[ \]^P[N? ZbM]bƒOK ]^PNLN? ›PƒKL[ ç[L™PƒNL]‰ bŒ …PM^[bKbd‰? lmmj
23+41&. !
!)%/)-'='C+ ,C1f%"C+? £h"(F>f1-%- W-%(D'C0C+G h(>T'-%($'D- STg(>(.$'f g(>Tg>('*%C%- f RB)A&%C %Tg(>(.D-¤? ,$=>&tC? lmiw ! !)%/)-'='C+ ,C1f%"C+? h(>T'-%($'D-G *)&$"( f &u$=>%C+? ,$=>&tC SVUVU? ijri ! e(=%0(T o>.-? S( g&"$(3$'* !"#$%&'%()$'f '-$ C 1&%-g(>&1$'f g(>T'-%($'D-? i( RT)E3"$( 20%("D-+ %C+ !"#$%&'%()$'f+? !Af)-? lmi: ! ˜bZL]NM^ ŽV? ,"-.4)-+ hV? 6&(#-"(g(B>(T 2V? e->(B%-+ 6V? R(T>$4%C+ 8V? 7 g(>T'-%($'D- %C+ -)%$g-"(#f+? (1$>D- -g* %() WB'>( (1$>$4) 5ŽPX]^L[š \]^P[NG !0%$'E+ g"('>f0&$+ lmi:Xin;V ! ˜bZL]NM^ ŽV? ,"-.4)-+ hV? 6&(#-"(g(B>(T 2V? e->(B%-+ 6V? R(T>$4%C+ 8V? …^P \]^P[LO[ OHOƒ]„P[] JILKZL[d œêbK‰šO]bLšLOù? (1$>D- -g* %() WB'>( (1$>$4) 5ŽPX]^L[š \]^P[NG !0%$'E+ g"('>f0&$+ lmi:Xin;V
"%*
K>1/. *(. 0.('+G#.) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!"#"$ %&'& !"#"$ %&(( !"#"$ %&)* !"#"$ %&+( !"#"$ ',,, -". /01 )2,&2%&%) -". /01 *2,%2%&',3 45678 9:;<=/>? 6@</76@A96B>? CD>?1 ><E>F>9GBH -". /01 )2,&2%&'' I"." /01 %)2)J%K2+2%&'* I". /01 %&2,*2%&')3 45678 /01 EL/M >7AN>?1 O F<L9678=9L/L <F<>E/0=8LH I". /01 ''2,(2%&*P3 45678 CD>?1 ><E>F>9GB QR0BGB EL< @67<SG7TBH UV$ ''+JQJ%K"+"%&'* UV$ W %(*2 ''",P"%&'& UV$ W 'KK2 *,",&"%&(( I"#"$ ',%'
L.(0.*'$(*/< M7'>'/9/. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"%!
XYZ[\]]^^^"_`aXbcdcef[gfhf"acg]bcgc[]fbi`j"X_gdkbJ%''%J+%J%"ZXZ XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]gK,%JK(,]gK'("Zip XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]nmaXfg]%&%']nmaXfgJ%&%'J%%J%'%"Zip XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]_`aXm]%&*']_`aXmJ%&*'J%J%%J(K*"Zip XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]_`aXm]%&K,]_`aXmJ%&K,J%&,JP'"Zip XYZ\]]cZna"_``"em]aef2lfb2qr]`e^aef]K*PK(%][`nmaX"`e^]'s,s%%s', XYZ[\]]^^^"n_X`b[[cafndn_dn["em]tuqtWutuvt+%tuqtw+tuvt+%tuqtwv]tuqtwWtuqtWutuqtw+tuq tw(tuvt+Ptuqtwvtuvt+'tuqtwPtuqtw&tuqtw%tuvt+)tuvt+&tuvt+%tuqtw&tuvt+*tuqtwut uvt+utuvt+'] XYZ[\]]^^^"`hh`"em] XYZ[\]]^^^"icgx[^`l"f_]`b]nmaXf_`a_xm`]',%']%,]*%]pmcg2icg2fbc2_c2`g2Zcdohn_cfhfn2`g2"X_gd XYZ[\]]nh`n',%%"acg]',%P],K],)]Zcdfhnyhfn_`_mnecbc] XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaX`_oZ`"em]Zmcz`a_[]`2ac2dd`ay{n XYZ[\]]^^^"dfpc"em]axd_xm`]i`[feb]ioc2nmXf_`h_cb`[2|dcicjcob2bn2`bcZcff[cob2_co[2nhndoZ_co[2_cb2 Zcdohn_cfhfcb2y[
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaX`_oZ`"em]ldce]nm_Xmc]`jcy[gc[2hnf2n_Xfbnfhc[2gcb_`mbf[gc[ XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaX`_oZ`"em]ldce]nm_Xmc]mf}c[Zn[yh`[2[fddcefhcy_`[2gcmp`[2hnyhf[f[2[_c2pm`ficmp2`[_n_`2_cx2 Xnbb`[2g`o`m% XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaX`_oZ`"em]`{`b_[]hdfbcb2n[y2X2n_Xfbnfhf2Zcdfhnyhfn XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaX`_oZ`"em]ldce]nm_Xmc]gfhmchnyhfn2n_dnb_n[2efn2nmaXf_`h_cb`[ XYZ[\]]acm`"na"xh]ic^bdcni]Zip]%*'+'%%**"Zip XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]_`aXm]%&&+]_`aXmJ%&&+J%J("Zip XYZ\]]dflmnmo"_``"em]ifef_nd]g&(%J%,,,]g&),"Zip XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]nd`jnbimncmpnbcx]ica[]if[[`m_nycbJnd`jnbimnJcmpnbcx XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]hn_`mfbnJ[nbioJpcmhfbifc]ica[]l XYZ[\]]`d"P,''nmaXf_`a_["em]nhndoZ_c[2[he2`b XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]hoZmfnbc[pmne]ica[]JJJJJJJ2JJJJJJJJJJJJJZfj`d[JcpJ_X`J XYZ[\]]^^^"ldccgl`me"acg]b`^[]p`n_xm`[]',',2,)2%(]_X`2i`[feb2Xf[_cmo2cp2n_X`b[2facbfa2nZnm_g`b_[ XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]`d`bfZndd`[]ica[]lcx_[fhnJ',,&J_X`JnmaXf_`a_xm`JcpJm XYZ[\]]^^^"{f`bbnifm`a_"acg][feX_[]gnmj"ZXZ XYZ\]][c2fd"cme]Zmcz`a_[]Znm_o2^ndd XYZ\]]pcm2n"`x]%+~_`Z["X_gd XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXf[`nmaX"em]nmaXf_`a_xm`]h_`bn[2fb[fi`2cx_] XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]gnmfnhchcy]ica[]hchcy"|bnd XYZ[\]]nm`nc a`"em]Zmcz`a_[]n_XfbnjP XYZ[\]]nm`nc a`"em]Zmcz`a_[]Xnb[`b XYZ[\]]^^^"cb`n_X`b["em]pnafdfy`[ XYZ[\]]icgn"nmaXf]`b]n^nmi[]Zmcz`a_[][oehmc_Xgn2hn_cfhf^b2hnf2hn_n[_Xgn_^b2[_c2g`_n*come`fc XYZ[\]]^^^"e`h_`mbn"acg]`d]nay{fy`[]m`nd2`[_n_`]m`nd`[_n_`2[oehmc_Xgn2hn_cfhf^b2hnf2hn_n[_Xgn_^b2[_c2 g`_nzcome`fc2n+Xbn XYZ[\]]^^^"ocx_xl`"acg]^n_aXk{€WÅqn‚jƒ„nc…†_€%%,[ XYZ\]]znb%PP+"ldce[Zc_"acg]',%%],*]ldce2Zc[_J(P*K"X_gd XYZ\]]^^^"axd_xm`',,,"_``"em]W‡ˆq‰~]Š‹qqŒ]wçŽr莉Š~]wçŽrèJ‡qê‡~]w%*PJ_"X_gd XYZ\]]ldZ"em]kZ€) XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXinfdo"acg]P)%%)']xZ_c^b2m`[fi`ba`[2fmc2l`m_nhf2aXmf[ybn2dcxhcZcxdcx2ac[y[2 Znbfofmf[kniJg`ifxg€endd`mo XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXinfdo"acg](&%K%K]nZnm_g`b_2lxfdifbe2fb2i`fbchmn_cx[2[_m``_2n_X`b[2efcmec[2 nee`df[kniJ[cxma`€[`nmaX†niJg`ifxg€Zmcz`a_[J_nl XYZ\]]pcm2n"`x]%+~_`Z["X_gd XYZ\]][c2fd"cme]Zmcz`a_[]Znm_o2^ndd XYZ[\]]f[[xx"acg]gnmfnhchcy]ica[]hchcy"|bnd XYZ[\]]^^^"{f`bbnifm`a_"acg][feX_[]gnmj"ZXZ
"%"
I63F) #.*>%,% V<EABL %\ $G=/L1 ‘@LRO1]XYZ[\]][Zn_XxgZn"acg V<EABL '\ W_X`b[ ’fl` V<EABL *\ W_X`b[ ’fl` V<EABL P\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL (\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL K\ XYZ[\]]gfhmn[fny["em]Zmc[poe`[2_cx2''2[y2gf_`mn2Zn_mfin] V<EABL“)\ XYZ[\]]^^^"h`pndcbfnZm`[["em]_cZfhn]f[_cmfn]nmyad`] V<EABL“+\ XYZ[\]]^^^"hn_Xfg`mfbf"em]dfp`]af_o]K**K*]_c2`g{dfgn2_cb2`jnmaX`fcb2`aX`f2e`b`_Xdfn2'] V<EABL &\ ”L79L7M1 ”LBA•013 – L=/<EO @>•?EL/><E8L /01 96/L@>•69<EO1 QROBL13 5>•</<=/<EA 8F7?9L >98•>? 56<7L<G13 QROBL3 %&&% V<EABL %,\ XYZ[\]]^^^"n_X`b[{cfa`"em][f_`[]i`pnxd_]|d`[]cic[2hnddfimcgfco2ZdnZco_n2'"zZe V<EABL %%\ ”L79L7M1 ”LBA•013 – L=/<EO @>•?EL/><E8L /01 96/L@>•69<EO1 QROBL13 5>•</<=/<EA 8F7?9L >98•>? 56<7L<G13 QROBL3 %&&% V<EABL %*\ $TB=/LB/8B>1 5•>C9@01 V<EABL %P\ ”L79L7M1 ”LBA•013 – L=/<EO @>•?EL/><E8L /01 96/L@>•69<EO1 QROBL13 5>•</<=/<EA 8F7?9L >98•>? 56<7L<G13 QROBL3 %&&% V<EABL %(\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL %P\ ”L79L7M1 ”LBA•013 – L=/<EO @>•?EL/><E8L /01 96/L@>•69<EO1 QROBL13 5>•</<=/<EA 8F7?9L >98•>? 56<7L<G13 QROBL3 %&&% V<EABL %K\ XYZ[\]]^^^"dfpc"em]xZdcni[]fgne`]%,+%+)']—‚r…ŒW‡‚ŽŒŽW2v‚‡ŽWèˆ"zZe V<EABL %)\ XYZ\]]^^^"emnim`{f`^"em]',%)],K]gn%%+%)2(P"X_gd V<EABL %+\ XYZ\]]^^^"emnim`{f`^"em]',%)],K]gn%')%)"X_gd V<EABL %&\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL ',\ ”L79L7M1 ”LBA•013 – L=/<EO @>•?EL/><E8L /01 96/L@>•69<EO1 QROBL13 5>•</<=/<EA 8F7?9L >98•>? 56<7L<G13 QROBL3 %&&% V<EABL '%\ XYZ[\]]^^^"n_X`b[{cfa`"em][f_`[]i`pnxd_]|d`[]nmyad`]',%)],P],&]%+&K)2)'P%P+"zZe V<EABL“''\ XYZ[\]]^^^"hn_Xfg`mfbf"em]dfp`]af_o](K%K)%P)*]f2nf[_Xfyhf2[pmnefin2_co2hcom`g`bco2dcohfnbco2hnf2 [Z`o[fZZco2ecbfn]“ V<EABL“'*\ XYZ[\]]^^^"_mn{`d[_od`"em]^Z2acb_`b_]xZdcni[]',',],(]W_X`b[2%&K,2~xgg`m,%"zZe V<EABL 'P\ XYZ[\]]^^^"n_X`b[[cafndn_dn["em]^Z2acb_`b_]xZdcni[]',%+]%%]_j%*PJZ%%"efp V<EABL“'(\ XYZ[\]]^^^"icgn"nmaXf]g`ifn]icg`[fbi`j]lxfdifbe[][c|n[%'&J{nd[ngnhf[JZXc_c[J,%"dnme`"zZe V<EABL“'K\ XYZ[\]]^^^"dfpc"em][f_`[]i`pnxd_]|d`[][_od`[]ngZJX`ni`mJfgne`]Zxldfa]nmyad`[]','%2,%2 '%]nbyZ%"zZekf_ch€zf~wm}g‡ V<EABL“')\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“'+\“„cif_[aX ‹faXnmi3“‡X`“—xldfa“—mf{n_`“ˆcx[`\“˜ci`mb“W_X`b[“nbi“f_[“—cdohn_cfhfn ]“—cdohn_cfh<L n[“ n“ ‡^`b_o2vfm[_2u`b_xmo —mcz`a_3“—nbc[“èmnecbn[ 3“—nmh“wcch3“',%&“ V<EABL“'&\ „cif_[aX ‹faXnmi3“‡X`“—xldfa“—mf{n_`“ˆcx[`\“˜ci`mb“W_X`b[“nbi“f_[“—cdohn_cfhfn ]“—cdohn_cfh<L n[“ n“ ‡^`b_o2vfm[_2u`b_xmo —mcz`a_3“—nbc[“èmnecbn[ 3“—nmh“wcch3“',%&“ V<EABL“*,\ W_X`b[“’fl`
"%#
V<EABL“*%\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*'\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“**\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*P\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*(\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*K\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*)\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*+\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“*&\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P,\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P%\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P'\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P*\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“PP\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P(\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“PK\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P)\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P+\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“P&\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“(,\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“(%\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“('\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“(*\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL“(P\ 57>=T@<EA“L7S68> V<EABL ((\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL (K\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68c V<EABL ()\ 57>=T@<EA L7S68> V<EABL“(+\ XYZ[\]]ZcZnenbin"em]af_odfp`]_n2[Zfyn2fb`2cdcpc_n2[yb2Zcdfhnyhfn2_cx2n[fmgn_cx] V<EABL“(&\ XYZ[\]]^^^"icgn"nmaXf]fbi`j]Zmcz`a_[]Zcdohn_cfhfn2[_c2n™hc2nd[c[ V<EABL“K,\ ‰fhc[“Œ_`bš[ nmaXf_`a_xm`]pna`lcch V<EABL“K%\ ”L7<MBL ”@8=/0450;O\“XYZ[\]]^^^"n_X`b[{cfa`"em]dfp`]Xcg`]nmaXf_`a_xm`]P,'P&%Jbfhc[2h_`bn[2c2 nmXf_`h_cbn[2Zco2{d`Z`f2g`ddcb2y[2n_Xfbnfhf[H V<EABL“K'\ XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXf[`nmaX"em]nmaXf_`a_xm`]h_`bn[2fb[fi`2cx_] V<EABL“K*\ XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXinfdo"acg]P)%%)']xZ_c^b2m`[fi`ba`[2fmc2l`m_nhf2aXmf[ybn2dcxhcZcxdcx2ac[y[2 Znbfofmf[]('`(pP,``+`PP`,+%i,,,%n%2xZ_c^b2m`[fi`ba`[2fmc2l`m_nhf2aXmf[ybn2dcxhcZcxdcx2ac[y[2Znbfofmf[2 ZXc_c V<EABL“KP\ ˜ni`“fb“W_X`b[ V<EABL“K(\ XYZ\]]pcm2n"`x]%+~_`Z["X_gd V<EABL“KK\ XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXinfdo"acg]'%P'*(]tq't+,t&u`JacJdd`ay{ntq't+,t&è2xmlnb2i`[feb2Zmcz`a_2 n_Xnbn[fc[2Zcdo}cfif[2hn_`mfbn2Z`_[fcx V<EABL“K)\ XYZ[\]]^^^"nmaXinfdo"acg]'%P'*(]tq't+,t&u`JacJdd`ay{ntq't+,t&è2xmlnb2i`[feb2Zmcz`a_2 n_Xnbn[fc[2Zcdo}cfif[2hn_`mfbn2Z`_[fcx
"%$
V<EABL“K+\ XYZ[\]]bfahhnXd`m"_xgldm"acg]Zc[_]KK+%KPPK*,( V<EABL“K&\ Q7S68>“›=LEL•8F>?“-3“5L@LF>@>C•>?“Q"3“.8=•0"“ V<EABL“),\ Q7S68>“›=LEL•8F>?“-3“5L@LF>@>C•>?“Q"3“.8=•0"“ V<EABL“)%\ Q7S68>“F<@•T9L/<EO1“67;L=8L1“/TB“.MNB0“.09>@>C•>?2!>CFL3“V?L;;6•8L“œLB/ù>CB0 EL<“V<7OB0“ ‘NLE<T/ME0" V<EABL“)'\ Q7S68>““F<@•T9L/<EO1“67;L=8L1“/TB“žAù? ”>BME0 EL<“Ÿ7/69<1“5LBL;<G/>?" V<EABL“)*\ Q7S68>““F<@•T9L/<EO1“67;L=8L1“/TB“žAù? ”>BME0 EL<“Ÿ7/69<1“5LBL;<G/>?" V<EABL“)P\ Q7S68>“F<@•T9L/<EO1“67;L=8L1“/TB“”MB>?“Q7;C70“EL<“ MB>?“”LE7?B<EA•L"“ V<EABL“)(\ Q7S68>“F<@•T9L/<EO1“67;L=8L1““/TB“ 6LBG“-MS•L EL<“QFL9LB/8L“¡LBR>C•0" V<EABL“)K\ Q7S68>“›=LEL•8F>?“-3“5L@LF>@>C•>?“Q"3“.8=•0"“
"%%